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CC B
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C
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A
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D.
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Dep
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Scie
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Sath
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Scie
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v
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I
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Fro
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I
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c
h
w
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tr
ates
o
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t
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n
i
n
d
iv
id
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s
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tech
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o
lo
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s
[
1
]
.
Hu
m
an
C
o
m
p
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I
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ac
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atte
m
p
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tr
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ta
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icatio
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w
it
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co
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p
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s
[
2
]
.
T
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w
H
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C
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I
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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[
3
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T
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tech
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ac
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[
4
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.
T
h
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ca
p
ab
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f
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litated
b
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h
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w
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T
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also
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
en
ab
lin
g
a
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
f
u
n
g
a
m
e
s
[
7
]
.
A
h
u
m
an
-
co
m
p
u
ter
in
ter
ac
tio
n
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
ter
m
ed
as
Ge
s
t
u
r
e
I
n
ter
ac
ti
v
e
Ga
m
e
-
b
ased
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
(
GI
G
L
)
w
as
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
t
h
e
r
ec
e
n
t
p
ast
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
co
r
e
id
ea
s
an
d
co
n
ce
p
t
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ad
v
e
n
t
o
f
n
o
v
el
in
ter
ac
tin
g
s
tr
ate
g
i
es,
s
o
m
ato
-
s
e
n
s
o
r
y
d
ev
ices
a
n
d
g
a
m
es
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
GI
GL
co
m
p
le
tel
y
co
n
ce
n
tr
ates
o
n
t
h
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
ased
o
n
th
e
e
m
p
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
in
ter
ac
ti
v
e
g
a
m
es.
I
t
w
id
e
o
p
en
s
d
i
v
er
s
i
f
ied
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
itie
s
f
o
r
ac
q
u
ir
i
n
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
co
m
p
le
x
co
n
te
n
ts
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
n
o
v
el
an
d
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
id
e
n
ti
f
ied
in
t
h
e
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
[
9
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
GI
GL
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
a
p
r
i
m
it
iv
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
n
e
w
l
y
e
m
er
g
in
g
m
o
d
els
b
as
ed
o
n
t
h
e
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
ts
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
h
an
d
a
n
d
b
o
d
y
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
s
o
f
th
e
p
la
y
er
s
[
1
0
]
.
GI
GL
tec
h
n
i
q
u
es a
r
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
in
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
a
d
i
v
er
s
i
f
ied
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ea
s
o
n
s
.
I
n
itiall
y
,
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
n
atu
r
al
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
s
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
th
r
o
u
g
h
GI
GL
te
ch
n
iq
u
es
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
en
,
lear
n
er
s
ca
n
u
s
e
t
h
eir
b
o
d
y
as
a
to
o
l
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
en
h
an
ce
t
h
eir
m
o
tiv
a
tio
n
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
lta
n
e
o
u
s
l
y
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
p
ass
i
v
it
y
.
I
t
aid
s
th
e
teac
h
er
s
to
s
u
p
er
v
is
e
th
eir
c
h
ild
r
en
b
y
s
o
l
v
in
g
s
p
ec
i
f
icall
y
d
esi
g
n
ed
tas
k
s
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
m
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
in
a
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
[
1
2
]
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
s
tu
d
y
r
ep
o
r
ts
r
elate
d
to
GI
G
L
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
s
k
i
lls
an
d
lear
n
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
w
i
th
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
a
g
e
r
an
g
e
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
o
v
er
all
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
ac
il
itated
th
r
o
u
g
h
GI
G
L
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
n
ee
d
to
s
ti
m
u
la
te
o
th
er
t
y
p
es o
f
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies r
ath
er
t
h
a
n
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
m
o
t
o
r
co
m
p
eten
cie
s
an
d
s
i
m
p
le
le
ar
n
in
g
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
co
n
te
x
t,
E
x
ec
u
ti
v
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
r
ef
er
to
b
r
ain
-
b
ased
co
g
n
i
tiv
e
f
ea
t
u
r
e
p
er
ce
iv
i
n
g
p
o
t
en
tial
t
h
at
en
ab
les
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
s
el
f
-
r
eg
u
lat
io
n
a
n
d
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
i
n
t
h
e
c
h
ild
r
en
.
T
h
ese
e
x
ec
u
ti
v
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
ar
e
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
g
en
er
ated
co
m
p
let
el
y
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
e
-
f
r
o
n
tal
co
r
tex
r
eg
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
r
ai
n
a
n
d
aid
s
in
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
an
d
g
o
al
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
.
