TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 15, No. 2, August 201
5, pp. 277 ~
283
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
15i2.810
9
277
Re
cei
v
ed Ma
y 16, 201
5; Revi
sed
Jul
y
1, 2015; Accept
ed Jul
y
17, 2
015
Proposed SMART Traffic Control Signal in Brunei
Darussalam
Bibi Ra
w
i
y
a
h Mulung
*,
Andino Masel
eno
Electrical E
ngi
neer
ing D
e
p
a
rtment, F
a
cult
y
of
Engin
eer
ing,
Institut
T
e
knologi Bru
nei,
Neg
a
ra Brun
ei
Daruss
alam
Comp
uter Scie
nce Progr
am, Univers
i
ti Brun
ei Dar
u
ssal
a
m,
Neg
a
ra Brun
ei
Daruss
alam
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: ra
w
i
ya
h32
93
@hotmai
l
.co.u
k
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
h
is pa
per pr
e
s
ents pro
pos
e
d
SMART
(Systematic
M
o
n
i
torin
g
of Arteri
al R
oad T
r
affic
Sign
als
)
traffic control s
i
gna
l i
n
Bru
nei
Daruss
ala
m
. T
r
affic con
gestio
n
d
ue to
stops
and
de
lays
at traffic lig
ht sig
n
a
l
s
has
muc
h
b
e
e
n
co
mp
lai
n
e
d
abo
ut in Br
un
e
i
Dar
u
ssa
l
a
m
as w
e
ll as
acr
o
ss the w
o
rl
d
duri
ng th
e rec
ent
ye
a
r
s. Th
e
r
e
a
r
e
p
r
im
a
r
i
l
y
two
typ
e
s
o
f
tra
ffi
c si
g
n
a
l
con
t
ro
l
s
i
n
Bru
n
e
i
Da
russa
l
a
m
.
Th
e
mo
st co
mmo
n
one
is the fixed or
pre-ti
me
d sign
al op
erati
on traffic li
ght a
nd
the other o
ne i
s
t
he actuated
signa
l op
erati
o
n
traffic light. Althou
gh the actu
ated sig
n
a
l
con
t
rol is mor
e
effi
cient than th
e fixed or pre-fix
e
d sign
al contr
o
l
in
the sense that
it provides few
e
r st
ops and d
e
lays to traffic on the major ar
teries, the best
option for Bru
nei
Daruss
ala
m
w
oul
d b
e
to
intr
oduc
e s
m
art tr
affic contro
l si
gna
l. T
h
is typ
e
of traffic s
i
g
nal
uses
artific
i
a
l
intell
ig
ence
to
take the
ap
pro
p
riate
actio
n
b
y
adj
ustin
g
the
times in
rea
l
ti
me
to
mi
ni
mis
e
the
del
ay i
n
th
e
intersecti
on w
h
ile
also
co
ordi
n
a
ting w
i
th
inter
s
ections
in t
he
nei
ghb
our
hoo
d
.
SMART
Sign
al si
multan
eo
u
s
ly
collects ev
ent-
base
d
hig
h
-res
o
luti
on traffic data from
multi
p
le inters
ections
and ge
nerat
es
real-ti
m
e sig
n
a
l
perfor
m
a
n
ce
me
asur
es, incl
udi
ng
arteria
l
travel ti
me,
nu
mb
er of sto
p
s, que
ue
le
ngth,
intersecti
on
d
e
la
y
,
and
leve
l of se
rvice. In Brun
ei
Daruss
ala
m
,
w
here w
e
hav
e nu
merous
int
e
rsectio
n
s w
h
e
r
e sever
a
l arte
ri
a
l
roads ar
e link
e
d to one a
noth
e
r, T
he SMART
signal
traffic control
meth
od
shoul
d be i
m
pl
emente
d
.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
smart traffic,
traffi
c congesti
on c
ontrol, Brun
ei
Daruss
ala
m
Copy
right
©
2015 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
Brunei
Darussalam, officia
lly the Nation
of
Brunei, the Abode of Peace is a so
vereign
state locate
d
on the north
coast of the
island of
Borneo, in Sout
hea
st Asia [1]. Apart from its
coa
s
tline
wit
h
the So
uth
Chi
na Se
a, it is
co
m
p
le
tely surro
und
ed by th
e
state of Sa
ra
wak,
Malaysia; a
n
d
it is sepa
ra
ted into two
parts by
the
Sara
wa
k di
strict of Lim
b
a
ng. The t
w
o
main
se
ction
s
und
er the Depa
rt
ment of Roa
d
s which
are
respon
sibl
e for the plan
ni
ng, con
s
tructi
on
and m
ana
ge
ment of the
road
net
work system
in B
r
unei
Daru
ssalam a
r
e
Ro
ad Con
s
tru
c
ti
on
Section (S
RC) and Road M
anag
ement Road Mainte
na
nce (S
RM
) [2].
