Ind
o
n
es
ian Jou
r
n
al
o
f
E
le
ctric
a
l E
n
g
in
ee
r
ing
and
C
o
mp
u
t
er
S
c
ienc
e
V
ol
. 8
,
No.
3
,
Dec
em
be
r
20
17
, p
p
. 7
1
5
~
7
1
8
DO
I: 1
0.
11
5
91
/
i
j
ee
c
s
.v
8
.
i
3
.
pp71
5
-
71
8
7
15
Rec
ei
v
ed
A
ug
us
t
2
, 2
01
7
;
Rev
i
s
ed
O
c
to
be
r
2
2,
2
01
7
;
A
c
c
ep
ted
Nov
e
mb
er
8,
2
01
7
Ten
t
ati
v
e
Ro
ut
e
Sele
ctio
n
A
p
pr
oach
fo
r Ir
re
gu
l
ar
Clust
ered W
irel
ess S
ens
or Net
w
o
rks
M
ahen
d
r
a S
h
ar
m
a
*
,
D
r
S
a
n
t
h
o
sh Ku
mar
S
ing
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A
M
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Un
i
v
e
rs
i
ty
,
Che
n
n
a
i
Ab
strac
t
Wi
re
l
e
s
s
S
e
n
s
o
r
Net
work
s
(
WSNs
) a
s
s
u
m
e
a
c
ru
c
i
a
l
p
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rt
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a
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m
a
te
d
j
o
b
c
o
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l
d
b
e
p
e
rfo
r
m
e
d
.
So
a
s
t
o
e
n
c
o
u
ra
g
e
s
u
c
h
p
e
r
p
e
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a
l
a
s
s
i
g
n
m
e
n
ts
wit
h
l
e
s
s
v
i
ta
l
i
ty
u
t
i
l
i
z
a
ti
o
n
p
ro
p
o
rti
o
n
,
c
l
u
s
te
ri
n
g
i
s
c
o
n
s
o
l
i
d
a
te
d
e
v
e
r
y
whe
re
t
o
u
p
g
r
a
d
e
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
l
i
f
e
ti
m
e
.
Une
q
u
a
l
C
l
u
s
te
r
-
b
a
s
e
d
Rou
ti
n
g
(UC
R)
[7
]
i
s
a
s
ta
n
d
o
u
t
a
m
o
n
g
s
t
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
v
e
a
n
s
wer
s
fo
r
d
ra
w
o
u
t
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
l
i
f
e
ti
m
e
a
n
d
t
o
ta
k
e
c
a
r
e
o
f
th
e
h
o
ts
p
o
t
i
s
s
u
e
th
a
t
i
s
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
l
y
fo
u
n
d
i
n
e
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
c
l
u
s
te
ri
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
.
In
th
i
s
p
a
p
e
r,
we
p
ro
p
o
s
e
Te
n
ta
t
i
v
e
Ro
u
t
e
(TRS)
Se
l
e
c
ti
o
n
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
fo
r
i
rre
g
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l
a
r
Cl
u
s
t
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re
d
W
i
re
l
e
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s
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e
n
s
o
r
Net
wor
k
s
th
a
t
fa
c
i
l
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ta
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n
d
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c
i
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o
n
a
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ff
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x
t
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y
t
o
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d
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d
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ta
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m
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s
t
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Hea
d
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B
a
s
e
Sta
ti
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.
Si
m
u
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l
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i
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o
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c
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v
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s
s
o
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th
e
T
RS m
e
th
o
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.
Key
w
ords
:
Clu
s
te
r
i
n
g
,
N
e
two
r
k
Si
m
u
l
a
ti
o
n
,
Rou
t
i
n
g
,
W
SN
Copy
righ
t
©
2
0
1
7
In
s
titu
te
o
f
Adv
a
nc
e
d
Eng
in
e
e
ring
a
nd
Sc
ie
nc
e
.
All
righ
t
s
re
s
e
rve
d.
1.
Int
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
W
i
r
el
es
s
S
en
s
or
Net
w
ork
(
W
S
N)
c
on
s
i
s
ts
of
s
en
s
or
no
de
s
th
at
ob
s
er
v
es
ph
y
s
i
c
al
or
c
on
di
t
i
o
ns
f
or
ex
a
m
pl
e
r
ad
i
ati
o
n,
tem
pe
r
atu
r
e,
pres
s
ure,
s
ou
nd
etc
.
