Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
13
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
9
, p
p.
1
3
24
~
1
331
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
3
.pp
1
324
-
1
331
1324
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Activ
e an
d reactive pow
er m
anag
ement of
grid con
nected
ph
otovo
l
taic syst
em
Ameerul
A. J
.
J
em
an
1
,
N
aee
m M
S Ha
nn
oon
2
,
N
ab
il
Hid
ayat
3
, Mo
ham
ed M.
H
. Ad
am
4
,
Ismail
Mus
ir
in
5
, V
i
jay
ak
u
mar
.
V
6
1,2,3,4,5
Facul
t
y
of Electrical E
ng
in
ee
ring
,
Univ
ersiti
T
eknol
ogi
MA
RA (UITM),
Ma
lay
s
ia
6
School
of
Com
puti
ng
Sci
ence a
nd
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
VIT
Univer
sit
y
Chenna
i
,
Ind
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
1
4
, 201
8
Re
vised
N
ov
1, 20
18
Accepte
d
Nov 1
2,
2018
Volta
ge
-
sourc
e
conve
rt
er
(VS
C)
topo
log
y
is
wid
ely
used
for
grid
in
te
rfa
ci
ng
of
distri
bu
te
d
ge
ner
ation
(DG
)
s
ystems
such
as
th
e
photovo
ltaic
s
y
stem
(PV
).
Since
th
e
oper
ation
of
the
VS
C
is
essenti
a
l
to
e
nsure
qual
i
t
y
of
ac
t
ive
and
rea
c
ti
ve
power
i
nje
c
te
d
to
th
e
gr
id,
a
con
trol
app
roa
ch
is
nee
d
ed
to
d
ea
l
wi
th
the
un
ce
r
ta
in
ties
in
th
e
gr
id
suc
h
as
fau
l
ts.
Thi
s
pap
er
pr
ese
nts
a
non
-
li
ne
ar
cont
roller
desig
n
for
a
th
ree
-
p
hase
vo
lt
ag
e
source
conv
ert
er
(VS
C).
T
h
e
d
y
nami
c
var
ia
bl
es
adopted
for
th
e
VS
C
are
the
in
stant
an
eous
real
and
re
ac
t
ive
power
components.
The
cont
rol
appr
oac
h
tha
t
interfa
c
e
the
VS
C
bet
wee
n
the
PV
s
y
stem
and
t
he
grid
are
subje
ct
ed
to
th
e
cur
re
nt
-
volt
ag
e
base
d
.
PV
s
y
s
te
m
inj
e
ct
s
a
ct
iv
e
po
wer
to
th
e
gr
id
a
nd
loc
a
l
lo
ad
wh
il
e
u
t
ilit
y
gr
id
m
onit
ors
th
e
power
compensat
ion
of
loa
d
r
eac
ti
ve
power
.
The
proposed
non
-
l
in
ea
r
con
trol
strat
eg
y
is
imple
m
ent
ed
for
the
VS
C
to
ensure
f
ast
err
or
tracki
n
g
and
fin
ite
conve
rge
n
ce
t
ime.
Th
e
ada
p
ti
ve
na
ture
of
th
e
p
roposed
non
-
l
in
ea
r
con
trol
provide
s
m
ore
robustness,
les
s
sluggish
fau
lt
re
cove
r
y
c
om
par
ed
to
conve
nt
iona
l
PI
cont
rol
.
Th
e
comprehe
nsive
num
eri
cal
m
odel
is
de
m
onstrat
ed
in
MA
TL
AB
sc
ript
envi
ronm
en
t
with
power
s
ystem
disturba
n
c
es
such
as
fau
lt
s
in
the
gr
id
.
The
sim
ula
ti
on
of
proposed
s
y
s
te
m
is
bei
ng
ca
r
rie
d
out
in
MA
TL
AB/S
IM
ULINK
envi
ron
m
ent
to
validate
th
e
cont
ro
l
s
che
m
e.
