TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol.12, No.5, May 2014, pp
. 3863 ~ 38
7
2
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomni
ka.v12i5.5091
3863
Re
cei
v
ed
No
vem
ber 1
0
, 2013; Re
vi
sed
De
cem
ber 1
4
,
2013; Accep
t
ed Jan
uary 1
6
, 2014
3DoF Model Helicopter with Hy
brid Control
Arbab Nigha
t
Khizer
1
*, Dai Yaping
2
, S
y
ed Amjad Ali
3
, Xu
Xiang Yang
4
1,2,
4
School of A
u
tomatio
n
, Beij
ing Institute of
T
e
chnolog
y, B
e
iji
ng 1
0
0
081,
P. R. China
3
School of Mec
hatron
i
cs, Beiji
ng Institute of T
e
chnolog
y,
B
e
iji
ng 1
0
0
081,
P. R. China
1,3
Mehran Univ
ersit
y
of En
gin
eeri
ng an
d T
e
chno
log
y
, Jams
horo, Sin
dh, P
a
kistan
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: arbab
nig
hat
@gmai
l
.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Dyna
mics
of mi
niat
ure un
mann
ed h
e
lic
opt
er ar
e cons
id
ered n
o
n
lin
ear
and
mutu
ally
coupl
ed
;
therefore d
e
sig
n
in
g of a stable
cont
rol bec
o
m
es a big ch
all
e
nge for rese
arc
hers. T
h
is pap
er addr
esses this
issue by
pro
p
o
sin
g
a hy
brid
contro
l meth
o
dol
ogy
us
ing both
trad
ition
a
l
and i
n
tel
lig
en
t control. A 3
D
oF
m
o
del helic
opt
er system
is
us
ed
as a contr
o
lled
platform
.
T
h
is hy
brid control us
ed
PID as a traditional
and
fu
zz
y
as
an
int
e
lli
ge
nt contro
l
so as t
o
take
the
fu
ll
adva
n
ta
ge
of adv
anc
e
d
co
ntrol th
eor
y. Propos
ed
hy
brid
control is
eva
l
u
a
ted a
gai
nst th
e fu
zz
y
an
d PID control thr
o
u
gh int
ensiv
e si
m
u
lation. Results verified that the
prop
osed
contr
o
l h
a
s a
n
exce
llent
perfor
m
a
n
c
e in stat
ic
as
w
e
ll as dy
na
mi
c envir
on
me
nt as co
mp
ared t
o
indiv
i
d
ual PID
and fu
zz
y
co
ntrol.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
3D
oF
mo
del h
e
lic
opter dyn
a
m
ics
,
PID cont
rol, fu
zz
y
c
ontrol, h
y
brid co
ntrol.
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
Unma
nne
d A
r
iel vehi
cle
s
(UAV)
are o
b
se
rved a
s
a
main resea
r
ch a
ppli
c
atio
n in the
military, civil and academi
c
fields
because
of its flyi
ng capabilities such as taking off, hover and
landin
g
. Uniq
ue cha
r
a
c
teri
stics and ma
neuverabilit
y make
s the h
e
lico
p
ter mo
re suitable fo
r
cha
nnelin
g e
n
vironm
ent [1-2]. 3
D
oF
model
helico
p
ter i
s
a
goo
d ch
oice for
impleme
n
ting
and
che
c
king th
e
different
co
ntrol
strate
gies [3
-6
]. Co
nventional
co
ntrolle
rs
se
e
m
inad
equ
ate for
achi
eving the
stable
co
ntrol be
cau
s
e
o
f
impre
c
ise
mathemati
c
al
modelin
g an
d bad tu
ning
of
para
m
eters t
herefo
r
e
this situat
io
n giv
e
s
strong
m
o
tivation to i
n
telligent
co