S
i
z
e
an
d
c
os
t
c
on
s
tr
ai
nts
on
s
en
s
or
no
d
es
r
es
ul
t
i
n
c
orr
es
po
nd
i
ng
c
on
s
tr
a
i
nts
on
r
es
ou
r
c
es
s
uc
h
as
e
n
erg
y
,
m
e
m
or
y
,
c
o
m
pu
tat
i
on
a
l
s
pe
ed
a
nd
c
o
m
m
un
i
c
ati
on
s
b
an
d
w
i
dth
.
Li
m
i
ted
proc
es
s
or
ba
nd
wi
dth
an
d
s
m
al
l
m
e
m
o
r
y
are
t
w
o
argu
ab
l
e
c
on
s
tr
ai
nts
i
n
s
en
s
or
ne
t
w
ork
s
tha
t
are
al
m
os
t
di
s
ap
p
ea
r
i
n
g
wi
th
th
e
de
v
el
op
m
en
t
of
f
ab
r
i
c
ati
o
n
tec
hn
i
qu
es
,
w
h
ereas
th
e
en
erg
y
c
on
s
tr
a
i
nt
i
s
u
nl
i
k
el
y
to
be
s
o
l
v
ed
s
oo
n
d
ue
t
o
s
l
o
w
progr
es
s
i
n
de
v
e
l
op
i
n
g
ba
tte
r
y
c
ap
ac
i
t
y
.
T
he
u
nte
n
de
d
na
t
ure
of
s
en
s
or
no
d
es
an
d
ha
z
ardo
us
s
en
s
i
n
g e
nv
i
r
on
m
en
ts
prec
l
ud
e b
att
er
y
r
ep
l
ac
em
en
t a
s
a
f
ea
s
i
bl
e s
ol
ut
i
o
n.
Num
be
r
of
r
es
ea
r
c
h
w
ork
prov
i
de
s
on
l
y
en
erg
y
ef
f
i
c
i
en
t
r
es
ul
ts
.
O
ne
s
uc
h
s
ol
u
ti
o
n
i
s
an
i
r
r
eg
u
l
ar
c
l
us
tered
r
ou
ti
n
g
m
ec
ha
ni
s
m
tha
t
i
s
us
ed
to
f
or
m
i
r
r
eg
ul
ar
c
l
us
t
ers
ba
s
ed
on
c
o
m
pe
ti
ti
v
e
c
om
m
un
i
c
ati
on
r
an
g
e.
T
he
protoc
o
l
prop
os
es
a
m
ec
ha
ni
s
m
no
t
o
n
l
y
to
ac
hi
ev
e
c
l
us
teri
n
g
a
l
s
o
th
i
s
protoc
o
l
s
en
d
the
da
t
a
ag
grega
te
d
b
y
v
ario
us
c
l
us
ters
to
t
h
e
B
as
e
S
t
ati
on
(
B
S
)
us
i
ng
an
Int
er
-
c
l
us
ter
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
m
ec
ha
ni
s
m
.
Howev
er,
t
he
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
of
thi
s
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
s
y
s
tem
i
s
on
l
y
i
n
term
s
of
en
erg
y
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
.
T
hi
s
m
ea
ns
tha
t
th
e
oth
er
el
em
en
ts
of
a
no
d
e
tha
t
c
erta
i
n
l
y
c
a
us
e
i
nte
r
r
up
ti
o
n
or
throu
gh
p
ut
de
gra
da
t
i
on
are
no
t
m
ea
s
ured.
In
ord
er
to
r
es
ol
v
e
the
c
ha
l
l
en
g
es
thro
wn
b
y
a
n
i
r
r
eg
ul
ar
c
l
us
t
ere
d
ne
t
w
ork
,
w
e
pr
op
os
e
T
en
tat
i
v
e
Cl
us
t
er
ba
s
ed
R
ou
t
i
ng
no
t
on
l
y
c
o
ns
i
de
r
s
th
e
en
erg
y
b
ut
al
s
o
i
m
prov
e
q
ua
l
i
t
y
of
s
erv
i
c
e
an
d
ne
t
wor
k
l
i
f
eti
m
e.
