TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 12, No. 10, Octobe
r 20
14, pp. 7249
~ 725
2
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
12i8.634
7
7249
Re
cei
v
ed Ma
y 31, 201
4; Revi
sed
Jul
y
2
7
, 2014; Acce
pted Augu
st 15, 2014
Generation and Analysis of Harmonic for Various
Combinations of Non-linear Load
Su
v
a
brata M
u
kherjee
1
, Kunal Cha
k
ra
bort
y
*
1
, Rahul Raush
a
n
2
, Dipak Kum
a
r Dut
t
a
3
1
Departme
n
t of Electrical En
gi
neer
ing, NSH
M
Kno
w
l
edg
e Camp
us
Durg
apur, W
e
s
t
Bengal,7
13
21
2, India, Ph./F
ax: 03
43-2
5
3
3
8
13/03
43-
253
40
25
1
Departme
n
t of Electrical En
gi
neer
ing,
IMPS Coll
eg
e of Engi
neer
ing & T
e
chnol
og
y
Mald
a, W
e
st Beng
al,7
321
03,
India,
Ph./F
ax:
035
12-2
7
1
5
5
5
/035
12-2
7
8
1
1
5
2
Departme
n
t of Electrical En
gi
neer
ing,
IMPS Coll
eg
e of Engi
neer
ing & T
e
chnol
og
y
Mald
a, W
e
st Beng
al,7
321
03,
India,
Ph./F
ax:
035
12-2
7
1
5
5
5
/035
12-2
7
8
1
1
5
3
Departme
n
t of Computer Sci
ence & En
gin
e
e
rin
g
, IMPS Colleg
e
of Eng
i
ne
erin
g & T
e
chnolog
y
Mald
a,W
e
st Benga
l,73
210
3, Indi
a,
Ph./F
ax: 035
12-2
7
1
5
5
5
/035
12-2
7
8
1
1
5
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: elec.en
g
g
0
7
@
gmai
l.com
1
, kuna
lin
dia
n
0
0
3
@
gmai
l.com
1
,
rahu
lraus
ha
n2
012
@gma
il.co
m
2
, dddipak
76
@gmai
l
.com
3
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
h
is p
aper
ref
e
rs to
a co
mp
arative
study
of
the
har
mo
ni
cs ge
nerate
d
by n
on-l
i
ne
ar l
oads
lik
e
compact fluor
e
scent la
mps (C
F
L
). T
h
is w
o
rk
is carri
e
d
out b
y
me
asuri
ng th
e freque
ncy ac
ross the sup
p
l
y
line
by
us
ing
CF
L a
l
on
g w
i
t
h
a
resistiv
e
l
oad.
Here
CF
L ar
e us
ed
as
they
are
no
n
-
line
a
r
loa
d
s
a
nd
generate frequencies of ve
ry high value. We have us
ed three CFL of
different ratings such as 5Watt,
14W
att and 2
0
W
att.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
ha
rmo
n
ics, ne
utral lin
e, no
n-li
ne
ar loa
d
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1.
Introducti
on
The mathemati
c
al
definition of
harm
oni
cs,
gene
rally me
an when
we
use th
e inte
gral
orde
rs of fun
damental freq
uen
cie
s
. In powe
r
sy
stem
harm
oni
cs: th
e cu
rre
nts o
r
the voltages
are
having
with frequ
en
cie
s
that are integ
e
r multip
l
e
s
(h=0, 1,
2…
N) of the fu
nd
amental
power
freque
ncy [1
-2]. Whe
n
a
switchi
ng
po
wer
sup
p
ly di
storts the
cu
rre
n
t, harm
oni
cs at multiple
s
of
the po
wer lin
e freq
uen
cy
are g
ene
rate
d. Two
sig
n
ificant
con
s
e
q
uen
ce
s ari
s
e
as a
re
sult
of
harm
oni
c ge
n
e
ration.