ntrol. Ba
sed
on
excelle
nt perf
o
rma
n
ce of intelligent co
n
t
rol, it
can be succe
ssfully
applie
d in aerospa
ce cont
rol
field. Fuzzy
control i
s
clo
s
er to
huma
n
t
h
inki
ng
tha
n
conve
n
tional control syste
m
and
ge
nerally
belon
gs to
in
telligent control [7-1
0]. It provide
s
a
wa
y throug
h wh
ich lin
gui
stic
control
strate
gy
based on
expert hu
man
knowl
edge i
s
conve
r
ted in
t
o
an auto
m
at
ic control
strategy. It can
be
able to han
dl
e inco
nsi
s
ten
t
real data in
to a suitable
way for vari
ety of control
application
s
. A
work on f
u
zzy
co
ntrol
for
3
D
Of la
boratory
helicopter’
s
elevation and
travel
co
ntrol
wa
s
discu
ssed
in [11]. Excessive rule
s were ap
plied,
ultimately takes excessive
simulation ti
me and the
r
e
f
ore
impleme
n
tation in
real
-tim
e be
come
s
n
o
t viable. Fu
zzy
cont
rol
was al
so
appli
e
d to add
re
ss
only
elevation attitude in [12]. In anothe
r ap
proa
ch
o
p
tim
a
l tracking
strategy usi
ng
both co
ntrol i
-
e
fuzzy an
d L
Q
R for mo
de
l helicopte
r
wa
s pro
p
o
s
e
d
in [13]. Fuzzy an
d PID combin
ed control
use
d
for
an u
n
mann
ed h
e
li
copte
r
wa
s di
scusse
d in [1
4]. A Mamda
n
i co
ntrolle
r
wa
s de
sig
ned
for
an altitude an
d attitude con
t
rol.
In this pape
r, a hybrid control is pro
p
o
s
e
d
whi
c
h co
mb
ines the conv
enient control
of PID
together
with
flexible con
t
rol of fuzzy
for 3DoF
model heli
c
o
p
ter. Firstly,
model heli
c
o
p
ter
stru
cture an
d
dynamics a
r
e
analyz
ed. A mathemati
c
al
model b
a
sed
on dynami
c
a
l
results i
s
th
en
develop
ed. In
itially tradition
al control i
s
o
ffered
to 3D
oF
mo
de
l as a
b
a
s
is
for
c
o
n
t
r
o
ller
impr
o
v
ed
results. T
hen,
the intellig
en
t control i
s
a
p
p
lied to
get th
e dynami
c
al
stability. Both PID an
d fu
zzy
control ha
s their o
w
n adv
antage
s. Based upon t
hei
r re
spe
c
tive perfo
rman
ce,
PID and fuzzy
control a
r
e
combine
d
tog
e
ther as a
h
y
brid
cont
rol
to inve
stigat
e the flying
motion of
m
odel
helicopter.
The pa
pe
r is organi
ze
d
as follo
ws.
Sect
ion
-
2 p
r
esented
structural dyna
mics
an
d
mathemati
c
al
equ
ations for model
heli
c
o
p
ter. Se
ct
ion-3 di
scussed
PID, fuzzy an
d hybri
d
control
desi
gn. Simulation result
s are presented to illust
rate the efficiency of
proposed
control i
n
se
ct
ion-
4.
Fin
a
lly
,
sect
ion
-
5
presented co
nclu
sio
n
rem
a
rks.
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ISSN: 23
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TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 5, May 2014: 3863 – 38
72
3864
2.
3DoF Mo
del Helicop
ter
2.1. Nomenc
lature
Notations
are related to Figure 2-4.
