Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
8
,
pp.
595
~
598
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
, DO
I: 10
.11
591/
ijeecs
.
v9.i
3
.
pp
595
-
598
595
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Ort
h
ogon
ality M
easur
ent
o
f
Ofdm
Signal
Mahendr
a Sh
arm
a
1
, San
tho
sh K
u
mar
Sin
gh
2
1
Depa
rtment of I
nform
at
ion
T
ec
h
n
olog
y
,
AM
ET
Univer
sit
y
,
Che
nnai
,
Indi
a
2
Depa
rtment of I
nform
at
ion
T
ec
h
nolog
y
,
Ta
gor
e Coll
ege of
Scie
n
ce
&
Com
m
erc
e
,
Mum
bai
,
Ind
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
N
ov
17
, 201
7
Re
vised
Jan
2
3
, 201
8
Accepte
d
Fe
b
1
1
, 201
8
I
n
re
c
ent
da
y
s
,
Orthogonal
Freq
uency
Division
Multi
ple
x
ing
is
t
he
techniqu
e
to
tra
nsm
it
and
re
ceive
the
sig
nal
withou
t
an
y
over
la
pp
ing
of
the
signa
l
.
OF
DM
is
al
so
a
m
ult
ipl
exi
ng
tec
hnique
as
wel
l
a
s
m
odula
ti
on
tec
hnique
.
I
t
is
a
m
ult
i
-
c
arr
i
er
t
ra
nsm
ission
t
echnique
in
whi
ch
single
high
d
ata
strea
m
is
divi
ded
in
to
a
nu
m
ber
of
lower
ra
te
strea
m
s
tha
t
a
re
tra
nsm
it
te
d
si
m
ult
ane
ous
over
som
e
nar
row
sub
cha
nnel
.
In
gene
ra
l
,
OF
DM
avoi
ds
In
te
r
-
S
y
m
bol
Inte
rfe
r
ence
(ISI),
Inte
r
-
Ca
rrie
r
Inte
rfe
re
n
ce
(I
CI)
and
fa
ult
tr
a
nsm
issions
bet
wee
n
sourc
e
and
desti
na
ti
on
node.
To
m
ea
su
re
the
per
form
a
nce
of
the
s
y
stem
b
y
using
the
par
amete
rs
l
ike
Bit
Err
or
r
ate
(BER),
Spect
r
um
ana
l
y
s
is
and
signal
streng
th
det
e
ction.
Bas
ed
on
the
par
amete
rs
th
e
best
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
b
e
ide
nti
f
ie
d
.
.
Ke
yw
o
rd
s
:
Bit
E
rror
R
at
e
(
BER)
Inte
r
-
s
y
m
bol
Int
erf
ere
n
ce (ISI)
OFDM
Spect
rum
Anal
ysis
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ma
hendr
a
S
harm
a
,
Depa
rtment
I
nfo
rm
ation
Tec
hn
ology,
AMET
Un
i
versi
ty
, Ch
en
nai,
I
nd
ia
.
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Or
t
hogonal
F
r
equ
e
ncy
Di
vision
Mult
iple
xin
g
(OFDM
)
is
on
e
of
the
e
m
erg
in
g
fiel
ds
in
wireles
s
local
area
net
work
that
a
re
al
so
ta
r
geted
f
or
ad
hoc
net
work.
OFDM
can
al
s
o
be
e
xploit
ed
in
M
A
NET
t
o
i
m
pr
ove
the
e
nergy
an
d
s
pe
ed
pe
rfo
rm
ance
Mob
il
e
no
de
s
in
MA
NET
are
com
m
un
ic
at
ed
directl
y
thr
ough
rad
i
o
f
reque
nc
y
range
a
nd
wi
reless
li
nks.
T
his
pro
cess
r
ef
err
e
d
as
peer
o
peer
or
sin
gle
ad
ho
c
netw
or
k
I
f
the
destinat
io
n
m
ob
il
e
node
is
out
of
ra
ng
e
,
th
en
ot
her
nodes
betwee
n
sou
r
ce
and
destina
ti
on
act
as
r
oute
r
to
tran
sm
it
info
r
m
at
ion
betwee
n
source
a
nd
de
sti
nation.
T
hi
s
process
is
refe
rr
e
d
as
m
ult
i
-
hop
ad
ho
c
networks
.
Sing
le
a
nd M
ul
ti
-
hop
a
d ho
c
netw
orks
is
il
lustrate
d i
n Fi
gure
1.
Fig
ure
1.
Sin
gl
e hop ad
hoc
ne
twork
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
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4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vol
.
9
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
8
:
595
–
598
596
2.
BACKG
ROU
ND
Mob
il
e
A
d
H
oc
Net
wor
ks
are
sel
f
-
c
onfi
gura
ble
an
d
in
f
rastr
uctur
e
le
ss
netw
orks
c
onsist
ing
of
m
ob
il
e
dev
ic
e
s
an
d
routers
wh
ic
h
a
re
a
ble
to
s
upport
m
ob
il
i
ty
and
orga
nize
them
sel
ves
a
rb
it
ra
ri
ly
[1
]
.
