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I
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RO
D
UCT
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f
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tellig
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ca
tio
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[
1
]
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[
2
]
,
h
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lth
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
,
an
d
f
in
a
n
ce
a
n
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a
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g
[
5
]
-
[
7
]
a
m
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g
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er
s
.
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ev
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t
im
p
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Su
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in
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m
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(
L
L
Ms)
r
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in
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esh
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p
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AI
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s
ca
p
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lar
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n
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ata,
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a
v
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d
th
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b
o
u
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d
ar
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o
f
wh
at
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ac
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in
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L
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Ms,
s
u
ch
as
Op
en
AI
’
s
G
P
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-
3
,
ar
e
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b
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t
ca
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task
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ly
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ec
to
r
[
9
]
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ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
,
m
ed
ici
n
e
[
1
2
]
,
leg
al
in
f
o
r
m
atics
[
1
3
]
,
an
d
r
o
b
o
tics
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
s
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id
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I
t
is
also
th
e
ca
s
e
th
e
r
ev
iews
h
av
e
b
ee
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
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J
E
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E
n
g
&
C
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m
p
Sci
I
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N:
2
5
0
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-
4
7
52
S
cien
tifi
c
la
n
d
s
ca
p
e
o
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p
p
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a
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…
(
R
a
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O.
R
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xa
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)
253
co
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p
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atab
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W
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Scien
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1
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wh
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Ag
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v
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[
1
1
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,
[
1
6
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-
[
1
9
]
.
O
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p
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tu
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ities
in
clu
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cr
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ed
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f
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f
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e
to
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au
to
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ip
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an
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On
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,
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s
e
o
f
L
L
Ms
also
co
m
es
with
ch
allen
g
es [
1
3
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
s
u
c
h
as
p
o
ten
tial b
ias,
m
is
in
f
o
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m
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,
p
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,
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.
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p
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e
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tu
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y
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m
p
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tatio
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asp
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n
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lan
g
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was
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tifie
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Fan
et
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l.
[
2
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an
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p
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ev
iew
o
f
NL
P
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
was
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Kr
asad
a
k
is
,
Sak
k
o
p
o
u
lo
s
,
an
d
Ver
y
k
io
s
[
1
3
]
,
b
u
t
it
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
NL
P
ch
allen
g
es
o
n
ly
an
d
was
lim
ited
to
th
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
leg
al
in
f
o
r
m
atics
an
d
lo
w
-
r
eso
u
r
ce
lan
g
u
ag
es
.
T
h
e
r
ev
ie
w
o
n
L
L
Ms
b
y
Fan
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
u
s
ed
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
th
at
ar
e
lis
ted
o
n
th
e
W
o
S;
h
o
wev
er
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
d
atab
ases
s
u
ch
as
Sco
p
u
s
is
an
o
p
en
ar
ea
o
f
r
esear
ch
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
u
s
,
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
g
ap
in
e
x
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e,
we
co
n
d
u
ct
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
o
f
Sco
p
u
s
-
in
d
ex
ed
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
i
o
u
s
d
o
m
ain
s
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
es,
b
u
t
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es,
wh
ich
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
ad
d
r
ess
ed
b
y
ea
r
lier
wo
r
k
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
we
id
en
tify
th
e
s
cien
tific
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f
ex
i
s
tin
g
wo
r
k
,
as
well
as
o
p
en
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
th
e
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P
r
esear
c
h
f
ield
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
c
h
allen
g
es.
Ou
r
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
Pritch
ar
d
[
2
1
]
,
a
n
d
o
u
r
d
ata
a
n
aly
s
is
an
d
v
is
u
ali
za
tio
n
ar
e
a
n
ch
o
r
e
d
o
n
th
e
wo
r
k
o
f
Hallin
g
er
a
n
d
Ko
v
ač
ev
ic
[
2
2
]
as o
u
r
th
e
o
r
etica
l f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
B
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
is
“a
s
cien
tific
co
m
p
u
ter
-
ass
is
ted
r
ev
iew
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
th
at
ca
n
id
e
n
tify
co
r
e
r
esear
ch
o
r
a
u
th
o
r
s
,
as
well
as
th
eir
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
b
y
co
v
er
i
n
g
all
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
r
elate
d
to
a
g
iv
e
n
to
p
ic
o
r
f
ield
”
as
cited
b
y
Han
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
.
A
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
,
as
tr
ac
ed
b
ac
k
to
Pritch
a
r
d
[
2
1
]
,
“e
m
p
lo
y
s
m
ath
em
atica
l
an
d
s
tatis
tica
l
m
eth
o
d
s
in
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
to
d
eter
m
in
e
an
d
an
aly
ze
th
e
g
r
o
wth
an
d
t
r
en
d
o
f
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
r
esear
ch
th
em
e”
(
p
.
3
4
9
)
,
an
d
m
a
n
y
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
b
e
en
c
o
n
d
u
cted
ev
er
s
in
ce
,
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
d
o
m
ain
s
.
R
esear
ch
d
a
tab
ases
s
u
ch
as
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
[
2
4
]
,
W
o
S
[
2
5
]
,
Pu
b
Me
d
[
9
]
,
an
d
Sco
p
u
s
[
2
6
]
,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
i
s
ty
p
e
o
f
q
u
an
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
an
d
in
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ie
ld
s
s
u
ch
as
h
ea
lth
p
o
licy
an
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
[
2
8
]
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
1
]
,
n
u
r
s
in
g
[
2
9
]
,
AI
[
3
0
]
,
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
e
[
3
1
]
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
[
3
2
]
.
W
e
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
s
c
ien
tific
la
n
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ch
al
len
g
es
o
f
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
L
L
Ms
an
d
NL
P.
W
e
an
ch
o
r
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
o
n
Hallin
g
er
an
d
Ko
v
ač
ev
ić
[
2
2
]
wh
ich
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
a
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ich
ar
e
s
ize,
tim
e,
s
p
ac
e,
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
.
Si
ze
r
ef
er
s
to
b
o
th
th
e
q
u
an
ti
ty
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
th
e
ar
ea
w
h
ich
ar
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
ese
ar
ch
d
atab
ase
(
wh
ich
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
)
.