inertia mom
e
nt of system
about the ele
v
ation axis
mass of bala
n
ce bl
ock
total mass
of two propeller
motor
and
front and ba
ck motor volta
ges
force
con
s
tan
t
of the motor/propell
e
r
co
mbination
and
distan
ce fro
m
the pivot point to propelle
r motor and to
balan
ce blo
c
ks
effective grav
itational torqu
e
angul
ar a
c
cel
e
ration of ele
v
ation axis
inertia mom
e
nt of system about the pitch axis
distan
ce fro
m
the pitch axis to either motor
angul
ar a
c
cel
e
ration of pitch axis
inertia mom
e
nt of system about the trav
el axis
travel rate in radian/
se
c
and
Elevation ang
le and Pitch a
ngle (in d
e
g
r
e
e
s)
Travel an
gle (in degree
s)
2.2. Helicop
ter
S
t
ruc
t
ure
3DoF
h
e
lico
p
t
er i
s
con
s
id
ered
a
s
an
exper
im
ental
syste
m
fo
r automatic co
ntrol and
aero
s
p
a
ce field. The
who
l
e system
co
nsi
s
ts of
mai
n
body of m
odel heli
c
o
p
ter with
elect
r
ical
control box
and control platform. Th
e helicopt
er
main body
system is co
mposed of b
a
se,
balan
cing blo
ck and pro
p
e
llers as sh
own
in
Figu
re
1
.
Two
Pro
pel
lers and bala
n
ce blo
ck are
installe
d at ei
ther e
n
d
s
of
balan
ce
ba
r.
Pitching
motion i
s
du
e to
prop
elle
rs
rot
a
tional lift wh
ich
turns
bala
n
ce
bar a
r
ou
nd the fulcrum. Enco
ders a
r
e i
n
stalle
d to measure th
e ro
tation axis al
ong
with pitch a
n
g
le. Balance block is u
s
ed
to reduc
e the rise of heli
c
opte
r
. Install
a
tion of enco
der
over the rod
con
n
e
c
ts the
two prop
elle
rs for
me
asu
r
ing the overt
u
rne
d
angl
e. Propell
e
rs wit
h
bru
s
hle
s
s DC motors a
r
e resp
on
sible fo
r mome
ntum. Propelle
r m
o
tor outp
u
t can be adj
ust
ed
throug
h the b
a
lan
c
e rod in
stalled o
n
si
d
e
of balan
ce
block. All sig
nals
are tran
smitted via sl
ip
ring to an
d from the body
thus to red
u
c
e the
fri
c
tio
n
amount a
n
d
loadin
g
aro
und the movi
ng
axes [15].
Figure 1. 3Do
F
Model Helicopter System
2.3 Mathem
atica
l
Model
The math
em
atical m
odel
for 3
D
oF
mo
del heli
c
o
p
ter is d
e
scri
bed
by three
differentia
l
equatio
ns.
Prop
el
ler
M
ot
or
1
Bal
a
nce
Bl
o
c
k
Pos
i
t
i
on Sen
s
ors
Pos
i
t
i
on Sen
s
ors
Sl
i
p
rin
g
asse
m
b
l
y
Prop
el
ler
M
ot
or
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
3DoF M
odel
Heli
copte
r
wit
h
Hybrid
Cont
rol (Arbab
Ni
ghat Khize
r
)
3865
2.3.1. Ele
v
ation
D
y
namics
Movement dif
f
erential eq
ua
tions for Fig
u
re-2 a
r
e a
s
follows:
(
1
)
(2)
Figure 2. Elevation Axis Dynamics
2.3.2. Pitch
D
y
namics
Figure 3
sh
o
w
s the
simpl
e
pitch
axis a
nd its
co
ntrol
is do
ne
by th
e differe
nce
of forces,
prod
uced by two propell
e
rs. The differen
t
ial equation
become
s
:
(
3
)
(
4
)
Figure 3. Pitch Axis Dyna
mics
2.3.3. Trav
el
D
y
na
mics
A hori
z
ontal
comp
one
nt o
f
is re
spon
si
ble for a to
rq
ue abo
ut the
travel axis, whi
c
h
further results in
a
c
cele
ra
tion. Thi
s
b
e
c
ome
s
do
ne
whe
n
tilting
and
overtu
rni
ng of
pitch a
x
is
occurs. Supp
ose the mo
de
l has pitching
up by an angl
e (
as depicte
d
in Figure 4:
sin
(
5
)
sin
(
6
)
Figure 4. Tra
v
el Axis Dynamics
Pi
tch
2
Trav
el
1
El
ev
ati
on
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TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 5, May 2014: 3863 – 38
72
3866
3. Con
t
rol
De
sign
3.1. PID
control
Initially, PID control i
s
u
s
ed for 3
D
of
model
heli
c
o
p
ter to
co
ntrol its th
ree
axes i
-
e
elevation, pitch a
nd travel.