2.
Rel
ated
W
o
r
k
E
ne
r
g
y
-
ef
f
i
c
i
en
t
c
om
m
un
i
c
ati
o
n
protoc
ol
[1]
t
ha
t
u
ti
l
i
z
es
r
an
d
om
i
z
ed
r
ota
ti
o
n
o
f
l
oc
al
c
l
us
ter
ba
s
e
d
s
tat
i
on
t
o
d
i
s
tr
i
bu
te
t
he
en
erg
y
l
oa
d
a
m
on
g
the
s
en
s
ors
i
n
t
he
ne
t
w
ork
.
T
hi
s
pr
oto
c
ol
i
nc
r
e
as
es
the
s
c
al
a
bi
l
i
t
y
,
r
o
bu
s
tne
s
s
a
l
s
o
i
t
i
nc
orp
orates
d
ata
f
us
i
o
n
to
r
ed
uc
e
the
am
ou
nt
of
i
nf
orm
ati
on
th
at
m
u
s
t
be
tr
a
ns
m
i
tte
d
to
th
e
ba
s
e
s
tat
i
o
n.
I
n
ad
d
i
ti
on
,
i
t
i
nc
r
ea
s
es
t
he
ne
t
w
ork
l
i
f
eti
m
e.
P
o
w
er
E
f
f
i
c
i
en
t
G
ath
er
i
ng
i
n
S
en
s
or
I
nf
or
m
ati
on
S
y
s
t
em
s
(
P
E
G
A
S
IS
)
[2]
f
orm
s
c
ha
i
ns
f
r
om
s
en
s
or
no
de
s
s
o
tha
t
e
ac
h
no
de
tr
a
ns
m
i
t
s
an
d
r
ec
ei
v
es
f
r
om
a
ne
i
gh
bo
r
an
d
on
l
y
on
e
n
od
e
i
s
s
el
ec
te
d
f
r
o
m
tha
t
c
ha
i
n
t
o
tr
an
s
m
i
t
to
th
e
s
i
nk
.
T
he
da
ta
i
s
ga
th
ered
an
d
m
ov
es
f
r
o
m
no
de
to
n
od
e,
ag
greg
ate
d
an
d
ev
en
t
ua
l
l
y
s
en
t
to
the
b
as
e
s
tat
i
on
.
T
he
c
ha
i
n
c
on
s
tr
uc
ti
o
n
i
s
pe
r
f
or
m
ed
i
n
a
greed
y
w
a
y
.
W
hi
l
e,
a
s
en
s
or
f
ai
l
s
or di
es
du
e
to
l
o
w
b
att
er
y
po
wer
,
the
c
ha
i
n
i
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4
75
2
IJE
E
CS
V
ol
.
8
,
N
o.
3
,
Dec
em
be
r
2017
:
7
1
5
–
7
1
8
716
c
on
s
tr
uc
ted
us
i
n
g
the
s
am
e
greed
y
ap
proac
h
b
y
b
y
p
as
s
i
ng
th
e
f
ai
l
e
d
s
en
s
or.
F
i
na
l
l
y
,
t
he
c
ha
i
n
wi
l
l
trans
m
i
t
the
ag
gr
eg
at
ed
da
ta
to
t
he
B
S
, h
e
nc
e m
i
ni
m
i
z
i
n
g t
h
e u
t
i
l
i
z
at
i
on
of
en
e
r
g
y
.
H
y
bri
d
E
n
erg
y
-
E
f
f
i
c
i
en
t
D
i
s
tr
i
bu
t
ed
Cl
us
teri
ng
(
HE
E
D)
[3]
op
er
ate
d
i
n
m
u
l
ti
-
h
op
ne
t
w
ork
s
,
us
i
ng
an
a
da
pti
v
e
tr
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
po
wer
i
n
the
i
nt
er
-
c
l
us
teri
n
g
c
o
m
m
un
i
c
ati
on
.
P
eri
od
i
c
a
l
l
y
s
el
ec
ts
Cl
us
te
r
Head
s
(
CHs
)
ac
c
ordi
ng
to
t
w
o
c
l
us
ter
i
ng
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
s
uc
h
as
r
es
i
du
a
l
e
ne
r
g
y
of
ea
c
h
s
e
ns
or
no
d
e
an
d
n
od
e
de
gr
e
e.
