Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
c
al Eng
inee
r
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
23
,
No.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
,
pp.
5
0
0
~
5
0
9
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v
23
.i
1
.
pp
5
0
0
-
5
0
9
500
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
eecs.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
So
ft
w
a
re
process i
mprov
ement
init
ia
tive in med
ium s
i
z
e
IT
orga
niz
at
io
n:
a
case stu
dy
Moham
ma
d Z
arour,
M
amdouh
A
le
nez
i
Coll
ege of
Com
pute
r and
Inform
at
ion
Scie
n
ce
s (
CCIS
)
Prince
Su
lt
an
Univer
sit
y
,
Ri
y
adh, Kingdo
m
of
Saudi
Arab
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
6
, 2
02
0
Re
vised
A
pr
1
5
, 2
021
Accepte
d
Ma
y
6
, 2
021
IT
orga
n
iz
a
ti
on
s
are
str
ivi
ng
to
dev
el
op
soft
ware
solut
ions
tha
t
m
eet
customer
nee
ds
as
well
as
the
ir
business
goal
s.
Software
o
rga
nizati
ons
cont
inuousl
y
im
prove
the
i
r
software
developm
ent
pra
ctic
es
for
faste
r
ti
m
e
-
to
-
m
ark
et
and
b
et
t
er
software
qu
al
ity
.
Th
e
succ
ess
fac
tors
to
cond
uct
proc
ess
improvem
ent
initia
t
ive
s
are
do
cu
m
ent
ed
in
the
lit
era
tur
e,
but
th
e
ir
eff
ec
t
and
exi
sten
ce
s
diff
e
r
from
one
place
to
anot
he
r.
Henc
e,
as
the
cul
tur
e
and
orga
nizati
on
al
b
eha
vior
in
devel
oping
software
var
ie
s
a
cro
ss
the
world,
i
t
bec
om
es
int
er
esti
ng
to
rep
or
t
and
discuss
local
experie
n
ce
s
in
diffe
r
ent
reg
ions.
Th
e
ex
per
ie
n
ce
g
ai
ned
in
thi
s
empiri
c
al
stud
y
diff
ers
from
that
gai
ned
in
the
pr
evi
ous
work
in
the
sense
that
i
t
was
the
orga
ni
za
t
ion
th
at
ini
tiate
d
thi
s
ini
t
ia
ti
v
e
and
thi
s
e
nsures
the
top
m
ana
gement
co
m
m
it
m
ent
in
conduc
t
ing
the
proc
ess
impro
vement
ini
t
ia
t
iv
e.
W
e
have
u
sed
CMM
I
cont
inuous
rep
r
e
senta
ti
on
and
SC
AM
PI
c
la
ss
C
appr
ai
sa
l
m
et
ho
d
to
conduc
t
the
appr
ai
sa
l.
In
thi
s
empirical
s
tud
y
,
m
ost
of
th
e
succ
ess
fa
ct
or
s
are
m
et
t
o
conduc
t
th
e
pro
ce
ss
improvem
ent
ini
t
ia
t
ive,
including:
Staff
in
volve
m
ent
,
and
high
staff
m
ora
l
e.
Sev
era
l
proc
ess
pit
f
al
l
s
have
be
en
id
ent
ified;
an
int
er
esti
ng
one
i
s
tha
t
adopt
ing
powerful
c
ase
to
ols
is
not
enoug
h
to
con
tro
l
the
d
eve
lopmen
t
proc
ess i
f
th
e
y
a
re
not
ful
l
y
used
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
CMMI
Cult
ur
al
iss
ues
SCAMPI
So
ft
war
e
pr
oce
ss im
pr
ov
em
ent
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Moh
am
m
ad
Zarour
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f Sof
t
war
e
E
ng
i
neer
i
ng
Pr
ince
S
ultan
Un
i
ver
sit
y
P.O. Bo
x N
o.
66833 R
af
ha
S
treet
, Riy
adh 1158
6
Sa
udi A
r
abia
Em
a
il
:
m
zaro
ur@
psu.e
du.sa
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
IT
or
gan
iz
at
io
ns
are
strivi
ng
to
de
velo
p
s
of
t
war
e
s
ol
ution
s
that
m
ee
t
custo
m
er
needs
as
well
as
their
bu
si
ness
goal
s
.
As
the
c
ultu
re
an
d
orga
niz
at
ion
al
be
ha
vio
r
i
n
do
i
ng
business
in
ge
ne
ral
an
d
dev
el
op
i
ng
so
ft
war
e
,
in
pa
rtic
ular,
va
ries
acro
s
s
the
w
or
l
d,
it
beco
m
es
i
nteresti
ng
to
re
port
an
d
discu
s
s
local
exp
erie
nces
in
dif
fere
nt
regi
on
s
a
nd
how
t
he
best
pract
ic
es
in
dev
el
op
i
ng
s
of
t
war
e
a
re
i
m
ple
m
ented
.
Su
c
h
re
portin
g
in
th
e
IT
dom
a
in
is
scarce
in
th
e
li
te
ratur
e
,
wh
ic
h
will
prov
i
de
re
searche
rs
with
abun
dan
t
res
ources
t
o
lo
ok
a
t
the
cultural
issues
and
how
the
y
aff
ect
the
dev
el
opm
ent
pr
ocess
an
d
bus
iness.
F
or
inst
ance,
cultu
ral
issue
s
influ
e
nce
doin
g
bu
si
ness
i
n
China
[1
]
,
[
2]
,
especial
ly
for
m
ul
ti
national
orga
nizat
ion
s
th
at
are
no
t
unco
m
m
on
in
the
IT
sect
or.
Orga
nizat
iona
l
su
ccess
dem
ands
an
ap
pr
ec
ia
ti
on
for
the
culture'
s
ro
le
in
their
plann
i
ng
and
sh
oul
d
em
bed
culture
in
t
heir t
rad
it
ion
al
oper
at
ion
[3]
.
Me
anwhil
e,
I
T
orga
nizat
io
ns
world
wide
are
inc
reasin
gly
ack
nowle
dg
i
ng
t
he
sig
nificance
of
reducin
g
s
oft
w
are
dev
el
op
m
ent
du
rati
on
but
with
ou
t
c
om
pr
om
isi
ng
the
qual
it
y.
Hen
c
e,
orga
nizat
ion
s
m
us
t
respo
nd
t
o
th
ei
r
custom
er
needs
with
hig
h
-
qu
al
it
y
pro
du
ct
s
as
fast
as
possib
le
.
T
o
reac
h
this
l
evel
of
con
ti
nu
ous
sof
tware
delivery,
m
any
organ
iz
at
ion
s
thi
nk
t
o
enh
a
nce
t
heir
so
ft
war
e
de
velop
m
ent
proces
ses
to
m
eet
custo
m
e
r
ex
pectat
ion
s
.
Moreove
r,
s
of
t
war
e
de
vel
op
e
rs
gi
ve
m
uch
at
te
ntio
n
to
their
de
velop
m
ent
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
So
ft
ware
proce
ss im
pr
ove
me
nt
init
iati
ve in mediu
m
size
IT o
rg
aniz
ation:
a
case s
t
ud
y
(
Mo
ham
mad Zar
ou
r
)
501
m
et
ho
ds
t
o
e
nsure
t
hat
t
he
res
ultant
s
of
twa
re
runs
opti
m
a
ll
y
on
the
ne
w
ha
rdwar
e
[
4]
.
A
c
cordin
gly,
S
of
t
war
e
orga
nizat
ion
s
c
on
ti
nu
ously
i
m
pro
ve
their
sof
tware
devel
op
m
ent
pr
act
ic
es
for
fa
ste
r
ti
m
e
-
to
-
m
ark
et
an
d
bette
r
so
ft
war
e
qual
it
y
[5]
.
Ty
pical
ly
,
orga
nizat
ions
i
m
pr
ove
thei
r
softwa
re
de
ve
lop
m
ent
m
et
ho
dolo
gies
base
d
on
per
cei
ved
in
dustry
tren
ds
.