T
h
is
ex
ec
u
ti
v
e
f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
th
r
ee
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
u
n
it
s
b
ased
o
n
its
r
eg
io
n
o
f
o
r
i
g
in
a
tio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
r
ain
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
r
eg
io
n
is
p
r
esen
t
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
f
r
o
n
tal
co
r
tex
r
eg
io
n
a
n
d
it
p
la
y
s
a
v
ital
r
o
le
in
ac
t
iv
i
ties
v
er
i
f
icatio
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
u
n
it
is
p
r
e
s
en
t
in
th
e
co
r
tical
r
eg
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
co
n
tr
o
l.
I
t
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
r
ec
e
iv
in
g
,
s
to
r
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
f
s
ti
m
u
l
u
s
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
ec
eiv
ed
i
n
t
h
e
b
r
ain
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
u
n
i
t
i
s
p
r
esen
t
i
n
t
h
e
li
m
b
ic
p
ar
t
an
d
it
p
la
y
s
a
n
a
n
ch
o
r
r
o
le
in
th
e
m
o
tiv
at
io
n
an
d
ale
r
t.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
th
r
ee
f
u
n
c
tio
n
a
l
u
n
it
s
th
at
g
en
er
ates
e
x
ec
u
tiv
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
b
r
ain
,
th
e
r
eg
io
n
p
r
esen
t
i
n
th
e
p
r
e
-
f
r
o
n
tal
co
r
tex
r
eg
io
n
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
u
n
it
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
A
le
x
an
d
er
L
u
r
ia
[
1
4
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
t
h
e
ex
ec
u
ti
v
e
f
u
n
cti
o
n
s
ar
e
class
i
f
ied
i
n
to
th
r
ee
t
y
p
es
th
at
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
co
g
n
iti
v
e
f
le
x
ib
il
it
y
,
in
h
ib
it
o
r
y
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
m
e
m
o
r
y
.
I
n
p
ar
tic
u
lar
,
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
m
e
m
o
r
y
i
s
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
co
g
n
itio
n
t
h
at
p
er
m
its
h
u
m
an
b
ein
g
s
to
co
m
p
u
te
a
n
d
r
ec
all
a
r
estricte
d
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
r
etain
ed
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ch
u
n
k
s
t
h
at
ar
e
p
r
ese
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
b
r
ain
f
o
r
a
b
r
ie
f
p
er
io
d
.
A
p
let
h
o
r
a
o
f
s
tu
d
ie
s
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
v
ed
th
at
w
o
r
k
in
g
m
e
m
o
r
y
is
t
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
p
o
in
t
o
f
v
italit
y
i
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ac
q
u
is
i
tio
n
.
I
t
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
its
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
d
iv
er
s
i
f
ied
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
le
x
co
g
n
iti
v
e
ab
ilit
ie
s
a
n
d
tas
k
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
m
e
m
o
r
y
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
b
etter
p
r
ed
ictin
g
p
ar
am
e
ter
to
q
u
an
ti
f
y
th
e
s
u
cc
e
s
s
i
n
ac
ad
em
ics r
at
h
er
th
a
n
i
n
telli
g
en
ce
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
Hu
m
a
n
C
o
m
p
u
ter
S
y
s
te
m
b
ased
o
n
GI
G
L
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
m
e
m
o
r
y
an
d
m
at
h
e
m
a
tical
s
k
ills
o
f
t
h
e
c
h
ild
r
en
b
ased
o
n
en
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
o
f
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
m
e
m
o
r
y
tes
ts
s
u
c
h
a
s
f
o
r
w
ar
d
C
o
r
s
i
B
lo
ck
i
n
g
-
T
ap
p
in
g
test
,
b
ac
k
w
ar
d
C
o
r
s
i
B
lo
ck
in
g
-
T
ap
p
in
g
test
,
Fo
r
w
ar
d
Dig
it
Sp
an
te
s
t
a
n
d
b
ac
k
w
ar
d
Di
g
it
Sp
an
te
s
t.
T
h
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
esi
s
t
h
at
q
u
a
n
ti
f
ie
s
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
w
h
ic
h
c
h
ild
r
en
ac
q
u
ir
e
w
o
r
k
in
g
m
e
m
o
r
y
an
d
m
at
h
e
m
ati
ca
l
s
k
ills
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
u
ter
g
a
m
e
p
lay
is
v
er
i
f
ied
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
l
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
tan
d
ar
d
test
s
.