W
e
d
id
n
o
t
lim
it
th
e
tim
e
(
th
e
d
ate
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
)
o
r
t
h
e
s
p
ac
e
(
th
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
)
;
all
p
o
s
s
ib
le
y
ea
r
s
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
an
d
all
p
o
s
s
ib
le
c
o
u
n
tr
ies/
ter
r
ito
r
ies
o
f
o
r
i
g
in
wer
e
in
cl
u
d
ed
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
(
o
r
wh
at
is
ca
lled
in
tellectu
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
)
o
f
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
[
2
3
]
in
cl
u
d
es
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
r
esear
ch
d
at
ab
ase
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
B
ib
lio
s
h
in
y
[
3
3
]
,
an
d
VOSv
iewe
r
[
3
4
]
,
an
d
t
h
e
id
en
tific
at
io
n
o
f
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
a
r
ea
s
,
n
o
m
e
n
clatu
r
es,
an
d
o
p
en
r
esear
ch
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
s
cien
tific
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
in
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
ib
lio
m
et
r
ic
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
,
an
d
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
h
o
lis
tic
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
f
ield
,
r
ev
ea
lin
g
its
o
v
er
all
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
an
d
d
y
n
am
ics.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
aim
s
:
−
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
tr
en
d
s
an
d
p
atter
n
s
o
f
Sco
p
u
s
-
in
d
ex
e
d
p
u
b
li
ca
tio
n
s
o
n
L
L
Ms
an
d
NL
P
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
s
id
e
-
by
-
s
id
e
c
h
allen
g
es
b
y
co
u
n
tr
y
/ter
r
ito
r
y
,
s
u
b
ject
ar
ea
,
af
f
iliat
io
n
,
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
p
o
n
s
o
r
,
citatio
n
,
an
d
k
e
y
wo
r
d
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
; a
n
d
−
to
ev
alu
ate
t
h
e
p
atter
n
s
o
f
Sco
p
u
s
-
in
d
e
x
ed
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
L
L
Ms
an
d
NL
P
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
b
y
its
in
tellectu
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
a
p
p
licatio
n
a
r
ea
s
,
n
o
m
en
clatu
r
es,
an
d
o
p
e
n
r
esear
c
h
ar
ea
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
ib
lio
m
et
r
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
cr
itical
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
e
an
aly
s
es.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
b
ee
n
an
ch
o
r
ed
o
n
th
e
wo
r
k
o
f
Hallin
g
er
an
d
Ko
v
ač
ev
ić
[
2
2
]
as
o
u
r
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
with
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
r
esear
ch
d
atab
ase,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
e
f
er
r
ed
r
e
p
o
r
tin
g
item
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
an
d
m
eta
-
a
n
aly
s
is
(
PR
I
SMA)
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
en
we
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
an
d
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
wo
r
k
o
f
Sco
p
u
s
,
B
ib
lio
s
h
in
y
[
3
3
]
,
an
d
VOSv
ie
wer
[
3
4
]
,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
tellectu
a
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
r
c
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
[
2
3
]
u
s
in
g
k
ey
wo
r
d
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
3
6
]
,
an
d
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
ar
ea
s
,
n
o
m
en
clatu
r
es,
an
d
o
p
en
r
esear
c
h
ar
ea
s
.
Deta
ils
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
t
h
e
s
u
c
ce
ed
in
g
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
20
24
:
252
-
2
6
3
254
2
.
1
.
Co
llect
i
o
n o
f
pu
bli
ca
t
io
n da
t
a
T
h
e
PR
I
SMA
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
was
ad
o
p
ted
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
PR
I
SMA
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
h
as
th
r
ee
s
tag
es,
n
am
ely
,
id
en
tific
atio
n
,
s
cr
ee
n
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
in
clu
d
ed
.
At
th
e
i
d
en
tific
atio
n
p
h
ase,
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
wer
e
r
etr
iev
ed
d
u
r
in
g
Octo
b
e
r
20
2
3
with
b
o
o
lea
n
q
u
e
r
ies
in
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
ea
r
ch
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
Sco
p
u
s
(
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
)
.
A
s
ea
r
ch
u
s
in
g
TITLE
-
AB
S
-
KE
Y
(
“
lar
g
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
m
o
d
el”
OR
L
L
M)
y
ield
ed
1
,
6
0
0
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
af
ter
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
an
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
o
f
n
o
n
-
E
n
g
lis
h
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
to
id
en
tify
th
e
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
o
n
t
h
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
L
L
M,
NL
P,
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
c
h
allen
g
es,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
as
id
en
tifie
d
b
y
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
th
o
s
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
an
d
in
d
ex
e
d
o
n
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
r
esear
ch
d
atab
ase,
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
o
n
o
r
b
ef
o
r
e
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
3
,
an
d
th
o
s
e
th
at
ar
e
wr
itten
in
E
n
g
lis
h
.
T
h
en
we
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
Sco
p
u
s
th
e
m
eta
d
ata
o
f
th
ese
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
to
c
o
m
m
a
-
s
ep
ar
ate
d
v
a
lu
e
(
C
SV)
f
iles
with
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
.
E
ac
h
r
o
w
in
th
e
C
SV
f
ile
co
n
tain
s
t
h
e
m
etad
ata
o
f
o
n
e
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
th
at
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
t
h
e
n
am
es
o
f
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
,
th
e
titl
e
o
f
th
e
d
o
cu
m
en
t
,
th
e
ab
s
tr
ac
t,
th
e
af
f
iliatio
n
,
an
d
o
th
er
p
er
tin
en
t i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
b
o
u
t th
e
p
u
b
lica
tio
n
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Sear
ch
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
ex
tr
ac
te
d
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
ts
S
e
a
r
c
h
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
e
d
d
o
c
u
me
n
t
s
TI
TLE
-
A
B
S
-
K
EY
(
“
l
a
r
g
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
mo
d
e
l
”
O
R
LL
M
)
1
,
6
0
0
TI
TLE
-
A
B
S
-
K
EY
((
“
l
a
r
g
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
mo
d
e
l
”
O
R
L
LM
)
A
N
D
(
“
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
c
e
ss
i
n
g
”
O
R
N
LP)
A
N
D
(
p
r
o
mi
s
e
O
R
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
y
O
R
f
u
t
u
r
e
O
R
b
l
e
ss
i
n
g
)
)
96
TI
TLE
-
A
B
S
-
K
EY
((
“
l
a
r
g
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
mo
d
e
l
”
O
R
L
LM
)
A
N
D
(
“
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
c
e
ss
i
n
g
”
O
R
N
LP)
(
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
O
R
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
O
R
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
O
R
c
u
r
se))
1
4
9
TI
TLE
-
A
B
S
-
K
EY
((
“
l
a
r
g
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
mo
d
e
l
”
O
R
L
LM
)
A
N
D
(
“
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
c
e
ss
i
n
g
”
O
R
N
LP)
A
N
D
(
p
r
o
mi
s
e
O
R
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
y
O
R
f
u
t
u
r
e
O
R
b
l
e
ssi
n
g
)
)
A
N
D
(
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
O
R
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
O
R
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
O
R
c
u
r
se))
44
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
v
is
ua
liza
t
io
ns
Usi
n
g
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
an
aly
ze
-
s
ea
r
ch
-
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
g
r
ap
h
s
f
o
r
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
b
y
af
f
iliatio
n
,
co
u
n
tr
y
o
r
ter
r
ito
r
y
,
af
f
iliatio
n
,
s
u
b
ject
ar
ea
,
an
d
citatio
n
wer
e
g
e
n
er
ated
an
d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
ly
ex
p
o
r
ted
in
to
a
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ice.