De
vOps,
a
ne
w
de
velo
pm
ent
phil
os
ophy,
is
ve
ry
po
pu
la
r
no
wad
ay
s
,
a
nd
di
ff
e
rent
com
pan
ie
s work to
ado
pt i
t
[6]
-
[8]
.
On
t
he othe
r
ha
nd, o
th
er or
ga
nizat
ion
s
with
pro
ven
pr
act
ic
es w
ork
t
o
en
ha
nce th
ei
r
a
dopt
ed
so
ft
war
e
process
rathe
r
than
rep
la
ci
ng
it
.
To
m
ake
sure
that
the
re
is
no
de
viati
on
in
the
a
do
pted
pro
ven
pract
ic
es
a
nd
any
de
viati
on,
recti
fyi
ng
act
io
ns
s
hould
occ
ur.
F
o
r
instan
ce,
m
any
orga
nizat
ion
s
a
pp
ly
st
and
a
r
ds
a
nd
m
od
el
s
su
c
h
as
capa
bi
li
ty
m
at
ur
it
y
m
od
el
integrati
on
(
CMMI
)
[
9]
or
ISO
15504
[10]
to
ass
ess
an
d
im
pr
ov
e
thei
r
adopted
proces
ses.
Se
ver
al
e
m
pirical
s
tud
ie
s
hav
e
bee
n
do
cum
ented
in
th
is
reg
ar
d,
s
ee
f
or
e
xam
ple
[1
1]
-
[18]
.
Re
centl
y,
data
m
ining
te
c
hniq
ues
a
re
use
d
in
w
hat
is
cal
le
d
pr
oce
ss
m
ining
to
su
pp
or
t
t
he
proces
s
i
m
pr
ovem
ent
init
ia
ti
ves,
see
for
exam
ple
[19],
[
20]
.
Ex
plo
ri
ng,
assessi
ng
an
d
unde
rstan
ding
th
e
orga
nizat
ion
al
cultural
a
nd
it
s
ef
fect
on
sof
tware
proces
s
i
m
pr
ovem
ent
(S
PI)
init
ia
ti
ves
is
cr
ucial
,
see
f
or
exam
ple
[21]
-
[
25
]
.
Em
plo
ye
es
are
usual
ly
hesita
nt
to
pa
r
ti
ci
pate
in
SP
I
init
ia
ti
ves
du
e
to
thei
r
wor
k
loa
d,
dead
li
ne
pr
e
ss
ur
es
,
an
d
their
feeli
ng
of
being
offe
nd
e
d
a
nd
c
riti
ci
zed
duri
ng
the
SPI
assessm
ent
.
Hen
ce,
enh
a
ncin
g
pe
r
so
na
l
m
otivatio
n
in
s
pecific
SPI
init
ia
ti
ves
is
al
so
cr
ucial
for
it
s
s
ucc
ess
[
26
]
.
T
his
pa
pe
r
pr
ese
nt
s
an
e
m
pirical
s
tud
y
in
this
reg
a
rd
and
repor
ts
th
e
exp
e
rience
a
nd
le
ss
ons
le
arn
e
d
by
c
ondu
ct
ing
a
m
od
el
-
based s
of
t
war
e
proces
s im
pr
ov
em
ent (
SP
I) init
ia
ti
ve
in a
natio
nal
IT or
ga
nizat
ion
in
Sa
ud
i
A
ra
bia.
The
ex
per
ie
nc
e
gained
in
t
his
e
m
pirical
stud
y
dif
fer
s
from
that
gained
in
a
pre
vious
w
ork
do
c
um
ented
in
[
13
]
.
T
he
m
ai
n
diff
e
ren
c
e
is
that
the
so
ft
war
e
e
ng
i
neer
i
ng
proces
s
gro
up
(
SEP
G
)
te
am
appr
oach
e
d
th
e
organ
iz
at
io
ns
in
the
pr
e
vious
ex
per
ie
nce
and
c
onvinc
ed
the
m
to
con
duct
SPI
init
ia
ti
ves.
I
n
con
t
rast,
in
the
curre
nt
ex
per
i
ence,
t
he
orga
nizat
ion
i
niti
at
ed
the
proce
ss
an
d
a
ppro
ac
he
d
us
to
co
nduc
t
the
SPI
init
ia
ti
ve.
Th
is
dif
fere
nce
gr
eat
ly
influ
e
nc
ed
the
fi
nd
i
ngs;
in
the
pr
e
vi
ous
ex
pe
rience,
the
em
plo
ye
es
we
r
e
reluctant
t
o
s
ha
re
in
form
at
ion
about
process
qu
al
it
y
an
d
s
up
portin
g
e
vid
e
nc
e
with
the
SE
PG
te
am
,
w
hich
was
the
m
ai
n
ob
sta
cl
e.
On
the
c
ontrary,
m
os
t
of
the
current
e
m
pirical
stud
y
e
m
plo
ye
es
were
colla
borati
ve
du
e
to
the
to
p
m
anag
e
m
ent
inv
ol
vem
ent
an
d
com
m
i
t
m
ent
to
the
SPI
init
ia
ti
ve.
T
he
com
m
i
t
m
en
t
to
the
SPI
init
ia
ti
ve
of
both
m
anag
erial
le
vels
a
nd
s
of
t
war
e
de
ve
lop
e
rs
has
be
en
st
ud
ie
d
in
[
17
]
.
A
be
ha
vior
-
base
d
Com
m
itm
ent
Mod
el
is
pro
pose
d
to
raise
a
war
e
ness
ab
ou
t
the
people
is
su
es
i
n
im
pr
ov
ing
proces
ses.
Su
c
h
factors,
a
m
on
g
oth
e
rs,
a
re c
ru
c
ia
l t
o
the s
ucce
ss of a
ny SPI i
niti
at
ive.
A
detai
le
d
stu
dy
of
t
he
fa
ct
ors
that
ham
per
purs
uing
t
he
S
P
I
init
ia
ti
ve
has
been
doc
um
ent
ed
in
[2
7
]
.
Both
stu
dies
r
eveale
d
that
th
ere
are
both
si
m
il
arities
and
diff
e
re
nces
bet
ween
pr
act
it
io
ner
s
in
r
at
ing
su
ccess
and
fail
ure
fac
tors.
T
he
rati
ng
was
a
ff
ect
e
d
by
c
ultur
al
iss
ues
i
n
diff
e
rent
countries.
M
or
e
over,
these
stud
ie
s
hav
e
s
how
n
that
diff
e
re
nt
pract
it
ion
ers
a
r
e
awar
e
of
w
hat
is
i
m
per
at
ive
for
the
i
m
plem
entat
ion
of
SP
I
pro
gr
am
s.
In
t
he
case
st
ud
y
r
eported
he
re,
m
os
t
of
the
s
uc
cess
f
act
ors
a
re
m
et
to
cond
uct
the
S
PI
i
niti
at
ive,
includi
ng
to
p
m
anag
em
ent
com
m
itm
ent,
Staff
i
nvolv
em
ent,
a
nd
hi
gh
st
aff
m
or
al
e.
T
he
se
facto
rs
hel
p
the
SEPG
te
am
con
duct
a
su
cces
sfu
l
SP
I
init
ia
ti
ve
and
ide
ntif
y
interest
ing
fa
ct
or
s
that
obstr
uct
the
devel
opm
ent
process
and
de
la
y t
he
delive
r
y t
o
cu
stom
ers.
The
re
st
of
t
he
pap
e
r
is
or
ga
nized
as
fo
ll
ows:
Sect
io
n
2
discusse
s
the
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
a
nd
resea
rch
dr
i
ver
s
for
this
researc
h
pa
pe
r.
It
desc
ribes
the
orga
nizat
io
n
un
der
stu
dy
and
w
hy
they
wan
t
t
o
sta
rt
a
n
SP
I
init
ia
ti
ve.
Sect
ion
3
presents
t
he
init
ia
l
fin
din
gs
after
the
first
day
m
eet
in
gs
base
d
on
w
hich
t
he
SP
I
pl
an
is
dr
a
w
n.