It
requires
a
n
e
xt
rem
ely
flexible
te
chnolo
gy
f
or
est
a
blishin
g
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
betwee
n
s
ou
rce
a
nd
de
sti
nation
nodes
.
Desig
n
and
perf
or
m
ance
analy
sis
of
MIM
O
-
OFDM
syst
e
m
us
ing
diff
e
re
nt
anten
na
co
nf
i
gurati
on
s
is
discusse
d
in
[2
]
.
Ha
sh
bas
ed
te
ch
nique
to
identify
th
e
sel
fish
no
de
in
Mob
il
e
Ad
-
hoc
Netw
ork
is
exp
la
ine
d
i
n [3]
.
Fo
r
t
he
Mo
du
l
at
ion
/D
e
-
m
od
ul
at
ion
par
t
of
OFDM,
Q
ua
drat
ur
e
Am
plit
ud
e
Mo
du
la
ti
on
(QAM)
is
fr
e
qu
e
ntly
us
e
d
for
bette
r
Bi
t
Err
or
Ra
t
e
(BER)
an
d
Sign
al
t
o
N
oise
Ra
ti
o
(
SNR
).
F
or
the
Chan
ne
l
Enc
od
e
r/Cha
nnel
D
eco
der
of
OFDM,
Ha
m
m
ing
co
des
are
widely
us
e
d
for
im
pr
ovi
ng
the
er
ror
de
te
ct
ing
pro
bab
il
it
y
[4]
.
Si
m
il
arly
,
Sing
le
-
pat
h
D
el
ay
Feedb
ac
k
(SDF)
base
d
IF
FT/F
FT
st
ru
ct
ur
e
is
us
e
d
f
or
conve
rting
the
tim
e
do
m
ai
n
sig
nal
into
f
reque
ncy
dom
ai
n
sig
nal
a
nd
vice
ver
sa
[5
]
.
Re
c
onfi
gura
ble
Me
tam
at
erial
Stru
ct
ur
e
at
M
il
lim
et
er
W
a
ve
Fr
e
qu
e
ncy
Ra
ng
e
has
bee
n
e
xp
la
ine
d
i
n
[
6]
.
I
n
[
7]
prese
nted
the
m
axi
m
iz
ing
en
erg
y
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
for
c
onsu
m
ption
ci
rc
uit
pow
er
in
dow
nlin
k
m
assive
MIM
O
wireless
net
works
The
receive
r
si
de
of
OFDM
c
on
sist
s
of
cy
cl
ic
pr
e
fix
rem
ov
al
f
or
rem
ov
e
the
ad
de
d
bits
in
tra
ns
m
itter
s
ide,
Fast
Fo
uri
er
T
ran
s
f
or
m
at
ion
(F
FT
)
f
or
co
nvert
the
tim
e
do
m
ai
n
sign
al
into
fr
e
quency
on
e,
De
-
m
odulati
on
(r
e
ver
se
proce
ss
of
m
odulati
on),
Cha
nnel
Decode
r
for
de
cod
e
the
enc
od
e
d
w
ord,
an
d
S
ource
dec
oder
to
conve
rt
dig
it
al
decoded
bin
a
ry
inform
at
ion
to
an
al
og
on
e.
Lo
w
powe
r
128
point
sp
l
it
rad
ix
ff
t
f
or
LTE
app
li
cat
io
n has
b
ee
n descri
be
d
in
[8
]
-
[
9].
3.
THE
PROB
LE
M
OFDM
te
ch
niq
ue
faces
m
any
chall
eng
e
s
li
ke
c
onfig
ur
i
ng
dif
fer
e
nt
ty
pe
s
of
ha
r
dw
a
re
arch
it
ect
ure
base
d
on
dif
fe
ren
t
ty
pes
of
app
li
cat
io
n
requirem
en
t.
How
ever,
due
to
m
or
e
c
om
plexit
y
of
hard
war
e
par
ts
,
sing
le
par
t a
da
ptati
on
is
not s
uffici
ent to
im
plem
ent at appropriat
e ti
m
e.
4.
THE
PROPO
SED SOL
UTI
ON
The
str
uctu
re
of
OFDM
tra
nsm
itter
and
rece
iver
is
il
lustrat
ed
in
F
ig
ure
2.
The
E
nc
od
e
r
a
nd
Dec
od
e
r
of
OFDM
tra
nsm
it
te
r
and
re
cei
ver
act
as
c
hannel
e
ncode
r
an
d
c
ha
nn
el
decode
r
w
hich
conve
rts
the
s
ourc
e
sign
al
s
into
set
of
bin
a
ry
in
for
m
at
ion
.
On
e
of
the
key
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
in
w
hic
h
OFDM
ca
n
be
i
m
ple
m
ented
on
th
e
sen
der
side
a
nd
receive
r
side
fo
r
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
c
omm
un
i
cat
ion
is
Fast
Fo
uri
er
Tran
s
form
at
io
n
(F
F
T)
.
In
ge
ner
al
FFT
is
us
e
d
t
o conve
rt the tim
e dom
ai
n
sign
a
ls i
nto
fr
e
quen
cy
d
om
ai
n
sig
na
ls an
d vice ve
rsa.