Th
e
proposed
cont
ro
l
s
y
st
em
reg
ul
ates
the
VS
C
ac
s
ide
r
ea
l
and
react
iv
e
powe
r
component
and
t
he
dc
side
voltag
e
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Acti
ve powe
r
Non
li
nea
r
c
on
trol
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c
s
yst
e
m
Re
act
ive pow
e
r
Vo
lt
age
s
ource
conv
e
rter
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Naeem
M S Hanno
on
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
Engineer
ing
,
Univer
siti
Te
kno
logi
MA
RA (Ui
TM),
40450
S
hah A
l
a
m
, S
el
ango
r,
Ma
la
ysi
a.
Em
a
il
: han
noon.
naeem
@g
m
a
il
.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
volt
age
s
ource
co
nverter
(VSC)
t
opol
ogy
is
wi
dely
a
ccepte
d
f
or
ap
plica
ti
on
i
n
el
ect
ric
powe
r
gen
e
rati
on,
tra
ns
m
issi
on
a
nd
distrib
ution
sy
stem
s
[1]
,
[
2]
.
VS
C
is
ca
pab
l
e
to
dec
ouple
t
he
i
ns
ta
nta
neous
real
and
reacti
ve
po
wer
c
on
t
ro
l
in
wh
ic
h
both
c
om
po
nen
ts
are
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
t
hrough
t
he
VS
C
i
nst
antaneous
qd
curren
t
com
po
ne
nts
w
hich
is
pro
port
ion
al
to
the
re
al
an
d
reacti
ve
po
wer
c
om
po
nen
ts
.
C
onve
rting
ab
c
c
urre
nt
s
t
o
current
dq
c
ompone
nts
re
quir
es
a
phase
-
lo
op
lo
op
(
PLL)
s
yst
e
m
to
deter
m
ine
the
phase
an
gle
in
the
dq
of
t
he
rou
nd
fr
am
e.
If
PLL
dy
nam
ic
s
are
ig
nored
i
n
the
VS
C
c
ontro
l
desig
n,
the
c
ontr
ol
syst
e
m
m
us
t
be
st
ron
g
e
nough
to
com
pen
sat
e
f
or
t
he
unkn
own
PLL
dy
na
m
ic
s.
In
ad
diti
on,
us
in
g
t
he
c
urren
t
c
om
pone
nts
dq
as
a
dy
nam
ic
var
ia
ble
le
ads
to
a
non
-
li
ne
ar
VS
C
co
ntr
ol
m
od
el
,
w
hich
i
n
t
urn
a
dd
s
com
plexity
to
t
he
c
ontr
ol
desig
n.
Nu
m
erous non
li
near
a
nd no
n
li
near
c
ontrol
m
et
hods
ha
ve be
en pr
opos
e
d
i
n t
echn
ic
al
publica
ti
on
s
[3]
,
[
4]
.
Am
on
g
li
nea
r
con
t
ro
l
m
et
ho
ds,
fee
db
ac
k
-
ba
sed
m
et
ho
ds
do
not
neces
sari
ly
pr
ovide
str
ong
c
ontr
ols,
as
con
t
ro
l
pro
vi
sion
s
(
su
c
h
as
m
arg
ins
of
sta
bili
ty
)
are
no
t
su
m
m
arized
in
this
m
et
ho
ds
[
5]
.
It
pro
poses
a
root
sit
e
an
al
ysi
s
ap
proac
h
to
e
ns
ure
the
po
wer
of
a
c
on
tr
oller
de
sign
e
d
on
the
ba
sis
of
feedbac
k
from
the
co
untry
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Act
iv
e a
nd r
ea
ct
iv
e p
ower
m
anage
men
t
of
gri
d
co
nnect
ed
pho
t
ovo
lt
aic
sys
te
m
(
Ameer
ul
A. J. Jem
an
)
1325
Anothe
r
disad
van
ta
ge
is
t
hat
su
c
h
P
I
-
c
on
t
rol
le
rs
are
of
te
n
desig
ne
d
based
on
e
xp
e
rim
ent
s
an
d
e
rror
s
.
A
m
on
g
nonlinea
r
m
eth
ods
of
regula
ti
on
,
li
near
fe
edb
ac
k
m
et
ho
ds
a
re
not
r
ob
us
t
because
th
ey
require
a
c
aref
ul
correct
ion
of
nonlinea
r
VS
C
m
od
el
s.