It is clea
red f
r
om dy
na
mics that two ax
es (t
ravel an
d pitch axe
s
) are
cou
p
led, therefore only two signal
s are requi
re
d. PID controll
ers
are implemente
d
sepa
rately for
three axe
s
i
n
this setu
p
with the help
of trans
fe
r functio
n
s. Eq
uation (7
)-(9
) is the tran
sfer
function
s which are derived from
each axis
dynamics.
Ignore the gravity torqu
e
disturban
ce
"
"
. Simulink
diag
ram of PID
control al
ong
wi
th three tra
n
sfer fun
c
tion
s a
r
e
sho
w
n
by Figure
-
5.
≡
.
.
.
(
7
)
≡
.
.
.
(
8
)
≡
.
.
.
.
(
9
)
Figure 5. Simulink Mo
del u
s
ing PID Con
t
rol
3.2.
Fuzz
y
control
Simple fuzzy
if-then
rule
s for
stable
a
nd effe
ctive control a
r
e
p
r
imary
req
u
irement fo
r
desi
gning
the
fuzzy co
ntrol
[16]. For
3Dof helicopt
e
r
’
s
elevatio
n a
nd pitch
control, two in
puts i-e
error
and error rate (
) an
d single outp
u
t (
) are sele
cted. Universe domain for both input
and outp
u
t is normali
ze
d betwe
en the
rang
e [-1 1]. Trian
gula
r
m
e
mbe
r
ship fu
nction
s a
r
e u
s
ed
for elevation
and pitch co
n
t
rol. Lingui
stic variable
s
cov
e
red
seven v
a
lue
s
as
sho
w
n in Tabl
e 1
.
Table 1. Mea
n
ing of Ling
ui
stic Vari
able
s
in Fuzzy Inferen
c
e System
(FIS)
Negative big
NB
Negative middle
NM
Negative small
NS
zer
o
Z
R
positive small
PS
positive middle
PM
positive big
PB
Figure 6
-
7
showi
ng the i
nput an
d out
put me
mb
ership fun
c
tion f
o
r elevatio
n
and pit
c
h
axis. Th
e tri
a
ngula
r
o
u
tput
memb
ership
functio
n
s for both
controll
ers
kee
p
n
a
rrower ne
ar the
zero in order to decrea
s
e
the gain of controlle
r aro
und the set point for bett
e
r ste
ady-sta
te
control. This i
s
also useful for av
oidin
g
the exce
ssive o
v
ersh
ooting [
17].
Ou
t
p
u
t
1
t
r
av
el
pi
t
c
h
_
P
I
D
f/
c
1
f(
u
)
f/
c
2
f(
u
)
el
e
_
P
I
D
T
r
av
el
_
T
F
k.
s
+
l
s
+m
.
s
+n
2
T
r
av
el
P
I
D
e3
Ou
t
1
pi
t
_
P
I
D
el
e
_
P
I
D
St
e
p
_
3
St
e
p
_
2
St
e
p
_
1
Q
uant
i
z
er
_
T
Quant
i
z
er
_
P
Qua
n
t
i
z
e
r
_
E
Pi
t
c
h
_
T
F
a
s
+b
.
s
+
c
2
Pi
t
c
h
PI
D
e1
Ou
t
1
Li
m
i
t
_
P
Li
m
i
t
_
E
Gai
n
_
T
-K
-
Ga
i
n
_
P
-K
-
Ga
i
n
_
E
-K
-
E
l
ev
at
i
o
n
_
T
F
x
s
+y
.