The Ro
ad Con
s
tru
c
tion
Section (SRC) is
re
sp
onsi
b
le for developin
g
n
e
w ro
ad
s,
high
ways, sl
ip road
s, junction
s, rou
ndab
outs, b
r
idge
s an
d flyovers are
planned a
n
d
impleme
n
ted
[2].
It is also respon
sibl
e
for the acce
ss to the ru
ral comm
uniti
es an
d also
th
e
Public
Works Depa
rtment
had con
s
tru
c
t
ed (a
s of De
cemb
er 2
010
): 26 Flyovers, 84 Signali
s
ed
Traffic
Light
s
and
8
Rou
n
d
about
s [2]. After the
proje
c
ts a
r
e
co
mplet
ed by th
e
Ro
ad
Con
s
tru
c
ti
on
Section
(S
RC), th
e m
a
in
tenan
ce
of t
he inf
r
a
s
tru
c
ture
s
on th
e
road,
mainly
the
roa
d
it
self,
bridg
e
s,
ro
ad
-sid
e d
r
ai
ns,
traffic lig
hts are
ta
ken
care
of by th
e Road
Main
tenan
ce Se
ct
ion
(SRM
). The
Roa
d
Ma
n
ageme
n
t Ro
ad Mai
n
tena
nce
(SRM)
overloo
k
s th
e Traffic Li
ght
Manag
eme
n
t Unit. Th
e Area T
r
affic
Co
ntrol
(ATC)
was
esta
blish
e
d
in 2
002
an
d was
re
nam
ed
Traffic Ma
nag
ement Ce
ntre
(TMC) in 201
2. It
currently manag
es traffic light jun
c
tio
n
s.
Some resea
r
che
r
s have
studied
sma
r
t
traffic
co
ntrol sy
stem.
Hasa
n [3] p
r
o
posed
a
method fo
r d
e
termini
ng traffic co
nge
sti
on on
ro
ad
s
usin
g imag
e
pro
c
e
ssi
ng te
chni
que
s a
n
d
a
model for
con
t
rolling traffic
sign
als ba
se
d
on informatio
n received fro
m
image
s of road
s take
n b
y
video
came
ra
. Naya
k et
al.
[4] de
scrib
e
s
a
meth
od t
o
solve the
p
r
oble
m
of i
n
visibility of traffic
sign
al cau
s
e
d
by hu
ge ve
hicle
s
bl
ockin
g
the vi
e
w
, p
r
event traffic
con
g
e
s
tion at
toll gate
s
an
d
give advanced collisi
on warning to
the drivers. Col
o
tta et al.
[5] proposed smart traffic light
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 15, No. 2, August 2015 : 277 –
283
278
junctio
n
ma
n
ageme
n
t u
s
in
g wi
rele
ss
se
nso
r
n
e
two
r
ks. In Brunei
Darussal
am,
prop
osed traffic
control sign
a
l
simulta
neo
usly colle
cts
event-b
as
ed
high
-re
sol
u
tion traffic dat
a from
multi
p
le
intersectio
n
s
and gen
erate
s
real
-time si
gnal pe
rf
orm
ance mea
s
ures, inclu
d
ing
arterial trav
el
time, number
of stops, qu
e
ue length, int
e
rsectio
n
del
ay, and level of servi
c
e.
2. Traffic Sig
n
al Control
There a
r
e
p
r
imarily two ty
pes of traffic
sign
al
cont
rol
in B
r
un
ei
Da
russal
am: T
h
e fixed
or
pre
-
timed
si
g
nal o
peration
and th
e a
c
tua
t
ed si
gnal
op
eration.