Fu
r
th
er
an
aly
s
es
an
d
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
s
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
B
ib
lio
s
h
in
y
[
3
3
]
an
d
VOSv
iewe
r
[
3
4
]
u
s
in
g
th
e
C
SV
f
iles
ex
p
o
r
te
d
f
r
o
m
Sco
p
u
s
o
f
th
e
m
etad
ata
o
f
t
h
e
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
(
d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
ec
tio
n
)
.
B
ib
lio
s
h
in
y
[
3
3
]
wa
s
u
s
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
th
e
m
ain
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
an
d
VOSv
iewe
r
[
3
4
]
was u
s
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
th
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
n
etwo
r
k
.
Key
wo
r
d
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
h
as b
ee
n
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
m
ap
p
in
g
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
f
ield
s
o
f
s
tu
d
y
[
3
6
]
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
clu
s
ter
in
g
,
w
h
er
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
ar
e
au
to
m
atic
ally
g
r
o
u
p
e
d
in
to
clu
s
ter
s
wh
ich
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
lo
r
s
if
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
co
-
o
cc
u
r
in
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
ettin
g
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
in
clu
d
e
d
in
th
e
n
ex
t sectio
n
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
co
n
tain
s
th
e
an
al
y
s
es
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
an
d
s
o
m
e
in
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
L
L
Ms,
an
d
L
L
Ms
an
d
NL
P
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es.
Af
ter
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
f
o
r
1
,
6
0
0
Sco
p
u
s
-
in
d
ex
e
d
p
u
b
licati
o
n
s
,
we
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
an
aly
s
es
o
f
th
e
9
6
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
s
id
e
-
by
-
s
id
e
th
e
1
4
9
L
L
M
a
n
d
NL
P
c
h
allen
g
es
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
b
y
co
u
n
tr
y
/ter
r
ito
r
y
,
s
u
b
ject
ar
ea
,
af
f
iliatio
n
,
f
u
n
d
in
g
s
p
o
n
s
o
r
,
c
itatio
n
,
an
d
k
e
y
wo
r
d
c
o
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
.
T
h
er
ea
f
ter
,
we
ass
ess
ed
th
e
tr
en
d
s
a
n
d
p
atter
n
s
o
f
th
e
4
4
Sco
p
u
s
-
in
d
ex
ed
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
L
L
Ms
an
d
NL
P
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es b
y
its
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
(
o
r
wh
at
is
ca
lled
in
tellectu
al
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
Hallin
g
er
an
d
Ko
v
ač
e
v
ić
[
2
2
]
)
in
ter
m
s
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
a
r
ea
s
,
n
o
m
en
clatu
r
es,
an
d
o
p
en
r
esear
ch
ar
ea
s
.
3
.
1
.
L
L
M
a
nd
NL
P
:
o
pp
o
rt
un
it
ies s
ide
-
by
-
s
ide c
ha
lleng
es
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
tr
e
n
d
s
an
d
p
atter
n
s
o
f
th
e
9
6
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
s
id
e
-
by
-
s
id
e
th
e
1
4
9
o
n
ch
allen
g
es
(
as
lis
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
1
)
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
b
y
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
b
y
co
u
n
tr
y
/ter
r
ito
r
y
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
es
1
(
a)
an
d
1
(
b
)
,
s
u
b
ject
ar
ea
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
es
2
(
a)
an
d
2
(
b
)
,
af
f
iliatio
n
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
F
ig
u
r
es
3
(
a)
an
d
3
(
b
)
,
f
u
n
d
in
g
s
p
o
n
s
o
r
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
es
4
(
a)
an
d
4
(
b
)
,
to
p
1
0
cited
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
,
an
d
k
ey
wo
r
d
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
n
etwo
r
k
s
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
es 5
(
a)
an
d
5
(
b
)
.
W
e
f
u
r
th
er
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P
b
y
lo
o
k
i
n
g
at
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
b
y
c
o
u
n
tr
y
o
r
te
r
r
ito
r
y
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
)
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
an
d
c
h
allen
g
es,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
es
1
(
a)
an
d
1
(
b
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
Un
ited
States
lead
s
in
b
o
th
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
Un
ited
Kin
g
d
o
m
f
o
r
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
an
d
C
h
in
a
in
th
e
ch
allen
g
es.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
s
ev
er
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
S
cien
tifi
c
la
n
d
s
ca
p
e
o
n
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
a
n
d
ch
a
llen
g
es
…
(
R
a
c
h
el
E
d
ita
O.
R
o
xa
s
)
255
co
u
n
tr
ies
o
r
ter
r
ito
r
ies
in
th
e
t
o
p
1
0
a
r
e
b
o
th
p
r
esen
t
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es.
Desp
ite
th
e
b
en
e
f
its
th
at
AI
p
r
o
v
id
es
to
s
o
ciety
,
it
also
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
an
AI
-
d
iv
id
e,
wh
er
e
lo
w
-
in
co
m
e
co
u
n
tr
ies,
s
o
cieties,
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
,
an
d
/
o
r
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
alien
ated
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
-
d
iv
id
e
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
li
m
ited
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
to
d
ig
ital
d
ev
ices
an
d
to
o
ls
,
ar
e
f
u
r
th
er
alien
ated
in
th
e
ad
v
e
n
t
o
f
AI
[
3
7
]
.
R
ev
iew
p
u
b
lica
tio
n
s
o
n
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P f
ail
to
m
en
tio
n
a
b
o
u
t th
e
co
n
ce
p
t o
f
AI
-
d
i
v
id
e
s
u
ch
as i
n
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Do
c
u
m
en
ts
b
y
co
u
n
tr
ies/
ter
r
ito
r
ies o
f
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P (
a)
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
(
b
)
c
h
allen
g
es
W
e
f
u
r
th
er
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P
b
y
lo
o
k
in
g
at
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
b
y
s
u
b
ject
ar
ea
(
Fig
u
r
e
2
)
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
es
2
(
a)
an
d
2
(
b
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fo
r
b
o
t
h
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es,
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Scien
ce
d
o
m
in
ates
th
e
s
u
b
ject
ar
ea
s
w
ith
3
7
.
7
% a
n
d
4
2
.
8
% r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
at
th
er
e
a
r
e
b
o
th
b
e
n
ef
its
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
L
L
M
a
n
d
NL
P;
h
o
we
v
e
r
,
th
er
e
is
a
h
ig
h
er
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
ch
allen
g
es.