In
this
con
te
xt,
inte
grat
ed
co
ntr
ols
ar
e
introd
uced
t
o
el
i
m
inate
sta
ti
c
error
s
and idle c
on
t
rol
s to
inc
rease t
he
li
nea
r
c
on
t
r
ol cap
a
bili
ty
o
f
the
VS
C
on
[6]
and res
pecti
ve
ly
.
This
pa
pe
r
pres
ents
a
ne
w
m
od
el
for
str
ong
c
on
t
ro
l
de
sig
n
in
V
SC.
The
pr
opos
e
d
m
od
el
us
es
real
a
nd
i
m
m
ediat
e
interact
ive
powe
r
com
po
ne
nts
(p)
t
a
nd
q
(t
),
c
om
par
ed
t
o
t
he
cu
rr
e
nt
c
om
po
nen
t
of
c
onve
nt
ion
al
dq,
as
a
dy
na
m
ic
var
ia
ble.
p
(t
)
a
nd
q
(t)
,
oth
e
r
th
an
othe
r
el
ect
rical
pa
ram
et
ers,
hav
e
a
sepa
rate
wa
vefor
m
ind
e
pende
nt
of
the
a
ppr
oved
ref
e
ren
ce
f
ram
e.
T
her
e
fore,
the
values
of
p
(t)
a
nd
q
(t)
ca
n
be
s
pecifie
d
withi
n
the
a
bc
ref
e
rence
f
ram
e,
wh
ic
h
is
in
dep
e
nde
n
t
of
PLL
,
a
nd
is
us
e
d
a
s
a
re
f
eren
ce
to
dq
to
reduce
uncertai
nty
in
the
f
orm
.
The
desig
n
of
a
str
ong
orga
nizat
ion
al
desi
gn
m
od
el
is
du
e
to
dynam
ic
var
ia
bles,
p
(t)
an
d
q
(t),
not
base
d
on
the
fra
m
e
of
re
fer
e
nc
e.
The
li
m
it
s
of
t
he
pro
pose
d
ap
proac
h,
ba
sed
o
n
p
(t
)
an
d
q
(t)
as
va
riables,
do
no
t
pro
vid
e
exc
essive ca
pacit
y at
p
rese
nt
be
yond the
li
m
it
s
.
The
tra
ns
f
or
m
er
disc
us
se
d
i
n
this
pa
pe
r
is
t
he
three
-
ph
ase
DC
powe
r
sou
r
ce
tra
ns
f
orm
er
us
in
g
P
W
M
sh
a
ping
te
ch
nolog
y.
T
rad
it
io
na
ll
y,
in
the
VSC
m
od
el
,
the
a
ct
ive
an
d
rea
ct
ive
powe
r
at
th
e
PCC
is
con
t
r
olled
by
co
ntr
olli
ng
t
he
di
rect
an
d
quad
ratu
re
cu
rre
nt
axis
c
om
po
ne
nts
of
the
c
urr
ent.
T
his
is
ach
ie
ved
by
co
nv
e
rting
the ab
c
fram
e t
o
thei
r own
dq
com
po
ne
nts
usi
ng
a
loc
ked lo
op (
P
LL)
[
7]
. Fi
gure
1.
s
hows
a d
ia
gram
o
f
th
e PV
syst
e
m
that co
nn
ect
s
the
distr
ibu
ti
on
syst
e
m
an
d t
he
PCC
th
rou
gh the
VSC
and
the
Ri
+
jwLi i
nterf
ace
, whe
re
w
is
the
an
gula
r
fr
e
que
ncy
of
the
powe
r
syst
e
m
.
The
li
near
p
art
im
ped
anc
e
betwee
n
the PCC
and
t
he
ne
twor
k
is
Rg
+
jwL
g
.
The
RLC
loa
d
is
co
nnect
ed
to
the
PCC
.
The
in
vestigat
ion
of
t
he
co
nverter
le
vel
co
ntr
ol
fr
am
ewo
r
k
de
pends
on
a
n
i
m
pr
ov
e
d
sci
e
nt
ific
m
od
el
of
the
c
onve
rter
associat
e
d
with
the
f
ram
ewo
r
k
[8
]
.