Pre
-
timed traffic
co
ntrolle
rs pe
rat
e
in
a
p
r
ed
etermined and re
gularly rep
eat
ed
sequ
en
ce
of sig
nal in
di
cation
s [6]. T
he op
eration
of
the pre-time
d
traffic
sign
al
is
su
ch th
at e
a
ch
ti
me, a
si
gnal
pha
se
or traffic m
o
ve
ment is servi
c
ed
in a pro
g
ra
m
m
ed sequ
en
ce that is re
pe
ated thro
ugh
out the day. Main str
eet traffic
rec
e
ives
a
fixed amount
of gree
n time followed
by the
ambe
r and
red
cl
eara
n
ce intervals. The
sa
me
interval timing is the repe
a
t
ed for the minor or
si
de
street. The am
ount of time it takes to se
rvice
all confli
cting
traffic move
ments i
s
refe
rre
d to
as th
e
cycle le
ngth.
The si
gnal ti
mings
and
cy
cle
length
s
may
vary by time
of day to reflect c
han
ge
s i
n
traffic volu
mes
and
pattern
s. Durin
g
pea
k
traffic pe
riod
s for exampl
e, cycl
e len
g
t
hs may
ran
ge fro
m
90
-1
28
second
s t
o
a
cco
mmod
a
te
heavier vol
u
mes, pa
rticul
arly on the
bu
sier
arte
ri
al ro
adways. Duri
ng off pea
k ti
mes of d
a
y, cycle
length
s
are redu
ced
as tra
ffic volumes
are m
u
ch lig
h
t
er and
therefore n
o
t mu
ch
of gre
en tim
e
is
requi
re
d to effectively servi
c
e all movem
ents.
Figure 1. Simplified diag
ra
m of actuat
ed
traffic sign
al control syste
m
Actuated
sig
n
a
l co
ntrol
differs from
pre-t
i
med in
th
at it req
u
ire
s
actu
ation by a ve
hicle
or
pede
stria
n
in
order fo
r ce
rtain pha
se
s or tra
ffic mo
vements to b
e
servi
c
ed. F
i
gure 1 sho
w
s
simplified dia
g
ram of actu
ated traffic si
gnal co
nt
rol
system. Actu
ation is
achi
eved by vehicle
detectio
n
dev
ice
s
an
d pe
d
e
stria
n
p
u
sh
buttons. T
he
most
comm
o
n
metho
d
of
detectin
g
veh
i
cle
s
is to
install
in
ductive l
oop
wire
s in th
e p
a
vem
ent
at o
r
n
ear the
pai
nted
stop
ba
r. Video
dete
c
tion
is al
so
u
s
ed
at sel
e
ct l
o
ca
tions. A
c
tuate
d
si
gnal
s co
n
s
ist of
two
types: se
mi-a
ct
uated and
full
y-
actuate
d
. In the se
mi-a
ctu
a
ted sy
ste
m
, vehicle lo
op
s detecto
rs a
r
e
installe
d on
the minor
street
approa
che
s
a
nd p
u
sh b
u
ttons
are p
r
ovid
ed fo
r p
ede
st
rian
s wantin
g
to cro
s
s
the
major
road
wa
y.
The traffic si
gnal
s rem
a
in
green o
n
the major r
oad
way until either a cro
s
s street vehi
cle
is
detecte
d or a
pedest
r
ian p
u
sh
es the but
ton. When thi
s
occu
rs, a call is sent to the traffic sign
al
controlle
r at
approp
riate ti
me in the
cycle. T
he
mai
n
stre
et gree
n will termin
ate and time
its
clea
ran
c
e
int
e
rvals befo
r
e
the mino
r
st
reet i
s
se
rvi
c
ed. If the si
d
e
street
i
s
servicin
g vehi
cle
deman
d only, a minimum gree
n of 5-7
se
con
d
s a
r
e
provide
d
whi
c
h can exten
d
up to a pre
s
et
maximum pro
v
ided additio
nal vehicle
s
a
r
e bein
g
det
e
c
ted. After the last
vehicle
passe
s over t
h
e
detecto
r loo
p
or the
preset maximum g
r
een time
ha
s been
re
ache
d, the sig
nal
s will return to
a
gree
n
state
on the m
a
in
stre
et. In the fully
-a
ctu
a
ted sy
stem,
vehicle
det
ector loop
s
and
pede
stria
n
p
u
sh b
u
ttons
are in
stalled
on all app
roa
c
he
s. All sig
nal pha
se
s inclu
d
ing left turn
arrows have
pre
s
et mini
mum and m
a
ximum gre
e
n
s an
d will
be se
rvice
d
on dema
nd
only.
Pedest
r
ian
s
much a
c
tivate the push b
u
tton in orde
r to receive th
e indications.
