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CC B
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SA
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C
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A
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:
Pra
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C
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Dep
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c
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1.
I
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s
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cr
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s
es
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Gr
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-
co
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n
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cted
a
n
d
s
tan
d
-
alo
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e
win
d
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b
ee
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s
u
b
jecte
d
to
c
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n
tr
o
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s
tr
ateg
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[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
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,
g
r
id
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p
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s
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to
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p
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s
ar
e
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
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s
y
s
tem
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
Sq
u
ir
r
el
-
ca
g
e
in
d
u
ctio
n
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
,
p
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t
m
ag
n
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s
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ch
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o
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s
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en
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ato
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s
(
PMSGs
)
,
d
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b
ly
-
f
e
d
in
d
u
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n
g
en
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ato
r
s
(
DFI
Gs),
h
ig
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-
tem
p
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s
u
p
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d
u
ctin
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s
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n
ch
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o
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s
g
en
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r
ato
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s
(
HT
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-
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,
an
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wo
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n
d
r
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to
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s
y
n
ch
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n
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s
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ato
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s
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am
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d
if
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t
ty
p
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g
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s
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ed
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W
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C
S.
I
n
r
ec
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t
y
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r
s
,
PMSMs
h
av
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b
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n
attr
ac
ted
f
o
r
th
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u
s
ag
e
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
win
d
en
er
g
y
[
7
]
-
[
9
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
in
r
o
to
r
cir
c
u
its
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ex
ter
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
co
p
p
er
l
o
s
s
es,
s
u
ch
th
at
th
e
PMSMs
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
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4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
36
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
20
24
:
99
-
114
100
p
o
wer
with
ex
ce
llen
t
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
B
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au
s
e
o
f
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co
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p
ac
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s
ize
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d
ex
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C
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co
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d
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co
n
tr
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l
s
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s
tem
f
o
r
th
e
I
PMSM
as
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
[
1
0
]
.
Ho
wev
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,
th
e
I
PMSM
’
s
o
p
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al
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its
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d
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ta
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b
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th
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th
o
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s
.
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s
,
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tato
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I
PMSM
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e
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[
1
1
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b
y
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s
in
g
an
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n
lin
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ativ
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r
ch
tech
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a
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u
g
h
t
o
n
b
y
m
ag
n
etic
s
at
u
r
atio
n
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
win
d
-
g
en
er
atin
g
s
y
s
tem
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
e
r
PMSMs,
I
PMSMs
ca
n
u
s
e
f
lu
x
wea
k
en
i
n
g
alo
n
g
t
h
e
d
-
ax
is
to
k
ee
p
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
p
o
wer
o
v
er
a
wid
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
s
p
ee
d
s
an
d
ca
n
g
e
n
er
ate
p
o
wer
with
m
a
x
im
u
m
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
an
d
e
x
ce
llen
t
co
n
tr
o
llab
ilit
y
u
s
in
g
r
el
u
ctan
c
e
to
r
q
u
e
ab
o
u
t
m
a
g
n
etic
to
r
q
u
e[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
Yet,
th
e
I
PMSM
’
s
q
-
ax
is
in
d
u
ctan
ce
ch
an
g
es
in
co
n
tr
ast
to
th
e
q
-
a
x
is
s
tato
r
cu
r
r
en
t
wh
ich
m
ay
ca
u
s
e
a
m
ag
n
etic
s
atu
r
atio
n
e
f
f
ec
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
to
r
q
u
e
in
an
I
PM
SM
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
two
s
ep
ar
ate
d
-
q
-
a
x
is
s
tato
r
cu
r
r
en
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
I
f
th
e
d
-
ax
is
s
tato
r
-
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
is
p
r
esen
t
in
th
e
f
lu
x
-
wea
k
e
n
in
g
zo
n
e
,
wh
er
e
th
e
I
PMSM
o
p
er
ates,
th
en
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
lin
ea
r
ity
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
wo
r
s
en
s
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
lin
ea
r
-
s
y
s
tem
th
eo
r
y
is
co
m
p
licated
b
y
th
is
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ity
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
is
s
u
e
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
f
I
PMSMs,
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
estab
lis
h
ed
[
2
0
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
,
an
e
f
f
i
cien
t
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
tech
n
i
q
u
e
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
n
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
to
d
e
v
elo
p
th
e
en
er
g
y
ca
p
tu
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
f
r
o
m
win
d
an
d
also
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ated
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
a
n
o
v
el
co
n
tr
o
l
sc
h
em
e
f
o
r
an
I
PMSG.
W
h
ile
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
l
o
s
s
es
in
d
r
iv
en
I
n
ter
io
r
PMSG,
th
ey
h
av
e
n
o
t e
x
p
licitly
ad
d
r
ess
ed
its
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
PMSG
-
b
a
s
ed
win
d
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
:
−
Desig
n
a
n
o
v
el
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
e
f
o
r
an
I
PMSG,
in
wh
ich
th
e
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ial
r
estrictio
n
s
ar
e
h
a
n
d
led
o
p
tim
ally
to
m
ax
im
ize
win
d
e
n
er
g
y
o
u
t
p
u
t b
y
m
i
n
im
izin
g
I
PMSG lo
s
s
es.
−
Pro
p
o
s
e
a
n
ew
h
y
b
r
id
m
o
d
el
k
n
o
wn
as
ex
p
lo
r
ed
aq
u
ila
with
A
f
r
ican
v
u
ltu
r
e
o
p
tim
iz
atio
n
(EA
-
AVO)
Alg
o
r
ith
m
th
at
h
y
b
r
i
d
is
es th
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
AOA
an
d
AVOA
.
−
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
AO
A
is
g
iv
en
as
an
in
p
u
t
to
A
VOA
,
in
wh
ich
th
e
b
est
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
attain
ed
to
o
p
tim
ally
tu
n
e
th
e
tip
s
p
ee
d
r
atio
(
T
PR
)
,
r
o
t
o
r
s
p
ee
d
an
d
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
ax
is
cu
r
r
en
t
to
e
n
h
a
n
ce
win
d
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
is
o
r
g
an
ize
d
as
f
o
llo
ws:
s
ec
tio
n
2
d
elib
er
ates
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
wo
r
k
.
Sectio
n
3
d
e
s
cr
ib
esth
e
m
ax
im
u
m
win
d
tu
r
b
i
n
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
I
PM
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
en
er
ato
r
.
Sectio
n
4
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
o
p
tim
al
cu
r
r
en
t
I
q
u
s
in
g
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
E
A
-
AVO
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
s
ec
tio
n
5
d
elib
er
ates
th
e
attai
n
ed
o
u
tco
m
es
an
d
s
ec
tio
n
6
co
n
clu
d
es th
e
p
a
p
er
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
Rela
t
ed
w
o
rk
s
I
n
2
0
18
,
C
h
in
a
m
alli
an
d
Sas
ik
ala
[
2
1
]
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
co
n
tr
o
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
ter
n
al
PMSG
-
d
r
iv
en
m
o
d
el
,
wh
ic
h
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
th
e
p
o
l
y
n
o
m
ial
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
th
e
p
ea
k
o
r
m
ax
im
al
win
d
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
m
in
im
is
in
g
t
h
e
lo
s
s
o
f
I
PMSG.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ests
a
n
o
v
el
h
y
b
r
id
is
ed
m
eth
o
d
ca
lled
C
W
OA,
wh
ich
s
elec
ts
its
co
ef
f
ici
en
ts
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
as
th
e
T
PR
is
a
c
r
u
cial
f
ac
t
o
r
in
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
win
d
en
e
r
g
y
,
it
is
also
o
p
tim
ally
s
et.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
e
m
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
tak
es
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
m
ag
n
etic
s
atu
r
atio
n
,
wh
ic
h
r
esu
lt
s
in
th
e
ex
tr
e
m
ely
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
th
e
I
PMSG.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
esti
v
e
C
W
OA
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
th
at
o
f
s
ev
er
al
well
-
k
n
o
wn
m
o
d
els,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
FF
,
GA,
W
OA
,
an
d
AB
C
b
ased
o
n
co
p
p
er
lo
s
s
,
co
r
e
lo
s
s
,
an
d
to
tal
lo
s
s
.
