TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol.12, No.4, April 201
4, pp. 2677 ~ 2
6
8
2
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomni
ka.v12i4.4817
2677
Re
cei
v
ed Se
ptem
ber 9, 2013; Re
vi
sed
Octob
e
r 17, 2
013; Accepte
d
No
vem
ber
6, 2013
Resear
ch on Control Strategy of Improved
Single-phase Active Power
Filter
Gang Hu
1,2
*, Chua
n Zang
1,
2
, Ya-jie Ma
1,
2
, Zhi-guo Xiao
1,2
,Wei-li Dai
1,2
1
Coll
eg
e of IOT
Engine
erin
g, HoHa
i Un
iversi
t
y
, Cha
ngzh
ou
213
02
2, Chin
a
2
Jiangs
u Provi
n
cial K
e
y
La
bo
rator
y
of Po
w
e
r
T
r
ansmissio
n
Equi
pment T
e
chno
log
y
, C
han
gzho
u 21
302
2,
Chin
a
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: hug_
58
10@s
ohu.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Unip
ol
ar sin
g
le
-phas
e active
pow
er filter co
ntro
l strateg
i
es
nee
d to the transfor
m
ers a
n
d
ad
ders
.
Moreov
er, the circuits to fulfill
the
contro
l strategy are
mor
e
complic
ated.
In
order to solv
e
abov
e pro
b
le
ms
,
an
i
m
pr
oved u
n
ip
olar mo
dul
a
t
ion
contro
l strategy has
bee
n perfor
m
e
d
in
th
is pap
er. T
h
e
princi
ple of co
ntrol
strategy w
a
s ana
ly
z
e
d
in d
e
tail i
n
this p
a
per an
d rel
a
te
d si
mul
a
tio
n
h
a
s be
en fin
i
sh
ed. T
he resu
lts of
simulati
on s
h
o
w
that this impr
oved c
ontro
l strategy ca
n si
mplify the struct
u
r
e of circu
i
t w
i
thout affecti
ng t
h
e
system p
e
rfor
ma
nce i
ndex.
Ke
y
w
ords
: one-cycle c
ontrol under
unipolar
m
o
dulation,
active
power
filt
er (APF), im
pr
oved control
strategy
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
One-cy
cle co
ntrol (O
CC)
t
heory
i
s
pa
rticula
r
ly suitabl
e for the
co
ntrol of
switchin
g ci
rcuit,
whi
c
h
ba
sic
con
c
e
p
t is to
force th
e av
erag
e of
the
co
ntrolle
d
switch
-vari
able
to be
e
qual
or
prop
ortio
nal to the average
of the control
refere
n
c
e in
each clo
ck
cycle [1, 2]. Its advantag
es a
r
e
simple
circuit
stru
cture, fast
dynami
c
resp
on
se an
d
good
stabilit
y without ha
rmonic
dete
c
tion.
Mean
while,
one-cycl
e co
ntrol tech
nol
ogy can aut
omatically el
iminat
e the stationa
ry and
transi
ent erro
rs in a
cycle,
wi
thout e
rro
r
synthe
sis [3
-5]. Thus,
one
-cy
c
le control
technol
ogy can
be adapte
d
to the control
appli
c
ation which requi
re
s high pre
c
isi
o
n, high spe
e
d
and high a
n
ti-
jamming.
Active po
we
r filter (APF
) i
s
a
ki
nd
of n
o
vel e
quipme
n
t for dynami
c
h
a
rmo
n
ic
sup
p
re
ssion
and rea
c
tive power co
mpe
n
satio
n
.
Due to
lackin
g co
ntrol strate
gie
s
,
the one
-cycle
control which
is appli
ed to
single
-
p
h
a
s
e
shu
n
t APF exits the pro
b
l
e
ms of la
rge
ripple
and
DC
comp
one
nt o
f
AC current.
In re
ce
nt years,
m
any scholars have dedi
cated
to
the stu
d
y of
APF
with OCC, a
nd propo
sed
variou
s imp
r
oved
cont
rol
method [6-9], but most of them just
comp
en
sate
the DC
com
pone
nt, with
out improvin
g the ri
pple
size. Uni
pola
r
mod
u
lation
that
contai
ns th
e
idea of m
u
l
t
ilevel active
power
filter can
co
mpe
n
sate th
e DC compo
nen
t and
redu
ce
ripple
.