A single pre
ss of
the button locks the
call in the co
ntrolle
rs memo
ry that a pede
stria
n
has requ
este
d servi
c
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Propo
se
d SMART Traffic
Control Sign
al in Brunei
Darussalam
(Bibi
Rawi
ya
h Mul
ung)
279
3. Sy
stem Model and Pro
b
lem Statem
ent
In the fixed o
r
pre-time
d si
gnal o
peratio
n, bot
h arriva
ls at the
sign
al and d
epa
rt
ure
s
of
vehicle
s
a
r
e assume
d
to be
at strictly regul
ar
i
n
te
rv
als. Thi
s
type
of co
ntrol
gi
ves a fai
r
ly g
ood
predi
ction
of delays
whe
n
the traffic i
s
light.
Ho
wever, be
cau
s
e it predi
cts
that queu
es
will
alway
s
be ex
hau
sted at th
e end of the
gree
n ph
ase,
provide
d
tha
t
the rate of
arrival d
o
e
s
not
e
x
c
e
ed
th
e ca
p
a
c
i
ty o
f
th
e ju
nc
tio
n
,
de
la
ys
ar
e
serio
u
sly u
nde
re
stimated
whe
n
arrival
rate
s
are
fairly high.
F
i
gure
2
sh
o
w
s an
urban
scen
ario
u
s
i
ng
a
c
tuate
d
traffic signal
control syste
m
.
Although act
uated sig
nal control
p
r
ovid
es gre
a
ter
efficien
cy comp
ared
to
p
r
e
-
timed sign
als by
servi
c
ing
cro
s
s stre
et traffic and pede
stri
ans only
whe
n
requi
red, fu
lly-actuate
d
si
gnal
s are mo
st
efficient at isolated lo
catio
n
s
where co
ordin
a
tion wit
h
adja
c
ent si
gnal
s is not a con
c
e
r
n a
nd
whe
r
e the int
e
rsectin
g
roa
d
way
s
have similar traffi
c volume
s. The
s
e limitations
give rise to ro
ad
con
g
e
s
t
i
on w
h
ich le
ad
s t
o
sev
e
r
a
l is
sue
s
su
ch a
s
:
1)
Road
acci
dents: A
c
cording to
statist
i
cs f
r
om the
Royal Brunei
Police F
o
rce
,
24 ro
ad
fatalities
were re
co
rd
ed in
the yea
r
2
0
13 u
p
to A
ugus
t
31 [7]. Causes of thes
e
road fatalities
differ a
nd
usually involve
carele
ss d
r
ivers
who
go
b
e
yond th
e
sp
eed limit
or u
s
e th
eir mobi
le
phon
es while
driving.
Ho
wever, an
othe
r facto
r
is
be
a
t
ing the
red
li
ght an
d b
e
in
g in
con
s
ide
r
a
t
e
and in
se
nsitiv
e to othe
r roa
d
users.
Th
e
drivers often
i
ndulg
e
in
su
ch actio
n
s due
to irritatio
n
o
r
impatien
c
e while waiting fo
r the traffic lig
hts to turn green.
2) Impa
ct on
public h
ealt
h
: Air pollutio
n
from
traffic cong
estio
n
in 83 co
untrie
s
of the
nation‘
s larg
e
s
t urb
an a
r
ea
s co
ntrib
u
te to mo
re th
an
2,200 p
r
emat
ure d
eath
s
a
nnually, co
sti
n
g
the health
sy
stem at le
ast
$18 billi
on, a
c
cordi
ng to
a
study by
Harvard School
of Public
He
a
l
th
(HSPH) [8].
3. Impa
ct on
cou
n
try‘s
eco
nomy: The
h
u
man
hou
rs l
o
st in
traffic conge
stion
ca
n impa
ct
a cou
n
try‘s
eco
nomi
c
produ
ctivity as evidenced
b
y
a repo
rt o
n
the noto
r
io
us
con
gestio
n
in
Banglad
esh‘s ca
pital [9] th
at found
workers
spent
3.2
million
bu
sin
e
ss h
ours stu
c
k in th
eir cars,
biting
n
e
a
r
ly $3
millio
n ou
t of
the $100
million econ
omy. A 2013 report from t
he Texas A&M
Tran
sp
ortatio
n
Institute fo
und that th
e finan
cial
co
st
of con
g
e
s
tion
in the
United
States in
20
11
wa
s $12
1 billion, tran
slatin
g to $818 pe
r U.S. commut
e
r.