I
n
2
0
22
,
Ma
h
m
o
u
d
[
2
2
]
p
r
es
en
ted
an
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
W
HO
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
d
e
s
ig
n
an
id
ea
l
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
a
W
T
S
u
s
in
g
PMSG.
T
h
e
m
ac
h
i
n
e
-
s
id
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
a
m
eth
o
d
th
at
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
cu
r
r
en
t
lo
o
p
s
o
f
th
e
o
p
tim
ized
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
en
tire
s
y
s
tem
r
esp
o
n
s
e
v
ar
iab
les,
th
u
s
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
co
n
ce
r
n
o
f
PMSG
m
ay
b
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
u
n
d
e
r
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
th
er
ea
f
ter
en
ab
les
th
e
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
tr
ac
k
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
win
d
s
p
ee
d
an
d
th
e
f
au
lt
r
id
e
-
th
r
o
u
g
h
ca
p
a
b
i
liti
es
d
u
r
in
g
f
au
lts
an
d
l
ar
g
e
-
s
ig
n
al
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
.
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
in
MA
T
L
AB
s
im
u
latio
n
s
a
n
d
e
v
alu
ated
th
e
v
iab
ilit
y
a
n
d
e
f
f
icac
y
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
A
n
o
ve
l A
I
-
A
V
O
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
f
o
r
ma
ximu
m
p
o
w
er g
en
era
tio
n
o
f
P
MS
G
(
P
r
a
s
h
a
n
t Ku
ma
r
S
.
C
h
in
a
ma
lli)
101
I
n
2
0
21
,
Sh
an
m
u
g
am
an
d
J
o
o
[
2
3
]
wer
e
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
with
th
e
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
s
tu
d
y
f
o
r
a
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
aPMSG
u
n
d
er
a
FB
MSD
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
e.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
th
e
o
f
f
er
ed
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
s
ch
em
e
is
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
lin
ea
r
-
s
u
b
m
o
d
els u
s
in
g
th
e
T
-
S f
u
zz
y
th
eo
r
y
an
d
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
FB
MSD
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
estab
lis
h
ed
.
T
h
e
ar
ticle
o
f
f
er
s
a
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
L
y
ap
u
n
o
v
-
K
r
aso
v
s
k
ii
f
u
n
cti
o
n
al
th
at
in
clu
d
es
d
etails
o
n
th
e
s
am
p
lin
g
in
te
r
v
al
’
s
len
g
th
a
n
d
a
f
i
x
ed
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
elay
.
Su
f
f
icien
t
cr
iter
ia
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
eter
m
in
ed
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
lin
ea
r
m
atr
ix
i
n
eq
u
alities
to
m
ai
n
tain
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
o
u
tc
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
T
-
S
f
u
zz
y
PMSG
m
o
d
el
is
ass
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
ce
r
tain
d
ata
s
et
v
alu
es
as
a
test
b
en
ch
m
a
r
k
,
a
n
d
th
e
r
esu
lt
is
th
en
v
er
if
ied
u
s
in
g
d
er
iv
ed
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
n
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
,
it
was
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
FB
MS
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
g
u
ar
an
teed
th
e
s
tu
r
d
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
PMSG b
ased
o
n
W
T
S
an
d
was su
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
n
u
m
er
ical
s
im
u
latio
n
s
.
I
n
2
0
20
,
Du
r
s
u
n
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
cr
ea
ted
an
in
teg
r
ated
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
th
at
is
b
en
ef
icial
to
m
ax
im
ize
th
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
win
d
en
e
r
g
y
.
T
wo
h
y
b
r
id
MPPT
tech
n
i
q
u
es
th
at
co
m
b
in
e
C
DW
-
P
SO
an
d
GM
-
C
PS
O
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
in
clu
d
e
d
in
th
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
alo
n
g
with
a
f
ast
ter
m
in
al
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
-
b
ased
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
p
o
s
s
ib
le
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
e
n
er
g
y
to
b
e
co
llected
was
s
ea
r
c
h
ed
u
s
in
g
C
DW
-
PS
O
a
n
d
GM
-
C
PS
O
to
id
en
tify
th
e
id
ea
l
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
T
h
ese
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
elec
ted
in
an
id
ea
l
m
an
n
er
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
g
r
ea
test
p
o
wer
to
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
MPPT
ef
f
icien
cy
.
In
c
o
n
tr
ast,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
h
y
b
r
id
MPPT
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
co
m
b
in
ed
with
FTSMC
to
b
r
i
n
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
its
o
p
tim
al
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
s
itio
n
.
T
o
em
p
h
a
s
ize
th
e
f
av
o
u
r
a
b
le
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
est
ed
MPPT
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
th
r
ee
s
p
ec
if
ic
win
d
s
p
ee
d
s
itu
atio
n
s
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
a
s
im
u
lated
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
C
DW
-
PSO
-
b
ased
OR
B
an
d
GM
C
-
PSO
-
b
ased
OR
B
MP
PT
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
co
n
tr
asted
with
s
tan
d
ar
d
OR
B
an
d
T
SR
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ab
o
u
t
m
ax
im
u
m
g
e
n
e
r
atin
g
p
o
wer
a
n
d
MPPT
ef
f
icien
cies.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
o
f
f
er
ed
o
p
tim
izatio
n
i
n
teg
r
ated
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
cr
ea
s
es M
PP
T
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
m
o
r
e
win
d
en
er
g
y
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
with
s
tan
d
ar
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
es.
I
n
2
0
22
,
Hu
s
s
ien
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
h
av
e
s
u
g
g
ested
an
MFO
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
h
elp
s
t
o
o
p
tim
ize
t
h
e
d
o
u
b
le
co
n
tr
o
ller
th
at
is
em
p
lo
y
e
d
with
th
e
PMSG
o
n
W
E
C
S.
Usi
n
g
m
o
th
f
lam
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
th
e
W
E
C
S
co
n
tr
o
ller
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
ar
e
o
p
tim
ized
to
i
n
cr
e
ase
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
wer
s
en
t
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
GSC
an
d
g
en
er
ato
r
MSC
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
cr
ea
te
a
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
W
E
C
S
with
a
PMSG.
W
h
ile
th
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
id
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
was
m
an
ag
ed
to
in
c
r
ea
s
e
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
,
th
e
g
r
i
d
s
id
e
co
n
v
er
ter
was
o
p
tim
ized
f
o
r
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
r
e
d
u
ce
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
an
d
er
r
o
r
at
th
e
s
t
ea
d
y
-
s
tate
lev
el.
I
n
20
21
,
Fath
y
et
a
l
.