Howeve
r, the circuit structure
is mo
re
compl
e
x [10, 11].This pap
er presents a
n
improve
d
co
n
t
rol method to
optimize
ci
rcuit desig
n of one-cycl
e co
ntrol.
2. The Stud
y
of Unipolar
Modulation
Con
t
rol Stra
teg
y
2.1. Single-phase Shun
t APF
Figure 1. Single-p
h
a
s
e Sh
unt APF Circuit Diagram
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ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 4, April 2014: 2677 – 2
682
2678
A
ssu
me t
h
at
v
s
is A
C
i
n
put voltage,
v
dc
is DC
ou
tput voltage,
v
ab
is inve
rt
er
output
voltage, v
L
is
the voltage
a
c
ro
ss th
e in
d
u
ctor,
i
s
i
s
so
urc
e
cu
rr
ent
,
i
c
is
output
cu
rre
nt of filter,
R
s
is sam
p
ling resi
stan
ce, d is duty ratio o
f
switchi
ng d
e
vice and f
s
=1/
T
s
is switching freq
uen
cy.
The main
circuit is sho
w
n i
n
Figure 1.
2.2. One-cy
c
l
e Contr
o
l Strategy
under
Unipolar Mo
dulation
Comp
en
satio
n
idea
of on
e-cy
cle
cont
rol st
rategy u
nder unip
o
la
r modulatio
n
is that
singl
e-p
h
a
s
e
active po
we
r
filter is individ
ually co
ntrolle
d in po
sitive a
nd ne
gative h
a
lf cycle
of the
power.
Ho
we
ver, in
ea
ch
half cy
cle, o
n
ly two
switches work
at
high f
r
equ
en
cy, as Ta
ble
1
sho
w
s.
Table 1. Swit
chin
g Status of One-cycle
Control Strategy unde
r Un
ipolar M
odula
t
ion
vs(
t)
>0
v
s
(
t
)<0
0<
t
<
dT
s
dT
s
<
t
<
T
s
0<
t
<
dT
s
dT
s
<
t
<
T
s
S
1
Off
On
On
Off
S
2
On
Off
Off
On
S
3
Off
On
S
4
On
Off
The inve
rter circuit of o
ne-cycle
co
n
t
ro
l und
er
u
n
ipola
r
mo
d
u
lation
conta
i
ns the
multilevel thought. In each
cycle, there
are thr
ee ki
n
d
s of output l
e
vels an
d the output voltage
redu
ce
s by h
a
lf. So, reduce the size of curre
n
t
ripple
.
In addition, only two switche
s
working
at
high freq
uen
cy, one-cycl
e control strate
gy under
uni
polar mo
dulat
ion gre
a
tly reduces
switchi
ng
loss. Du
e to
needi
ng tra
n
sformer
equi
p
m
ent and l
ogi
c
control
ci
rcuit, the ci
rcuit
stru
cture of
one-
cycle
control unde
r unip
o
la
r modul
ation i
s
relatively co
mplex.
3. Impro
v
e Unipolar Mod
u
lation Co
ntrol Strate
g
y
3.1. The Mod
e
l of Impro
v
ed One
-
c
y
cle Con
t
rol Str
a
tegy
under Unipolar Mo
dulation
Swap the
se
q
uen
ce of swit
chin
g statu
s
of S
1
and S
2
in the wo
rk proce
s
s of sin
g
l
e
-ph
a
se
shu
n
t active
power filter,
whi
c
h i
s
with
one
-c
y
c
le control strate
g
y
under unip
o
lar m
odul
ation.
That is, wh
en
v
s
> 0, 0 ~ dT
s
is turn-on time of S
1
; when v
s
<0,
0 ~
dT
s
i
s
o
f
S
2
. Equivalent
ci
rcuit
is sh
own in Figure 2.