Figure 2. An urba
n scen
ari
o
usin
g actu
a
t
ed traffic sig
nal co
ntrol sy
stem
4. Method
s a
nd Solutions
SMART Sign
al (Systemati
c Monito
ring
of Arterial Ro
ad Traffi
c Signals) sim
u
lta
neou
sly
colle
cts eve
n
t
-based hig
h
resolution traffic data
fro
m
multiple intersectio
n
s
and ge
nerates
realtime si
gn
al performan
ce mea
s
u
r
e
s
, including a
r
terial travel time, numbe
r of stops, que
ue
length, intersection d
e
lay and level of service.
SMA
R
T Signal
si
mulates the
motions of a
virtual
prob
e vehi
cle
along th
e a
r
terial
roa
d
. As the virt
ual p
r
obe move
s, it
can
ch
ang
e i
t
s own state i
n
respon
se to
the state
of traffic
around
it by accele
rati
ng, de
cele
rati
ng o
r
maintai
n
ing a
co
nsta
nt
spe
ed
at ea
ch time
step
a
s
it e
n
counte
r
s que
ue
s,
traffic si
gnal
s
and
ch
ang
es in traffi
c de
n
s
ity.
The p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
mod
e
l requi
res a
syste
m
atic a
pproa
ch
for
colle
cting
and
archivin
g hig
h
-re
s
olut
ion
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280
traffic data a
nd the devel
opment of
proce
dures a
n
d
methodol
o
g
ies for extra
c
ting a rich set
o
f
perfo
rman
ce
measures fro
m
high re
sol
u
tion data.
4.1. Sy
stem
Modelling
The SMART
Signal ha
s three m
a
jo
r compo
nent
s nam
ely the event-b
ased data
colle
ction
system, perfo
rm
ance mea
s
u
r
e cal
c
ul
ati
on
system
and u
s
er interfa
c
e.
Figure 3
sho
w
s
SMART sig
n
a
l system mo
delling.
Figure 3. SMART sig
nal system modeli
n
g
The first box sho
w
s the Data Colle
ction
System
which is impleme
n
ted in the field. Two
types of data,
the sign
al ev
ent and d
e
te
ctor a
r
e
colle
cted by the
system and
st
ored i
n
a log
file
every day. Data in differe
nt intersectio
n
s is tran
smi
tted to the master
ca
binet
by using
se
rial
ports
of co
m
puters and
th
en sent
ba
ck to
the dat
aba
se
at the
Traffic La
b. In th
e second
box
, a
rich
set
of p
e
rform
a
n
c
e
measures
a
r
e
ge
ne
rate
d
in
th
e d
a
t
a
bas
e
,
inc
l
ud
in
g b
o
t
h in
te
rs
ec
tio
n
level and
arte
rial level, such as vol
u
me,
queu
e, del
ay,
travel time a
nd othe
r relev
ant inform
atio
n
.
Users
ca
n a
c
cess i
n
form
ation
su
ch
a
s
the
volu
m
e
in o
ne
app
roach of
one
intersectio
n
i
n
a
certai
n time, as illustrated i
n
the third box.
4.2. Data
Col
l
ection Sy
stem
Two types of
event signal
s, namely vehicle
a
c
tuatio
n events and
signal ph
ase
chan
ge
events, wo
uld
be captu
r
ed
by the Data Collectio
n Sy
stem. A detector call, o
r
act
uation, indi
ca
tes
a vehicl
e a
rri
ving event a
nd that
the
vehicl
e de
man
d
s
se
rvice fo
r a
parti
cula
r motion. Sig
nal
pha
se
cha
n
g
e
s a
r
e
also
rega
rd
ed a
s
an ev
ent. T
he si
gnal
event and
dete
c
tor
event are
acq
u
ire
d
sep
a
rately from t
he d
a
ta
colle
ction
units
lo
cated
in th
e t
r
affic
sig
nal
cabinet
s. Vehi
cle
actuatio
n eve
n
ts are captu
r
ed
by in
du
ctive loop dete
c
tors, wh
ose indu
ctan
ce can
be ch
ang
ed
whe
n
a vehicle passe
s by.