T
he
r
es
i
du
al
en
erg
y
pa
r
am
ete
r
i
s
us
ed
to
s
el
ec
t
a
CHs
an
d
no
d
e
de
gree
i
s
us
ed
f
or
break
i
ng
ti
es
.
T
he
HE
E
D
c
l
us
ter
i
ng
i
m
prov
es
ne
t
w
ork
l
i
f
eti
m
e.
D
y
na
m
i
c
Mi
n
i
m
al
S
pa
nn
i
ng
T
r
ee
Ro
uti
n
g
P
r
ot
oc
ol
(
D
MS
T
RP
)
[
4]
uti
l
i
z
e
d
th
e
Mi
n
i
m
u
m
S
pa
nn
i
ng
T
r
ee
al
go
r
i
thm
to
r
ep
l
ac
e
c
l
ub
s
i
n
t
w
o
l
a
y
ers
of
th
e
n
et
w
ork
s
uc
h
as
i
ntra
-
c
l
us
ter
a
nd
i
nt
er
-
c
l
us
ter.
I
n
DM
S
T
RP
,
e
ne
r
g
y
di
s
s
i
pa
ti
on
of
tr
an
s
m
i
tti
ng
da
t
a
i
s
po
te
nti
al
l
y
r
ed
uc
ed
.
A
l
s
o
,
the
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
c
ol
l
i
s
i
on
i
s
a
l
l
e
v
i
a
ted
an
d
D
MS
T
RP
c
an
ac
hi
e
v
e
s
ho
r
ter
de
l
a
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
er, t
he
tra
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
s
c
he
du
l
e c
r
ea
tes
ad
d
i
ti
on
a
l
ov
erhea
d.
Di
s
tr
i
bu
ted
a
nd
E
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
C
l
us
ter
Rout
i
ng
P
r
oto
c
o
l
(
DE
CRO
P
)
[5]
pu
r
p
os
e
of
de
c
r
ea
s
i
n
g
the
n
um
be
r
of
c
on
tr
ol
m
es
s
ag
es
,
s
ho
r
ten
i
n
g
th
e
a
v
erage
en
d
-
to
-
en
d
de
l
a
y
i
n
the
ne
t
wor
k
.
DE
CRO
P
c
on
s
i
s
t
of
three
ph
as
es
s
uc
h
as
c
l
us
ter
f
or
m
ati
on
,
da
ta
tr
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
an
d
r
o
ute
m
ai
nte
na
nc
e.
Dur
i
ng
c
l
us
t
er
f
or
m
ati
on
,
a
c
l
us
ter
i
s
f
orm
ed
c
on
c
urr
en
tl
y
to
c
o
m
bi
ne
d
pa
c
k
ets
f
r
o
m
c
l
us
ter
m
e
m
be
r
s
to
the
B
S
.
T
he
c
l
us
t
er
f
or
m
ati
o
n,
i
s
f
i
ni
s
h
ed
the
n
i
t
c
on
s
tr
uc
ted
the
f
orw
ardi
ng
pa
th
thu
s
r
e
du
c
es
bo
th
the
ti
m
e
was
te
a
nd
ov
erhea
d.
H
o
w
e
v
er,
t
he
c
l
us
ter
i
s
l
arger
,
the
en
erg
y
c
on
s
um
pti
on
of
the
CH
i
s
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
d
an
ot
he
r
di
s
ad
v
an
ta
ge
i
s
the
n
od
e
s
c
l
os
er
to
the
B
S
c
o
ns
um
e e
ne
r
g
y
f
as
ter
whi
c
h re
du
c
e t
he
ov
eral
l
n
e
twork
l
i
f
es
pa
n.
E
ne
r
g
y
E
f
f
i
c
i
en
t
H
om
og
en
ou
s
Cl
us
teri
ng
A
l
go
r
i
t
hm
[6]
pro
po
s
ed
f
or
wi
r
e
l
es
s
s
en
s
or
ne
t
w
ork
th
at
s
a
v
es
p
o
w
er
a
nd
pro
l
o
ng
s
ne
t
w
ork
l
i
f
e.