Tw
o
PI
co
ntr
ollers
are
util
iz
ed
to
c
ontr
ol
the
dc
am
ount
an
d
the
ai
r
conditi
oner
si
de
res
ponsi
ve
powe
r
ind
e
pende
ntly
[
9]
.
In
tra
diti
on
al
c
on
t
ro
l
co
nspire
s,
t
he
P
W
M
-
C
SR
has
bee
n
w
orke
d
with
dis
connecte
d
e
xa
m
ples
[10]
–
[11].
It
dem
onstrat
es
that
dy
nam
ic
da
m
pin
g
can
be
pr
om
ptl
y
execu
te
d
by
m
et
ho
ds
f
or
st
at
e
var
ia
ble
c
ri
ti
ci
s
m
[12]
.
At
l
ong
la
st,
intr
oduce
s
a
st
raig
htfor
w
ard
an
d
m
ini
m
al
effo
rt
a
pproach
(it
util
iz
es
sta
ndar
d
sim
p
le
an
d
com
pu
te
rized
hard
war
e
)
to
a
ccom
plish
cl
os
e
so
li
dar
it
y
D
PF
[
13
]
.
Am
on
g
oth
e
r
la
te
adv
a
ncem
ents,
sp
ac
e
vecto
r
ad
justm
ent
(SVM)
has
been
ap
pear
e
d
to
ha
ve
a
high
vo
lt
age
incre
as
e,
dec
rease
d
ex
changin
g
recur
ren
ce
,
low
li
ne
curre
nt
co
nso
na
nt m
util
at
ion
, and
a
cl
ear u
sa
ge o
n com
pu
te
rized
f
ram
ewo
rks
[14]
–
[16
].
The
syst
em
m
od
el
is
bei
ng
de
rive
d
f
r
om
ini
ti
al
assum
ption
on
gr
i
d
vo
lt
ag
e
(
)
an
d
ge
ner
at
i
on
bu
s
act
ive pow
e
r (
Pi≈P
pv)
as
m
e
ntion
e
d bel
ow
.
Figure
1
.
P
V
s
ys
tem
interf
aced
with
distrib
ution
syst
e
m
at PCC
2
=
+
2
+
2
(1)
wh
e
re
V_2
is
volt
age at PCC,
I_2
is c
urre
n
t
from
PCC t
o
gri
d
,
is cu
rr
e
nt fro
m
V
SC to
P
CC
, Q_i
is rea
ct
ive
powe
r
ge
ne
rated
at
V
SC.
As
P
V
is
treat
ed
as
a
source
of
act
ive
po
wer
w
hen
connecte
d
in
s
eries,
is
assume
d
to b
e
zer
o.
Fr
om
the
sche
m
at
ic
diagr
a
m
sh
ow
n
i
n
F
ig
ure
3,
the
V
SC
dynam
ic
m
od
el
in
a
bc
re
fer
e
nce
fr
am
e
is
ob
ta
ine
d
a
s:
,
=
,
+
,
+
2
,
(2)
wh
e
re
,
,
=
volt
ag
e
at
ac
side
of
the
VS
C:
2
,
=
volt
age
at
PCC
;
,
=
ins
ta
nta
neous
c
urren
t
at
a
bc
fr
am
e.
Af
te
r
tr
ansfo
rm
a
t
ion
of
(
5)
f
ro
m
abc
r
efere
nce
fr
am
e
to
dq
re
fer
e
nc
e
fr
am
e,
the
V
SC
dyna
m
ic
beco
m
e
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h 201
9
:
1324
–
1
33
1
1326
=
−
+
+
−
2
(3)
=
−
+
+
−
2
(4)
wh
e
re
,
=
volt
age
at
ac
side
of
VS
C;
2
,
=
vo
lt
age
at
the
PCC
;
,
=
Insta
ntane
ous
curre
nt
in
d
-
q
fr
am
e.
=
√
3
√
2
2
(
cos
)
=
√
3
√
2
2
=
√
3
√
2
2
(
sin
)
=
√
3
√
2
2
(5)
wh
e
re
=
vo
lt
ag
e
at
PV
side
of
VS
C;
=
P
W
M
m
od
ulati
on
in
de
x;
=
phase
a
ng
e
l
fo
r
f
iri
ng
of
I
GBTs
of V
SC
in
ver
te
r.