s
+
z
2
E
l
ev
at
i
on P
I
D
e2
Ou
t
1
du
/
d
t
mu
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
3DoF M
odel
Heli
copte
r
wit
h
Hybrid
Cont
rol (Arbab
Ni
ghat Khize
r
)
3867
Figure 6. Input Membershi
p
Functio
n
s f
o
r Elevation a
nd Pitch Co
ntrol
Figure 7. Output Membe
r
ship Fun
c
tion for Elevation a
nd Pitch Co
ntrol
System beha
vior is define
d
by simple
fuzzy rule
s using input erro
r sign
als
and
and
control output
signal (
). The
same rule
s a
r
e de
sign
ed for bot
h elevat
ion and pit
c
h
fuzzy control,
sin
c
e
seven f
u
zzy set
s
are
use
d
for inp
u
t and outp
u
t universe
s
di
scourse, the
r
efore e
a
ch ru
le
base co
nsi
s
t of 7 by 7 arra
ys. Table 2 shows
the rul
e
base fo
r Pitch/ elevation control.
Table
-
2 Fu
zzy Rule Base f
o
r Pitch an
d Elevation Axis
/
NB NM
NS
ZR
PS
PM
PB
NB
NB NB
NB NB
NM
NS
ZR
NM
NB NB
NB NM
NS ZR
PS
NS
NB
NB NM
NS ZR
PS
PM
ZR
NB NM
NS ZR
PS
PM
PB
PS
NM NS
ZR
PS
PM
PB
PB
PM
NS
ZR
PS PM
PB PB
PB
PB
ZR
PS PM
PB PB
PB
PB
3.2
H
y
brid Contr
o
l
Cla
ssi
cal
PID co
ntrol
is kn
own
a
s
for e
x
cellent
stati
c
p
e
rfo
r
man
c
e, whil
e intell
igent fu
zzy
control ha
s b
e
tter perfo
rm
ance in dyna
mic environm
en
t. This hybrid cont
rol combines the m
e
rits
of both so as to give the stable and effective qui
ck control sim
u
lta
neou
sly. Working p
r
in
ciple
of
hybrid
cont
ro
l is ba
se
d o
n
syste
m
de
viation;
there
f
ore threshol
d deviation i
s
set pri
o
r.
This
control strategy is illu
strated by Figure 8.
Figure 8. Block
Diag
ram o
f
Hybrid Co
ntrol
PI
D Contr
o
l
Fuzzy
Helicopter
Plant
Output
Hybrid
Contr
o
l
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72
3868
3.3.1.
Structure o
f
PID Control
For this hyb
r
i
d
control, PID stru
cture i
s
g
i
ven as:
(
1
0
)
∑
(
1
1
)
Whe
r
e
is error betwe
en referen
c
e si
gn
al (
) and outp
u
t (
).
,
and
are gains of PID
control.
3.3.2.
Structure o
f
Fuzz
y
control
Fuzzy cont
rol
has two inpu
ts (erro
r
change r
at
e o
f
t
he err
o
r
) and
one output
.
All variabl
es are
used
as
lingui
stic valu
es
a
nd
defin
ed by
seven l
i
ngui
stic valu
es
su
ch
as NB,
NM, NS, Z, PS, PM, and PB. Scalin
g facto
r
s
are introdu
ced in the hyb
r
id fuzzy cont
rol to
obtain real in
terval of vari
able
s
as
sh
o
w
n in t
he Fi
g
u
re 9. T
r
iang
ular me
mbe
r
ship fun
c
tion
s for
input and o
u
tput are u
s
ed t
o
rep
r
e
s
ent the lingui
stic v
a
lue
s
.
Figure 9. Fuzzy Structu
r
e for Hyb
r
id Co
ntrol
Figure 10. Hy
brid Control Structu
r
e
Data Base
In
feren
c
e
En
g
ine
Rule Base
Fuzzification
Defuzzifi
cation
+
1
1/
/
Helicopter
M
odel
Hybr
id Contr
o
l
Switching
Function
/
Data Base
Inference Engin
e
Rule B
a
se
F
u
zzifi
cat
ion
Defuzzif
i
c
a
tion
Hybrid contro
l
switching
algorith
m
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3DoF M
odel
Heli
copte
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wit
h
Hybrid
Cont
rol (Arbab
Ni
ghat Khize
r
)
3869
The fuzzy rul
e
for hybrid
control is:
:
……
(
1
2
)
Whe
r
e
is in
put variabl
e for
rules,
is the outp
u
t vari
able for th
e
rule.
is
a fuz
zy s
e
t,
and
is a cri
s
p
value. For a
given input
,
,...,
at time
, the degree of matching in the
premi
s
e for
rule and outp
u
t
of fuzzy is inferre
d by
con
s
ide
r
ing the
weig
hted ave
r
age of
are
cal
c
ulate
d
as
follows:
……..