I
t
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
th
e
e
v
al
u
a
tio
n
to
ass
es
s
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
s
k
ill
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
u
s
in
g
T
E
DI
-
M
A
T
H.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
in
v
e
s
ti
g
atio
n
s
ar
e
also
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
i
n
g
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
te
s
t
f
o
r
id
en
ti
f
y
in
g
th
e
ch
a
n
g
e
i
n
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
m
e
m
o
r
y
a
n
d
m
at
h
e
m
atica
l sk
ills
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
a
f
ter
p
l
a
y
in
g
t
h
e
h
a
n
d
g
e
s
tu
r
e
co
m
p
u
t
er
g
a
m
es
.
I
n
itiall
y
,
B
u
ll
et
al.
[
1
6
]
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
a
lo
n
g
it
u
d
in
al
s
tu
d
y
t
h
at
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
p
r
ed
ictin
g
t
h
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
e
x
ec
u
t
iv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
ea
r
l
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m
ath
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m
atic
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d
r
ea
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in
g
ca
p
ab
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ies.
T
h
is
lo
n
g
it
u
d
in
a
l
s
tu
d
y
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
an
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cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
p
er
f
o
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m
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n
ce
o
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ec
u
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cr
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p
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r
k
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m
e
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y
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
y
id
en
ti
f
ied
t
h
a
t
ch
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r
en
w
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to
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21
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2
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Feb
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:
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ac
tiv
itie
s
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h
at
h
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g
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ts
t
h
e
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ee
d
s
f
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r
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ti
m
ati
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eten
t
io
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,
r
ec
o
v
er
y
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n
d
n
u
m
er
ical
s
ets
d
eter
m
in
at
io
n
w
i
t
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
co
u
n
tin
g
p
o
ten
tial
,
lin
ea
r
esti
m
a
tio
n
,
an
d
n
u
m
er
ical
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
y
als
o
p
r
o
v
ed
th
at
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
i
n
r
ea
lizin
g
a
n
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m
e
r
ical
s
et
w
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ciate
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k
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m
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m
atica
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y
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
m
e
m
o
r
y
s
k
i
lls
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
,
a
lo
n
g
it
u
d
i
n
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esear
c
h
w
a
s
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cted
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ti
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ate
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k
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m
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o
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s
o
f
m
at
h
e
m
a
tical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
is
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
r
esear
ch
m
ad
e
it
ev
id
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t
th
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h
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w
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k
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m
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w
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th
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f
o
r
ec
asti
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g
p
o
ten
t
ialitie
s
o
f
Ma
th
e
m
atic
s
.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
li
g
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t
ed
r
esear
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s
u
b
-
s
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o
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h
o
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as
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x
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I
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m
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aid
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ail
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m
a
tica
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p
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p
tio
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in
th
e
n
ea
r
f
u
tu
r
e.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
th
is
Ha
n
d
Gest
u
r
e
Ga
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ased
L
ea
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ased
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ter
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p
letel
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r
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g
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t
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n
at
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al
m
o
v
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m
e
n
ts
as
in
t
h
e
d
ail
y
li
f
e.
T
h
e
h
a
n
d
g
est
u
r
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m
o
v
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m
e
n
t
s
ar
e
tr
ac
k
ed
b
y
t
h
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
s
o
m
a
to
s
en
s
o
r
y
d
ev
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s
w
h
ic
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p
o
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ess
t
h
e
p
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ten
tialit
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ca
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co
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p
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te
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y
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o
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y
in
t
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s
p
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n
d
er
r
ea
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ti
m
e.
T
h
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tec
h
n
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lo
g
y
in
v
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lv
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n
th
is
lear
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p
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s
,
co
m
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el
y
co
n
ce
n
tr
ates
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ac
k
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n
g
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m
an
m
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v
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m
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ts
w
it
h
e
q
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i
m
p
o
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tan
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ec
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g
n
izi
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d
,
h
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d
s
,
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m
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,
f
ac
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m
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m
e
n
ts
an
d
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
a
s
g
e
s
t
u
r
es.
T
h
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tech
n
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lo
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y
p
la
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s
a
v
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r
o
le
f
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an
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t
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ch
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to
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ta
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d
m
ater
ials
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e
lated
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.
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t
f
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ilit
ates
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ex
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ev
elo
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th
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p
u
r
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o
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en
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s
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n
e
ls
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o
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lear
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en
.