I
t
is
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
So
cial
Scien
ce
s
with
1
1
.
9
%
f
o
r
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
1
1
.
8
%
f
o
r
c
h
allen
g
es,
with
al
m
o
s
t
th
e
s
am
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
es,
r
ev
ea
lin
g
th
at
t
h
ese
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
s
o
cieta
l
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
r
e
m
a
in
in
g
s
u
b
ject
ar
ea
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
p
r
esen
t
in
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
f
iel
d
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
ed
icin
e
,
ar
ts
an
d
h
u
m
a
n
ities
,
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
,
b
u
t
also
m
ay
p
r
esen
t
b
o
th
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
c
h
allen
g
es.
W
e
lo
o
k
ed
at
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
b
y
to
p
1
0
af
f
iliatio
n
s
(
Fig
u
r
e
3
)
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
es
3
(
a)
an
d
3
(
b
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
th
e
to
p
1
0
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
o
f
b
o
th
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es,
th
e
to
p
1
an
d
to
p
2
ar
e
o
cc
u
p
ied
b
y
Go
o
g
le
L
L
C
an
d
Stan
f
o
r
d
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
ely
.
B
o
th
t
h
e
to
p
1
0
o
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
c
h
allen
g
es
ar
e
d
o
m
i
n
ated
b
y
Un
iv
er
s
ities
,
b
u
t
with
a
g
r
ea
ter
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
o
f
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
-
r
elate
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
c
h
allen
g
es
th
an
in
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
(
1
:
3
with
o
n
l
y
Go
o
g
le
L
L
C
in
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
in
co
n
tr
ast
t
o
Go
o
g
le
L
L
C
,
I
B
M
r
esear
ch
,
a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
20
24
:
252
-
2
6
3
256
Am
az
o
n
.
co
m
,
in
c
h
allen
g
es)
,
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
o
f
m
ed
icin
e
-
r
elate
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
(
Sch
o
o
l
o
f
C
lin
ical
Me
d
icin
e,
an
d
Ma
y
o
C
lin
ic)
with
n
o
n
e
in
ch
allen
g
es.
Fro
m
th
ese
f
ig
u
r
es,
ac
ad
em
e
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
ts
ar
e
ev
i
d
en
t.
W
e
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
b
y
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
p
o
n
s
o
r
(
Fig
u
r
e
4
)
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
es
4
(
a)
a
n
d
4
(
b
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
A
h
ea
l
th
-
r
elate
d
f
u
n
d
in
g
s
p
o
n
s
o
r
,
t
h
e
Natio
n
al
I
n
s
titu
tes
o
f
Hea
lth
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
te
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
Var
io
u
s
p
r
iv
ate
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
h
ea
lt
h
,
s
cien
ce
s
,
m
ilit
ar
y
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
cu
ltu
r
e
h
av
e
f
u
n
d
ed
a
n
d
s
h
o
wn
in
ter
est
in
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P
f
o
r
th
eir
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
o
f
s
tu
d
y
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
b
o
th
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
ies
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
en
co
u
n
ter
e
d
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Do
c
u
m
en
ts
b
y
s
u
b
je
ct
ar
ea
o
f
L
L
M
a
n
d
NL
P (
a
)
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
(
b
)
ch
allen
g
e
s
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Do
c
u
m
en
ts
b
y
af
f
ili
atio
n
o
n
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P (
a
)
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
(
b
)
ch
allen
g
es
T
h
e
to
p
1
0
cited
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
9
6
L
L
M
a
n
d
NL
P
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
s
id
e
-
by
-
s
id
e
th
e
1
4
9
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P
ch
allen
g
es
wer
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
.
T
h
e
t
o
p
1
0
cited
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
o
f
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
o
b
tain
e
d
a
to
tal
o
f
4
5
1
citatio
n
s
with
th
e
to
p
1
cited
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
[
3
8
]
o
n
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
o
f
s
p
ellin
g
er
r
o
r
s
u
s
in
g
L
L
Ms
h
av
in
g
1
0
2
citatio
n
s
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
to
p
ics
in
clu
d
e
h
u
m
a
n
-
AI
in
ter
ac
tio
n
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
(
3
o
u
t
o
f
1
0
o
r
3
0
%),
C
h
atGPT
(
3
o
u
t
o
f
1
0
o
r
3
0
%),
an
d
GPT
-
3
(
2
o
u
t
o
f
1
0
o
r
2
0
%).
Hu
m
a
n
-
AI
in
ter
ac
tio
n
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ati
o
n
ar
e
ter
m
e
d
as
c
o
-
au
th
o
r
[
3
9
]
a
n
d
co
-
wr
itin
g
[
4
0
]
b
etw
ee
n
h
u
m
an
an
d
AI
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
n
ew
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
in
co
n
tr
ast
to
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
L
L
M
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
2
0
]
wh
er
e
th
ese
wer
e
n
o
t
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
th
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
ex
ce
p
t
f
o
r
th
e
r
ev
iew
p
ap
er
o
n
L
L
Ms
o
n
h
u
m
an
-
r
o
b
o
t
in
ter
ac
tio
n
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
wh
er
e
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
in
ten
t
t
o
th
e
r
o
b
o
t
an
d
h
u
m
a
n
ac
tio
n
s
t
o
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
S
cien
tifi
c
la
n
d
s
ca
p
e
o
n
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
a
n
d
ch
a
llen
g
es
…
(
R
a
c
h
el
E
d
ita
O.
R
o
xa
s
)
257
wh
ile
th
e
r
o
b
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
a
n
d
r
o
b
o
t
ac
tio
n
s
to
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
1
4
]
.
Do
m
ain
s
in
clu
d
e
b
io
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
p
r
o
tein
s
eq
u
en
cin
g
[
4
1
]
,
s
p
el
lin
g
er
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
[
3
8
]
,
cli
n
ical
p
r
ac
tice
[
4
2
]
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
4
3
]
,
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
[
4
4
]
,
an
d
co
d
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
[
4
5
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
t
h
e
to
p
1
0
cited
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
am
o
n
g
th
e
1
4
9
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P
ch
allen
g
es
o
b
tain
e
d
a
to
tal
o
f
2
6
6
citatio
n
s
with
th
e
to
p
1
d
o
c
u
m
en
t
o
n
co
d
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
[
4
4
]
h
av
i
n
g
2
2
citatio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
m
ain
ly
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
GPT
(
1
o
u
t
o
f
1
0
o
r
1
0
%)
a
n
d
C
h
atGPT
(
4
o
u
t
o
f
1
0
o
r
4
0
%),
an
d
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
ch
allen
g
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
its
u
s
e
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
d
o
m
ai
n
s
:
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
[
4
4
]
an
d
clin
ic
al
p
r
ac
tice
[
4
2
]
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
6
]
,
[
4
7
]
,
a
n
d
c
o
d
in
g
[
4
5
]
.