(
1
3
)
∑
.
∑
(
1
4
)
The overall h
y
brid co
ntrol
stru
cture is shown by Figu
re 10.
3.3.3.
Design o
f
H
y
brid S
w
i
t
chi
ng Functio
n
Duri
ng the
co
ntrol process when
error
reache
s high
e
r
value
s
than
threshold d
e
v
iation,
fuzzy control is selected
because it has a fast
rise ti
me an
d abilit
y to depress
the overshoot
. In
other
situatio
n, whe
n
e
r
ror is b
e
lo
w the
thres
hold
dev
iation o
r
cl
ose to re
qui
red
referen
c
e p
o
i
n
t,
PID co
ntrol i
s
use
d
d
ue to
its excell
ent
accura
cy and
stabili
zation near
the set point.
To
utili
ze
this situatio
n, a hybrid switchi
ng fun
c
tion
is introd
uced
here a
s
:
1
(
1
5
)
Whe
n
the ab
solute value
of erro
r is gre
a
ter than
, the fuzzy cont
rol
is sele
cted a
n
d
try to accele
rate the erro
r conve
r
ge
nce;
when erro
r is less than the
absolute val
ue of
and
greate
r
than
(
0
), the both (PID control an
d
fuzzy co
ntrol) used to work
in different proportio
n
s; wh
en absolute error is less than
,
the PID
control sel
e
cted and
operates al
on
e. In this way, the hybrid switchi
ng fun
c
tion
c
a
n
be
de
sc
r
i
be
d
as
be
lo
w
:
0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
(16)
Whe
r
e
is co
efficient havi
ng gre
a
t influence on ch
a
nging of
, and ultimately this
cha
nge will tend for tunin
g
the impact of fu
zzy and PID control.
Smaller the value of
, bigger
the rol
e
of fuzzy co
ntrol i
n
tran
sitional
re
gion, si
milarly
,
the larg
er th
e value of
, smaller the role
of fuzzy co
ntrol in transitio
nal
regi
on. Hybrid switchi
n
g function
with
0
is sh
own
in the
Figure 11.
Figure 11. Cu
rve of Hybrid
Switchin
g Fu
nction
whe
n
α
0
0
e
e
1
ek
e
e
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72
3870
4. Simulation Resul
t
s
3DoF
heli
c
o
p
t
er's pe
rform
ance i
s
inve
stigat
ed th
rou
gh n
u
mbe
r
o
f
simul
a
tion
with PID
and fu
zzy
co
ntrol. The
gai
ns of PID co
ntrolle
r a
r
e
a
d
juste
d
ma
n
ually in such
a way that first
increa
sing
to achi
eve a d
e
sired
respon
se the
n
and
are a
d
ju
sted
to obtain the
optima
l
respon
se
of controlle
d o
b
je
ct. After u
s
in
g trail-
erro
r te
chni
que
s, three ap
propri
a
te PID g
a
ins a
r
e
sele
cted, an
d
sho
w
ing by
Table 3.