Figure
2. A
rch
i
te
ct
ur
e
of
OFD
M Sy
stem
Gen
e
rall
y,
co
nvol
ution
al
enc
od
e
r
c
onside
re
d
as
a
c
hanne
l
encode
r
of
a
ny
wi
reless
tr
ansm
issi
on
te
chn
iq
ues
.
T
he
wor
king
pr
in
ci
ple
of
co
nvol
ution
al
e
nc
od
e
r
is
that
the
e
nc
od
e
r
perform
s
a
co
nvolu
ti
on
of
t
he
input
stream
with
im
pu
lse
respon
se
.
The
process
of
c
onvo
l
ution
al
e
nc
od
e
r
is
f
urt
he
r
br
ie
fly
desc
ribed
i
n
[ch
a
nnel
encod
ing
]
.
Ne
xt
to
c
hannel
enc
oder
,
serial
to
par
al
le
l
un
it
conver
t
s
the
serial
inf
or
m
at
ion
of
c
ha
nn
el
encode
r
into
pa
rall
el
on
e
f
or
acce
ss
al
l
the
inputs
to
IFF
T
un
it
at
the
s
a
m
e
tim
e.
IF
FT
conve
rts
the
tim
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
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E
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Sci
IS
S
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02
-
4752
Orthogo
nali
ty
Measure
nt o
f
Ofdm
Signa
l (
Ma
hendr
a Sha
rma
)
597
do
m
ai
n
sig
nals
into
f
reque
nc
y
do
m
ai
n
signa
ls.
A
gain
par
a
ll
el
info
rm
at
ion
f
ro
m
IF
FT
proces
sor
is
co
nverte
d
into
serial
on
e
with
the
help
of
pa
rall
el
to
serial
blo
ck
.
Cy
cl
ic
pr
efix
of
OFDM
is
us
ed
to
el
i
m
inate
t
he
ISI
and
ICI
by
ad
ding
the
gua
rd
interval
or
pr
efixin
g
of
bits
into
est
i
m
at
e
d
bi
nar
y
sig
na
ls
[Cyc
li
c
pr
ef
ix]
.
In
receiver
side
of
OFDM
Syst
e
m
,
rev
erse
ope
rati
on
is
m
ade
to
retrieve
t
he
or
igi
nal
inf
orm
at
ion
sign
al
s
.
The
cy
cl
ic
pr
efix
is
rem
ov
ed
in
the
recei
ver
si
de
of
OFDM
befor
e
the
est
i
m
at
ed
sign
al
i
s
sent
t
o
FF
T
for
dem
od
ulati
on.
The
pr
e
sence
of
m
ulti
path
fa
ding
c
hannel
a
nd
capa
bili
ty
fo
r
pa
rall
el
/pip
el
ined
processi
ng
of
sign
al
i
n
OFD
M
m
ake
it
a
prom
isi
ng
can
did
at
e
f
or
the
ne
xt
ge
ne
rati
on
wide
-
ba
nd
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
syst
e
m
s.
The
m
od
ulati
on
an
d
dem
od
ul
at
ion
of
OF
D
M
Syst
e
m
can
be
ef
fici
ently
i
m
ple
m
ented
with
the
help
of
IF
F
T
and FFT
tra
ns
f
or
m
at
ion
tech
ni
qu
e.
T
he
O
FDM
b
ase
d
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
s n
eed t
o
ha
ve hig
h per
for
m
ance
in both
po
wer
consum
ption
s
and th
rou
ghput.
5.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
The
pe
rfo
rm
a
nce
of
the
O
FD
M
syst
em
and
natu
re
of
the
OFDM
sign
al
duri
ng
t
he
dif
ficult
y
conditi
on
wa
s
analy
zed
us
in
g
the
Ma
tl
ab
si
m
ula
ti
on
.
Si
gn
al
or
t
hogonalit
y,
Bi
t
error
rat
e
(BER)
,
S
pec
trum
analy
sis are
predict
ed
a
nd e
va
luate
d
. T
he
r
e
su
lt
s ar
e
sho
w
n
in
t
he F
ig
ur
e
3
a
nd 4.
Fig
ure
3. S
pectru
m
A
naly
zes
of O
F
DM
Sig
na
l
Fig
ure
4. O
rth
ogonal
it
y betw
een
diff
e
re
nt OFDM si
gn
al
s
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
Per
form
ance
of
t
he
O
FD
M
si
gnal
was
m
easur
e
d
at
di
ff
e
r
ent
m
od
ulate
d
sign
al
.
The
sign
al
or
t
hogonalit
y
and
s
pectr
um
was
a
naly
zed
by
usi
ng
Ma
tl
ab
sim
ulati
on
t
oo
l.
T
he
ou
t
put
resu
lt
cl
ea
rly
sho
w
s
the
perf
or
m
ance
of
the
in
di
vidual
sign
al
.
The
te
chn
i
qu
e
giv
es
the
outp
ut
sign
al
with
le
ss
num
ber
of
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on
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c Eng &
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m
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Vol
.
9
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
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