Sect
io
n
4
pr
e
sents
t
he
detai
le
d
fin
dings
a
nd
a
nal
ysi
s,
and
se
ct
ion
5
discuss
e
s
the
le
ssons
le
arn
e
d.
Sect
ion
6
disc
usse
s the
validit
y t
hr
eat
s
,
a
nd s
ect
ion
7
pr
ese
nt
s the c
on
cl
us
i
on and
f
utu
re
work.
2.
METHO
DOL
OGY A
N
D
O
RGANIZ
ATI
ON
’S
DRIVE
RS
Orga
nizat
ion
X,
w
ho
se
an
onym
ou
s
nam
e
ref
e
rs
to
the
I
T
orga
nizat
ion
unde
r
st
ud
y,
i
s
hire
d
by
a
public
age
ncy
to
de
velo
p
an
d
r
un
a
n
on
li
ne
app
li
cat
io
n
that
pro
vi
des
s
erv
ic
es
the
use
rs
in
Sa
udi
Ar
a
bi
a
.
Orga
nizat
ion
X
is of
m
edium si
ze with ar
ound eig
hty em
plo
ye
es. A
s the syste
m
is p
ut in
us
e f
or se
ver
al
yea
rs
now,
m
or
e
se
rv
ic
es
are
bei
ng
c
on
ti
nuous
ly
req
ueste
d
to
be
a
dd
e
d
or
updated
in
t
he
syst
e
m
.
Recen
tl
y,
sign
ifi
ca
nt
-
qu
a
li
ty
issues
were
disco
ve
red
in
the
syst
em
t
hat
res
ulted
i
n
a
sign
i
ficant
de
la
y
in
delive
r
ing
t
he
requested
ser
vi
ces.
T
he
organi
zat
ion
'
s
execut
ive
direct
or
a
nd
proj
ect
m
anag
ers
are
i
nteres
te
d
in
as
surin
g
that
these
qu
al
it
y
issues
ha
ve
bee
n
su
ccessf
u
ll
y
dealt
with
to
ensu
re
the
qual
it
y
of
ser
vices
pro
vid
e
d
an
d
delivere
d
on
ti
m
e.
To
su
pp
or
t
that
effor
t,
the
e
xecu
t
ive
directo
r
sought
an
in
de
pe
nd
e
nt
assess
m
ent
of
the
adopte
d
dev
el
op
m
ent
proces
s
to
dete
r
m
ine
wh
at
qu
al
it
y
pr
ob
le
m
s
exist
and
so
l
ve
them
.
The
r
efore,
the
e
xe
cutive
directo
r
has
c
onta
ct
ed
the
sof
tware
e
ng
i
neeri
ng
process
gr
oup
(S
E
PG)
at
PSU,
who
a
re
the
aut
hors
of
this
pap
e
r, t
o
c
onduct
the a
pprais
al
an
d p
r
ov
i
de recom
m
end
at
ion
s
.
The
organ
iz
at
i
on
is
no
t
inte
r
est
ed
in
certi
fi
cat
ion
or
reac
hi
ng
a
ce
rtai
n
m
at
ur
it
y
le
vel,
bu
t
a
re
m
or
e
interest
ed
in
i
de
ntifyi
ng
t
he
proces
s
areas
with
sign
i
ficant
weakness
,
the
CM
MI
v1.3
[9]
con
ti
nuous
m
od
el
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
:
5
0
0
-
5
0
9
502
us
e
d
for
this p
urp
os
e, and
s
ta
nd
a
r
d
CM
MI ap
prai
sal
m
et
hod
f
or
pr
ocess
im
pr
ov
em
ent
(
SCAMP
)
C i
s ad
opte
d
as an
appraisal
m
et
ho
d. T
he
m
ai
n
ob
j
ect
ives
of the as
sessm
ent can
b
e
s
umm
arized as
fo
ll
ow
s:
Pr
ovi
de
a
n
acc
ur
at
e a
ppraisal
com
pliant wit
h
SCAMP
I
C a
ppraisal
.
Cond
uct
the
a
ppraisal
withi
n
th
ree
cal
en
da
rs'
workdays
to
m
ini
m
iz
e
cost
an
d
disru
ptions
to
th
e
sit
e
op
e
rati
ons.
Pr
ovi
de
the
or
gan
iz
at
io
n wit
h
m
or
e insi
gh
t
into
fin
dings a
nd r
ec
omm
end
ed
act
io
ns
.
The
a
ppraisal
te
a
m
sp
ent
the
first
day
of
th
e
assessm
ent
i
nter
viewin
g
with
var
i
ous
te
am
m
e
m
ber
s
work
i
ng
on
the
va
rio
us
s
oft
wa
re
processes
f
r
om
bu
sines
s
a
na
ly
sts
to
de
ploym
ent
and
ope
rati
on
te
am
s.
By
the
end
of
the
first
day,
the
a
sses
sm
ent
te
a
m
m
et
tog
et
he
r
a
nd
identifie
d
the
m
ai
n
issue
an
d
inf
or
m
at
ion
so
urces
from
w
her
e
w
e
n
ee
d
to
co
ll
ect
m
or
e
data, se
e
Tab
le
1 for ty
pes of i
nfo
rm
ation
a
nd s
ource
s.
Table
1
.
Ty
pes
of
in
form
at
ion
sour
ce
s
Inf
o
r
m
atio
n
/
Inf
o
rm
a
tio
n
Sou
rce
Intervi
ews
Ob
serv
atio
n
s
Do
cu
m
en
ts
Bu
sin
ess
Analysts
Yes
Yes
Sy
ste
m
Anal
y
sts
Yes
Yes
Yes
Project
Manag
ers
Yes
Yes
Dev
elo
p
ers
Yes
Yes
Op
eration
tea
m
m
e
m
b
ers
Yes
Execu
tiv
e Dir
ec
to
r
s
Yes
Ba
sed
on
the
identifie
d
issu
es
an
d
t
he
ti
m
e
fr
am
e
avail
able
for
t
his
phase
of
ass
essm
ent,
f
ou
r
process
a
reas
are
ch
os
e
n
f
or
detai
le
d
asses
sm
ent
as
they
hav
e
m
ajor
iss
ues.
T
he
sel
ect
ed
pr
ocess
are
as
are
:
requirem
ent
m
anag
em
ent,
re
qu
i
rem
ent
devel
op
m
ent,
co
nfi
gurati
on
m
anag
em
ent,
and
pr
oduct
inte
gr
at
i
on.
In
t
he
ne
xt
phas
e,
the
init
ia
l
appraisal
of
t
he
four
sel
ect
e
d
proce
ss
area
s,
has
bee
n
cond
ucted.
A
de
ta
il
ed
apprais
al
,
base
d
on
CM
MI
v1.
3,
f
ollow
e
d
in
t
he
init
ia
l
ap
pr
ai
sal
t
o
e
ntail
the
fin
dings
and
descr
i
be
i
n
detai
l
the
wea
kness
of
eac
h
proce
ss
area.
Finall
y,
the
res
ults
and
rec
omm
e
nd
at
io
ns
ha
ve
bee
n
prese
nt
ed
a
nd
discusse
d
wit
h
th
e
orga
nizat
ion
'
s
te
a
m
m
e
m
ber
s
,
wh
i
l
e
the
sci
e
ntif
ic
analy
sis
of
this
e
xperien
ce
is
do
c
um
ented
in
this
pap
e
r
.
C
MM
I
cl
ass
C
appraisal
s
do
no
t
rate
the
proce
ss
m
a
turity
.
Inste
ad,
it
giv
es
a
qu
ic
k
view
of
t
he
pr
ocess
ca
pab
il
it
y
and
s
he
d
li
ght
on
possi
ble
internal
im
pr
ov
em
ents
for
t
he
pr
ocess(s)
unde
r
inv
est
igati
on.
Table
2
s
hows
the co
l
or
i
ng sc
hem
e u
sed
t
o
r
at
e each
proces
s ar
ea a
nd it
s
pract
ic
es.
Table
2
.