Fo
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
ar
ea
s
in
clu
d
e
m
e
d
ical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
4
6
]
,
p
r
iv
ate
lear
n
er
s
[
4
7
]
,
an
d
s
tan
d
a
r
d
a
d
m
is
s
io
n
test
s
[
4
3
]
.
C
h
allen
g
es in
clu
d
e
f
ak
e
n
ews [
4
8
]
,
c
o
d
e
e
x
p
lan
atio
n
s
[
4
5
]
,
a
n
d
d
eto
x
if
y
in
g
L
L
Ms [
4
9
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Do
c
u
m
en
ts
b
y
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
p
o
n
s
o
r
o
f
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P (
a)
o
p
p
o
r
tu
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ities
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d
(
b
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ch
alle
n
g
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T
h
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to
p
1
0
cited
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
am
o
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g
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9
6
L
L
M
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d
NL
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p
p
o
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ities
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d
th
e
1
4
9
L
L
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d
NL
P
ch
allen
g
es
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av
e
co
m
m
o
n
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
[
4
2
]
-
[
4
4
]
,
[
5
0
]
,
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n
d
co
m
m
o
n
d
o
m
ain
s
,
s
u
ch
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e
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er
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lain
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le
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tific
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tellig
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th
at
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o
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tr
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n
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itio
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m
“
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eth
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f
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in
to
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ap
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r
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h
es th
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e
n
ab
les ex
p
lan
atio
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an
d
in
ter
p
r
etab
ilit
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[
5
1
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s
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n
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e
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iews
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L
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LLM
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ased
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s
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alth
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r
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r
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n
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wer
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esti
o
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t
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“n
o
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en
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ical
ex
p
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an
d
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ig
h
ly
m
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lead
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9
]
,
s
im
p
ly
m
im
ic
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u
m
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e
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av
io
r
lik
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ar
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with
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ll
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n
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er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
h
o
w
th
e
an
s
wer
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wer
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e
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iv
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2
0
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an
d
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n
o
t
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m
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r
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tp
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M
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tem
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esp
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en
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o
m
ain
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c
h
as
h
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ca
r
e
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law
[
1
5
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n
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n
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ast,
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lain
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ain
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im
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l
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at
th
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ain
s
p
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ities
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d
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e
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W
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h
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ce
th
e
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o
liti
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co
n
o
m
y
o
f
AI
[
5
0
]
.
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e
p
r
esen
t
th
e
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e
y
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r
d
co
-
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cc
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r
r
e
n
ce
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P
(
Fig
u
r
e
5
)
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
es
5
(
a
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an
d
5
(
b
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,
r
esp
ec
t
iv
e
ly
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a
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p
r
esen
ts
th
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
c
o
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
n
etwo
r
k
g
en
e
r
ated
f
r
o
m
9
6
L
L
M
NL
P
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
u
s
in
g
all
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
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in
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
cc
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r
r
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ce
s
o
f
a
k
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r
d
=
3
,
o
f
t
h
e
8
3
9
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
,
5
8
m
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t
th
e
th
r
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h
o
ld
,
h
as
5
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s
ter
s
(
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en
tifie
d
b
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
lo
r
s
)
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wh
ich
wer
e
m
an
u
ally
lab
eled
as
f
o
llo
ws:
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P
r
esear
ch
(
r
ed
)
,
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P
task
s
(
g
r
ee
n
)
,
ch
atb
o
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
(
b
lu
e)
,
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
(
y
ello
w)
,
an
d
e
-
lear
n
in
g
(
p
u
r
p
le)
.
T
h
e
r
ed
cl
u
s
ter
,
wh
ich
is
o
n
L
L
M
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d
NL
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r
esear
ch
,
in
cl
u
d
es
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
th
at
ar
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
ar
ea
s
s
u
ch
as
ed
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ca
tio
n
,
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
an
d
m
ed
ical
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esear
ch
.
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h
e
g
r
ee
n
cl
u
s
ter
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ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
r
th
er
d
ev
elo
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m
e
n
t
o
f
L
L
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d
N
L
P
task
s
s
u
ch
as
n
atu
r
al
lan
g
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ag
e
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en
e
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atio
n
,
class
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icatio
n
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d
te
x
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
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h
e
b
lu
e
clu
s
ter
is
d
o
m
i
n
ated
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y
k
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r
d
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
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ee
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n
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p
ec
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ically
GPT,
to
war
d
s
th
e
d
ev
elo
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m
e
n
t
o
f
ch
atb
o
ts
.
T
h
e
y
ello
w
clu
s
ter
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
u
s
in
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
a
r
ch
itectu
r
es.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
p
u
r
p
le
clu
s
ter
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
L
L
M
NL
P o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
itie
s
in
e
-
lear
n
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
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illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
k
e
y
wo
r
d
co
-
o
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r
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ated
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VOSViewe
r
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o
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1
4
9
L
L
M
NL
P
ch
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h
is
n
etwo
r
k
en
co
m
p
ass
es
all
k
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r
d
s
,
with
a
m
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im
u
m
o
cc
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r
r
e
n
ce
th
r
esh
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ld
s
et
at
4
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t
o
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th
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1
,
1
7
6
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tal
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d
s
.
Am
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th
ese,
6
8
k
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r
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s
m
ee
t
th
e
th
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esh
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ld
,
r
e
v
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lin
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5
d
is
tin
ct
clu
s
ter
s
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
lo
r
an
d
m
an
u
ally
lab
eled
as
f
o
ll
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ws:
ch
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d
ev
elo
p
m
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(
r
e
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AI
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ev
el
o
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m
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t
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g
r
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L
L
M
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NL
P
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wn
s
tr
ea
m
task
s
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lu
e
)
;
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
(
y
ello
w)
;
an
d
r
ea
l
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wo
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
s
(
p
u
r
p
le)
.
T
h
e
r
ed
clu
s
ter
,
ch
atb
o
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
th
o
u
g
h
g
e
n
er
ated
as
a
clu
s
ter
in
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
20
24
:
252
-
2
6
3
258
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
’
s
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
,
h
a
s
also
b
ee
n
s
ee
n
as
an
L
L
M
NL
P
ch
allen
g
e.
I
t
in
clu
d
es
in
-
co
n
tex
ts
,
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
to
co
m
p
u
tin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
g
r
ee
n
clu
s
ter
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
ch
allen
g
e
o
f
AI
-
h
u
m
an
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
an
d
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
.