Table 3. PID Gain Value
s
Parameter
value 5.0
3.8
0.9
0.08
0.0005
0.002
0.5
0.2
0.08
Figure 12. Elevation (left)
and Pitch (r
ig
ht) Angle u
s
in
g PID and Fu
zzy Control
The Figure 12 illustrated cont
rol curves using PID and fuzzy cont
rol. It is cleared from
simulatio
n
re
sults that attitude adj
ustm
e
n
ts are
re
quired for mo
del
helico
p
ter. F
o
r PID contro
l,
different mag
n
itude of gai
ns is a
pplie
d to get be
tter respon
se. Fig
u
re
sho
w
tha
t
PID control
for
pitch axis ha
s larg
e overshoot and cou
l
d not
be abl
e to track th
e desi
r
ed respon
se. Even in
elevation axis cont
rol so
me
ove
r
shoo
t
is ob
serve
d
and
requi
re
d lon
g
risi
ng
time. Wh
en
After
introdu
cin
g
th
e fuzzy
co
ntrol to m
odel
h
e
lico
p
ter
for e
l
evation a
nd
pitch
axis an
d comp
are
d
with
the stea
dy re
sults
of PI
D
control, fu
zzy
curve
s
cle
a
rl
y trying to ov
ercome th
e o
v
ersh
ooting
a
nd
output tra
c
kin
g
ca
n be
don
e in well ma
nner. T
he
risi
ng time
still appe
are
d
a
s
main i
ssu
e
with
these t
w
o
co
ntrols. In thi
s
situation, a
hybrid
cont
ro
l is intro
d
u
c
e
d
and
appli
e
d to syste
m
as
sho
w
n in Fig
u
re 13.
Figure 13. Simulink 3
D
of
Model u
s
ing
Hybrid
Cont
rol
The el
evatio
n an
d pit
c
h
output respo
n
se
of
hyb
r
id
co
ntrol are sho
w
in
g
by Figure
1
4
.
Comp
ared to
co
nvention
a
l
PID a
nd fu
zzy control,
be
tter re
sp
on
se
s of
two
axe
s
(el
e
vation
a
nd
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
-5
0
5
10
15
Ti
m
e
E
l
e
v
at
i
o
n
a
ngl
e
(
ang
l
e
)
R
e
f
e
r
enc
e
F
u
zzy
PI
D
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
-5
0
5
10
15
Ti
m
e
P
i
t
c
h ang
l
e
(
d
eg)
Re
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
Fu
z
z
y
PI
D
int
r
in
t
e
dot
p
do
t
e
T
o
W
o
r
ksp
a
c
e
1
pi
t
_
H
y
b
r
i
d
T
o
W
o
r
ksp
a
c
e
ele
_
H
y
br
id
T
Su
b
t
r
a
c
t
2
S
ubt
r
a
c
t
1
St
e
p
_
4
St
e
p
_
3
St
e
p
_
2
St
a
t
e
-
Sp
a
c
e
x
'
=
A
x
+B
u
y
= C
x
+D
u
S
a
tu
r
a
ti
o
n
3
S
a
tu
r
a
ti
o
n
2
S
a
tu
r
a
ti
o
n
1
S
a
tu
r
a
ti
o
n
Pi
t
c
h
_
F
L
C
Pi
t
c
h
PI
D
e1
Ou
t
1
Pi
t
_
F
u
zz
y
K-
Ga
i
n
8
0.
5
Ga
i
n
7
0.
2
Ga
i
n
6
-K
-
Ga
i
n
5
-K
-
Ga
i
n
4
-K
-
Ga
i
n
3
-K
-
Ga
i
n
2
0.
5
1
16
2
K-
-K
-
Ga
i
n
1
0.
5
Ga
i
n
-K
-
Fc
n
1
f(
u
)
Fc
n
f(
u
)
E
l
ev
at
ion
_
F
L
C
E
l
ev
at
i
o
n P
I
D
e2
Ou
t
1
E
l
ev
_
F
uz
z
y
D
e
r
i
va
t
i
ve
1
du
/
d
t
De
r
i
v
a
t
i
v
e
du
/
d
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
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ISSN:
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046
3DoF M
odel
Heli
copte
r
wit
h
Hybrid
Cont
rol (Arbab
Ni
ghat Khize
r
)
3871
pitch)
are ob
serve
d
. Prop
ose
d
hybri
d
control
sh
o
w
s
the excelle
nt
result for ri
si
ng time, settli
ng
time, oversh
oot and
stea
dy state erro
r and i
s
mo
re acce
ptable
than othe
r two
controls.