[
2
6
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
n
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
AOA
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
llin
g
MPPT
f
itted
with
th
e
W
E
G
S.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
c
o
m
p
r
is
es
a
W
T
th
at
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
PMSG,
a
3
-
p
h
ase
r
ec
tifie
r
th
at
co
n
v
er
ts
th
e
g
en
er
ato
r
’
s
AC
elec
tr
ical
o
u
tp
u
t
to
DC
,
an
d
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
th
at
ac
ce
p
ts
DC
v
o
lta
g
e
as
an
in
p
u
t
an
d
r
eg
u
lates
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
d
u
ty
cy
cle.
W
h
en
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
t
h
e
i
n
ten
d
ed
p
o
wer
th
at
is
g
en
er
at
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
en
tire
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
an
o
p
tim
izatio
n
is
s
u
e.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
AOA
ad
ju
s
ts
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
to
in
c
r
ea
s
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
wer
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
llo
ws
t
h
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
:
a
f
i
x
ed
win
d
s
p
ee
d
,
a
v
ar
iab
le
win
d
s
p
ee
d
,
an
d
th
e
ac
tu
al
win
d
s
p
ee
d
as
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
at
f
o
u
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
lo
ca
tio
n
s
i
n
Sau
d
i
Ar
a
b
ia.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
W
E
GS,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
AOA
-
MPPT.
I
n
2
0
20
,
Ma
h
m
o
u
d
a
n
d
Ab
d
el
-
R
ah
im
[
2
7
]
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
e
r
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
to
g
et
th
e
o
p
tim
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
PI
-
b
ased
W
OA
o
f
f
er
s
MPPT
f
o
r
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
win
d
s
p
ee
d
an
d
also
b
r
in
g
s
ab
o
u
t
a
b
etter
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
FR
T
p
o
ten
tial.
W
ith
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
win
d
s
p
ee
d
,
th
e
T
SR
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
f
o
u
n
d
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
in
r
u
n
n
in
g
PMSG
at
M
PP
T
.
B
C
was
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
DC
cir
cu
it
to
ass
i
s
t
PMSG
in
n
av
ig
atin
g
g
r
i
d
f
au
lts
.
GW
O
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
o
r
PMSG
wh
en
co
n
f
r
o
n
ted
with
id
en
tical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
o
p
er
ati
o
n
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
GW
O
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
W
OA
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ac
c
o
m
p
lis
h
in
g
FR
T
.
At
last
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
t
h
at
in
all
o
f
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
s
ex
am
in
ed
,
PMSG
’
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
with
th
e
GW
O
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
B
C
was th
e
m
o
s
t su
cc
ess
f
u
l.
I
n
2
0
09
,
Qiao
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
8
]
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
a
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
-
d
r
iv
e
n
in
ter
io
r
,
in
wh
ich
th
e
d
-
ax
is
an
d
q
-
ax
is
s
tato
r
-
cu
r
r
en
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
ar
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
an
ag
e
d
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
th
e
h
ig
h
est
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
m
in
im
i
z
e
t
h
e
lo
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
I
PMSG.
T
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
-
s
ch
em
e
d
esig
n
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ates
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
s
atu
r
atio
n
’
s
im
p
ac
t,
wh
ich
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
I
PMSG
’
s
ex
tr
em
ely
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
B
y
r
es
o
lv
in
g
a
r
estricte
d
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
o
p
tim
i
z
atio
n
is
s
u
e
th
at
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
I
PMSG’
s
co
p
p
er
as
well
as
co
r
e
lo
s
s
es,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
id
ea
l
d
-
ax
is
s
tato
r
-
cu
r
r
en
t
co
m
m
an
d
as
a
r
es
u
lt
o
f
th
e
I
PMSG
r
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
.
I
OL
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
u
s
ed
to
cr
ea
te
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
cu
r
r
en
t
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
er
s
,
wh
ich
elim
in
ates
th
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ity
b
r
o
u
g
h
t o
n
b
y
m
ag
n
etic
s
atu
r
a
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
c
o
n
t
r
o
l p
lan
g
iv
es
t
h
e
o
p
tim
al
ef
f
ic
acy
an
d
h
ig
h
er
d
y
n
am
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
g
en
er
ated
win
d
s
y
s
tem
.
2
.
2
.
Rev
iew
T
ab
le
1
d
ep
icts
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
v
ar
i
o
u
s
s
y
s
tem
s
b
u
ilt
o
n
I
PMSG
win
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
At
f
ir
s
t,
th
e
C
W
O
A
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
s
u
g
g
ested
in
[
2
1
]
wh
ic
h
o
f
f
er
s
m
a
x
im
al
win
d
p
o
wer
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
t
h
e
co
p
p
er
an
d
co
r
e
lo
s
s
es
.
Ho
wev
er
,
tr
ac
k
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l
d
o
es
n
o
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
p
r
o
p
er
ly
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
W
HO+
PI
s
tr
ateg
y
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
[
2
2
]
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
f
ea
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
an
d
is
h
ig
h
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
D
C
v
o
ltag
e
is
s
ev
er
ely
im
p
ac
ted
an
d
w
o
r
s
en
s
if
MSC
is
u
n
ab
le
to
d
e
tect
th
e
m
alf
u
n
ctio
n
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
FB
MSD
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
36
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
20
24
:
99
-
114
102
co
n
tr
o
ller
was
p
r
o
jecte
d
in
[
2
3
]
th
at
en
s
u
r
e
s
tab
ilit
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
b
u
t
it
h
as
to
f
o
cu
s
m
o
r
e
o
n
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
a
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
.
S
i
m
i
l
a
r
l
y
,
C
D
W
-
P
S
O
a
n
d
G
M
-
C
P
S
O
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
w
a
s
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
[
2
4]
,
wh
ich
d
eliv
er
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
MPPT
ef
f
icac
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
n
ee
d
s
to
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
ate
m
o
r
e
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
d
esig
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
a
n
d
o
n
o
p
tim
izin
g
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
’
s
attr
i
b
u
tes.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
t
h
e
MFO
s
ch
em
e
was
s
u
g
g
ested
in
[
2
5
]
th
at
m
ax
im
izes
g
r
id
p
o
wer
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
b
o
th
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
an
d
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
er
r
o
r
;
a
n
y
h
o
w,
it
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
es
u
n
ex
p
ec
ted
ly
,
lo
w
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
iv
er
g
en
ce
an
d
tr
ap
p
in
g
o
f
lo
c
al
o
p
tim
a
a
r
e
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
.
Similar
ly
,
t
h
e
AOA
tech
n
iq
u
e
was
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
i
n
[
2
6
]
,
wh
ich
o
f
f
er
s
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
ax
im
al
p
o
wer
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ch
allen
ge
en
h
an
c
es
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
win
d
p
o
wer
-
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
s
y
s
tem
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wh
en
it
o
p
er
ates
in
ch
an
g
ea
b
le
wea
th
er
cir
c
u
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
an
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
s
u
g
g
ested
in
[
2
7
]
th
at
o
f
f
e
r
s
h
ig
h
ly
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
with
m
in
i
m
u
m
co
s
t
,
b
u
t
i
t
h
as
a
m
ajo
r
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
co
m
p
le
x
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
h
ig
h
o
s
cillatio
n
s
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
I
OL
tech
n
iq
u
e
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
[
2
8]
th
at
o
f
f
er
s
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
th
eir
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
ef
f
icac
y
was
h
ig
h
,
b
u
t
it
ca
n
b
e
ch
allen
g
in
g
to
d
ir
ec
tly
ap
p
ly
th
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
lin
ea
r
-
s
y
s
tem
t
h
eo
r
y
.