T
h
e
b
l
u
e
clu
s
ter
in
clu
d
es
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P
d
o
w
n
s
tr
ea
m
task
s
s
u
ch
as
n
am
ed
en
tity
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
,
tex
t
class
if
icat
io
n
,
an
d
q
u
es
tio
n
an
s
wer
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
y
ello
w
clu
s
ter
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
d
ata
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
f
in
e
tu
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
last
clu
s
ter
,
th
e
p
u
r
p
le
clu
s
ter
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
L
L
M
NL
P
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
ar
ea
s
o
f
f
in
an
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
d
ata
an
d
s
en
tim
en
t
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
ese
clu
s
ter
s
o
f
f
er
a
n
u
an
ce
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
d
iv
er
s
e
ch
allen
g
es
with
in
th
e
L
L
M
NL
P
d
o
m
ain
,
e
n
co
m
p
ass
in
g
tech
n
i
ca
l in
tr
icac
ies an
d
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
.
Fro
m
th
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
f
L
L
Ms
an
d
NL
P
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
,
a
n
d
L
L
Ms
an
d
NL
P
ch
allen
g
es
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
,
co
m
m
o
n
clu
s
ter
s
in
clu
d
e
tech
n
ical
ar
ea
s
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
n
AI
,
C
h
atb
o
ts
,
an
d
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P
task
s
.
C
lu
s
ter
s
wer
e
m
o
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ic,
r
ef
er
r
in
g
to
g
en
e
r
ativ
e
AI
in
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
;
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
f
o
r
ch
allen
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es,
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P
d
o
wn
s
tr
ea
m
tas
k
s
,
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
wer
e
in
clu
d
ed
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
s
cien
ce
s
u
b
ject
ar
ea
,
as
s
im
ilar
ly
r
ef
lecte
d
b
y
Fig
u
r
es
2
(
a)
an
d
2
(
b
)
,
f
o
r
b
o
th
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
o
p
p
o
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tu
n
ities
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d
ch
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W
h
at
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
in
th
e
f
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d
in
g
s
is
th
e
clu
s
ter
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P
ch
allen
g
es
o
n
AI
-
h
u
m
an
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
an
d
p
a
r
tn
er
s
h
ip
,
wh
ich
was
n
o
t
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
o
th
er
r
ev
iews
o
n
L
L
Ms
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
b
u
t th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
“th
u
m
b
s
d
o
wn
”
b
u
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M
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ip
to
war
d
s
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etter
ac
cu
r
ac
y
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Key
w
o
r
d
c
o
-
o
cc
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(
a)
9
6
L
L
M
a
n
d
NL
P o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
(
b
)
1
4
9
L
L
M
a
n
d
NL
P c
h
allen
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es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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J
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&
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p
Sci
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2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
S
cien
tifi
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p
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t
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259
3
.
2
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L
L
M
s
a
nd
N
L
P
o
pp
o
rt
un
it
ies a
nd
c
ha
lleng
es:
inte
ll
ec
t
ua
l st
ruct
ure
W
e
an
aly
ze
d
th
e
4
4
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
s
o
n
L
L
Ms
an
d
NL
P
o
n
b
o
th
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
c
h
allen
g
es
in
ter
m
s
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
ar
ea
s
,
n
o
m
en
clatu
r
es,
an
d
o
p
e
n
r
esear
ch
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
o
s
e
d
o
m
ain
s
th
at
s
tan
d
o
u
t
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
elate
to
h
ea
lth
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
n
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
h
ea
l
th
,
L
L
M
ap
p
licatio
n
ar
ea
s
in
c
lu
d
e
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
[
4
4
]
,
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
[
5
2
]
,
[
5
3
]
,
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
[
5
4
]
,
d
en
tis
tr
y
[
5
5
]
,
b
io
m
ed
ical
r
esear
c
h
[
5
6
]
,
s
u
r
g
er
y
[
5
7
]
,
in
v
itro
f
er
tili
za
tio
n
[
5
3
]
,
p
e
d
iatr
ics
[
5
8
]
,
a
n
d
clin
ical
p
r
ac
tice
[
4
2
]
.
I
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
tu
d
ies
co
v
er
ed
ac
ad
em
ia,
i
n
g
en
er
al
[
1
1
]
,
[
5
9
]
,
[
6
0
]
,
wh
il
e
s
o
m
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
r
esear
c
h
[
1
]
,
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
[
6
1
]
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
ad
m
is
s
io
n
s
test
[
4
3
]
,
cr
ea
tiv
e
wr
itin
g
[
6
2
]
,
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
[
6
3
]
,
an
d
p
ee
r
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
[
6
4
]
.
Oth
er
ap
p
licatio
n
ar
ea
s
in
cl
u
d
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
d
r
iv
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
[
6
5
]
,
law
[
6
6
]
,
f
in
an
ce
an
d
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
[
6
7
]
,
[
6
8
]
,
c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
[
6
9
]
,
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
m
an
ag
em
en
t
[
7
0
]
,
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
[
7
1
]
,
r
ailway
d
esig
n
[
7
2
]
,
s
ex
u
ality
s
tu
d
ies [
7
3
]
,
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
[
7
4
]
.
I
t
is
in
ter
esti
n
g
to
n
o
te
th
at
alth
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
h
as
b
ee
n
ad
d
r
ess
ed
as
an
L
L
M
ap
p
lica
tio
n
ar
ea
[
7
4
]
,
th
e
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
o
f
h
u
m
an
an
d
AI
to
war
d
s
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
-
in
ten
s
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
s
h
as
b
ee
n
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
b
y
Ah
m
a
d
et
a
l
.
[
7
5
]
,
wh
ich
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
b
o
tto
m
lin
e
in
b
u
s
in
ess
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
7
6
]
.
W
h
ile
L
L
M
ap
p
licatio
n
s
h
av
e
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ize
d
v
ar
io
u
s
d
o
m
ain
s
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
till
lim
itatio
n
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
L
o
w
-
r
eso
u
r
ce
lan
g
u
ag
es
an
d
d
o
m
ai
n
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
p
o
o
r
ly
in
L
L
M
s
y
s
tem
s
[
7
7
]
,
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
th
e
f
in
e
-
tu
n
in
g
an
d
co
n
te
x
tu
aliza
tio
n
o
f
L
L
M
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
d
o
m
ain
s
,
d
iv
er
s
e
lan
g
u
a
g
es,
an
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
tim
es
(
o
r
tem
p
o
r
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
)
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
ce
r
tain
L
L
Ms
ar
e
au
g
m
en
ted
with
d
ata
o
n
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
lan
g
u
a
g
es
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
;
a
n
ex
a
m
p
le
is
Alep
h
B
E
R
T
,
wh
ich
is
an
LLM
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
n
Heb
r
ew
[
7
8
]
.