L
abel
s
us
e
d
t
o
c
har
a
ct
erize ap
pr
ai
s
al
r
esults
base
d o
n
the
assess
m
ent
Label Co
lo
r
Descripti
o
n
Practices
ar
e
no
t a
p
p
rop
riately
add
re
ss
ed
,
wh
ich
will
h
a
r
m
so
m
e asp
ects
of
pro
ject
p
erfo
r
m
an
ce or pr
o
d
u
ct qu
ality
in su
b
seq
u
en
t ph
ases
.
Practices
ar
e
partia
lly
add
ressed
.
The
y
m
a
y
neg
ativ
ely
i
m
p
act proj
ect
cos
t
an
d
sch
ed
u
le in su
b
sequen
t ph
ases
of
the
p
roject.
Practices
ar
e
adeq
u
ately
add
ressed
a
n
d
ar
e no
t likely
to
neg
ativ
ely
i
m
p
act
p
roject cos
t
an
d
sch
ed
u
le in subs
eq
u
en
t pro
ject
p
h
ases
.
3.
APP
RA
I
SA
L
INITI
AL R
E
S
ULTS
It
is
no
ti
ce
d
that
the
recei
ve
d
re
quest
s
by
the
de
velo
pm
ent
te
a
m
are
ei
ther
cha
nge
requests,
a
pro
du
ct
io
n
iss
ue,
or
a
qu
al
it
y
assur
a
nce
(
Q
A)
de
plo
ym
ent
issue.
Tw
o
-
t
hi
rd
s
of
the
cha
nge
re
quest
s
a
nd
QA
dep
l
oym
ent
is
su
es
a
re
of
norm
al
pr
iority
,
wh
il
e
t
he
oth
e
r
thi
rd
is
high
to
c
riti
cal
pr
i
or
it
y.
Aro
und
sixty
per
ce
nt
of
t
he pr
oductio
n
iss
ue
s ar
e
of h
i
gh a
nd criti
cal
p
ri
ori
ti
es, whil
e ar
ound
40 p
e
rce
nt is of
norm
al
to lo
w
pr
i
or
it
y.
It
has
bee
n
not
ic
ed
that
the
ti
m
e
need
e
d,
m
e
asur
e
d
in
w
orkin
g
days
,
to
r
esolve
a
c
ha
nge
request
of
low
pri
ori
ty
is
double
the
tim
e
need
e
d
f
or
re
so
lvi
ng
produc
ti
on
issues
of
t
he
sam
e
pr
iority
and
ar
ound
twel
ve
tim
es
m
or
e
than
that
t
o
reso
l
ve
the
QA
de
pl
oym
ent
issues.
The
sam
e
patter
n
holds
f
or
ot
her
pr
i
or
it
ie
s
of
t
he
diff
e
re
nt
issues
.
The
long
-
tim
e
it
ta
kes
to
reso
lve
a
cha
nge
req
ue
st
and
th
e
var
ia
ti
on
in
t
i
m
e
a
m
on
g
dif
fer
e
nt
requests
with
diff
e
re
nt
pri
ori
ti
es
are
am
on
g
the
m
ai
n
dri
ver
s
t
o
c
ondu
ct
the
ap
prai
sal
.
Af
te
r
the
on
-
sit
e
appraisal
,
th
e
m
ai
n
s
tren
gth
s
in the c
urre
nt
proces
ses that a
r
e wort
h
m
entioning
a
re as f
ollow
s
:
Fo
c
us
in
g
on
the
f
r
on
t
-
en
d
was
a
big
s
uc
cess
sto
ry
f
or
the
orga
nizat
ion
with
ou
t
w
orryi
ng
ab
out
the
infr
a
struct
ur
e
part. Cha
ngin
g
t
his m
o
m
entum wil
l h
ur
t t
he
te
a
m
an
d
t
he pr
ogress
of
t
he
te
a
m
The
or
gan
iz
at
ion
'
s
te
a
m
is
di
vid
e
d
into
sm
al
l
su
b
-
te
am
s.
This
shou
l
d
co
nt
inu
e
since
sm
al
le
r
te
a
m
s
red
uc
e
com
plexity
and
m
axi
m
iz
e
ef
fici
ency.
Sm
al
l
er
te
am
structur
es
kee
p
te
am
s
from
getti
ng
bogge
d
do
wn
a
nd
losin
g
m
o
m
entum
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
So
ft
ware
proce
ss im
pr
ove
me
nt
init
iati
ve in mediu
m
size
IT o
rg
aniz
ation:
a
case s
t
ud
y
(
Mo
ham
mad Zar
ou
r
)
503
Adding N
ew
e
m
plo
ye
es
sh
o
ul
d
be
stu
died
a
s
it
do
es
not
al
ways
be
nef
it
te
a
m
s.
Ba
sed
on o
ur
obse
rv
at
io
ns
,
the
te
am
need
s
one
or
tw
o
bi
li
ng
ual
syst
e
m
analy
sts
and
one
or
t
wo
i
n
the
de
velo
pm
ent
te
a
m
to
bu
il
d
autom
at
ion
.
Au
t
om
ating
c
onti
nuous
delive
ry w
it
h a
deliv
ery pi
peline e
nhance
s
the
sp
e
ed of
d
el
ive
ry.
More
ov
e
r, sev
eral wea
knesse
s h
a
ve
al
s
o bee
n no
ti
ced
that i
nclu
des
t
he
f
ol
lowing:
Re
qu
irem
ents
Issu
e
s.
The
re
i
s
a
gap
bet
we
en
B
us
iness
re
qu
i
rem
ent
sp
e
ci
ficat
ion
s
(B
RS)
a
nd
s
of
tw
are
requirem
ents sp
eci
ficat
ions (
SRS).
SRS is
no
t a
pp
ro
pr
ia
te
ly
r
e
viewed, a
nd not al
l con
ce
r
ned tea
m
m
e
m
ber
s are
involve
d
i
n
it
.
The b
uild
proc
ess is a
d ho
c
a
nd full
y m
anu
al
.
En
vironm
ent inconsist
encies
.
Ev
e
ry en
vir
on
m
ent is d
if
fer
e
nt, whic
h delay
thin
g.
The
m
ock
in
g b
ackend is
not a
vaila
ble fo
r
te
s
t pur
po
se
s.
Test
d
at
a is a
bi
g
issue
. T
her
e
sh
oul
d be a m
echan
ism
f
or th
e d
e
velo
pm
ent team
to
create
their test
data.
Com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
iss
ues
a
re e
ve
ryw
her
e
betw
een team
s.
Lack
of r
es
our
ces/
Staff fo
r
s
om
e p
r
ocess
a
re
as.
The pr
oject
m
a
nag
e
r has
neith
er a pr
oper
to
ol nor m
easur
es to m
on
it
or an
d
t
rack p
rojects a
nd CR
s.
Re
le
ase
m
anage
m
ent is m
issin
g.
The pr
ocess
fo
r proj
ect
i
niti
at
ion
a
nd
op
e
ning a
ne
w
c
hang
e re
qu
est
is
un
cl
ear.
Secu
rity
p
r
oce
dures
a
re ta
king a l
ot of tim
e, w
hic
h hin
der
s
the pr
ogress.
All
these
issu
es
wer
e
ac
knowle
dged
verba
ll
y
by
the
te
a
m
,
and
the
co
ll
ect
ed
qu
est
io
nn
ai
res
al
s
o
ackno
wled
ged
them
.
Each
one
of
these
iss
ues
ca
n
be
so
l
ved
in
di
ff
e
re
nt
w
ay
s.
T
he
reco
m
m
end
at
ion
s
f
or
so
lvi
ng
the
se
issues
s
houl
d
be
m
ade
in
a
dif
fer
e
nt
phase
to
assess
the
pos
sible
so
lu
ti
ons'
pros
an
d
c
on
s
before
adoptin
g
a
ny.
4.
APP
RA
I
SA
L
DETAILE
D
RESU
LT
S
AND A
N
ALYSIS
Du
e
to
the
ti
m
e
desi
gn
at
e
d
for
the
a
ppraisal
,
the
a
ppraisal
'
s
te
am
and
the
orga
nizat
ion
'
s
te
a
m
agr
ee
d
to
div
ide
the
assessm
ent
ini
ti
at
ive
into
phases.