T
h
e
a
f
o
r
em
en
tio
n
ed
d
if
f
icu
lties
ar
e
tak
en
in
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
as a
m
o
tiv
atio
n
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
I
PMSG.
T
ab
le
1
.
Featu
r
es
a
n
d
ch
allen
g
es o
f
win
d
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
f
r
o
m
I
PMSG b
ased
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
tech
n
iq
u
es
A
u
t
h
o
r
[
c
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
]
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
F
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
C
h
i
n
a
ma
l
l
i
a
n
d
S
a
si
k
a
l
a
[
2
1
]
C
W
O
A
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
−
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
ma
x
i
mal
w
i
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
−
M
i
n
i
m
i
z
e
t
h
e
l
o
ss
e
s
−
Tr
a
c
k
i
n
g
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
p
e
r
l
y
.
M
a
h
m
o
u
d
[
2
2
]
W
H
O
+
P
I
st
r
a
t
e
g
y
−
H
i
g
h
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
−
P
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
f
e
a
s
i
b
l
e
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
−
D
C
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
s
se
v
e
r
e
l
y
i
m
p
a
c
t
e
d
&
w
o
r
se
n
e
d
i
f
M
S
C
i
s
u
n
a
b
l
e
t
o
d
e
t
e
c
t
t
h
e
m
a
l
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
.
S
h
a
n
mu
g
a
m a
n
d
J
o
o
[
2
3
]
F
B
M
S
D
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
−
En
s
u
r
e
s
t
a
b
l
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
−
N
e
e
d
t
o
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
a
r
d
y
n
a
mi
c
a
l
sy
st
e
m
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
D
u
r
su
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
C
D
W
-
P
S
O
a
n
d
G
M
-
C
P
S
O
st
r
a
t
e
g
y
−
D
e
l
i
v
e
r
h
i
g
h
e
n
e
r
g
y
−
P
r
o
v
i
d
e
ma
x
i
mu
m
M
P
P
T
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
−
N
e
e
d
t
o
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
e
o
n
v
a
r
i
o
u
s c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
d
e
s
i
g
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
a
n
d
o
n
o
p
t
i
mi
z
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
's
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
s.
H
u
ssi
e
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
5
]
M
F
O
sc
h
e
m
e
−
M
a
x
i
m
i
z
e
g
r
i
d
p
o
w
e
r
−
M
i
n
i
m
i
z
e
b
o
t
h
o
v
e
r
sh
o
o
t
a
n
d
st
e
a
d
y
-
st
a
t
e
e
r
r
o
r
−
C
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
s
u
n
e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
l
y
−
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
d
i
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
w
i
l
l
b
e
l
o
w
.
−
Tr
a
p
p
i
n
g
i
n
t
o
l
o
c
a
l
o
p
t
i
ma.
F
a
t
h
y
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
6
]
A
O
A
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
−
max
i
ma
l
p
o
w
e
r
−
mo
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
−
A
su
b
st
a
n
t
i
a
l
i
ss
u
e
i
s
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
p
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g
sy
st
e
m,
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
l
y
w
h
e
n
i
t
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
s i
n
c
h
a
n
g
e
a
b
l
e
w
e
a
t
h
e
r
.
M
a
h
m
o
u
d
[
2
7
]
O
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
−
H
i
g
h
l
y
s
u
p
e
r
i
o
r
−
C
o
s
t
i
s l
o
w
−
I
t
h
a
s a
ma
j
o
r
d
i
sa
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
o
sc
i
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
Q
i
a
o
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
8
]
I
O
L
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
−
Ef
f
i
c
a
c
y
i
s
h
i
g
h
−
B
e
t
t
e
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
−
I
t
c
a
n
b
e
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
i
n
g
t
o
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
a
p
p
l
y
t
h
e
so
p
h
i
st
i
c
a
t
e
d
l
i
n
e
a
r
-
sy
s
t
e
m
t
h
e
o
r
y
.
2
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h
q
ues
t
io
n
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ar
e
t
h
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
:
−
W
h
eth
er
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
MPPT
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
in
cr
e
ase
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
win
d
en
er
g
y
ca
p
tu
r
e
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
lo
s
s
es
?
−
Do
es
T
PR
,
r
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
an
d
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
a
x
is
cu
r
r
en
t
a
f
f
ec
t th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
win
d
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
af
o
r
esaid
r
ese
ar
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
.
3.
M
AXI
M
U
M
W
I
ND
P
O
WE
R
G
E
NE
R
AT
I
O
N
F
RO
M
I
P
M
SYNCH
RO
NO
U
S G
E
N
E
RA
T
O
R
T
h
e
I
PMSG
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e’
s
m
ec
h
an
ical
p
o
wer
in
to
AC
elec
tr
ical
p
o
w
er
,
wh
ich
is
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
in
t
o
DC
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
u
s
in
g
an
I
GB
T
-
b
ased
PW
M
co
n
v
er
ter
lin
k
ed
b
y
a
DC
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
th
e
DC
lo
ad
.
B
y
al
ter
in
g
th
e
elec
t
r
ical
v
o
ltag
es
o
n
th
e
AC
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
PW
M
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
,
th
e
I
PMSG
m
ay
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
.
T
h
e
I
PMSG
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
AC
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
to
th
e
p
o
wer
g
r
i
d
o
r
an
AC
lo
ad
with
a
co
n
s
tan
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
b
y
u
s
in
g
an
ex
tr
a
e
n
er
g
y
i
n
v
er
ter
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
ex
t
r
ac
ts
m
ec
h
an
ical
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
win
d
,
w
h
ich
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
(
1
)
.
=
1
2
3
(
,
)
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
s
p
ec
if
ies
t
h
e
th
ick
n
es
s
o
f
air
(
k
ilo
g
r
am
s
/
cu
b
ic
m
eter
)
,
th
e
a
r
ea
o
f
th
e
r
o
to
r
b
lad
es
(
2
)
is
g
iv
en
as
=
2
an
d
is
th
e
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
th
e
r
o
t
o
r
i
n
m
et
r
e,
d
e
f
in
es
th
e
s
p
ee
d
in
ess
o
f
th
e
win
d
in
m
etr
es
p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
,
a
n
d
is
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
f
ac
to
r
with
tip
-
s
p
ee
d
r
atio
an
d
b
la
d
e
p
itch
an
g
le
an
d
is
g
iv
en
in
[
2
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
A
n
o
ve
l A
I
-
A
V
O
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
f
o
r
ma
ximu
m
p
o
w
er g
en
era
tio
n
o
f
P
MS
G
(
P
r
a
s
h
a
n
t Ku
ma
r
S
.
C
h
in
a
ma
lli)
103
=
0
.
5
(
−
0
.
022
2
−
5
.
6
)
−
0
.
17
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
/
an
d
d
ef
in
es th
e
win
d
t
u
r
b
in
e
r
o
tati
o
n
s
p
ee
d
(
r
ad
/s
ec
)
.
3
.
1
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
m
o
del o
f
I
P
M
SG
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
ep
icts
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
I
PMSG
s
y
s
tem
wh
ich
co
m
p
r
is
es
th
e
ef
f
e
ct
o
f
th
e
s
tato
r
co
r
e
an
d
c
o
p
p
e
r
lo
s
s
es.