T
h
is
is
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
o
n
L
L
Ms,
th
at
r
esear
ch
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
en
d
ea
v
o
r
to
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
n
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P
to
war
d
s
“sp
ec
ialized
lan
g
u
ag
e
m
o
d
e
ls
”
b
u
t
as
ap
p
lied
to
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
[
9
]
,
a
n
d
to
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
[
1
1
]
.
T
o
ad
d
,
am
b
ig
u
ity
is
a
b
ig
is
s
u
e
in
N
L
P,
an
d
tem
p
o
r
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
allo
ws
r
eso
lu
tio
n
o
f
wo
r
d
s
en
s
e
am
b
ig
u
ity
[
7
9
]
.
L
L
M
ap
p
licatio
n
s
h
an
d
le
v
ar
i
o
u
s
m
o
d
es
o
f
d
ata,
s
u
ch
as
tex
t,
au
d
io
,
im
ag
e,
a
n
d
v
id
e
o
,
o
r
co
llectiv
ely
ca
lled
m
u
lti
-
m
o
d
al
d
ata
[
5
5
]
,
[
8
0
]
.
Pro
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
is
also
o
n
e
ar
ea
th
at
ca
n
eith
er
lim
it
o
r
ex
p
an
d
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
th
e
L
L
M
ap
p
licatio
n
[
8
1
]
-
[
8
4
]
.
Oth
er
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
AI
to
d
etec
t
AI
-
g
en
er
ated
te
x
ts
,
wh
ich
co
u
ld
b
e
a
u
s
ef
u
l
t
o
o
l f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
d
o
m
a
in
s
[
5
9
]
,
[
8
5
]
.
T
h
is
c
o
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
a
r
ev
iew
p
ap
er
o
n
L
L
Ms
as
a
p
p
lied
to
m
ed
icin
e
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
n
o
m
en
clatu
r
e
,
th
e
4
4
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
o
n
L
L
Ms
an
d
NL
P
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
c
h
allen
g
es
u
s
e
d
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ter
m
s
f
o
r
“c
h
a
llen
g
es”
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
an
d
d
eg
r
ee
s
:
ch
allen
g
es
[
5
5
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
[
1
1
]
,
p
itfa
lls
[
5
6
]
,
an
d
th
r
ea
ts
[
8
5
]
,
to
n
am
e
a
f
ew.
T
h
e
c
h
allen
g
e
s
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
th
ese
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
in
clu
d
e:
f
air
u
s
e
[
1
1
]
,
i
n
f
o
d
em
ic
o
r
m
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
r
f
ak
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
4
4
]
,
[
5
6
]
,
d
ata
p
r
iv
ac
y
[
5
5
]
,
[
6
0
]
,
d
ata
q
u
ality
[
5
5
]
,
tr
u
s
t
[
1
9
]
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
[
6
6
]
,
b
ias
[
1
1
]
,
[
5
5
]
,
[
5
0
]
,
ex
p
lain
ab
ilit
y
[
5
8
]
,
r
ep
lica
b
ilit
y
an
d
t
r
an
s
p
a
r
en
cy
,
b
en
ef
ice
n
ce
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
[
6
0
]
,
an
d
eth
ic
s
[
6
1
]
.
I
t
is
in
ter
esti
n
g
to
n
o
te
th
at
ex
p
lain
ab
ilit
y
is
a
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P
ch
allen
g
e
th
at
was n
o
t m
en
tio
n
e
d
in
th
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
s
tu
d
y
o
n
L
L
M
r
e
v
iews [
1
2
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
Oth
er
co
n
ce
r
n
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
aised
b
y
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
AI
r
esear
ch
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
s
id
e
o
f
u
s
in
g
L
L
Ms
o
n
th
e
p
o
liti
ca
l
ec
o
n
o
m
y
in
clu
d
es:
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
o
o
tp
r
in
ts
,
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
s
o
cial
ef
f
e
cts
[
5
0
]
to
war
d
s
eth
ical
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
l
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
[
5
4
]
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
co
m
m
o
d
i
f
icatio
n
o
f
L
L
Ms
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
p
aid
API
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
u
s
ag
e,
an
d
th
e
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
iv
id
e
b
etwe
en
th
o
s
e
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
ac
ce
s
s
to
co
m
p
u
tin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
5
0
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
AI
d
iv
id
e
b
ec
o
m
e
s
wid
er
,
L
L
M
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
also
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as
en
ab
ler
s
to
war
d
s
in
cl
u
s
iv
ity
o
f
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
ec
to
r
s
o
f
s
o
ciety
s
u
ch
as
an
e
-
m
ail
wr
itin
g
ass
is
tan
t
f
o
r
a
d
u
lts
with
d
y
s
lex
ia
[
8
6
]
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
,
L
L
M
a
n
d
NL
P
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
ar
e
also
its
ch
allen
g
e
s
,
an
d
v
ice
v
e
r
s
a.
C
h
allen
g
es
p
r
esen
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
n
ew
r
esear
ch
;
with
n
ew
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
v
a
n
ce
s
o
ciety
,
th
er
e
also
co
m
e
ch
allen
g
es
with
eth
ical
an
d
s
o
cial
r
am
if
icatio
n
s
.
As
r
ig
h
tly
ex
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
C
h
en
an
d
L
in
[
8
7
]
,
AI
is
a
“d
o
u
b
le
-
ed
g
ed
s
wo
r
d
”;
as
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
itie
s
ab
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
AI
in
o
u
r
ev
er
y
d
ay
life
,
ch
allen
g
es a
ls
o
ab
o
u
n
d
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
NS
I
n
o
u
r
wo
r
k
,
we
p
r
esen
t
th
e
s
cien
tific
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f
th
e
Sc
o
p
u
s
-
in
d
e
x
ed
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
o
f
L
L
Ms
an
d
NL
P
an
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
i
c
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
W
e
an
al
y
ze
d
th
e
tr
en
d
s
an
d
p
atter
n
s
o
f
Sco
p
u
s
-
in
d
ex
ed
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
L
L
Ms a
n
d
NL
P o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
it
ies s
id
e
-
by
-
s
id
e
ch
allen
g
es b
y
co
u
n
t
r
y
/ter
r
ito
r
y
,
s
u
b
ject
ar
ea
,
af
f
iliatio
n
,
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
p
o
n
s
o
r
,
citatio
n
,
an
d
k
ey
wo
r
d
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
;
an
d
e
v
al
u
ated
th
e
p
atter
n
s
o
f
Sco
p
u
s
-
in
d
ex
e
d
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
L
L
Ms
an
d
NL
P
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
b
y
its
in
tellectu
al
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
a
p
p
licatio
n
a
r
ea
s
,
n
o
m
e
n
clatu
r
es,
an
d
o
p
en
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
ar
ea
s
.