T
he
l
i
f
e s
pa
n
of
th
e n
et
wor
k
i
s
i
nc
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
en
s
urin
g
a
ho
m
og
en
eo
us
d
i
s
tr
i
bu
t
i
o
n
of
no
d
es
i
n
the
c
l
us
ters
.
In
th
i
s
s
c
he
m
e,
CH
i
s
s
el
ec
te
d
on
the
ba
s
i
s
of
the
r
es
i
d
ua
l
en
erg
y
of
ex
i
s
ti
ng
c
l
us
ter
he
ad
s
,
h
ol
d
ba
c
k
v
al
ue
,
an
d
ne
ares
t
ho
p
di
s
tan
c
e
of
the
no
de
.
F
urt
he
r
,
i
n
t
h
e
propos
e
d
proto
c
ol
,
on
l
y
c
l
us
t
er
he
ad
s
bro
ad
c
as
t
c
l
us
ter
f
or
m
ati
on
m
es
s
ag
e
an
d
no
t
the
e
v
er
y
n
od
e.
Henc
e
,
i
t
prol
o
ng
s
th
e
l
i
f
e
of
the
s
e
ns
or
ne
t
wor
k
s
.
T
he
e
m
ph
as
i
s
of
thi
s
ap
p
r
oa
c
h
i
s
to
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
th
e
l
i
f
e
s
pa
n
of
the
ne
t
wor
k
by
en
s
ur
i
ng
a
ho
m
og
en
eo
us
di
s
tr
i
b
uti
on
of
no
de
s
i
n
t
he
c
l
us
ters
s
o
tha
t
th
ere
i
s
no
t
too
m
uc
h
r
ec
ei
v
i
ng
an
d
tr
an
s
m
i
tti
ng
o
v
er
he
a
d
o
n
a
CH.
G
en
eti
c
al
go
r
i
t
hm
s
ba
s
ed
e
nh
a
nc
ed
K
S
tr
a
ng
e
po
i
nts
c
l
us
teri
ng
al
g
orit
hm
w
as
prop
os
ed
a
nd
de
s
c
r
i
b
ed
i
n
[8,
9]
.
Di
v
i
s
i
v
e
H
i
erar
c
hi
c
al
B
i
s
ec
ti
ng
de
s
c
r
i
pti
v
e
f
or
Mi
n
–
Ma
x
Cl
us
teri
n
g
A
l
go
r
i
t
hm
w
as
pro
po
s
ed
.
It
i
nc
l
u
de
s
i
r
r
e
gu
l
ar
c
l
us
teri
n
g
al
g
orit
hm
di
v
i
s
i
o
n
ba
s
ed
on
c
l
us
ter s
i
z
e [
10
].
3.
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
M
eth
o
d
Cl
us
teri
ng
prot
oc
ol
pro
v
i
de
s
an
eff
ec
ti
v
e
tec
hn
i
qu
e
f
or
ex
ten
di
ng
the
n
et
w
ork
l
i
f
eti
m
e.
In
thi
s
pa
pe
r
,
T
en
tat
i
v
e
Ro
ut
e
S
e
l
ec
ti
on
ap
pro
ac
h
f
or
i
r
r
eg
ul
ar
C
l
us
ter
ed
W
S
N
i
s
propos
e
d.
In
T
RS
,
groups
the
n
od
es
i
nt
o
c
l
us
ters
of
un
eq
u
al
s
i
z
es
.
F
i
gu
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
tha
t
t
he
arc
hi
tec
ture
of
T
RS
s
c
he
m
e.
T
he
i
ni
t
i
al
proba
bi
l
i
t
y
f
or
ea
c
h
no
d
e
to
b
ec
om
e
a
ten
tat
i
v
e
CH
de
p
en
ds
o
n
i
ts
r
es
i
du
a
l
en
erg
y
as
wel
l
as
t
he
f
i
n
al
he
ad
s
are s
el
ec
ted
ac
c
ordi
ng
to
th
e
i
n
tr
a
-
c
l
us
ter c
om
m
un
i
c
ati
on
c
os
t.
F
i
r
s
t,
s
ev
er
al
t
en
t
ati
v
e
CH
s
are
r
an
d
om
l
y
s
el
ec
t
ed
t
o
c
om
pe
te
f
or
f
i
na
l
CH
.