T
he p
ow
e
r
at
PCC i
s
ob
ta
in
ed fr
om
the r
el
at
ion
s
hip
:
2
=
3
2
(
2
+
2
2
)
(6)
2
=
3
2
(
2
+
2
2
)
(7)
At
the
P
V
side
of
the
VS
C
,
th
e
dc
li
nk
ca
pac
it
or
volt
age
s
hows
a
nothe
r
dy
nam
ic
relation
as
(where
swit
chin
g
losses is a
ssu
m
ed
to
b
e
n
e
glec
te
d)
:
=
−
(8)
wh
ic
h
ca
n be
wr
it
te
n
as
=
1
(
−
)
=
1
[
−
√
3
√
2
2
(
+
)
]
(9)
wh
e
re
PV
pow
er is calc
ulate
d as
=
×
(10)
in
(
11),
(12)
a
nd
(
16)
a
re
us
e
d
to
co
ns
tr
uct
th
e
dynam
ic
m
od
el
fo
r
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
VS
C
-
ba
se
d
gri
d
-
integ
rat
ed
P
V
syst
e
m
.
The
operati
ng
f
reque
ncy
is
at
ta
ine
d
duri
ng
syst
em
dy
nam
ic
op
er
at
ion
by
a
dro
op
c
on
t
ro
l
stra
te
gy
as
sh
ow
n
in
(
19)
.
−
0
=
−
(
−
)
(11)
wh
e
re
0
=
.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
The
P
V
syst
em
is
integ
rated
w
it
h
the
util
it
y
network
via
VSC
.
The
pur
pose
of
the
c
ontr
ol
is
to
m
ai
ntain
act
ive
(
2
)
an
d
r
eact
ive
(
2
)
act
ive
energy
in
P
CC
.
VS
C
ou
t
put
powe
r
ca
n
be
co
ntr
olled
by
P
W
M
t
o
V
SC
conve
rter,
w
hi
ch
will
pr
ov
i
de
po
wer
in
j
ect
io
n
c
ontr
ol
to
PC
C.
F
or
the
pro
pose
d
syst
em
,
th
e
I
-
V
c
on
t
ro
l
strat
egy
is
i
m
ple
m
ented
w
it
h
nonli
ne
ar
F
TFTSM
co
ntr
ols.
T
he
refo
re,
PV
side
VSC
volt
age
(
)
a
nd
q
a
xis
c
urre
nt
flo
wing
from
VS
C
t
o
PCC
(
)
a
re
c
onsidere
d
as
fee
dback
sign
al
s
to
t
he
c
on
t
ro
ll
er.
A
s
m
al
l
sign
al
sta
bili
ty
analy
sis
of
gr
i
d
-
co
nnect
ed
VSC
with
PI
c
on
t
r
ol
is
ou
tl
ine
d
be
low.
For
P
I
co
ntr
ol,
basic
c
urren
t
c
on
tr
ol
str
at
egy
is b
ei
ng im
plem
ented.
2
.
1.