I
n
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
n
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
L
L
Ms
an
d
NL
P
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
s
id
e
-
by
-
s
id
e
ch
allen
g
es
b
y
co
u
n
tr
y
/ter
r
ito
r
y
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
f
ir
m
s
a
wid
en
in
g
AI
-
d
iv
id
e
am
o
n
g
c
o
u
n
tr
ies,
s
o
cieties,
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
,
a
n
d
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
wh
o
h
av
e
b
ee
n
alien
ated
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
-
d
iv
id
e
d
u
e
to
lim
ited
a
cc
ess
ib
ilit
y
to
d
ig
ital
d
ev
ices
an
d
to
o
ls
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
laid
o
u
t
th
is
n
ew
r
esear
ch
ar
ea
in
co
n
t
r
ast to
th
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
s
tu
d
y
o
n
L
L
M
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
[
2
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
20
24
:
252
-
2
6
3
260
I
n
th
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
a
r
ea
an
aly
s
is
in
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
s
id
e
-
by
-
s
id
e
c
h
a
llen
g
es,
we
o
b
s
er
v
e
a
d
o
m
in
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
u
ter
s
cien
ce
s
u
b
ject
ar
e
a,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
co
n
s
eq
u
en
t
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
t,
an
d
th
e
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
u
b
je
ct
ar
ea
,
wh
ich
r
ev
ea
ls
th
e
c
r
u
cial
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
o
n
s
o
cieta
l
is
s
u
es
an
d
co
n
ce
r
n
s
with
in
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
.
I
n
th
e
af
f
iliatio
n
an
aly
s
is
,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
ac
ad
em
e
a
n
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
as
af
f
iliatio
n
o
f
au
th
o
r
s
is
a
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
in
th
e
a
d
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
.
I
n
th
e
f
u
n
d
in
g
s
p
o
n
s
o
r
an
al
y
s
is
,
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
iti
es
an
d
c
h
allen
g
es
cu
t
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
i
o
u
s
p
r
i
v
ate
an
d
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
ar
ea
s
.
I
n
th
e
citatio
n
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
to
p
1
0
cited
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
,
co
m
m
o
n
d
o
m
ain
s
in
clu
d
e
th
o
s
e
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
,
an
d
co
d
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
,
im
p
ly
in
g
th
at
t
h
ese
d
o
m
ain
s
p
r
esen
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
also
p
o
s
e
ch
allen
g
es,
an
d
v
ice
v
e
r
s
a.
I
n
th
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
c
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
co
m
m
o
n
clu
s
ter
s
in
clu
d
e
tech
n
ical
ar
ea
s
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
n
AI
,
C
h
atb
o
ts
,
an
d
L
L
M
an
d
NL
P
task
s
,
an
d
th
e
f
u
r
th
er
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
as
a
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
ch
allen
g
e.
Similar
to
th
e
s
u
b
ject
ar
ea
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
c
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
e
d
o
m
in
an
ce
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
s
c
ien
ce
s
u
b
ject
ar
ea
f
o
r
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
c
h
allen
g
es.
W
e
also
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
t
h
e
e
x
p
l
o
r
atio
n
o
f
o
p
e
n
r
esear
c
h
p
r
o
b
lem
s
as
id
en
tifie
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
I
n
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
asp
ec
t,
o
p
en
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
clu
d
e
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
war
d
s
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
L
L
Ms
an
d
NL
P.
On
th
e
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
id
e,
to
p
ics
in
clu
d
e
h
u
m
a
n
-
AI
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
i
p
,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
to
p
ics
co
v
er
e
d
b
y
eth
ical
AI
s
u
ch
as
e
x
p
lain
ab
le
AI
,
i
n
clu
s
iv
ity
,
an
d
th
e
wid
e
n
in
g
AI
-
d
iv
id
e.
W
e
m
u
s
t
co
m
e
u
p
with
AI
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
u
n
eth
ical
u
s
es
o
f
AI
-
g
en
er
ate
d
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
ese
n
ew
r
esear
ch
ar
ea
s
in
co
n
tr
ast
to
o
th
er
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
L
L
M
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
B
o
th
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ch
alle
n
g
es
m
u
s
t
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
r
es
ea
r
ch
.
No
te
t
h
at
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
b
iased
to
w
ar
d
s
Sco
p
u
s
-
in
d
ex
ed
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
an
d
th
o
s
e
th
at
ar
e
wr
it
ten
in
E
n
g
lis
h
.
T
h
u
s
,
we
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
s
cien
tific
lan
d
s
ca
p
es u
s
in
g
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
d
atab
ases
,
s
u
ch
as Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
an
d
W
o
S
,
o
r
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
r
esear
ch
d
atab
ases
.
W
e
also
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
at
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
o
cu
s
o
f
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
o
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es,
we
h
av
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
e
d
h
er
e
a
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
(
4
6
,
1
4
9
,
a
n
d
4
4
)
,
in
c
o
n
tr
ast
to
o
th
er
r
e
v
iew
p
a
p
er
s
th
at
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
th
o
u
s
an
d
s
o
f
p
u
b
lica
tio
n
s
.
Ov
er
all,
p
u
b
licati
o
n
s
o
n
L
L
M
a
n
d
NL
P
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
p
r
ese
n
t
n
ew
c
h
allen
g
es,
wh
ile
n
ew
ch
allen
g
es
b
ec
o
m
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
m
u
ch
lik
e
a
d
o
u
b
le
-
ed
g
ed
s
wo
r
d
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
T.
A
l
q
a
h
t
a
n
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
h
e
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
t
r
o
l
e
o
f
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
,
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
ss
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
l
a
r
g
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
mo
d
e
l
s
i
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
”
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
i
n
S
o
c
i
a
l
a
n
d
A
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
ra
t
i
v
e
P
h
a
rm
a
c
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
6
–
1
2
4
2
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
s
a
p
h
a
r
m
.
2
0
2
3
.
0
5
.
0
1
6
.
[
2
]
L.
C
h
e
n
,
P
.
C
h
e
n
,
a
n
d
Z.
Li
n
,
“
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
I
EE
E
Ac
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
p
p
.
7
5
2
6
4
–
7
5
2
7
8
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
2
0
.
2
9
8
8
5
1
0
.
[
3
]
U
.
P
a
g
a
l
l
o
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Th
e
u
n
d
e
r
u
se
o
f
A
I
i
n
t
h
e
h
e
a
l
t
h
se
c
t
o
r
:
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
y
c
o
st
s,
su
c
c
e
ss
s
t
o
r
i
e
s,
r
i
s
k
s
a
n
d
r
e
c
o
mm
e
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
H
e
a
l
t
h
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
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