First, be
cau
s
e
of f
i
nite impe
dan
ce
s of
po
wer line
s
, voltag
e variatio
ns a
r
e
gene
rated th
at other eq
ui
pment on the
line must tol
e
rate. Secon
d
, when
gen
erated i
n
a th
ree
-
pha
se sy
ste
m
[3-6], harmonics may
cau
s
e ove
r
h
e
a
ting of neutral lines, be
ca
use n
eutral lines
are
not fu
sed
or protecte
d
by circuit
bre
a
ke
rs.T
hu
s o
v
erheatin
g of
neutral
cond
u
c
tors in
a
thre
e-
pha
se lin
e ca
n ca
use a
sig
n
ificant
safet
y
haza
r
d
and
dama
ge the
total elect
r
ica
l
netwo
rk [4-6].
Such d
a
magi
ng occu
rren
ces a
r
e u
s
uall
y
attribut
able
to the use of
single
-
ph
ase
loads
attach
ed
to three
-
p
h
a
s
e or si
ngle
-
p
hase
wirin
g
system
s.
Excessive ne
utral current i
s
ca
used by t
h
e
existen
c
e of "triplen" ha
rm
onics [2-6], which a
dd in serie
s
in the n
eutral line.
Figure 1. Current and Volt
age Waveforms for Non
-
linear L
oad
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 10, Octobe
r 2014: 724
9
– 7252
7250
Figure 2. Fund
am
ental and 3
rd H
armoni
cs
It is found tha
t
the current
distortio
n
s
are rela
te
d to the re
ctifier vo
ltage gain M,
whi
c
h is
defined a
s
:
Whe
r
e, V
0
i
s
rectifie
r out
pu
t voltage an
d
V
lp
is in
put li
ne-lin
e p
e
a
k
voltage. The
highe
r the
M
is
,
the lower th
e
harm
oni
cs
b
e
com
e
. A larger M
mea
n
s
a hi
gh o
u
t
put voltage,
yielding a
hi
g
h
voltage stre
ss on the devi
c
e
s
.
Figure 3. A Single-switch T
h
ree
-
p
h
a
s
e Boost Rectifier
2. Triplen Ha
rmonics
Triple
n ha
rm
onics a
r
e th
ose
harmoni
cs th
at are
odd multipl
e
of three ti
mes the
fundame
n
tal, i.e.,
3
rd
, 9
th
, 15
th
, 21
st
h
a
rmonics
etc.In
low-voltage
distrib
u
tion li
ne of the
thre
e
-
pha
se fou
r
-wi
r
e
system [3
-6], the neutra
l con
d
u
c
to
r
current in
cre
a
s
e
s
by the
cu
rre
nt mainly
on
third
harmoni
c
wave
whi
c
h
doe
s not
ha
ve the
pha
se
rotatio
n
u
n
d
e
r th
e
con
d
ition
while
bal
a
n
ce
of the load i
s
removed, at
the time of the
harmoni
c g
eneration e
q
uipment i
s
co
ntained fo
r the
load. The in
cre
a
se of su
ch current in
neutral con
ducto
r is ma
de to increa
se the wavef
o
rm
distortio
n
of receivin
g end
voltage, and
due to this va
riou
s wavefo
rm interfere
n
ces are ari
s
in
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Gene
ration &
Analysi
s of Harm
onic for V
a
riou
s
Com
b
ination
s
of… (Suvab
rata M
u
kh
erje
e)
7251
3. Experimental Setup
Table 1. Auto
-tran
s
fo
rmer
without Lo
ad
Table 2. Auto
-tran
s
fo
rmer
with a 14 watt CFL Lam
p
Table 3. Co
n
necte
d with Auto-tra
nsfo
rm
er with 20
wa
tt CFL Lamp
Table 4. Co
n
necte
d with Auto-tra
nsfo
rm
er with 5 watt and 20 watt CFL La
mp in
Parallel
Figure 4. Experime
n
tal Setup for Ob
se
rving
Harmoni
cs G
eneration wit
h
a Non
-
line
a
r
Load
(20 watt CFL
)
Figure 5. Experime
n
tal Setup for Ob
se
rving
Harmoni
cs G
eneration wit
h
a Non
-
line
a
r
Load
(pa
r
allel
CFL
for 5 watt & 20 watt)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 10, Octobe
r 2014: 724
9
– 7252
7252
4. Results a
nd Discu
ssi
on
The Comp
arative study b
e
twee
n the d
i
fferent
non
-li
near l
oad
s al
ong
with the
different
line voltage
s are
do
ne i
n
Elect
r
ical
Machi
ne
Lab
orato
r
y in
NSHM Kno
w
l
edge
Ca
mpu
s
,
Durgap
ur,
West Be
ngal, I
ndia &
IMPS Coll
ege
of
Enginee
ring
& Te
chnol
og
y,Malda, We
st
Bengal, India.