E
q
u
i
v
alen
t
co
r
e
-
l
o
s
s
r
esis
tan
ce
is
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
s
y
m
b
o
lize
th
e
c
o
r
e
lo
s
s
,
wh
ich
is
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
o
n
b
y
h
y
s
ter
esis
an
d
ed
d
y
cu
r
r
en
ts
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
a
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
o
f
f
er
ed
to
ascer
ta
in
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
wh
ich
is
a
lin
ea
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
I
PMSG r
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
as r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
[
3
0
]
.
=
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
,
=
0
.
2083
(
o
h
m
/r
p
m
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sy
s
tem
m
o
d
el
o
f
I
PMSG
T
h
e
r
o
to
r
m
ag
n
etic
cir
cu
it
b
e
co
m
es
m
o
r
e
s
alien
t
f
o
r
th
e
I
P
MSG
wh
en
th
e
m
ag
n
ets
ar
e
b
u
r
ied
in
to
th
e
r
o
to
r
.
A
lar
g
e
ar
ea
o
f
m
a
g
n
ets
with
p
o
o
r
p
en
etr
ab
ilit
y
is
tr
av
er
s
ed
b
y
th
e
d
-
ax
is
f
lu
x
,
b
u
t
th
e
q
-
ax
is
f
lu
x
r
o
u
te
ex
h
ib
its
a
h
ig
h
p
en
etr
a
b
ilit
y
.
Du
e
to
th
e
s
alien
t
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
I
PMSG
(
>
)
,
th
e
q
-
a
x
is
with
m
ag
n
etic
s
atu
r
atio
n
is
a
d
o
m
i
n
atin
g
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
.
W
h
en
e
v
e
r
th
is
s
atu
r
atio
n
is
in
clu
d
e
d
,
t
h
e
d
y
n
am
ical
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
I
PMSG c
an
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
f
r
am
e
o
f
th
e
r
o
to
r
as,
=
−
+
(
)
+
(
4
)
(
)
=
−
+
−
+
(
5
)
wh
er
e,
d
en
o
tes
th
e
m
ag
n
eti
c
f
lu
x
lin
k
ag
e;
is
th
e
r
esis
t
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tato
r
;
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ies
th
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
th
e
d
-
q
ax
is
in
wh
ich
v
ar
ies
li
ab
le
o
n
th
e
v
alu
e
as
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
[
3
1
]
-
[
3
3
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
y
m
o
d
ellin
g
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
(
6
)
,
allo
ws
o
n
e
to
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
m
ag
n
etic
s
atu
r
atio
n
.
=
1
−
|
|
(
6
)
W
h
er
e,
is
a
co
n
s
tan
t
v
alu
e
with
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
teg
er
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
m
ag
n
etic
s
atu
r
atio
n
in
t
h
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
m
ak
es
it
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
d
i
r
ec
tly
ap
p
ly
lin
ea
r
-
s
y
s
tem
th
eo
r
y
a
n
d
lo
s
s
-
m
in
im
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
th
e
I
PMSG;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
h
er
e,
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
is
tac
k
led
in
a
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
m
an
n
e
r
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
to
r
q
u
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
I
PMSG is
:
a
bc
dq
DC
lo
ad
I
n
v
er
ter
an
d
Gr
id
W
in
d
T
u
r
b
in
e
Pi
tch
an
g
le
Gea
r
B
o
x
IP
M
S
G
PW
M
co
n
v
er
ter
W
in
d
s
p
ee
d
Sp
ee
d
Co
n
tr
o
ller
PW
M
P
re
-
fil
t
er
P
re
-
fi
lt
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
36
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
20
24
:
99
-
114
104
=
−
3
4
[
+
(
−
(
)
)
]
(
7
)
3
.
2
.
O
pti
m
um
s
t
a
t
o
r
q
-
a
x
is
c
urre
nt
co
ntr
o
l
T
h
e
o
p
tim
u
m
v
alu
e
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
elec
tr
ical
to
r
q
u
e
as
d
ef
in
ed
in
(
7
)
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
co
r
e
an
d
c
o
p
p
e
r
lo
s
s
es
o
f
t
h
e
I
PMSG
s
er
v
e
as
th
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
two
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
eq
u
atio
n
s
c
an
b
e
ev
alu
ated
,
b
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
ir
r
eg
u
lar
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
I
PMSG
r
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
s
,
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
v
alu
e
ca
n
b
e
attain
ed
.
T
o
esti
m
ate
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
id
ea
l
d
-
q
-
ax
is
s
tato
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
n
s
titu
en
ts
an
d
th
e
I
PMSG r
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
,
t
h
e
b
elo
w
e
q
u
atio
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
:
,
=
3
3
+
2
2
+
1
+
0
(
8
)
T
h
e
co
ef
f
icien
ts
as
n
o
ted
in
(
8
)
o
n
ly
o
f
f
e
r
th
e
I
PMSG
’
s
id
ea
l
o
p
er
atin
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
at
ex
ce
ed
th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
r
ath
er
th
an
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
v
alu
es.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
ter
m
i
n
al
v
o
ltag
e
a
s
well
as
p
h
ase
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
ea
ch
es
th
eir
u
p
p
er
lim
it
lev
els
b
y
p
r
ev
en
t
in
g
th
e
b
est
s
p
ee
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
c
o
n
tr
o
l.
I
n
th
is
cir
c
u
m
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
I
PMSG
ca
n
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
to
o
b
tain
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est p
o
s
s
ib
le
o
u
tp
u
t.
4.
O
P
T
I
M
I
Z
AT
I
O
N
O
F
O
P
T
I
M
AL
C
URR
E
NT
I
Q
US
I
NG
H
YB
RID
E
A
-
AVO
AP
P
RO
ACH
4
.
1
.
M
a
x
i
m
a
l
wind
ener
g
y
pro
du
ct
io
n
T
h
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
s
h
af
t
r
o
tatio
n
s
p
ee
d
is
p
r
o
p
er
ly
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
s
o
th
at
th
e
T
PR
is
s
u
s
tain
ed
at
th
e
d
esire
d
v
alu
e
to
attain
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t e
n
er
g
y
co
ef
f
icien
t w
ith
o
u
t c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
.
As a
r
esu
lt,
win
d
en
er
g
y
is
u
s
ed
to
g
en
e
r
a
te
h
ig
h
m
ec
h
an
ical
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
u
m
r
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
o
f
I
PM
SG
as
s
tated
in
(
1
)
is
d
ir
ec
tly
r
elate
d
to
win
d
s
p
e
ed
wh
ile
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
a
n
u
n
c
h
an
g
ed
v
alu
e
wh
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
d
e
ter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
,
=
(
9
)
4
.
2
.
O
bje
c
t
iv
e
f
un
ct
io
n f
o
r
r
educing
co
re
a
nd
co
pp
er
lo
s
s
es
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
p
r
im
ar
y
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
PMSG
lo
s
s
es
ar
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
lo
s
s
,
s
tato
r
co
p
p
e
r
lo
s
s
,
s
tr
ay
-
lo
ad
lo
s
s
an
d
co
r
e
lo
s
s
es.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
asp
ec
ts
o
f
s
tato
r
cu
r
r
en
ts
m
ay
b
e
u
s
ed
to
r
e
g
u
late
co
r
e
lo
s
s
es
as
well
as
th
e
co
p
p
er
lo
s
s
es
in
th
e
s
tato
r
,
wh
ich
ar
e
en
tir
ely
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
ea
ch
o
t
h
er
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ac
h
iev
es
in
cr
ea
s
ed
I
PMSG
ef
f
icie
n
cy
with
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
b
y
o
v
er
co
m
in
g
t
h
e
n
o
n
l
in
ea
r
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
lis
ted
f
o
llo
ws to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
I
PMSG
’
s
co
r
e
an
d
c
o
p
p
er
l
o
s
s
es:
Min
im
izatio
n
o
f
=
+
(
1
0
)
Su
b
ject
to
=
1
.