O
r
di
na
r
y
n
od
es
be
c
om
e
ten
tat
i
v
e
CHs
wi
th
the
s
am
e
proba
bi
l
i
t
y
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
a
pre
de
f
i
n
ed
thres
ho
l
d.
Node
s
tha
t
f
ai
l
to
be
t
en
t
ati
v
e
he
a
ds
k
ee
p
s
l
ee
p
i
ng
un
t
i
l
the
C
H
s
el
ec
ti
on
s
ta
ge
en
ds
.
E
ac
h
t
en
ta
t
i
v
e
CH
h
as
a
c
o
m
pe
ti
ti
on
r
a
ng
e.
Di
f
f
erent
c
om
pe
ti
ti
on
r
a
ng
es
are
u
s
ed
to
pro
du
c
e
c
l
us
t
ers
of
un
eq
ua
l
s
i
z
es
.
O
nl
y
o
ne
f
i
na
l
CH
i
s
a
l
l
o
wed
i
n
e
ac
h
c
om
pe
ti
ti
o
n
r
an
ge
.
T
en
tat
i
v
e
C
Hs
are
r
an
do
m
l
y
s
e
l
ec
te
d
ba
s
ed
on
t
he
i
r
r
es
i
d
ua
l
en
erg
y
.
T
he
r
ef
ore,
s
e
ns
ors
wi
th
l
o
w
r
es
i
d
ua
l
en
erg
y
c
an
s
ti
l
l
be
c
om
e
CHs
be
c
au
s
e
i
t
us
es
th
e
i
ntra
-
c
l
us
ter
c
om
m
un
i
c
ati
o
n
c
os
t
to
s
e
l
ec
t
f
i
na
l
C
Hs
.
T
hi
s
c
l
us
te
r
i
ng
al
g
orit
hm
s
el
ec
ti
ng
C
Hs
wi
th
hi
g
he
s
t
r
es
i
d
ua
l
en
erg
y
as
w
e
l
l
as
r
ota
t
i
n
g
CHs
s
po
r
ad
i
c
al
l
y
t
o
di
s
s
em
i
na
te
th
e e
ne
r
g
y
ut
i
l
i
z
at
i
on
am
on
g n
o
de
s
i
n e
ac
h c
l
us
ter t
hu
s
ex
te
nd
t
he
n
et
w
ork
l
i
f
eti
m
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJE
E
CS
IS
S
N:
2
50
2
-
4
75
2
T
en
tat
i
v
e Ro
ute
S
e
l
ec
t
i
on
A
pp
r
o
ac
h f
or Ir
r
e
gu
l
ar C
l
us
tered W
i
r
el
es
s
…
(
Ma
he
nd
r
a S
h
arma
)
717
F
i
gu
r
e
1
.
A
r
c
hi
tec
t
ure of
TR
S
4.
S
i
mu
latio
n
Re
sult
s
T
o
f
ac
i
l
i
ta
te
th
at
e
v
a
l
ua
t
e
t
he
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
of
the
T
RS
w
i
th
UCR,
a
t
ho
r
ou
gh
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
an
d
c
o
m
pa
r
i
s
on
i
s
pres
e
nte
d
he
r
e.
T
o
as
s
es
s
th
e
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
t
wo
s
i
m
ul
at
i
on
ex
p
erim
en
ts
wer
e
c
on
du
c
te
d.
T
he
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
us
ed
f
or the
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
are t
ab
u
l
at
ed
i
n
tab
l
e
1.
T
ab
l
e
1
.
S
i
m
ul
at
i
on
P
ar
am
ete
r
s
of
T
RS
an
d UC
R
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
V
a
lue
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
Ty
p
e
W
i
r
e
le
s
s
P
h
y
R
a
d
io
P
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
ion
M
o
d
e
l
Tw
o
R
a
y
Gr
o
u
n
d
Qu
e
u
e
Ty
p
e
D
r
o
p
Tail/
P
r
iQu
e
u
e
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
50
S
i
m
u
la
t
ion
A
r
e
a
2
0
0
X
2
0
0
s
q
.
m
I
n
it
ial
E
n
e
r
g
y
1000J
Tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
ion
r
a
n
g
e
250m
Tr
a
f
f
i
c
mod
e
l
C
B
R
T
he
ne
t
w
ork
l
i
f
et
i
m
e
i
s
r
e
c
ei
v
ed
f
r
om
the
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
an
al
y
s
i
s
of
th
e
T
RS
an
d
UCR
s
c
he
m
es
.