The
simulat
e
d re
s
pon
se ch
ar
ac
t
e
rist
ic
s
of 3DoF Hybrid
co
ntrol are
sati
sfactory in terms of para
m
e
t
er
metrics. Figu
res
15 sho
w
ing the pe
rformance me
tri
cs fo
r both e
l
evation and
pitch axis u
s
i
n
g
three controls.
Figure 14. Elevation Re
sp
onse (left) an
d Pi
tch Re
sp
onse (ri
ght) u
s
ing
Hybrid
Control
Figure 15. Performa
nce Indicato
rs fo
r Elev
ation Angle
(left) and Pitch Angle
(rig
h
t)
5. Conclusio
n
The 3
D
oF
model h
e
lico
p
ter dyna
mical equ
ations along
with
simulatio
n
re
sults
are
pre
s
ente
d
in
t
he p
ape
r. Ba
sed
on
the
sy
stem
dy
nami
c
al
equ
ation
s
PID, fuzzy
a
nd hyb
r
id
con
t
rol
are
de
sign
ed
and
succe
ssfully applie
d i
n
the
sim
u
lat
i
on p
r
o
c
e
ss.
From
the
sim
u
lated
re
sults,
perfo
rman
ce
of hybrid
co
ntrol i
s
foun
d t
o
be
exce
ll
en
t as
comp
are
d
with PID an
d fuzzy control.
This
pape
r p
r
esents the
simple ap
proa
ch fo
r de
sign
ing the hyb
r
i
d
co
ntrol
based on
switchi
n
g
logic with
sati
sfacto
ry perfo
rman
ce
s. It h
a
s bot
h stati
c
and dynamic perform
an
ce
, therefore th
e
stability and
the q
u
ick
control
effect
ca
n be
obt
ained
sim
u
ltaneo
usly. Th
e ro
bu
stne
ss of
desi
gne
d hybrid co
ntrol is
sup
e
rio
r
in terms
of zero
overshoot, short settling t
i
me and sta
b
l
e
tracking of referen
c
e in
puts.
Referen
ces
[1]
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Liu, S No
w
o
t
n
y
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S
y
nc
hro
n
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r
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r
y
-trac
k
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ntrol of Multipl
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e
rim
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g. Ro
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Mariy
a
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Ti
m
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E
l
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v
at
i
o
n
an
gl
e (
deg)
Ref
e
re
nc
e
Hy
b
r
i
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Fu
z
z
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8
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16
Ti
m
e
P
i
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n
g
l
e(
de
g
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R
e
f
e
renc
e
Hy
b
r
i
d
F
u
zzy
PI
D
Ri
s
e
T
i
m
e
(
s
)
S
e
t
t
lin
g
T
i
m
e
(
s
)
P
e
a
k
tim
e
(
s
)
O
v
e
r
s
h
oot
(%
)
U
n
d
e
rs
hoo
t
(%
)
P
eak
v
a
l
u
e
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
P
a
ram
e
t
e
r M
e
t
r
i
c
e
s
P
e
rf
orm
a
n
c
e
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
rs
f
o
r E
l
ev
a
t
i
o
n a
ngl
e
PI
D
Fu
z
z
y
Hy
b
r
i
d
Ri
s
e
T
i
m
e
(
s
)
S
e
ttl
i
n
g
T
i
m
e
(
s
)
P
e
a
k
ti
m
e
(
s
)
Ov
er
s
hoo
t
(
%
)
U
nde
r
s
ho
ot
(
%
)
Pe
a
k
v
a
l
u
e
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
P
a
ram
e
t
e
r M
e
t
r
i
c
e
s
P
e
rf
orm
a
nc
e i
n
di
c
a
t
o
rs
f
o
r
P
i
t
c
h a
n
g
l
e
PI
D
Fuz
z
y
Hy
b
r
i
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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02-4
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TELKOM
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Vol. 12, No. 5, May 2014: 3863 – 38
72
3872
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