5
(
2
+
2
)
(
1
1
)
=
−
−
1
(
2
+
3
+
4
−
)
(
1
2
)
=
3
+
2
−
2
2
2
4
2
(
+
)
(
1
3
)
W
h
er
e,
=
0
.
246
;
=
0
.
1764
,
=
Su
m
o
f
s
ig
n
als,
b
e
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
l
u
tio
n
wit
h
a
m
in
im
u
m
b
o
u
n
d
o
f
-
5
0
a
n
d
m
a
x
im
al
b
o
u
n
d
o
f
1
0
.
T
h
e
b
e
t
h
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
with
a
m
i
n
im
u
m
b
o
u
n
d
o
f
6
an
d
a
m
a
x
im
u
m
b
o
u
n
d
o
f
3
0
.
an
d
im
p
lies
th
e
r
esis
ta
n
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tato
r
an
d
c
o
r
e
-
lo
s
s
:
=
∗
=
(
0
.
2083
/
60
)
∗
(
1200
/
60
)
(
1
4
)
=
∗
2
=
6
∗
(
1200
/
60
)
2
(
1
5
)
=
=
20
.
5
8
2
2
∗
1
0
−
3
6
.
24
∗
1
0
−
3
(
1
6
)
=
3
(
(
2
∗
2
∗
(
+
)
∗
2
∗
)
+
(
1
+
)
∗
(
2
)
−
(
(
2
∗
2
∗
2
∗
∗
5
∗
3
∗
∗
2
)
(
+
)
)
)
(
1
7
)
=
(
(
3
∗
2
∗
∗
2
∗
)
+
(
3
∗
2
∗
4
∗
2
)
(
∗
)
∗
(
1
+
)
)
(
1
8
)
=
(
2
∗
3
∗
)
+
(
5
∗
3
∗
2
)
(
+
)
(
1
9
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
A
n
o
ve
l A
I
-
A
V
O
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
f
o
r
ma
ximu
m
p
o
w
er g
en
era
tio
n
o
f
P
MS
G
(
P
r
a
s
h
a
n
t Ku
ma
r
S
.
C
h
in
a
ma
lli)
105
=
−
(
2
∗
2
∗
2
∗
3
∗
∗
2
∗
)
(
2
0
)
=
1
.
5
(
2
+
2
)
(
)
(
2
1
)
c
o
re
L
=
1
.
5
2
[
(
+
)
2
+
(
(
)
)
2
]
/
(
)
(
2
2
)
Fro
m
(
1
)
-
(
3
)
,
(
6
)
,
an
d
(
7
)
:
=
−
(
)
(
2
3
)
=
+
+
(
2
4
)
=
−
(
−
)
/
(
)
(
2
5
)
=
−
(
−
)
/
(
)
(
2
6
)
−
−
=
0
(
2
7
)
=
/
(
2
8
)
=
/
2
(
2
9
)
2
+
2
≤
2
(
3
0
)
2
+
2
≤
2
(
3
1
)
W
h
ile,
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ies
th
e
co
p
p
er
an
d
co
r
e
lo
s
s
.
an
d
d
e
n
o
te
th
e
m
a
x
im
al
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
I
PMSG.
T
h
is
p
ap
e
r
elab
o
r
ates
o
n
a
n
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
win
d
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
l
o
s
s
i
n
P
M
S
G
-
b
a
s
e
d
W
i
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
C
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
g
[
2
1
]
,
th
e
T
PR
,
r
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
an
d
q
u
a
d
r
atu
r
e
ax
is
cu
r
r
e
n
t
will
b
e
o
p
tim
ized
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
in
s
u
ch
a
way
to
en
h
an
ce
win
d
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ax
is
cu
r
r
en
t
will
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
p
tim
ized
r
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
e
m
in
im
izatio
n
o
f
co
r
e
lo
s
s
is
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
as
th
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
an
d
a
x
is
cu
r
r
en
ts
.
T
o
o
b
tain
t
h
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
a
h
y
b
r
id
o
p
tim
izatio
n
k
n
o
wn
as E
A
-
AVO
Alg
o
r
ith
m
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
4
.
3
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
E
A
-
AVO
a
pp
ro
a
ch
A
n
ew
m
eta
-
h
eu
r
is
tic
m
eth
o
d
ca
lled
AVOA
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
af
ter
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
ea
tin
g
an
d
o
r
ien
tin
g
h
ab
its
o
f
Af
r
ican
v
u
ltu
r
es
[
3
4
]
.
Vu
ltu
r
es
ar
e
s
p
lit
in
t
o
tw
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
eir
p
h
y
s
ical
ab
ilit
ies
b
y
h
o
w
th
e
y
b
e
h
av
e
in
th
e
wild
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
v
u
ltu
r
es
also
s
p
en
d
h
o
u
r
s
s
ee
k
in
g
f
o
o
d
d
u
e
t
o
th
eir
n
ee
d
to
ea
t,
wh
ich
h
elp
s
th
em
escap
e
th
e
h
u
n
g
e
r
tr
ap
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
,
t
wo
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
ea
test
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ar
e
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
th
e
b
est
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
est v
u
ltu
r
es.
(
i)
C
h
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
i
d
ea
l v
u
ltu
r
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
g
r
o
u
p
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
f
itn
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
b
o
t
h
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
v
u
ltu
r
es
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
g
lo
b
al
o
p
tim
izatio
n
in
th
e
i
n
itial
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
th
e
AVOA
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
f
o
r
m
u
lae
in
d
icate
th
e
o
p
tio
n
o
f
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
v
u
ltu
r
es.
(
)
=
{
1
=
2
=
(
3
2
)
I
n
(
3
2
)
,
t
h
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
v
ar
i
ab
les,
s
u
ch
as
an
d
ar
e
f
ix
e
d
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
E
ac
h
o
f
th
ese
v
ar
iab
les h
as
a
v
alu
e
th
at
r
a
n
g
es
f
r
o
m
0
to
1
,
an
d
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
ce
o
f
th
e
two
p
a
r
am
eter
s
is
eq
u
al
to
1
.
A
r
o
u
lette
wh
ee
l
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
s
elec
t a
n
y
o
f
th
e
f
in
est o
p
tio
n
s
u
s
in
g
(
3
3
)
.
=
∑
=
1
(
3
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
36
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
20
24
:
99
-
114
106
If
is
v
er
y
n
ea
r
to
o
n
e,
ex
p
lo
it
atio
n
m
ay
in
cr
ea
s
e.
I
n
(
3
4
)
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
m
ath
em
atica
l
f
o
r
m
u
l
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
v
u
ltu
r
e
v
ig
o
u
r
r
ate,
wh
ic
h
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
v
u
ltu
r
e
b
eh
av
io
u
r
,
a
s
h
o
r
tag
e
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
an
d
ag
g
r
ess
iv
e
b
eh
av
io
u
r
wh
ile
s
ee
k
in
g
f
o
o
d
.
=
(
2
×
1
+
1
)
×
×
(
1
−
(
)
)
(
3
4
)
T
h
e
v
u
ltu
r
e
’
s
lev
el
o
f
s
atiety
is
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
in
(
3
3
)
an
d
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
r
esen
t
it
er
atio
n
co
u
n
t.
b
e
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
iter
atio
n
co
u
n
t,
an
d
is
a
r
an
d
o
m
ized
v
alu
e
am
o
n
g
-
1
an
d
1
,
wh
ich
v
ar
ies
ev
er
y
tim
e
if
it
is
r
ep
ea
ted
.