Sm
all Si
gnal A
na
l
ys
is
w
ith PI Contr
ol
To
e
valuate
sta
bili
ty
b
eha
viou
r,
t
he
syst
em
d
ynam
ic
s is r
ep
r
esented
in
sm
al
l si
gn
al
term
s as:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Act
iv
e a
nd r
ea
ct
iv
e p
ower
m
anage
men
t
of
gri
d
co
nnect
ed
pho
t
ovo
lt
aic
sys
te
m
(
Ameer
ul
A. J. Jem
an
)
1327
∆
(
)
=
−
∆
(
)
+
∆
(
)
+
√
3
√
2
2
∆
(
)
∆
(
)
−
∆
2
(
)
(12)
∆
(
)
=
−
∆
(
)
+
∆
(
)
+
√
3
√
2
2
∆
(
)
∆
(
)
−
∆
2
(
)
(13)
in
(
9) an
d (
10) c
an be
wr
it
te
n i
n
f
reque
ncy dom
ai
n
as:
1
1
(
+
)
∆
(
)
−
1
∆
(
)
+
∆
2
(
)
1
=
∆
(
)
(14)
1
1
(
+
)
∆
(
)
−
1
∆
(
)
+
∆
2
(
)
1
=
∆
(
)
(15)
w
he
re
1
=
√
3
√
2
2
∆
(
)
a
nd the
relat
ion
s
hip ex
pr
es
sed
in (
13)
a
nd (1
4) ca
n be
represe
nted
as:
[
1
1
(
+
)
−
1
]
[
∆
(
)
∆
(
)
]
+
[
∆
2
(
)
1
∆
2
(
)
1
]
=
[
∆
(
)
∆
(
)
]
o
r,
[
11
12
21
22
]
[
∆
(
)
∆
(
)
]
+
[
1
2
]
=
[
∆
(
)
∆
(
)
]
(16)
f
r
om
the ab
ove
equati
on, d a
xi
s cu
r
re
nt is d
i
r
ect
ly
r
el
at
ed
to
contr
ol outp
ut
as:
11
∆
(
)
+
1
=
∆
(
)
(17)
e
rror
f
ro
m
VSC
input
dc
volt
age
is
su
m
m
ed
up
th
rou
gh
a
ga
in
wit
h
c
onve
ntio
nal
cu
rr
e
nt
con
t
ro
l
l
oop
f
or
d
a
xis
current
e
rro
r
is
ta
ken
into
acc
ount.
Th
rou
gh
pro
portion
al
(
1
and
2
)
an
d
inte
gral
(
1
2
)
gain
the
P
I
schem
e is i
m
pl
e
m
ented
as s
ho
wn in
F
ig
ure
4.
Fr
om
the a
bove
sch
em
at
ic
, r
el
at
ion
b
et
wee
n feed
bac
k
er
r
or
and the
res
ponse
can
b
e
estab
li
sh
ed
as:
(
∆
∗
(
)
−
∆
(
)
)
[
1
+
1
]
+
(
∆
∗
(
)
−
∆
(
)
)
=
∆
(
)
(18)
s
ubsti
tuti
ng
∆
(
)
f
ro
m
(
21
)
w
e
ca
n rew
rite
the a
bove
e
quat
io
n as:
Wh
e
re
1
=
[
1
+
1
]
(19)
A
cl
os
e
d
l
oop
s
yst
e
m
is
achieved
in
(
19),
w
he
re
dc
volt
age
e
r
ror
is
po
te
ntial
to
put
ne
gligi
ble
de
viati
on
t
o
PCC
bu
s
due
t
o
the
decou
pling
th
r
ough
VS
C.
He
nce,
by
neg
le
ct
ing
dc
volt
age
error,
the
syst
em
in
(19
)
will
r
epr
ese
nt
a SI
S
O sy
ste
m
whose st
abili
ty i
s d
et
erm
ined by the
pole
.
2
.
2.
I
-
V C
on
t
rol S
trateg
y
w
ith Ada
pt
i
ve FFT
SM C
ont
rol.
Ba
sic
al
ly
,
PI
-
base
d
VS
C
c
on
t
ro
l
ap
proac
h
is
one
of
the
co
nventio
na
l
on
e.
Des
pite
hav
i
ng
t
he
adv
a
ntage
s
li
ke
sim
plifie
d
co
ns
tr
uction,
ste
a
dy
-
sta
te
er
r
or
,
PI
-
base
d
c
ontr
oller
is
def
ic
ie
nt
in
hi
gh
ove
r
sh
oot
durin
g
sud
den
disturba
nces,
f
rag
il
e
natu
re
t
o
c
ontr
oller
ga
ins,
slu
gg
is
h
r
esp
on
se
a
nd
a
bove
al
l
pe
rfo
r
m
ance
deterio
rati
on
duri
ng
cha
nge
i
n
op
e
rati
ng
c
onditi
ons.
To
overc
om
e
diff
ic
ulti
es
associat
e
d
with
P
I
c
ontr
ol,
the
con
ce
pt
of
no
nl
inear
c
on
t
ro
l
has
bee
n
int
rodu
ce
d.
I
n
pres
ent
w
ork
,
a
n
ordi
nar
y
te
rm
inal
sli
din
g
m
od
e
(TSM
)
con
t
ro
l
is
th
us
com
par
ed
with
pr
opos
e
d
FT
FTSM
ap
proa
ch.