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er
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f
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m
t
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atio
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v
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t
d
ev
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s
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o
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b
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e
W
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m
o
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s
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r
o
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t K
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t in
to
t
h
e
v
id
e
o
g
a
m
e
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
W
ii
m
o
te
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
o
n
e
-
h
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
esig
n
w
h
ic
h
is
s
i
m
ilar
to
th
e
class
ical
g
a
m
ep
ad
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
a
co
llectio
n
o
f
in
f
r
ar
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s
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s
o
r
s
an
d
ac
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ler
o
m
eter
s
.
T
h
is
W
ii
m
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w
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k
s
s
y
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g
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all
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itti
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ip
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late
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ased
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n
itio
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th
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cr
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s
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f
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f
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ta
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s
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ai
n
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h
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d
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to
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il
ls
.
I
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r
h
elp
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ild
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en
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em
o
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tr
ati
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ich
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n
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y
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d
in
atio
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s
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m
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lated
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ased
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th
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clu
s
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o
f
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ac
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e
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o
,
Kin
etic
V1
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V2
ar
e
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er
y
s
i
m
ilar
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W
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m
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te.
T
h
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p
ab
ilit
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o
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p
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r
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ase
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th
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r
an
g
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ca
m
er
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ti
m
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-
o
f
f
lig
h
t
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
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p
lay
a
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ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
r
o
le
in
r
e
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ild
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h
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ca
p
tu
r
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m
e
f
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m
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o
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.
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p
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d
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attain
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Vis
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a
l
Gest
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r
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B
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ild
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aid
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i
n
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n
e
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n
a
v
i
s
u
al,
ag
ile
a
n
d
s
i
m
p
le
w
a
y
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
af
o
r
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
s
o
f
t
w
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alg
o
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ith
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s
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p
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it
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atica
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.
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h
is
s
tati
s
tical
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n
v
e
s
ti
g
atio
n
also
p
r
o
v
ed
th
at
t
h
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e
ex
is
t
s
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
d
ev
iatio
n
b
et
w
e
en
t
h
e
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
s
k
ill
s
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
m
e
m
o
r
y
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
B.
C.
Ne
lso
n
e
t
a
l.
,
“
G
lo
b
a
l
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls
o
f
e
v
id
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
lea
rn
in
g
a
n
d
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
in
c
o
m
p
lex
g
a
m
e
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts,
”
Brit
ish
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
4
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
8
-
1
0
0
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
]
I.
G
h
e
rg
u
les
c
u
a
n
d
C.
H.
M
u
n
tea
n
,
“
M
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
M
o
n
it
o
rin
g
a
n
d
A
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
Ex
ten
sio
n
f
o
r
In
p
u
t
-
P
r
o
c
e
ss
-
Ou
tco
m
e
G
a
m
e
M
o
d
e
l,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
G
a
me
-
Ba
se
d
L
e
a
rn
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
-
3
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
]
R.
Bu
ll
a
n
d
K.
L
e
e
,
“
Ex
e
c
u
ti
v
e
F
u
n
c
ti
o
n
in
g
a
n
d
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
A
c
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t
,
”
Ch
il
d
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
Per
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
s
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
6
-
4
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[4
]
S
.
E.
G
a
th
e
rc
o
le
e
t
a
l.
,
“
W
o
rk
in
g
m
e
m
o
r
y
in
c
h
il
d
re
n
w
it
h
re
a
d
i
n
g
d
isa
b
il
it
ies
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Exp
e
rime
n
ta
l
C
h
il
d
Psy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
9
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
6
5
-
2
8
1
,
2
0
0
6
.
[5
]
I.
C.
M
a
m
m
a
re
ll
a
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
a
th
a
n
x
iet
y
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
tal
d
y
s
c
a
lcu
li
a
:
A
stu
d
y
o
n
w
o
rk
in
g
m
e
m
o
ry
p
ro
c
e
ss
e
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Cli
n
ica
l
a
n
d
Ex
p
e
rime
n
ta
l
Ne
u
ro
p
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
3
7
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
8
7
8
-
8
8
7
,
2
0
1
5
.
[6
]
D.
C.
G
e
a
r
y
,
“
Earl
y
F
o
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
L
e
a
rn
in
g
a
n
d
Th
e
ir
Re
latio
n
s
to
L
e
a
rn
in
g
Disa
b
i
li
ti
e
s,”
Cu
rr
e
n
t
Dire
c
ti
o
n
s in
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
ica
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
3
-
2
7
,
2
0
1
3
.