T
h
e
v
u
lt
u
r
e
is
h
u
n
g
r
y
i
f
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
is
less
th
an
0
;
else,
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
v
u
ltu
r
es;
1
is
an
ar
b
itra
r
y
v
alu
e
th
at
v
ar
ies
f
r
o
m
0
to
1
.
T
h
e
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
b
et
wee
n
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
an
d
ex
p
lo
itin
g
is
ac
h
iev
ed
in
th
e
AVOA
tech
n
iq
u
e
b
y
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
v
a
r
iab
le
.
W
h
en
th
e
v
alu
e
|
|
ex
c
ee
d
s
1
,
it
m
o
v
es
in
t
o
th
e
e
x
p
lo
r
i
n
g
s
tag
e
else m
o
v
es to
th
e
ex
p
l
o
itin
g
s
tag
e.
(
ii)
E
x
p
lo
r
in
g
s
tag
e
I
n
th
is
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
s
tag
e,
AO
[
1
6
]
is
in
h
er
ited
in
to
th
e
AVOA
,
b
ec
au
s
e
AO
h
as
its
m
ajo
r
ad
v
an
tag
es,
s
u
ch
as
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
less
o
v
er
wh
elm
ed
b
y
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
ize.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
A
q
u
ila
r
ec
o
g
n
is
es
th
e
p
r
e
y
r
eg
io
n
an
d
s
elec
ts
th
e
id
ea
l
ch
asin
g
zo
n
e
b
y
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
s
o
ar
in
g
h
av
in
g
an
u
p
r
ig
h
t
s
to
o
p
.
T
h
e
AO
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
is
ar
ea
in
d
ep
th
wh
ile
f
ly
in
g
u
p
to
id
en
tify
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
’
s
tar
g
et
r
eg
io
n
.
Hen
ce
,
it
is
k
n
o
wn
a
s
th
e
E
A
-
AVO
Alg
o
r
ith
m
.
(
+
1
)
=
(
)
∗
(
1
−
(
)
)
(
3
5
)
W
h
er
ea
s
,
(
)
is
th
e
o
p
tim
al
v
u
ltu
r
e
d
ef
in
ed
i
n
eq
n
.
(
3
2
)
;
(
+
1
)
d
ef
in
es
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
iter
atio
n
’
s
v
u
ltu
r
e
lo
ca
tio
n
.
im
p
lies
th
e
m
ea
n
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t iter
atio
n
an
d
is
g
iv
en
b
y
,
=
1
∑
=
1
(
3
6
)
(
+
1
)
=
(
)
−
+
2
×
(
(
−
)
×
3
+
)
(
3
7
)
wh
er
e,
2
an
d
3
d
ef
in
e
th
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
ized
co
u
n
t a
m
o
n
g
s
t 0
an
d
1
;
an
d
im
p
lies
th
e
to
p
an
d
b
o
tto
m
b
o
u
n
d
s
.
(
iii)
E
x
p
lo
itin
g
s
tag
e
Du
r
in
g
th
is
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
AVOA
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
an
d
ef
f
icac
y
ar
e
d
ef
in
e
d
.
Fo
r
th
is
s
tag
e,
two
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
m
o
d
if
ied
b
y
p
er
ce
iv
in
g
two
p
a
r
am
eter
s
,
2
an
d
3
.
T
h
ese
v
alu
es
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
0
to
1
.
All
th
e
ex
p
lo
itin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies ar
e
o
u
tlin
ed
h
er
e.
Stag
e
1
:
I
n
th
e
in
itial
s
tag
e,
two
alter
n
at
iv
e
s
ieg
e
-
f
i
g
h
t
a
n
d
r
o
tati
o
n
al
f
lig
h
t
tech
n
i
q
u
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
E
ac
h
s
tr
ateg
y
’
s
s
elec
tio
n
is
m
a
d
e
u
s
in
g
2
,
th
at
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
ev
alu
ated
ju
s
t
b
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
p
u
r
s
u
it
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
th
o
s
e
v
alu
es
m
u
s
t
b
e
with
in
th
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
0
a
n
d
1
.
T
h
is
p
h
ase
s
tar
t
s
with
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
2
,
an
ar
b
i
tr
ar
y
v
alu
e
f
r
o
m
0
to
1
.
T
h
e
s
ieg
e
-
f
i
g
h
t
s
tr
ateg
y
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
ev
en
if
th
e
v
alu
e
is
lar
g
er
t
h
an
o
r
eq
u
al
to
th
e
2
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
e
r
o
tatin
g
f
li
g
h
t
m
et
h
o
d
is
u
s
ed
,
n
e
v
er
th
eless
,
if
th
is
r
an
d
o
m
ized
n
u
m
b
e
r
is
less
t
h
an
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
2
an
d
is
g
iv
en
in
(
3
8
)
.
(
+
1
)
=
{
(
39
)
2
≥
2
(
43
)
2
<
2
(
3
8
)
C
o
n
f
lict o
v
er
f
o
o
d
:
W
h
en
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
v
u
ltu
r
es
co
n
g
r
eg
ate
in
a
s
in
g
le
f
o
o
d
s
u
p
p
ly
,
th
ey
ca
n
cr
ea
te
v
io
len
t
c
o
n
f
li
cts
am
o
n
g
f
o
o
d
.
Po
wer
f
u
l
v
u
ltu
r
es
s
tay
awa
y
f
r
o
m
less
s
tr
o
n
g
v
u
ltu
r
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
s
u
ch
in
s
tan
ce
s
.
I
f
n
o
t,
th
e
wea
k
er
v
u
ltu
r
es
will
f
lo
ck
to
war
d
s
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
er
v
u
ltu
r
es
an
d
in
itiat
e
s
m
all
b
attles
wi
th
th
em
to
b
u
r
n
th
e
m
o
u
t
a
n
d
g
r
ab
th
eir
f
o
o
d
:
(
+
1
)
=
(
)
×
(
+
4
)
−
(
)
(
3
9
)
(
)
=
(
)
−
(
)
(
4
0
)
(
)
=
|
×
(
)
−
(
)
|
(
4
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
A
n
o
ve
l A
I
-
A
V
O
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
f
o
r
ma
ximu
m
p
o
w
er g
en
era
tio
n
o
f
P
MS
G
(
P
r
a
s
h
a
n
t Ku
ma
r
S
.
C
h
in
a
ma
lli)
107
Her
e,
4
s
ig
n
if
ies
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
ize
d
co
u
n
t
am
o
n
g
0
an
d
1
th
at
r
a
is
es
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
n
ess
f
ac
to
r
.
A
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
two
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
air
s
o
f
v
u
ltu
r
es,
(
)
was
s
elec
ted
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
o
p
tim
al
v
u
ltu
r
es.
T
h
e
v
u
ltu
r
e
’
s
cu
r
r
en
t
v
ec
to
r
lo
ca
tio
n
is
in
d
icate
d
b
y
(
)
.
T
h
is
eq
u
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
am
o
n
g
v
u
ltu
r
es,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
t
v
u
ltu
r
es
o
f
b
o
t
h
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
=
2
is
a
q
u
an
tity
v
ec
to
r
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
ized
ac
tio
n
,
wh
ich
v
ar
ies with
ev
er
y
iter
atio
n
.