(a)
v
s
>0,
0
<
t
<
dT
s
(b)
dT
s
<
t
<
T
s
(c
)
v
s
<0,0<
t
<
dT
s
Figure 2. Equivalent Circuit
of Improved
Unip
olar M
o
d
u
lation On
e-cycle Co
ntrol
APF
Ti
me
Sw
itching
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Re
sea
r
ch on
Control Strategy of Im
proved Single
-
ph
ase Acti
ve Po
wer Filte
r
(G
a
ng Hu
)
2679
The output
cu
rre
nt of the filter inverte
r
ci
rcuit ca
n be o
b
tained fro
m
Figure 2(a
)
.
00
11
()
()
[
(
)
(
)
]
tt
cL
d
c
s
it
v
t
d
t
v
t
vt
d
t
L
L
(1)
Whe
n
vs>0, obje
c
tive equ
ation of one-cycle co
ntrol can be a
c
hiev
ed throu
gh a
nalysi
s
and de
rivatio
n
.
()
*
(
)
ms
s
dv
t
R
i
t
(2)
Similarly, wh
en vs <0, obj
ective equ
ation of one-cycle control ca
n
be dedu
ce
d.
()
*
(
)
ms
s
dv
t
R
i
t
(3)
Control o
b
je
ctive eq
uatio
n of im
prov
ed
singl
e-p
h
a
se
APF
wi
th one
-cycle
co
ntrol
strategy un
de
r unipol
ar mo
dulation
can
be got by
con
s
olid
ating Eq
uation (2
) an
d Equation (3
).
()
*
|
()
|
ms
s
dv
t
R
i
t
(4)
Equation (4) sho
w
s that
in the impro
v
ed uni
pola
r
modulation cycle control,
control
strategi
es
of positive and
negativ
e half cycle
a
r
e sy
mmetrical. Convert a
n
e
g
a
tive
half cycle
to
the po
sitive a
nd
comp
are
the a
b
solute
values of
currents.
The
r
ef
ore, the
st
rat
egy of imp
r
o
v
ed
one-cycl
e
co
ntrol u
nde
r u
n
ipola
r
mo
du
lation
can
co
mpen
sate th
e DC
com
p
o
nent a
nd
red
u
ce
the si
ze of
ri
pple a
s
sam
e
as the
traditi
onal
st
rategy.
Mean
while,
comp
ared
with the tra
d
itio
nal
one-cycl
e co
ntrol un
der
u
n
ipola
r
mod
u
l
a
tion,
obje
c
t equatio
n of the im
proved one-cycl
e
co
ntrol
is relatively si
mple and
circuit desig
n of one-cycl
e co
ntrol is optimi
z
ed.
3.2. Stead
y
State Equ
a
ti
on
Acco
rdi
ng to
obje
c
tive Equ
a
tion (4
) of o
ne-cy
cle co
ntrol
an
d swit
ching status of
APF,
in
the one
-cycle
cont
rol u
nde
r uni
pola
r
mo
dulation,
swa
p
stea
dy stat
e equ
at
ion
s
of positive a
nd
negative half
cycle to obtai
n the
improve
d
steady stat
e equatio
ns.
For the st
rate
gy of improve
d
unipol
ar
mo
dulation o
ne-cycle
control, whe
n
v
s
> 0, stability
con
d
ition of the po
sitive
half cycle can
be achieved.
2
md
c
s
ss
L
vv
v
TR
(5)
Whe
n
v
s
<0, stability conditi
on of the neg
at
ive half cycl
e can b
e
achi
eved.
2
md
c
s
ss
L
vv
v
TR
(6)
Con
s
oli
dating
Equation (5
) and Equ
a
tion (6
),
for the strategy of improved
unipol
ar
modulatio
n o
ne-cycle
cont
rol, the total stability conditi
on is:
2
md
c
s
ss
L
vv
v
TR
(7)
Equation
(7
)
sho
w
s that
stability is relat
ed with
v
dc
in the strategy
of improve
d
unipol
ar
modulatio
n o
ne-cycle
cont
rol, a
s
same
as the tradi
tional
strate
g
y
. However,
the sta
b
ility of
positive half cycle
i
s
sam
e
as
th
e neg
ative
in
th
e
strat
egy of im
proved
u
n
ipol
ar m
odulatio
n
one
-
cycle
cont
rol.
The larg
er t
he v
dc
is, the more sta
b
le
the system
is. Thu
s
, red
u
ce the d
e
si
gn
requi
rem
ent of filter induct
ance L.