T
he
no
de
e
ne
r
g
y
i
s
pl
ott
ed
ag
ai
ns
t
the
n
um
be
r
of
r
ou
nd
s
.
F
i
gu
r
es
2
de
m
on
s
tr
ate
the
UCR c
urv
es
f
al
l
s
af
ter th
e d
ea
th
of
th
e
f
i
r
s
t f
ew n
o
de
s
.
T
hi
s
i
s
s
i
m
pl
y
o
wi
n
g t
o t
h
e
be
tte
r
el
ec
ti
o
n
of
th
e m
os
t a
pp
r
op
r
i
ate
C
H
as
th
e
ne
x
t h
op
when
da
t
a
i
s
s
en
t t
o t
h
e B
S
.
F
i
gu
r
e
2
.
L
i
f
eti
m
e o
f
UCR a
nd
T
RS
0
20
0
40
0
60
0
80
0
10
00
12
00
1
50
00
10
000
15
000
20
000
IFR
U
C
R
Ro
u
n
d
s
En
e
r
g
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4
75
2
IJE
E
CS
V
ol
.
8
,
N
o.
3
,
Dec
em
be
r
2017
:
7
1
5
–
7
1
8
718
5.
Co
n
clus
ion
W
i
r
el
es
s
S
en
s
or
Net
w
ork
s
as
s
u
m
e
a
c
r
uc
i
al
pa
r
t
i
n
the
f
i
el
d
of
m
ec
ha
ni
z
ati
o
n
an
d
c
on
tr
ol
where
d
ete
c
ti
ng
of
da
ta
i
s
the
i
ni
t
i
a
l
s
tep
b
ef
ore
an
y
au
t
om
ate
d
j
ob
c
ou
l
d
be
pe
r
f
orm
ed
.
Cl
us
teri
ng
pro
toc
ol
prov
i
d
e
s
an
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
tec
hn
i
qu
e
f
or
ex
ten
d
i
ng
t
he
W
S
N
l
i
f
eti
m
e.
In
T
RS
,
the
T
en
tat
i
v
e
C
Hs
are
r
an
d
om
l
y
s
el
ec
ted
ba
s
e
d
o
n
t
he
i
r
r
es
i
du
a
l
en
erg
y
.
T
he
r
ef
ore,
s
en
s
ors
w
i
th
lo
w
r
es
i
du
a
l
en
erg
y
c
a
n
s
ti
l
l
be
c
om
e
CHs
be
c
au
s
e
i
t
u
s
es
the
i
ntra
-
c
l
us
ter
c
om
mu
ni
c
at
i
o
n
c
os
t
to
s
el
ec
t f
i
na
l
CHs
. S
i
m
ul
ati
on
r
es
ul
ts
s
ho
w
t
ha
t T
RS
c
l
ea
r
l
y
i
m
prov
es
t
he
n
et
w
ork
l
i
f
eti
m
e.
Ref
er
en
ce
s
[1]
Hei
n
z
e
l
m
a
n
B
.
Ap
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
-
S
p
e
c
i
fi
c
Pro
t
o
c
o
l
Arc
h
i
-
te
c
t
u
re
s
fo
r
Wi
re
l
e
s
s
Net
wor
k
s
.
Ph
D
th
e
s
i
s
,
M
a
s
s
a
c
h
u
s
e
tt
s
I
n
s
ti
tu
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
2
0
0
0
.
[2]
L
i
n
d
s
e
y
&
R
a
g
h
a
v
e
n
d
ra
CS
.
PEG
ASIS:
Po
wer
-
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
t
G
a
th
e
ri
n
g
i
n
Se
n
s
o
r
In
fo
rm
a
t
i
o
n
Sy
s
te
m
.
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
I
EEE A
e
ro
s
p
a
c
e
Con
fe
re
n
c
e
,
Bi
g
S
k
y
,
M
T
.
2002
;
3
:
1
1
2
5
-
1
1
3
0
.
[3]
O
s
s
a
m
a
Y
o
u
n
i
s
&
So
n
i
a
Fa
h
m
y
.