Detectio
n un
its in t
he ca
b
i
net conve
r
t the ch
ang
e of inducta
nce to
the cha
nge
o
f
voltage and
a typical digi
tal signal
i
s
sent out to the back pa
nel
after modul
ation
whi
c
h
will be
use
d
by the
traffic contro
ller in
the
ca
binet. Signal
status i
s
d
e
termin
ed by t
h
e
controlle
r and
a high/lo
w di
gital cont
rol signal is
se
nt
out to swit
ch
the traffic ligh
t
s. The sco
p
e
is
expand
ed to
a group
of co
nse
c
utive inte
rse
c
tion
s
on
ar
teri
als. At e
a
ch i
n
terse
c
ti
on, an i
ndu
strial
PC with a
da
ta acq
u
isition
card is i
n
sta
lled,
and eve
n
t data coll
ected at each i
n
tersectio
n
a
r
e
transmitted to the data serve
r
in the mast
e
r
controlle
r ca
binet throu
g
h the existing
comm
uni
cati
on line bet
we
en sig
nali
s
ed
intersectio
n
s.
The el
ement
s of data
coll
e
c
tion
at ea
ch
intersectio
n
can e
s
sentially
be divid
ed i
n
to two
categ
o
rie
s
: the existing t
r
affic si
gnal
element
s an
d the additio
nal data
coll
ection el
eme
n
ts.
Existing elem
ents in
clu
de t
he vehi
cle de
tection u
n
it
s,
the traffic
sig
nal controll
er,
and the
ba
ck
panel
of th
e
traffic
cabi
ne
t. The a
dditi
onal
co
mpon
ents i
n
cl
ude
a Traffic
Co
n
t
roller Interfa
c
e
Device (CID), Traffic Event
Re
corde
r
sof
t
ware
progra
m
and a
Traff
i
c Lo
g Data
b
a
se. Th
e CI
D is
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Propo
se
d SMART Traffic
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Darussalam
(Bibi
Rawi
ya
h Mul
ung)
281
a pie
c
e
of h
a
rd
wa
re
whi
c
h phy
sically
con
n
e
c
ts
th
e
existing
traff
i
c sign
al com
pone
nts with
an
indu
strial
co
mputer in
stall
ed in the cab
i
net on
site.
As the vehicl
e actuatio
n e
v
ents and
sig
nal
status
chan
g
e
, events
will
be
finally re
pre
s
ente
d
by the
high
-lo
w
voltage
chan
ges on
the
b
a
ck
panel, digital
data acquisiti
on ca
rd can be use
d
to
capture the
s
e
events. Figu
re 4 sho
w
s traffic
data coll
ectio
n
comp
one
nt.
Figure 4. Traf
fic data coll
ection Comp
on
ent
4.3. Data Pro
cessing
The first mo
d
u
le in this p
r
o
c
ed
ure i
s
call
ed Data Ve
rifi
cation, which
examine
s
all the ra
w
records to
see whethe
r t
here
are
so
me erro
rs
in
the data
se
t. The se
co
n
d
mod
u
le i
s
the
prep
ro
ce
ssin
g mo
dule,
whi
c
h
gen
erates
so
me
basi
c
mea
s
u
r
es fro
m
th
e raw data.
The
prep
ro
ce
ssed
data has
4 g
r
oup
s, in terms of vo
lume
, occu
pan
cy, sign
al state a
nd timing pla
n
,
and
all the
f
u
ture
pe
rformance m
e
a
s
ure
s
are
ba
sed o
n
th
ese
pre
-
processe
d data.
The
t
h
ird
level of the d
a
ta pro
c
e
s
sin
g
is the p
e
rf
orma
nce me
asu
r
e
cal
c
ula
t
ion. In this p
a
rt, agg
regat
ed
volume, del
a
y
, queue
si
ze
, queu
e le
ngt
h, travel time
, etc
are
de
ri
ved from
p
r
e-pro
c
e
s
sed
da
ta
usin
g differe
nt algorithm
s. Finally, the
gener
ated measures ca
n be visuali
s
ed and pu
bli
s
he
d
throug
h va
rio
u
s te
ch
niqu
e
s
fo
r
road
u
s
ers a
nd tra
ffic e
ngin
eers.
Based
on
the
differe
nt types
of
perfo
rman
ce measures,
di
agno
si
s
an
d fine-tune of
traffics, sig
nal
s can b
e
a
c
h
i
eved. Figu
re
5
sho
w
s flow chart of data p
r
ocess.