T
o
im
ple
m
ent
no
nlinear
con
t
ro
l
for
V
S
C,
th
e
syst
e
m
d
ynam
i
c m
od
el
is d
esc
ribe
d
in
term
s o
f
stat
e sp
ac
e
m
od
el
as m
entio
n bel
ow.
Wh
e
re
is
the
sta
te
vector,
is
the
in
put
vec
tor
a
nd
is
the
ou
t
pu
t
vecto
r
t
o
be
co
ntr
olled
.
From
(3),
(
4)
an
d
(
9)
it
is
cl
ear
that
syst
e
m
dyna
m
ic
s
dep
e
nd
on
three
sta
te
va
riables,
,
and
res
pecti
vely
.
Th
us
, t
he
sta
te
vecto
r
a
nd in
put vect
or are
c
on
st
ru
ct
e
d
as
in
(20
)
and
(
2
1
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h 201
9
:
1324
–
1
33
1
1328
=
[
1
2
3
]
=
[
]
(20)
=
[
]
(21)
Fr
om
the three
dynam
ic
eq
uations t
he
stat
e spa
ce f
un
ct
io
ns
a
re
ob
ta
ine
d
as
:
(
)
=
[
−
1
+
2
−
2
−
2
+
1
−
2
]
(22)
(
)
=
[
√
3
√
2
2
3
0
0
√
3
√
2
2
3
−
√
3
√
2
2
1
−
√
3
√
2
2
2
]
(23)
Hen
ce
the
outp
ut sm
oo
th scal
ar fu
nction i
s
de
fine
d
as i
n
(24
).
ℎ
(
)
=
[
2
3
]
=
[
]
(24)
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
A
100k
W,
230V
P
V
syst
em
i
nteg
rated
with
util
it
y
gr
id
is
si
m
ulate
d
in
MATLAB/S
I
MULI
NK
f
or
perform
ance val
idati
on
of pr
opos
e
d
m
od
el
descr
i
bed
in
Figure
2.
Figure
2
.
Sim
ulati
on
ve
rificat
ion m
od
el
of P
V
inte
gr
at
e
d gri
d
syst
em
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Act
iv
e a
nd r
ea
ct
iv
e p
ower
m
anage
men
t
of
gri
d
co
nnect
ed
pho
t
ovo
lt
aic
sys
te
m
(
Ameer
ul
A. J. Jem
an
)
1329
3.1.
Perf
orm
ance
Duri
ng F
aul
t
The
pe
rfo
rm
ance
of
the
pro
posed
no
nlinear
c
on
t
ro
l
is
eval
ua
te
d,
com
par
e
d
PI
co
ntr
ol.
T
he
propose
d
con
t
ro
l
te
ch
ni
qu
e
is
r
obust
,
eff
ect
ive
in
te
rm
s
of
dy
nam
ic
fa
ult
re
spo
nse
as
well
as
un
ce
rtai
n
pa
ra
m
et
ric
changes
. T
he d
ynam
ic
stabil
ity condit
ion i
s
validat
ed
b
y
finite
tim
e err
or
conve
rg
e
nce at
ta
ined.
Figure
3
.
V
oltage at PCC
Figure
4
.
I
nv
e
r
te
r
V
oltage
Figure
5
.
I
nv
e
r
te
r
cu
rr
e
nt
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h 201
9
:
1324
–
1
33
1
1330
Figure
6
.
Acti
ve
pow
e
r
at
PCC
The
syst
em
is
sub
j
ect
ed
to
t
hr
ee
-
phase
fa
ul
t
at
the
gr
id
f
or
5
cy
cl
es
at
tim
e
=
0.5s
a
s
sho
wn
i
n
Fig
ure
7.
T
he
p.u
set
po
i
nt
va
lues
of
act
ive
and
reacti
ve
powe
r
at
the
PC
C,
pri
or
to
th
e
fau
lt
are
P*2=
1.026
,
Q*2=
-
0.2
016.