[7
]
C.
W
ik
lu
n
d
-
H
ö
rn
q
v
ist
e
t
a
l.
,
“U
n
tan
g
li
n
g
t
h
e
Co
n
tri
b
u
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
S
u
b
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
W
o
rk
in
g
M
e
m
o
r
y
to
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
P
ro
f
icie
n
c
y
a
s
M
e
a
su
re
d
b
y
th
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
T
e
sts:
A
S
tu
d
y
a
m
o
n
g
S
we
d
ish
T
h
ird
G
ra
d
e
rs
,
”
Fro
n
ti
e
rs
in
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
0
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
2
-
3
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[8
]
S
.
T
o
ll
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ex
e
c
u
ti
v
e
F
u
n
c
ti
o
n
s
a
s
P
re
d
icto
rs
o
f
M
a
th
L
e
a
rn
in
g
Disa
b
il
it
ies
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
L
e
a
rn
i
n
g
Disa
b
il
it
ies
,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
5
2
1
-
5
3
2
,
2
0
1
0
.
[9
]
F
.
F
.
Ng
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
h
ib
it
o
ry
c
o
n
tr
o
l
i
n
p
re
sc
h
o
o
l
p
re
d
icts
e
a
rly
m
a
th
sk
il
ls
in
f
irst
g
ra
d
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Beh
a
v
io
r
a
l
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
3
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
3
9
-
1
4
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
0
]
J.
Kra
y
a
n
d
N.
K.
F
e
rd
i
n
a
n
d
,
“
H
o
w
to
Im
p
ro
v
e
Co
g
n
it
iv
e
Co
n
tro
l
in
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
Du
rin
g
Ch
il
d
h
o
o
d
:
P
o
ten
ti
a
l
s
a
n
d
L
im
it
s o
f
Co
g
n
it
iv
e
In
terv
e
n
ti
o
n
s
,
”
C
h
il
d
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
Per
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
s
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
-
1
2
5
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
1
]
H.
Hs
iao
a
n
d
J.
Ch
e
n
,
“
Us
in
g
a
g
e
stu
re
in
tera
c
ti
v
e
g
a
m
e
-
b
a
se
d
le
a
rn
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
im
p
ro
v
e
p
re
sc
h
o
o
l
c
h
il
d
re
n
'
s
lea
rn
in
g
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
m
o
to
r
s
k
il
ls
,
”
Co
mp
u
ter
s &
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
9
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
1
-
1
6
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
2
]
C.
Ch
e
n
g
a
n
d
C.
S
u
,
“
G
a
m
e
-
b
a
se
d
lea
rn
in
g
s
y
ste
m
f
o
r
im
p
ro
v
in
g
stu
d
e
n
t'
s
lea
rn
in
g
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
in
sy
ste
m
a
n
a
ly
sis c
o
u
rse
,
”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
-
S
o
c
i
a
l
a
n
d
Beh
a
v
io
ra
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
3
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
6
9
-
6
7
5
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
3
]
H.
L
ian
g
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ha
n
d
g
e
stu
re
-
b
a
se
d
in
tera
c
ti
v
e
p
u
p
p
e
try
s
y
ste
m
to
a
ss
ist
sto
ry
telli
n
g
f
o
r
c
h
il
d
re
n
,
”
T
h
e
Vi
s
u
a
l
Co
mp
u
ter
,
v
o
l.
3
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
1
7
-
5
3
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
4
]
A
.
R.
L
u
ria,
“
Distu
rb
a
n
c
e
s
o
f
Hig
h
e
r
Co
rti
c
a
l
F
u
n
c
ti
o
n
s
w
it
h
L
e
sio
n
s
o
f
th
e
F
ro
n
tal
Re
g
io
n
,
”
Hig
h
e
r
Co
rtic
a
l
Fu
n
c
ti
o
n
s i
n
M
a
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
4
6
-
3
6
5
,
1
9
8
0
.
[1
5
]
E.
Bid
d
iss
a
n
d
J.
Irw
in
,
“
Ac
ti
v
e
V
id
e
o
G
a
m
e
s
to
P
ro
m
o
te
P
h
y
sic
a
l
A
c
ti
v
it
y
in
Ch
il
d
re
n
a
n
d
Yo
u
t
h
,
”
Arc
h
ive
s
o
f
Ped
ia
trics
&
Ad
o
les
c
e
n
t
M
e
d
icin
e
,
v
o
l.