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02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 4, April 2014: 2677 – 2
682
2680
4. Simulation Anal
y
s
is
4.1. Sy
stem
Design o
f
th
e Impro
v
ed Con
t
rol Stra
teg
y
Wo
rkin
g p
r
o
c
ess of imp
r
o
v
ed sin
g
le
-ph
a
se
sh
unt A
P
F with u
n
ip
olar m
odul
ation is a
s
f
o
llow.
A
sin
g
le-p
ha
se
cir
c
uit
wit
h
h
a
r
m
onic
so
urce
provide
s
wo
rk e
n
viron
m
e
n
t with harm
onic
curre
n
t. One
-
cycle
control
circuit i
n
teg
r
ates th
e volt
age i
n
d
c
si
de voltag
e o
f
conve
r
ter a
n
d
comp
ares wit
h
the volta
g
e
of
sampli
n
g
re
si
st
or to
gen
erate
co
mpare
sign
al
to chan
ge t
h
e
workin
g
statu
s
of the t
r
igge
r. A
nd the
n
b
y
the logic co
ntrol
circuit, turn th
e outp
u
t signal
of trig
ger
into
the drivi
ng sign
al
of power switchi
ng
d
e
vice
in
the inverte
r
circuit.
Cont
rol
on-off statu
s
of
the switching
device to
ch
ange
the
out
put voltage
o
f
the inve
rter
circuit
with th
e d
r
iving
circuit.
Finally, use
filter indu
cto
r
to co
nvert the
output vo
ltag
e of the inve
rter ci
rcuit into
com
pen
satio
n
curre
n
t whi
c
h
amplitude i
s
equal to th
e
harm
oni
c an
d pha
se i
s
o
ppo
site. Inject compe
n
sation
curre
n
t into
si
ngle-pha
se
ci
rcuit
an
d
com
pen
sate
harm
onic current.
Eventually m
a
ke
the
cu
rre
n
t
that flows int
o
the grid to
be close to t
he standa
rd sine wave. Figure 3 sh
ows the overall
stru
cture of the system.
Figure 3. The
Overall St
ru
cture of the System
4.2. Simulation Circuit
Figure 4
is th
e sim
u
lation
circuit of
sin
g
l
e
-ph
a
se
shu
n
t
APF with
on
e-cy
cle
co
ntrol un
der
unipol
ar mod
u
lation. In the circuit, let in
ductive load
K1=0.02
28 a
nd cap
a
citive
load K1=0.0
385,
half is the blo
ck
sign
al of powe
r
voltage
positiv
e and
negative half cycle, which i
s
gen
erate
d
by
comp
ari
s
o
n
b
e
twee
n the sampling volta
ge R
s
*i
s
(t) a
n
d
grou
nd.
Figure 4. Improved Shu
n
t APF Circuit Simulation
Acco
rdi
ng to
on-off statu
s
of
po
we
r
switching
devi
c
e of
imp
r
ove
d
si
ngle
-
ph
ase shunt
APF with one
-cy
c
le co
ntrol
under u
n
ipol
ar mod
u
lation
,
its filter circu
i
t is the same
as the strate
gy
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Re
sea
r
ch on
Control Strategy of Im
proved Single
-
ph
ase Acti
ve Po
wer Filte
r
(G
a
ng Hu
)
2681
of unipola
r
modulatio
n
with one
-cycl
e
co
ntrol.
Base
d on fo
rmula (4
), de
sign th
e ci
rcuit of
improve
d
on
e-cy
cle
cont
rol und
er u
n
i
polar
mod
u
la
tion wh
ere t
he integ
r
al
coefficient of
the
integrato
r
i
s
K2=10
000,
shown in Fi
gu
re 5.
Com
p
a
r
ed
with o
n
e
-
cy
cle
control
unde
r u
n
ipo
l
ar
modulatio
n, the ci
rcuit of i
m
prove
d
on
e
-
cy
cle
control
unde
r u
n
ipol
ar mo
dulatio
n
doe
s n
o
t req
u
ire
transfo
rme
r
e
quipme
n
t and
adders an
d circuit st
ru
cture is gre
a
tly simplified.