The
f
ollow
i
ng
s
ubsect
ion
s
disc
us
s
i
n
detai
l
the
assessed
processes
and t
he
resu
lt
s
of th
e assessm
ent for
each
of the
s
e proces
ses.
4.1.
Assesse
d
softwar
e pr
oc
ess a
re
as
The
first
pha
se
cov
e
rs
fou
r
processes:
r
equ
i
rem
ent
manag
em
ent,
re
qu
i
rem
ent
dev
el
opm
ent,
config
ur
at
io
n
m
anag
em
ent, an
d p
r
oduct inte
gr
at
io
n.
4.1.1.
Re
quir
ement
ma
nag
ement
The
pu
rpose
of
requirem
ents
m
anag
em
ent
(REQM)
is
to
m
anag
e
the
pr
oj
ect
'
s
pro
du
ct
s
an
d
pro
du
ct
com
po
ne
nts'
req
ui
rem
ents
a
nd
ide
ntify
inc
on
sist
e
ncies
be
tween
th
os
e
r
equ
i
rem
ents
a
nd
the
pro
j
ect
's
plans
and
work
products.
The
cl
ie
nt
req
uests
ne
w
serv
ic
es
or
re
qu
i
rem
ents.
The
business
a
na
ly
st
co
m
m
un
i
cat
es
with
t
he
cl
ie
nt
to
a
rr
a
nge
for
m
eet
ing
s
to
unde
rstan
d
a
nd
c
om
plete
the
re
qu
i
rem
ents
de
finiti
on.
B
usi
ness
requirem
ents
are
delivere
d
to
the
syst
e
m
ana
ly
st
to
dev
el
op
the
SRS
do
c
um
ent
su
bm
itte
d
to
the
de
velo
pm
ent
te
a
m
to
de
velo
p
the
r
e
quest
ed
servic
e an
d
t
he
QA team
to
de
velo
p
the
test
cases.
4
.
1.2.
Re
quir
ement
devel
opme
nt
Re
qu
irem
ents
are
the
basis
f
or
desi
gn.
T
he
de
velo
pm
ent
of
re
qu
irem
ents
inclu
des
the
fo
ll
owin
g
act
ivit
ie
s:
el
icita
ti
on
,
a
naly
sis,
validat
io
n,
an
d
c
omm
u
nicat
ion
of
c
us
tom
er
nee
ds,
ex
pectat
io
ns,
an
d
const
raints
to
ob
ta
in
c
us
t
om
e
r
re
qu
ir
em
ents.
Coll
ect
ion
an
d
co
ordin
at
ion
of
sta
keholde
r
needs.
De
vel
opm
ent
of
t
he
li
fecyc
le
requirem
ents
of
the
pro
du
c
t.
Esta
blishm
ent
of
the
cust
om
er
requirem
ents.
Esta
blish
m
ent
of
the init
ia
l pro
duct
and
pro
duc
t com
po
ne
nt r
e
qu
i
rem
ents co
nsi
ste
nt w
it
h
c
ust
om
er r
eq
uire
m
ents
.
The
business
r
equ
i
rem
ent
sp
eci
ficat
ion
s
(B
RS)
ar
e
do
c
um
ented
usi
ng
a
prede
fine
d
t
e
m
plate
.
The
syst
e
m
an
al
yst
tran
sla
te
s the
BR
S into
syst
e
m
sp
eci
ficat
ion
s u
si
ng anothe
r
p
re
de
fine
d
te
m
pla
te
to
pro
duce the
SRS
do
c
um
ent.
Non
-
f
un
ct
io
na
l
req
uirem
ents
wer
e
ide
ntifie
d.
T
his
beca
m
e
the
set
of
custom
er
requir
e
m
ents.
Re
qu
irem
ents
for
product
c
om
po
nen
ts
were
est
ablishe
d
by
f
un
ct
io
nal
area
via
s
cena
rios
a
nd
use
c
ases,
includi
ng
th
ose
f
or
i
nterf
ace
s.
U
se
cases
a
nd
sce
nar
io
s
e
vo
l
ved
via
joint
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
dev
el
op
m
ent
(
JAD
)
sessions i
nt
o
a
final fu
nctio
nal d
esi
gn
that
wa
s jointly
r
e
vie
wed an
d
a
ppr
oved
as t
he basis f
or
f
ur
t
her
w
ork.
4.1.3.
C
onfig
urati
on
ma
nagemen
t
The
pur
po
se
of
co
nfi
gurati
on
m
anag
e
m
ent
(
CM
)
is
to
est
a
blish
a
nd
m
ai
ntain
the
inte
gr
i
ty
of
wor
k
pro
du
ct
s
usi
ng
co
nf
i
gurati
on
identific
at
io
n,
co
nfi
gurati
on
c
on
t
ro
l,
c
onfig
ur
at
io
n
s
ta
tus
accounti
ng,
an
d
config
ur
at
io
n
aud
it
s.
C
onfig
ur
at
io
n
it
em
s
a
re
ide
ntifie
d
ba
sic
al
ly
as
par
t
of
t
he
cha
nge
requests.
Cl
ie
nt
data,
env
i
ronm
ents,
and
doc
um
ents
are
treat
e
d
as
CIs
in
a
ddit
ion
to
c
od
e
.
T
he
c
ollaborat
ive
li
f
ecy
cl
e
m
anag
e
m
ent
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
:
5
0
0
-
5
0
9
504
(
CLM
)
is
us
e
d
as
a
too
l
to
m
anag
e
a
nd
co
nt
ro
l
w
ork
pro
duct
s.
Re
ports
ar
e
gen
e
rated
fro
m
CLM
and
use
d
by
m
anag
em
ent
t
o
m
on
it
or
project
progress,
ri
sk
s,
iss
ues,
a
nd
trac
k
c
ha
nge
s
to
cl
osure
.
St
at
us
on
c
onfig
ur
at
io
n
work
pro
duct
s
is
in
wee
kly/m
on
t
hly
repo
rts.
Deli
ver
a
bles
l
og
t
rack
s
detai
ls
of
eac
h
delivera
ble.
Ri
sks/
issues
log
s
are
m
ai
ntained.
4.1.4.
Pr
od
uc
t
inte
gr
at
i
on
The
pur
po
se
of
pro
du
ct
i
nteg
r
at
ion
is
to
asse
m
ble
the
pr
od
uc
t
from
the
pro
du
ct
c
om
po
ne
nts,
e
nsure
that
the
pro
du
ct
,
as
i
ntegrat
ed,
f
un
ct
io
ns
pr
op
e
rly
,
a
nd
de
li
ver
the
product.
In
te
gr
at
io
n
e
nviro
nm
ents
we
re
est
ablished
.
I
nt
egr
at
io
n
scri
pts
are
r
un
i
n
a
def
i
ned
se
quen
ce
to
buil
d
the
syst
e
m
.
Af
te
r
dev
el
op
e
rs
te
st
the
com
po
ne
nts
via
a
un
it
te
st,
the
c
od
e
is
as
sem
bled
in
th
e
pre
-
bu
il
d
se
rv
e
r
befo
re
m
ov
i
ng
int
o
the
te
s
t
env
i
ronm
ent.
Upo
n
com
pleti
ng
ver
ific
at
io
n
act
ivit
ie
s,
the
pro
duct
is
delivere
d
to
the
Product
te
a
m
fo
r
pro
du
ct
io
n
acc
eptance test
(PAT)
envir
onm
ent
.
4.2.
Ap
pr
ais
al
fin
dings
Figure
1
s
how
s
the
a
ppraisal
s’
re
su
lt
s.
Seve
ral
sp
eci
fic
pra
ct
ic
es
are
f
ound
to
ha
ve
no
e
vid
e
nce
th
at
su
pp
or
ts
t
heir
existe
nce.
The
sp
eci
fic
pr
act
i
ces
that
are
la
beled
red
f
ollo
wed
by
th
os
e
la
beled
ye
ll
ow
need
m
or
e
at
te
ntion
to
be
im
pr
ov
e
d.