Vu
ltu
r
es
’
ab
ilit
y
to
r
o
tate:
Sp
ir
al
m
o
tio
n
is
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tag
e
to
m
im
ic
r
o
tatin
g
m
o
tio
n
.
W
ith
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
a
s
p
ir
al
c
alcu
latio
n
is
estab
li
s
h
ed
am
o
n
g
ea
ch
v
u
ltu
r
e
an
d
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
two
m
o
s
t
v
u
ltu
r
es.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
r
o
tatin
g
f
lig
h
t
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
is
g
iv
en
in
(
4
2
)
an
d
(
4
3
)
.
1
=
(
)
×
(
5
×
(
)
2
)
×
(
(
)
)
2
=
(
)
×
(
6
×
(
)
2
)
×
(
(
)
)
(
4
2
)
(
+
1
)
=
(
)
−
(
1
+
2
)
(
4
3
)
Stag
e
2
:
All
v
u
ltu
r
e
’
s
m
o
v
e
m
en
ts
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
f
o
o
d
s
u
p
p
ly
ar
e
ev
a
lu
ated
at
t
h
is
s
tag
e.
T
h
e
3
v
ar
i
ab
le
is
d
ef
in
ed
in
(
4
4
)
to
ca
lc
u
late
th
e
s
elec
tin
g
r
ate
f
o
r
ev
er
y
m
eth
o
d
;
wh
ile
3
is
an
ar
b
itra
r
y
co
u
n
t
am
o
n
g
ze
r
o
an
d
o
n
e.
(
+
1
)
=
{
(
47
)
3
≥
3
(
48
)
3
<
3
(
4
4
)
Var
io
u
s
v
u
ltu
r
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
co
n
g
r
e
g
ated
at
th
eir
f
o
o
d
s
o
u
r
ce
:
T
h
e
d
i
r
ec
tio
n
o
f
ea
ch
v
u
ltu
r
e
’
s
f
lig
h
t
to
war
d
s
t
h
e
f
o
o
d
s
o
u
r
ce
is
watc
h
e
d
.
W
h
en
th
e
r
e
is
a
s
tr
o
n
g
b
attle
f
o
r
f
o
o
d
an
d
v
u
ltu
r
es
ar
e
s
tar
v
in
g
,
s
ev
er
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
v
u
ltu
r
es
m
ig
h
t
co
n
g
r
eg
ate
in
a
s
in
g
le
f
o
o
d
s
o
u
r
ce
.
Her
e,
AO
u
s
es th
e
tar
g
et
’
s
ch
o
s
en
lo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
its
b
en
ef
it to
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
attac
k
th
e
v
ictim
:
1
=
(
1
(
)
−
∗
−
+
(
−
)
∗
+
)
∗
(
4
5
)
2
=
(
2
(
)
−
∗
−
+
(
−
)
∗
+
)
∗
(
4
6
)
W
h
ile,
an
d
im
p
lies
th
e
ex
p
lo
ited
alter
atio
n
c
o
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
with
a
lo
w
v
alu
e
o
f
0
an
d
1
.
1
(
)
an
d
2
(
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
to
p
v
u
l
tu
r
es
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t iter
atio
n
:
(
+
1
)
=
1
+
2
2
(
4
7
)
I
n
th
e
en
d
,
all
v
u
ltu
r
es
ar
e
ag
g
r
eg
ated
u
s
in
g
(
4
7
)
,
wh
er
e
1
an
d
2
ar
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
em
p
l
o
y
in
g
(
4
5
)
an
d
(
4
6
)
,
wh
e
r
e
(
+
1
)
s
ig
n
if
ies th
e
v
ec
to
r
r
e
p
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
v
u
ltu
r
e
s
p
o
t in
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t ite
r
atio
n
.
Fig
h
tin
g
f
o
r
f
o
o
d
ag
g
r
ess
iv
ely
:
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
v
u
ltu
r
es
ar
e
f
e
elin
g
wea
k
an
d
s
tar
v
in
g
at
th
is
s
tag
e,
b
u
t
th
ey
ar
e
also
b
ec
o
m
in
g
h
o
s
tile.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
also
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
e
lead
in
g
v
u
ltu
r
e
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
an
g
les.
T
h
is
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
was
m
o
d
elled
u
s
in
g
(
4
8
)
.
(
+
1
)
=
(
)
−
|
(
)
|
×
×
(
)
(
4
8
)
T
h
e
E
A
-
AVO
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
(
4
8
)
h
as
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
lev
y
f
lig
h
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
’
s
f
lig
h
t
p
atter
n
s
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
e
x
p
o
s
es
th
e
p
s
eu
d
o
co
d
e
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
E
A
-
AVO
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
ep
icts
th
e
f
lo
w
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
cr
ea
te
d
E
A
-
AVO
tech
n
iq
u
e.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
.
Ps
eu
d
o
co
d
e
o
f
E
A
-
AVO
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
Pseudocode of EA
-
AVO Approach
Prepare the randomized populace
While (the stop condition is not met) do
Calculate the fitness of the vulture
Set
1
as the top best vulture spot
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
36
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
20
24
:
99
-
114
108
Set
2
as the next ideal vulture position
for (every
vulture) do
Using 32) select
(
)
Using (3
4) update the
if
(
|
|
≥
1
)
then
if
(
1
≥
1
)
then
The position of the vulture is updated in (35)
else
(37) will be upgraded
if
(
|
|
<
1
)
then
if
(
|
|
≥
0
.
5
)
then
if
(
2
≥
2
)
then
The position of the vulture is updated in (39)
else
(43) will be upgraded
else
if
(
3
≥
3
)
then
The position of the vulture is updated in (47)
else
(
48) wil
l be upgraded
Return the best vulture
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
E
A
-
AVO
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
S
t
a
rt
I
ni
ti
a
l
i
z
e
vu
l
t
u
r
e
s
&
s
e
t
t
h
e
c
on
s
t
r
a
i
n
t
s
E
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
vu
l
t
ur
e
s
&
de
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
he
b
e
s
t
vu
l
t
ur
e
s
S
e
l
e
c
t
be
s
t
v
ul
t
ure
s
1&
2
us
i
ng
e
qn
.
(
29
)
P
os
i
t
i
on
of
V
ul
t
ur
e
i
s
upda
t
e
d
i
n
(
3
5
)
U
pda
t
e
&
c
o
m
pu
t
e
U
s
i
ng
E
q
n.
(
48
)
upgr
a
de
t
he
P
os
i
t
i
on
of
V
u
l
t
ur
e
U
s
i
ng
E
q
n.
(
47
)
upgr
a
de
t
he
P
os
i
t
i
on
of
V
ul
t
u
r
e
U
s
i
ng
e
qn
.
(
4
3
)
U
pgr
a
de
s
e
c
ond
p
a
r
t
of
V
ul
t
u
r
e
pos
i
t
i
o
n
U
s
i
ng
e
qn
.
(
39
)
U
pgr
a
de
f
i
r
s
t
pa
r
t
o
f
V
ul
t
ur
e
p
os
i
t
i
on
P
os
i
t
i
on
of
V
ul
t
ur
e
i
s
up
da
t
e
d
i
n
(
3
7
)
NO
Y
e
s
NO
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
NO
NO
NO
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
NO
Y
e
s
R
e
t
u
r
n
t
h
e
opt
i
m
a
l
bes
t
v
ul
t
u
r
e
S
t
op
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.