1
6
4
,
n
o
.
7
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
6
]
R.
Bu
ll
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
h
o
rt
-
T
e
rm
M
e
m
o
ry
,
W
o
rk
in
g
M
e
m
o
r
y
,
a
n
d
Ex
e
c
u
ti
v
e
F
u
n
c
ti
o
n
in
g
in
P
re
sc
h
o
o
ler
s:
L
o
n
g
it
u
d
i
n
a
l
P
re
d
icto
rs
o
f
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
A
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
Ag
e
7
Ye
a
rs
,
”
D
e
v
e
lo
p
me
n
ta
l
Ne
u
ro
p
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
3
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
0
5
-
2
2
8
,
2
0
0
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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2502
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4752
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775
[1
7
]
K.
P
.
Ra
g
h
u
b
a
r
e
t
a
l.
,
“
W
o
rk
in
g
m
e
m
o
r
y
a
n
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s:
A
re
v
i
e
w
o
f
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
tal,
in
d
iv
id
u
a
l
d
if
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re
n
c
e
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a
n
d
c
o
g
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it
iv
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a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s,”
L
e
a
r
n
in
g
a
n
d
In
d
ivid
u
a
l
Diff
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re
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s
,
v
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o
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2
,
p
p
.
1
1
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2
2
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
8
]
S
.
T
o
ll
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ex
e
c
u
ti
v
e
F
u
n
c
ti
o
n
s
a
s
P
re
d
icto
rs
o
f
M
a
th
L
e
a
rn
in
g
Disa
b
il
it
ies
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
L
e
a
rn
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n
g
Disa
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il
it
ies
,
v
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4
4
,
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o
.
6
,
p
p
.
5
2
1
-
5
3
2
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
9
]
I.
F
riso
-
v
a
n
d
e
n
Bo
s
e
t
a
l.
,
“
W
o
rk
in
g
m
e
m
o
r
y
a
n
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
in
p
rim
a
r
y
sc
h
o
o
l
c
h
il
d
re
n
:
A
m
e
ta
-
a
n
a
l
y
sis
,
”
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
Rev
iew
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
9
-
4
4
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
0
]
D.
Ch
a
rles
e
t
a
l.
,
“
G
a
m
e
-
b
a
se
d
fe
e
d
b
a
c
k
f
o
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
m
u
lt
i
-
u
se
r
v
irt
u
a
l
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts
,
”
Bri
ti
sh
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
3
8
-
6
5
4
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
1
]
R.
Da
ll
o
s
a
n
d
R.
ie,
“
Be
c
o
m
in
g
in
v
isib
le:
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
tri
a
n
g
u
latio
n
o
n
c
h
il
d
re
n
’s
w
e
ll
-
b
e
in
g
,
”
Cli
n
ica
l
Ch
il
d
Ps
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
Psy
c
h
i
a
try
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
6
1
-
4
7
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
2
]
B.
C.
Ne
lso
n
e
t
a
l.
,
“
G
lo
b
a
l
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls
o
f
e
v
id
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
lea
rn
in
g
a
n
d
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
in
c
o
m
p
lex
g
a
m
e
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts,
”
Brit
ish
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
a
l
T
e
c
h
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o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
4
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
8
-
1
0
0
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
3
]
I.
C.
M
a
m
m
a
re
ll
a
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
a
th
a
n
x
iet
y
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
tal
d
y
s
c
a
lcu
li
a
:
A
stu
d
y
o
n
w
o
rk
in
g
m
e
m
o
ry
p
ro
c
e
ss
e
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Cli
n
ica
l
a
n
d
Ex
p
e
rime
n
ta
l
Ne
u
ro
p
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
3
7
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
8
7
8
-
8
8
7
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
4
]
R.
G
a
rris
e
t
a
l.
,
“
G
a
m
e
s,
M
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
L
e
a
rn
in
g
:
A
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
M
o
d
e
l,
”
S
im
u
la
t
i
o
n
&
Ga
min
g
,
v
o
l.
3
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
4
1
-
4
6
7
,
2
0
0
2
.
[2
5
]
M
.
P
re
n
sk
y
,
“
Dig
it
a
l
g
a
m
e
-
b
a
se
d
lea
rn
in
g
,”
Co
mp
u
ter
s in
En
ter
ta
i
n
me
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
2
1
,
2
0
0
3
.
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