For
insta
nce,
a
good
pract
ic
e
wh
e
n
m
anag
in
g
the
re
quirem
ents
is
to
asses
s
the
i
m
pact
of
com
ing
re
qu
i
rem
e
nts
on
the
exi
sti
ng
c
omm
itm
ents.
O
r
gan
i
zat
ion
X
has
no
e
vid
e
nce
t
hat
s
uch
pr
act
ic
e
is
a
do
pted
he
nce
t
his
m
ay
resu
lt
s
in
une
xp
e
ct
ed
conseq
ue
nces
on
the
cu
rr
e
nt
com
m
i
t
m
ents
w
he
n
i
m
ple
m
enting
the
ne
w
requir
e
m
ents.
More
over
,
the
c
omm
itm
ents
the
m
se
lves
are
not
ne
go
ti
at
ed
or
rec
ord
e
d
anyw
her
e
!
Other
pract
ic
es
that
are
relat
ed
to
the
re
quirem
ent
m
ana
gem
ent
and
a
re
m
issed
inc
lud
es
:
evaluati
ng
t
he
i
m
pact
of
re
qu
i
rem
ent
chan
ge
s
f
r
om
the
sta
ndpoint
of
releva
nt
sta
ke
ho
l
der
s
,
gene
rati
ng
requirem
ent
tracea
bili
ty
m
a
t
rix
an
d
m
or
e.
W
it
h
re
gard
t
o
the
re
quire
m
ent
dev
el
op
m
ent
process,
the
best
pr
act
ic
es
m
issed
incl
ude:
pri
or
it
iz
ing
cu
sto
m
ers’
f
unct
io
na
l
and
no
n
-
functi
on
al
re
qu
i
r
e
m
ents,
m
ai
nt
ai
nin
g
relat
ion
s
hip
s
be
tween
requir
e
m
ents
that
w
ou
l
d
be
us
e
ful
durin
g
cha
nge
m
anag
em
e
nt
an
d
re
quire
m
ents
al
locat
ion
,
all
oc
at
ing
require
m
ents to pr
oduc
t com
po
ne
nts
and the a
rc
hitec
ture
a
nd m
or
e
.
The
co
nf
i
gur
at
ion
m
anag
em
e
nt
process
has
,
al
so
,
va
rio
us
pr
act
ic
es
that
are
no
t
ad
op
te
d
in
the
orga
nizat
ion
,
t
his
inclu
des:
A
ssign
i
ng
a
uniq
ue
ide
ntifie
r
f
or
each
c
onfi
gur
at
ion
it
em
,
sp
eci
fy
the
relat
io
ns
hi
p
a
m
on
g
va
rio
us
co
nf
i
gurati
on
it
e
m
s,
ob
ta
ini
ng
aut
horizat
ion
f
r
om
the
c
hange
c
ontr
ol
bo
a
r
d
(CCB
)
befor
e
creati
ng
o
r
rele
asi
ng
b
asel
ines
of
c
onfig
ur
at
i
on
it
em
s
and
s
pecifyi
ng
the
l
at
est
ver
sio
n
of
baseli
nes.
Sim
il
arly,
the
pr
oduct
int
egr
at
io
n
proce
ss
has
al
so
bee
n
f
ound
t
o
m
is
s
va
rio
us
best
pr
act
ic
es
th
at
inclu
des:
per
io
dical
ly
rev
ie
w
an
d
revi
se
the
pr
od
uct
integrati
on
str
at
egy,
recordi
ng
the
rati
onal
e
fo
r
decisi
ons
m
ade
and
de
fe
rr
e
d,
ens
ur
e
t
he
c
ompati
bili
ty
of
th
e
interf
aces
th
r
oughout
the
li
f
e
of
the
pro
duc
t
and
m
or
e.
F
or
m
or
e
detai
ls
about
the
sp
eci
fic
pr
a
ct
ic
es
per
proc
ess
area
please
ref
er
t
o
CM
MI
guide
[9]
.
A
s
a
m
ple
of
the
as
sessed
pr
act
ic
e
s
are
sh
ow
n
in
Ta
ble
3.
Table
3.
Sam
pl
e f
or
t
he red
-
la
beled
a
nd yel
lo
w
-
la
beled
c
olors
Ass
ess
ed
Pr
o
cess
Area
Red
-
Labeled
Pr
act
ices
Yello
w
-
L
ab
eled
Pr
actices
Req
u
ire
m
en
ts
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
Ass
ess
th
e
i
m
p
act
o
f
requ
ire
m
en
ts
o
n
ex
isti
n
g
co
m
m
it
m
en
ts
Estab
lish
o
b
jectiv
e
crite
ria
f
o
r
th
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
an
d
acceptan
ce of
r
eq
u
ire
m
en
ts
Neg
o
tiate and
r
eco
rd co
m
m
i
t
m
en
ts
An
aly
ze
requ
ire
m
e
n
ts
to
en
su
r
e
th
at
th
e
estab
lish
ed
criter
ia
ar
e
m
et
Gen
erate
a r
eq
u
irem
e
n
ts tra
ceabili
ty
m
a
trix
Req
u
ire
m
en
t
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
Estab
lish
an
d
m
a
in
tain
p
rioritiz
atio
n
o
f
cu
sto
m
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
al and
qu
a
lity
att
ribu
te
requ
ir
e
m
en
ts
Tr
an
slate
stak
e
h
o
ld
er
n
eeds
,
ex
p
ectatio
n
s,
co
n
strain
ts,
an
d
in
terfaces
in
to
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
cu
sto
m
e
r
r
eq
u
ire
m
en
ts
Estab
lish
an
d
m
ain
tain
rel
atio
n
sh
ip
s
b
etween
requ
ire
m
en
ts
f
o
r
co
n
sid
eration
d
u
ring
ch
an
g
e
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
r
eq
u
ire
m
en
ts allo
ca
tio
n
Al
lo
cate req
u
ire
m
en
ts to
deliv
ery
inc
re
m
en
ts
Do
cu
m
en
t r
el
atio
n
sh
ip
s a
m
o
n
g
alloca
ted
r
eq
u
ire
m
en
ts
Use
p
rov
en
m
o
d
el
s,
si
m
u
l
atio
n
s,
an
d
p
roto
ty
p
in
g
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
b
al
an
ce
o
f
stak
eh
o
l
d
er
n
eeds
an
d
co
n
strain
ts
Co
n
f
i
g
u
ration
Manag
e
m
en
t
Ass
ig
n
un
iq
u
e iden
tif
iers
to
con
f
ig
u
ration
ite
m
s
Categ
o
rize
an
d
pri
o
ritize
ch
an
g
e r
eq
u
ests
Sp
ecif
y
th
e
e
ss
en
tial
ch
arac
t
eristics
o
f
ea
ch
co
n
f
ig
u
ration
ite
m
Make th
e cur
rent s
et of
bas
elin
es rea
d
ily
availab
le
Sp
ecif
y
the latest
versio
n
of
bas
elin
es
Rev
ise
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
ration
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
stru
ctu
re
as
n
ecessary
Prod
u
ct I
n
teg
ration
Iden
tif
y
alternativ
e
p
roduct
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
in
teg
ratio
n
strateg
ies
Select the b
est in
te
g
ration
strategy
Period
ically
revie
w
th
e
p
rod
u
ct
in
te
g
ration
strateg
y
an
d
revis
e as need
ed
Iden
tif
y
v
erifi
catio
n
p
roc
ed
u
res
an
d
c
riter
ia
f
o
r
th
e
p
rod
u
ct integ
ration
en
v
iron
m
en
t
Reco
rd th
e r
atio
n
al
e f
o
r
d
ecisio
n
s
m
a
d
e and
def
err
ed
Estab
lish
an
d
m
ai
n
tain
criter
ia
f
o
r
v
alid
atio
n
an
d
d
eliv
ery
of
the in
te
g
rated pro
d
u
ct
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
So
ft
ware
proce
ss im
pr
ove
me
nt
init
iati
ve in mediu
m
size
IT o
rg
aniz
ation:
a
case s
t
ud
y
(
Mo
ham
mad Zar
ou
r
)
505
(a
)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
1. The
re
su
lt
s of
a
pprai
sal
f
or t
he
sel
e
ct
ed
pr
ocesses
;
(a)
re
quirem
e
nt m
anag
em
ent
appraisal
resu
lt
s
,
(
b)
re
quirem
ent d
evel
op
m
ent apprais
al
r
esults
,
(c
)
c
onfig
ur
at
io
n
m
anag
em
ent app
raisal
r
es
ults
, a
nd
(d)
pro
du
ct
i
ntegr
at
io
n
a
pprai
sal
r
es
ults
4.3.