Hee
d
:
A
h
y
b
ri
d
,
En
e
rg
y
-
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
t,
Di
s
tri
b
u
te
d
Clu
s
te
ri
n
g
Ap
p
ro
a
c
h
fo
r Ad
-
h
o
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
.
IEEE
Tr
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
M
o
b
i
l
e
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
.
2
0
0
4
;
3
(
4
):
366
-
3
6
9
.
[4]
Hua
n
g
G
,
Li
X
&
He
J
.
Dy
n
a
m
i
c
m
i
n
i
m
a
l
s
p
a
n
n
i
n
g
t
re
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
fo
r
l
a
r
g
e
wir
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
e
two
rk
s
.
In
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
1
s
t
IEEE
Con
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
d
u
s
tri
a
l
E
l
e
c
tro
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
Ap
p
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
Si
n
g
a
p
o
re
.
2
0
0
6
:
1
5
3
1
-
1
5
3
5
.
[5]
J
Che
n
,
Z
Y
i
n
,
D
L
i
a
n
d
T
Su
n
.
A
Di
s
tri
b
u
t
e
d
a
n
d
Ef
fe
c
ti
v
e
Clu
s
te
r
Ro
u
ti
n
g
Pro
to
c
o
l
o
f
Se
n
s
o
r
Net
w
o
rk
s
.
2
0
0
8
Fi
rs
t
In
te
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Con
fe
re
n
c
e
o
n
In
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
Net
w
o
rk
s
a
n
d
In
te
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
Sy
s
te
m
s
,
W
u
h
a
n
.
2
0
0
8
:
2
7
1
-
2
7
5
.
[6]
Si
n
g
h
SK,
Si
n
g
h
M
P
&
Si
n
g
h
DK
.
En
e
rg
y
-
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
t
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
c
l
u
s
t
e
ri
n
g
a
l
g
o
ri
t
h
m
f
o
r
w
i
re
l
e
s
s
s
e
n
s
o
r n
e
tw
o
rk
.
In
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Wi
re
l
e
s
s
&
M
o
b
i
l
e
N
e
two
rk
s
(I
J
W
M
N)
.
20
10
;
2
(3
)
:
49
-
61.
[7]
Che
n
G
,
L
i
C,
Y
e
M
a
n
d
W
u
J
.
An
u
n
e
q
u
a
l
c
l
u
s
te
r
-
b
a
s
e
d
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
to
c
o
l
i
n
w
i
re
l
e
s
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
.
Wi
re
l
e
s
s
Ne
two
r
k
s
.
2009
;
15
(
2
)
.
[8]
J
o
h
n
s
o
n
T
a
n
d
Si
n
g
h
SK.
G
e
n
e
ti
c
a
l
g
o
ri
t
h
m
s
b
a
s
e
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
K
Str
a
n
g
e
p
o
i
n
ts
c
l
u
s
t
e
ri
n
g
a
l
g
o
ri
th
m
.
In
2
0
1
5
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fe
r
e
n
c
e
on
Co
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
Net
w
o
rk
Co
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s
(CoCo
N
e
t),
IEEE
.
2015
:
737
-
741
.
[9]
J
o
h
n
s
o
n
T
a
n
d
S
i
n
g
h
SK.
K
-
s
t
ra
n
g
e
p
o
i
n
ts
c
l
u
s
t
e
ri
n
g
a
l
g
o
ri
t
h
m
.
I
n
Com
p
u
t
a
ti
o
n
a
l
I
n
te
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
i
n
Da
ta
M
i
n
i
n
g
.
Sp
ri
n
g
e
r I
n
d
i
a
.
2
0
1
5
;
1
:
4
1
5
-
4
2
5
.
[10]
J
o
h
n
s
o
n
T
a
n
d
Si
n
g
h
SK
.
Div
i
s
i
v
e
Hie
ra
r
c
h
i
c
a
l
Bi
s
e
c
ti
n
g
M
i
n
–
M
a
x
Clu
s
te
r
i
n
g
Al
g
o
ri
t
h
m
.
In
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
I
n
te
r
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fe
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
D
a
ta
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
Com
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
Sp
ri
n
g
e
r S
i
n
g
a
p
o
re
.
2
0
1
7
:
5
7
9
-
5
9
2
.
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