All frequen
ci
es are mea
s
u
r
ed with the h
e
lp of a digita
l multimeter.
It was fou
nd t
hat, in no lo
a
d
, the line fre
quen
cy will
b
e
4.72-7.65K
Hz fo
r a lin
e voltage of
ac
220
-24
0
V.After con
n
e
c
ting
14
wat
t
CFL, the
li
ne fre
que
ncy
increa
se
s f
r
om 0.05
0KHz-
0.182KHz.
For conn
ectin
g
20 watt CF
L, the line fre
quen
cy incre
a
se
s from 5
0
H
z-16
8Hz for a supply
voltage ranges from ac
70V-24
0V.It was
also observed that, fo
r
connecting t
w
o
CFL of 5
watt
and 20 watt,
the line frequency more
or less constant with a volt
age variation of
ac 70V
- 240V.
Table 1 to Ta
ble 4 identifie
s all these variation
s
.
5. Conclusi
on
The harmoni
c disto
r
t
i
on prin
cip
a
lly occu
rs fro
m
nonline
a
r type loads. T
he appli
c
atio
n of
power
ele
c
tronics i
s
ca
u
s
ing
in
cre
a
sed level
of
harm
oni
cs d
ue to
switch
ing p
hen
ome
na.
Harmoni
c di
stortion
can
cause serio
u
s failure, a
c
cid
ent and
dam
aging
pro
b
le
ms to the
ci
rcuit.
Thus ha
rmo
n
ics
are impo
rt
ant as
pe
ct of
power o
p
e
r
ati
on that
requi
res mitig
a
tion
and mini
mizi
ng
solutio
n
. In future we will
sort out different a
s
pe
ct
s in circuit d
e
sig
n
for optimizing h
a
rm
onic
af
f
e
ct
s.
Referen
ces
[1]
Arindam Dutta,
T
i
rtharaj Sen, S Sengupta. Redu
ction
in Total Harm
onic
Dis
tortion in a Non-Linear
Loa
d
w
i
t
h
Har
m
onic
Injecti
o
n
Metho
d
.
Inter
natio
nal
Jo
urn
a
l
of Rec
ent T
r
ends
in
En
gin
eeri
ng.
20
09;
1(4): 85-8
9
.
[2] RL
Boy
l
estad,
Introductory C
i
r
c
uit Analys
is
, 12
th
Edition, Pre
n
tice Ha
ll Pub
l
i
s
hers Ltd. 20
0
3
.
[3]
DSL Simo
netti,
J Sebasti
an,
J Uced
a. Sing
l
e
-S
w
i
tch T
h
re
e-Phas
e Po
w
e
r F
a
ctor Prere
gul
ator un
der
Varia
b
le S
w
itc
h
in
g F
r
equ
enc
y a
nd Disc
onti
nuo
us Input C
u
rrent.
Conf
erence Recor
d
IEEE PESC
.
199
3: 657-
662.
[4]
JW
Kolar, H Ertl, F
C
Z
a
ch. Space Vector-B
a
s
ed An
al
ytica
l
Anal
ys
is of the
I
nput Curre
nt Distortio
n of a
“T
hree-Phase
Disconti
n
u
ous-
M
ode Bo
ost R
e
ctifier S
y
stem
.
Conference
Recor
d
IEEE PESC
. 199
3:
696-
703.
[5]
S Gataric, D Boro
yev
i
ch, F
C
Lee. S
o
ft-Sw
itc
h
e
d
Sin
g
le
-S
w
i
tc
h T
h
ree-Phase
Rectifie
r
w
i
t
h
Po
w
e
r
F
a
ctor Correcti
on.
Confer
enc
e Recor
d
IEEE APEC
. 1994: 738-
744.
[6]
M Sed
i
gh
y,
F
P
Da
w
s
on.
Si
ngl
e-Sw
itch T
h
ree-Ph
ase
Po
w
e
r F
a
ctor Co
rrection.
Conf
e
r
ence
Rec
o
r
d
IEEE IPEC, 1995: 293-
29
7.
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