Discussi
on
The
orga
nizat
ion
'
s
te
ch
nical
te
a
m
has
se
ver
a
l
opport
un
it
ie
s
to
im
pr
ov
e
the
requirem
ent
m
anag
em
ent
process
.
On
e
of
the
m
ai
n
finding
s
is
that
t
he
busines
s
a
naly
st
(BA
)
sta
rts
c
ollec
ti
ng
t
he
r
e
qu
i
rem
ents
without
the
pro
j
ect
m
a
nag
e
r'
s
con
se
nt
or
knowle
dg
e.
The
BA
get
s
the
request
to
colle
ct
the
req
ui
rem
ents
fr
om
a
sp
eci
fic
auth
or
it
y,
and
he
ob
e
ys
that
req
uest.
As
the
proj
ect
m
anag
er
is
awar
e
of
pr
oj
ect
c
omm
itm
ents
a
nd
is
no
t
in
vo
l
ved
i
n
the
re
qu
ire
m
ents
negotia
ti
on
s
wit
h
cl
ie
nts,
this
en
ds
up
with
asse
ssing
the
im
pact
of
requirem
ents on e
xisti
ng co
m
m
itm
ents an
d
negotia
ti
ng com
m
i
t
m
ents to
be unf
ulfill
ed.
More
ov
e
r,
e
va
luati
ng
t
he
im
pact
of
c
hangi
ng
re
qu
i
rem
ents
durin
g
the
dev
el
op
i
ng
pr
ocess
is
not
done
as
well
as
traci
ng
re
qu
i
rem
ents
to
their
requester
s
a
nd
de
pen
de
nci
es
betwee
n
re
qu
i
rem
ents;
this
m
a
y
aff
ect
the
perf
or
m
ance
of
t
he
dev
el
op
m
ent
process
wh
e
n
a
change
is
a
ppr
ov
e
d
to
be
m
ade
for
a
s
pecific
requirem
ent
an
d
the
relat
ed
or
li
nk
e
d
on
es
.
Hen
ce
,
pract
ic
es
relat
ed
to
e
valuati
ng
the
i
m
pact
of
requi
rem
ent
change
s
from
sta
keholde
rs'
po
i
nt
of
vie
w,
gen
e
rati
ng
and
m
ai
ntain
in
g
re
quirem
ents
tracea
bili
ty
,
and
identify
in
g
c
ha
ng
e
s to
p
la
ns
a
nd work
pro
du
ct
s r
es
ulti
ng
from
ch
ang
i
ng re
qu
i
rem
ents are
unf
ulfill
ed.
It
is
al
so
noti
c
ed
that
proj
e
ct
m
anag
em
ent
i
nvolv
em
ent
in
th
e
re
qu
i
rem
e
nt
m
anag
em
en
t
process
is
feeb
le
.
He
nce
,
re
viewi
ng
t
he
pro
j
ect
plans
a
nd
act
iv
it
ie
s
as
a
res
ult
of
require
m
ent
cha
ng
es
a
nd
inco
ns
ist
encies
is
weak
.
T
his
resu
lt
ed
in
hav
i
ng
pr
act
ic
es
relat
ed
to
rev
ie
wing
the
proj
ect
'
s
plan
s
an
d
act
ivit
ie
s
fo
r
inco
ns
ist
enci
es
after
ad
op
ti
ng
cha
nges
to
requirem
ents,
ide
ntifyi
ng
s
ources
of
su
c
h
inco
ns
ist
encies
, and
i
niti
at
ing
any co
rr
ect
i
ve a
ct
ion
s
unf
ulfill
ed.
Qu
al
it
y
requir
e
m
ents
are
in
adequate
ly
ad
dr
ess
ed
i
n
th
e
BR
S
an
d
accor
dingly
in
the
SRS
.
Re
qu
irem
ents
that
af
fect
the
design
a
nd
a
rch
it
ect
ure
are
no
t
addresse
d.
It
can
be
be
cause
the
syst
e
m
i
s
al
read
y
de
vel
oped
,
a
nd
m
os
t
of
t
he
work
is
to
ad
d
new
ser
vices.
Des
pite
that,
so
m
e
ne
w
re
quirem
ents
m
a
y
sti
ll
i
m
pact
th
e
desig
n,
m
ai
nly
the
qu
al
it
y
requirem
ents
addressi
ng
perf
or
m
ance
issue
s.
He
nce,
a
naly
st(s)
sh
oul
d
kee
p
their
ey
es
ope
n
to
cat
ch
s
uc
h
re
qu
i
rem
ents.
This
has
r
esulte
d
in
ha
ving
so
m
e
pract
ic
es
unf
ulfill
ed
that
include
pract
ic
es
relat
ed
to
e
sta
blishin
g
a
nd
m
ai
ntaining
pri
or
it
iz
at
ion
of
custom
er
funct
ion
al
and
qu
al
it
y
at
t
rib
ute
require
m
ents,
dev
el
oping
arc
hitec
tur
al
req
uirem
ents
captur
i
ng
crit
ic
al
qu
al
it
y
a
ttr
ib
utes
al
ong
wit
h
th
ei
r
m
easur
es,
determ
ining
ar
chite
ct
ur
al
ly
sign
i
ficant
qual
i
ty
at
tribu
te
s
ba
sed
on
t
he
c
riti
cal
m
issi
on
an
d
bu
si
ness
dri
ve
rs
a
nd
assess
th
e
im
pact
of
t
he
a
rch
it
e
ct
ur
al
ly
sign
i
f
ic
ant
-
qual
it
y
at
tribu
te
requirem
ents
on
the
pro
duct
a
nd
pro
duct
devel
op
m
ent
costs
an
d
ris
ks
.
O
n
the
ot
her
ha
nd,
oth
e
r
pr
act
ic
e
s
are
par
ti
al
ly
fu
lfil
le
d;
this
include
s
pr
act
ic
es
relat
ed
to
translat
ing
sta
ke
ho
l
de
r
needs
into
docum
ented
cus
tom
er
requirem
ents,
der
i
ving
re
quir
e
m
ents
that
re
su
lt
from
design
decisi
on
s
,
i
den
ti
fyi
ng
a
nd
de
velo
ping
in
te
rn
al
and
e
xter
nal
pro
duct
interfac
es,
ide
ntifyi
ng
desira
ble
f
unct
ion
al
it
y
as
well
as
su
b
-
f
un
c
ti
on
al
it
y
and
qual
it
y
at
tribu
te
s, a
n
d dev
el
op and
use
prove
n
m
od
e
ls an
d prototy
pe
s to
a
naly
ze st
akeholde
rs nee
ds
a
nd c
on
st
raints.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
:
5
0
0
-
5
0
9
506
Re
qu
irem
ent
pri
or
it
iz
at
ion
an
d
risk
analy
sis
are
ver
y
c
riti
cal
wh
e
n
de
velo
pi
ng
t
he
require
m
ents
docum
ents
or
SRS.
An
al
yst
s
sh
oul
d
w
ork
cl
os
el
y
with
t
he
cl
ie
nts
to
pri
or
it
iz
e
the
requir
e
m
ents
and
det
erm
ine
wh
at
s
hould
be
incl
ud
e
d
in
the
SR
S
do
c
um
ent.