Figure 5. Flow ch
art of dat
a pro
c
e
s
s
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283
282
4.4. Arterial
Performan
c
e
Measure
The
a
r
terial p
e
rform
a
n
c
e measurement
empha
si
sed
on is travel time estim
a
tio
n
. Travel
time is one
of
the m
o
st im
p
o
rtant
arte
rial
pe
rf
orma
nce
mea
s
u
r
e
s
fo
r evalu
a
ting t
he o
peration
of
traffic netwo
rk and a
c
curate and relia
ble
travel ti
me information be
comes in
crea
singly importa
nt
for traffic e
n
g
i
neers. Trave
l
time is al
so
one of
the
most un
de
rst
ood me
asure
s
for
roa
d
users,
helpin
g
them
make inform
ed de
ci
sion
s
on travel
ch
oi
ce
s,
hen
ce a
v
oid
unn
ecessary delay.
T
h
e
high-re
solutio
n
event-b
ase
d
dete
c
tor
an
d sig
nal
statu
s
data are
o
b
tained as d
e
scrib
ed
e
a
rli
e
r.
The availabili
ty of time-sta
mped
signal
status a
nd lo
op dete
c
tor d
a
ta essentiall
y allows u
s
to
recon
struct
the hi
story of
traffic
sign
al
event
s alon
g the
arte
rial
stre
et. The
time-de
pen
de
nt
travel time is
estimated
by
tracin
g the vi
rt
ual p
r
ob
e a
nd dete
r
mini
n
g
its next ma
noeuvre ba
se
d
on estimate
d
traffic state
s
. At each time step, t
he virtu
a
l prob
e ha
s three po
ssibl
e
manoe
uvre
s:
accele
ration, deceleration and
c
onsta
nt
spee
d. The manoe
uvre d
e
ci
sion is d
e
termin
ed by its
own
status a
nd its su
rrou
nding tra
ffi
c condition
s. State variable
s
o
f
the virtual probe in
clu
de i
t
s
positio
n,
spe
ed
and accel
e
ration rate. Surro
undi
ng
t
r
a
ffic state
s
i
n
clu
de the
status of the q
ueue
ahea
d of the virtual prob
e and the si
gnal statu
s
. The traffic st
ates are examined to ma
ke
manoe
uvre
selectio
n, and
thus dete
r
min
e
the sp
e
ed
and po
sition
of the prob
e in the next time
step. All the t
r
affic
states
can be
cal
c
ul
a
t
ed ba
sed
on
the availabili
ty of event-b
ase
d
traffic
d
a
ta
at the intersection
s. The
step-by
-ste
p
manoeuv
re
sele
ction
con
t
inues u
n
til the virtual probe
rea
c
he
s the
destin
a
tion a
nd the differe
nce b
e
twe
en
the starting ti
me and the e
nding time is
the
arterial travel time.
5. Conclusio
n
The SMA
R
T
-
Signal
traffic
cont
rol m
e
thod h
a
s proven its effe
ctivene
ss in
a
study
con
d
u
c
ted by
asso
ciate
professor
Henry Liu of the
University of Mi
nne
sota’
s
De
partme
n
t of Civil
Enginee
ring
to imp
r
ove traffic man
age
ment on
urb
an a
r
terial
corri
dors. T
h
e
system
is n
o
w
deploye
d
at
more
than
10
0 interse
c
tion
s o
n
maj
o
r
art
e
rial
co
rri
dors in Min
n
e
s
ota
and P
a
sade
na,
California. In
2011, the
Uni
v
ersity
of Min
nesotas
Office of Te
chnol
o
g
y Comm
erci
alizatio
n sig
n
e
d
a
licen
sing a
g
ree
m
ent wit
h
sta
r
t-u
p
co
mpany
SMA
R
T Sig
nal T
e
chn
o
logie
s
In
c. to
omme
rcialize
the sy
stem. F
undin
g
a
nd i
n
-kin
d
sup
p
o
r
t for th
e SMA
R
T Sig
nal
sy
stem
have
be
en p
r
ovide
d
by
the Minne
sot
a
Dep
a
rtme
n
t
of Transp
o
r
tation,
the ITS Institute, t
he Minnesota Local Road
Re
sea
r
ch Bo
ard,
Hen
nepi
n County, an
d the
Nati
on
a
l
Coo
p
e
r
ative
High
way
Re
sea
r
ch Program.
In Brunei
Da
russal
am, we
have the
La
mbak Kana
n
I/S situated
in Bera
ka
s.