Figure 5. Simulation Ci
rcuit of Improved One-cy
cle Co
ntrol Mod
u
le
unde
r Uni
pol
ar Mod
u
lation
4.3. Simulation Res
u
lts Analy
s
is of Single-ph
ase
Shunt APF
(a) Sou
r
ce cu
rre
nt waveform before AP
F
comp
en
sat
i
o
n
(b) After com
pen
sation
with one-cycl
e control
strategy un
de
r unipol
ar mo
dulation
(c) After com
pen
sation
with improve
d
o
ne-cycl
e
cont
rol strategy u
nder u
n
ipol
ar
modulatio
n
Figure 6. Source
Cu
rre
nt Wavefo
rms b
e
fore an
d after the Co
mpe
n
satio
n
of Inductive Loa
d
(a)
Sou
r
ce cu
rre
nt waveform before AP
F
comp
en
sat
i
o
n
(b) After com
pen
sation
with one-cycl
e control
strategy un
de
r unipol
ar mo
dulation
(c) After com
pen
sation
with improve
d
o
ne-cycl
e
cont
rol strategy u
nder u
n
ipol
ar
modulatio
n
Figure 7. Source
Cu
rre
nt Wavefo
rms b
e
fore an
d after the Co
mpe
n
satio
n
of Ca
pacitive Lo
ad
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Figure 6 an
d
Figure
7 re
spectively de
scrib
e
ind
u
ctiv
e and
cap
a
ci
tive load sim
u
lation
results, in
which
Figu
re
(a) d
e
scri
be
s so
urce
cu
rrent wavefo
rms b
e
fore A
P
F com
pen
sation,
Figure (b
) de
scribe
s the
waveform
s afte
r co
mpen
sati
on with
singl
e
-
pha
se
sh
unt APF and Figu
re
(c) de
scri
be
s the waveforms afte
r com
pen
sati
on wit
h
improved single-pha
se shunt
APF.
T
h
e
followin
g
con
c
lu
sion
s can
be obtain
ed from analysi
s
o
f
simulation result
s.
(1) Sin
g
le-ph
a
se
shu
n
t APF with unip
o
lar mo
dulati
on or imp
r
ov
ed unip
o
lar
modulatio
n
has the effe
cts of com
pen
sating har
moni
c and imp
r
ovi
ng po
wer fa
ctor.
(2) Sin
g
le-ph
a
se
shu
n
t APF with unip
o
lar mo
dulati
on or imp
r
ov
ed unip
o
lar
modulatio
n
comp
en
sate
s DC compo
n
e
n
t of source
current.
(3) At the
sa
me switchi
n
g
freque
ncy, compa
r
ed
with other
co
ntrol strate
gie
s
, sou
r
ce
curre
n
t ripple
that is com
pen
sated by
the stra
tegy
of unipolar
modulatio
n o
r
the improv
ed
unipol
ar mod
u
lation is mu
ch smalle
r.
(4) Co
ntrol strategy
of
im
proved unip
o
l
ar
mo
dulatio
n that en
sures the
com
p
ensation
effect of control strategy of
unipol
ar mod
u
lation
optimi
z
e
s
circuit
structure of one
-cy
c
le co
ntrol
.
5. Conclusio
n
The inverte
r
circuit of co
n
t
rol strate
gy of
unipola
r
modulatio
n contain
s
the multilevel
thought. In e
a
ch
cycl
e, th
ere
are
thre
e
kind
s of
outp
u
t levels
and
the output vol
t
age redu
ce
s by
half. So, redu
ce the
size of current ri
pple
.
Beside
s, onl
y two swit
che
s
wo
rking at
high fre
quen
cy,
one-cycl
e co
ntrol st
rategy
unde
r uni
po
lar mo
dulat
io
n gre
a
tly red
u
ce
s
swit
chi
ng lo
ss.
Due
to
needi
ng tran
sformer e
quip
m
ent and logi
c co
ntrol ci
rc
uit, the circuit
structu
r
e of one-cycl
e co
ntrol
unde
r uni
pola
r
mod
u
lation i
s
relatively complex.
Ho
wever, control
strat
egy of
improved unip
o
l
a
r
modulatio
n that en
su
re
s
the co
mpe
n
sation effect
of cont
rol
strategy of uni
polar mod
u
la
tion
optimize
s
ci
rcuit desig
n
of one-cycl
e co
ntrol.
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li
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E
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