Va
rio
us
sy
ste
m
par
am
e
te
rs
includi
ng
volt
age,
cu
rrent,
a
ct
ive
a
nd
rea
ct
ive
powe
r
res
pons
e
s
durin
g
fa
ult
an
d
post
-
fa
ult
re
cov
e
ry
a
re
s
ho
wn
in
Figi
re
7
in
per
unit
(
p.u
).
t
he
perf
or
m
ance
of
the
pr
opose
d
con
t
ro
ll
er
is
ce
rtai
nly
bette
r
with
a
set
tl
ing
tim
e
0.
3
s
as
c
om
pa
red
to
PI
con
t
ro
ll
er
w
hich
ta
kes
2s
t
o
reg
ai
n
sta
bili
ty
with
os
ci
ll
at
ing
cha
racteri
sti
cs.
From
the
te
st
ca
se
fa
ult
rec
ov
e
ry
ti
m
e
and
im
pr
ov
e
d
dam
ping
i
n
com
par
ison wi
th both
the
PI c
on
t
ro
ll
ers
.
Figure
7
.
Re
act
ive po
wer at
P
CC
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
pa
per,
a
new
nonlinea
r
con
t
ro
l
strat
eg
y
for
a
th
ree
-
phase
gri
d
co
nn
ect
ed
P
V
ge
nerat
ion
syst
em
is
pro
posed
.
T
he
VS
C
c
onve
r
te
r
inter
face b
e
tween
the PV
a
rr
ay
a
nd
the
g
r
id
is
m
od
el
le
d
in
a
sta
ti
onary
p
ha
se
fr
am
e
us
in
g
d
-
q
a
xis
c
urre
nt
com
po
ne
nt
at
PCC
,
a
nd
dc
volt
age
a
s
dyna
m
ic
var
ia
bles.
The
sta
bili
ty
theo
rem
has been
d
e
vel
op
e
d
i
n
the
pa
pe
r
usi
ng the
rea
ct
ive pow
e
r
a
nd
dc
li
nk volt
a
ge
er
r
or
s
. Fur
t
her
t
he
in
sta
nta
neous
act
ive
an
d
r
eac
ti
ve
powe
r
wa
vefor
m
s
are
not
influ
e
nce
d
by
the
PL
L
dy
na
m
ic
s
in
the
be
gi
nn
in
g
of
the
c
on
t
ro
l
desig
n.
The
si
m
ula
ti
on
res
ult
s
of
the
P
V
sy
stem
m
od
el
us
i
ng
MATL
AB
script/Si
m
ulink
,
e
nvir
on
m
ent
show
s
cl
early
that
th
e
pro
posed
non
-
li
nea
r
c
ontro
ll
er
pro
vid
es
c
on
t
ro
l
with
le
s
s
set
tl
ing
ti
m
e,
overs
hoot,
a
nd
le
s
s
os
ci
ll
at
or
y
res
pons
e
c
om
par
ed
with
P
I
co
ntr
ol
strat
egies
.
Fu
t
ur
e
work
will
be
est
ab
li
sh
ed
f
or
gr
i
d
fau
lt
s
(unsym
m
et
rica
l)
a
nd
oth
er
gri
d
op
e
rati
onal
even
ts
,
w
her
e
the
c
on
t
ro
l
des
ign
will
be
f
urt
her
m
od
ifie
d
into
a
m
or
e eff
ect
ive
by se
qu
e
nce c
om
po
nen
ts c
ons
iderati
on
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Act
iv
e a
nd r
ea
ct
iv
e p
ower
m
anage
men
t
of
gri
d
co
nnect
ed
pho
t
ovo
lt
aic
sys
te
m
(
Ameer
ul
A. J. Jem
an
)
1331
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The a
uthor a
nd
re
searc
hers
sincerely
tha
nk
I
RM
I,
600
-
IRM
I/DAN
A 5/
3/L
ESTAR
I (
0169
/2016),
a
nd
UiTM f
or pr
oviding l
ab faci
li
ty
an
d t
he f
und t
o
co
nduct t
his
researc
h
sm
oo
t
hly.
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Unders
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FA
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"
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ur
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th
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uri
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en
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dth
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ula
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on
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rrent
s
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rte
rs,
”
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ns
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c
hn
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es
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m
on
ic
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t
ro
l
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e
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c
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.