This i
n
terse
c
tion
lead
s to seve
ral de
stinatio
ns nam
ely Ja
lan Pengh
ub
ung Berakas:
Lamba
k Kan
an Ho
usin
g a
n
d
Industri
a
l Est
a
tes, Salam
b
igar, Ta
nah
Jambu, Ma
da
ng, Mang
gis,
Brunei Inte
rnational Airp
ort,
and Band
ar S
e
ri Bega
wa
n. We al
so have
another
exa
m
ple of a co
mplex interse
c
tion nam
ely the
Bukit Pangg
al I/S situated in the district of
Tuton
g
. The roa
d
s emergi
ng from this sp
ecific
intersectio
n
lead to alan Bukit Pangg
al (so
u
thwest
-bou
nd exit only): Bukit Panggal, Lu
a
gan
Dud
o
k, Sina
u
t, Lamunin, Jalan Bu
kit Pangg
al (n
orth
east-bou
nd e
x
it only): Bukit Panggal.
We
have several
more
com
p
le
x interse
c
tion
s like the
s
e i
n
Brun
ei Darussalam. T
h
e
prop
osed m
odel
coul
d the
r
efo
r
e b
e
impl
em
ented in
Bru
n
e
i Da
ru
ssal
a
m
to overco
m
e
the p
r
o
b
le
ms a
c
tually
b
e
ing
cau
s
e
d
by the fixed or pre
-
ti
med si
gnal
operation traf
fic light and t
he actu
ated
sign
al ope
rati
on
traffic light. In Brunei
Darussalam,
whe
r
e
we hav
e n
u
m
ero
u
s inte
rsection
s whe
r
e seve
ral a
r
te
rial
road
s
are li
nke
d
to
one
anoth
e
r, T
he SM
ART-Signal
traffic
co
ntrol met
hod sh
ould be
impleme
n
ted.
Referen
ces
[1]
W
i
kiped
ia. Bru
nei. http://en.
w
i
kipe
dia.or
g/
w
i
k
i
/Brune
i. 201
5.
[2]
Publ
ic W
o
rks Dep
a
rtment. Road Serv
ices. http://
w
w
w
.
p
w
d
.
gov.bn, Ne
gar
a Brune
i Darus
s
alam, 20
15.
[3] Hasan
MM.
S
m
art traffic control system
with applic
ation of
im
age pr
oc
ess
i
ng techniques
.
International
Confer
ence
on
Informatics, Electronics & Vis
i
on (ICIEV). Dh
aka, Bang
la
de
sh. 2014: 1-
4.
[4]
Nay
a
k
RR, S
a
hana SK, B
a
galkot AS,
Soum
y
a
M,
Ro
op
a J, Go
vi
nd
a RM, R
a
ma
ve
n
k
a
t
e
s
w
a
ra
n N.
Smart traffic cong
estio
n
cont
rol us
ing
w
i
re
l
e
ss Comm
uni
cation.
Inter
n
a
t
iona
l Jo
urna
l
of Advanc
e
d
Rese
arch in C
o
mputer a
nd C
o
mmunic
a
tio
n
Engi
neer
in
g
. 2013; 2(9).
[5]
Collotta M, Giuffre T
,
Pau G, Scata G. Smart
T
r
affic Light Ju
nctio
n
Mana
geme
n
t
Using
W
i
rel
e
s
s
Sensor N
e
t
w
or
ks.
WSEAS
Tr
ansactions on Comm
unications.
2014; 1
3
.
[6]
Kurni
a
w
a
n F
,
Derma
w
a
n D,
Dinar
ya
nto O,
Ira
w
at
i M. Pre-
T
i
med and C
o
ordi
nated T
r
affic Contro
ll
er
S
y
stems Bas
e
d on AVR Micr
ocontro
ller.
TELKOMNIKA.
2014; 12(
4): 787
-794.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Propo
se
d SMART Traffic
Control Sign
al in Brunei
Darussalam
(Bibi
Rawi
ya
h Mul
ung)
283
[7]
Ro
yal Br
une
i Police F
o
rc
e. Statistics of Roa
d
Accide
nts. Negar
a Brun
ei D
a
russa
lam. 20
13.
[8]
Harvard
Scho
ol of P
ubl
ic
Hea
l
th. Emi
ssions from
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tion ma
y s
h
orten l
i
ves
.
http://
w
w
w
.
hs
p
h
.harvar
d
.ed
u
/ne
w
s/hs
ph-i
n
-the-n
e
w
s
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-
p
ollution-traffic-lev
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[9]
Smith C. Green Idea: Self-or
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izin
g T
r
affi
c Signa
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n
iv
e
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o
kyo
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Japa
n. 201
0.
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