No
evi
den
ce
is
f
ound
that
sup
ports
the
a
naly
sis
and
pri
ori
ti
zat
i
on
of
requirem
ents
in
the
or
gan
iz
at
ion
'
s
pro
j
ect
t
ha
t
resu
lt
e
d
in
ha
ving
s
om
e
pract
ic
es
unf
ulfill
ed
that
a
re
relat
ed
to
pr
i
or
it
iz
ing
c
us
tom
er
funct
ion
al
a
nd
qu
al
it
y
attribu
te
requirem
ents,
m
anag
ing
r
el
at
ion
sh
i
ps
be
tween
requirem
ents
to
s
upport
cha
nge
m
anag
em
ent
an
d
r
eq
uirem
ents
al
locat
io
n,
ide
ntifyi
ng
es
sentia
l
re
qu
ir
e
m
ents
that
ha
ve
a
str
ong
in
flue
nce
on
c
o
st,
sche
dule
,
pe
rfo
rm
ance,
or
risk,
e
xam
i
ning
pro
du
ct
li
fecyc
le
co
nce
pt
s
for
i
m
pacts
of
requirem
ents
on
r
isks,
an
d
an
al
yz
ing
the
re
quirem
ents
to
determ
ine
the
risk
that
the
res
ul
ti
ng
pro
du
ct
will
no
t perfo
rm
ap
propriat
el
y i
n
it
s
intende
d use
e
nv
i
ronm
ent.
Allocat
ion
of
requirem
ents
to
a
spe
ci
fic
pro
duct
ion
c
ompone
nt
an
d
ar
chite
ct
ur
e
is
m
issed
wh
e
n
dev
el
op
i
ng
re
quirem
ents.
Thi
s
ta
sk
is
delega
te
d
to
t
he
de
ve
lop
m
ent
te
a
m
.
To
e
nsure
t
hat
al
l
requirem
ent
s
are
m
et
,
they
sh
ou
ld
be
assi
gned
to
sp
eci
fic
pr
od
uct
com
p
one
nts.
N
o
evide
nce
is
fou
nd
that
s
uppo
rts
the
al
locat
ion
of
r
equ
i
rem
ents
to
pr
od
uct
com
po
ne
nts
in
the
orga
nizat
ion
'
s
pro
j
ect
that
resul
te
d
in
hav
in
g
so
m
e
pr
act
ic
es
unful
fill
ed
that
in
cl
ud
es
al
locat
i
ng
re
qu
irem
en
ts
to
pro
duct
com
po
ne
nts
a
nd
t
he
arc
hitec
tur
e,
do
c
um
enting
r
el
at
ion
sh
i
ps
a
m
on
g
al
locat
ed
re
quirem
ents,
an
d
a
naly
zi
ng
sta
ke
ho
l
der
nee
ds
,
e
xpect
at
ion
s
,
const
raints,
a
nd
exter
nal
interfaces
to
or
gani
ze
the
m
into
relat
ed
su
bject
s
and
rem
ov
e
confli
ct
s.
The
pract
ic
e
of
al
locat
in
g
requirem
ents
to
deli
ver
y
in
crem
ents
is
par
ti
al
ly
fu
lfil
le
d.
S
urp
risin
gly,
the
colla
bo
rati
ve
li
fecyc
le
m
a
nag
em
ent
CLM
case
too
l
was
bought
by
the
orga
nizat
ion
but
is
not
us
e
d
eff
ect
ively
to
m
anag
e
the
de
velo
pm
e
nt
proce
ss
in
de
ta
il
.
Hen
ce,
t
he
CLM
featu
re
s
relat
ed
to
re
quirem
ents
al
locat
ion
s
hould
be
pu
t
to
use
.
Tech
nical
perf
or
m
ance
m
eas
ur
es
t
o
trac
k
t
he
perform
ance
of
t
he
dev
el
op
m
ent
effor
t
are
m
issed.
Su
c
h
m
easur
es
are
help
f
ul
to
assess
the
c
urr
ent
sit
uation
duri
ng
pro
j
ect
de
velo
pm
ent.
Other
pract
ic
es
s
uch
as
analy
zi
ng
sce
nar
i
os
to
bette
r
un
der
sta
nd
c
us
tom
er
ne
e
ds
and
co
ns
trai
nt
s
and
t
he
de
s
ign
'
s
analy
sis
as
it
m
at
ur
es
in
requirem
ents
validat
ion
s
houl
d
be
ex
plici
tl
y
d
efine
d
an
d
ad
opte
d.
Se
ve
ral
pract
ic
es
are
found
to
be
unf
ulfill
ed
in
the
co
nf
i
gurati
on
m
anage
m
ent
process
.
For
insta
nce
,
w
hat
crit
eria
are
us
e
d
to
sel
ect
config
ur
at
io
n
i
tem
s
that
belon
g
t
o
a
sp
eci
fi
c
work
pro
du
c
t
?
H
ow
are
c
onfi
gurati
on
it
e
m
s
identifie
d
(
via
an
identifie
r
?
)
w
hat
are
the
m
ai
n
char
a
ct
eris
ti
cs
and
relat
ion
s
hi
ps
am
on
g
co
nf
i
gurati
on
it
e
m
s
?
Is
there
a
config
ur
at
io
n
c
on
t
ro
l
boar
d
(
CC
B)
?
Ar
e
ba
sel
ines
de
fine
d
(app
rove
d
c
onfig
ur
at
io
n
it
em
s
at
a
certai
n
point
in
tim
e)
?
Var
i
ou
s
ver
si
ons
of
baseli
ne
s
are
no
t
m
anag
ed
to
i
den
ti
f
y
the
la
te
st
ver
sio
n
of
the
ba
sel
ines,
the
diff
e
re
nce
bet
ween
c
on
s
ecut
ive
baseli
nes,
and
asses
s
bas
el
ines
integrity
.
W
he
n
a
requ
est
to
change
is
m
ade,
it
s i
m
pact sh
ou
ld b
e
an
al
yz
ed
befor
e
addin
g
i
t t
o
the
ne
xt b
a
sel
ine. Mo
re
over,
it
is
un
cl
ear
what st
an
dard
s and
proce
dures
t
he
ad
op
te
d
c
onfi
gurati
on
m
anag
em
ent
are
f
ollow
in
g.
T
he
f
ul
l
us
e
of
t
he
C
LM
for
c
onfi
gurati
on
m
anag
em
ent
will
help
track
a
nd
docum
ent
al
l
the
act
ivit
ie
s
discusse
d
a
bo
ve.
It
al
so
help
s
in
com
plyi
ng
with
well
-
kn
own
sta
nd
a
r
ds
a
nd pr
oc
edures
f
or
c
onfi
gurati
on m
a
nag
em
ent.
The
st
rategy
a
dopted
f
or
pro
du
ct
i
nteg
rati
on
is
not
doc
um
ented
to
sho
w
the
c
urren
t
strat
egy
in
detai
l,
wh
y
it
is
ado
pte
d,
is
there
oth
e
r
al
te
rn
at
ive
stra
te
gies,
w
hen
was
the
la
st
tim
e
the
strat
egy
was
rev
ie
wed
?
Wh
at
are
the
re
quirem
ents
fo
r
t
he
pro
duct
ion
e
nv
i
ronm
ent
?
A
re
the
portio
ns
of
the
en
vir
onm
ent
that
are
no
t
use
fu
l
bein
g
e
xpos
e
d
?
T
his
res
ulted
in
ha
ving
so
m
e
pr
act
ic
es
unf
ulfill
ed
th
at
include:
i
de
ntifyi
ng
al
te
rn
at
ive
pro
du
ct
com
pone
nt
integrati
on
s
trat
egies,
re
viewin
g
the
pro
duct
integrati
on
strat
egy
and
r
evise
it
as
nee
de
d,
rec
ordin
g
t
he
rati
on
al
e
f
or
deci
sion
s
m
ade
an
d
def
e
rr
e
d,
id
entify
ing
the
r
equ
i
rem
ents
fo
r
th
e
pro
du
ct
inte
grat
ion
e
nv
ir
on
m
ent,
disposi
ng
of
th
os
e
por
ti
on
s
of
t
he
en
vir
on
m
ent
that
are
no
l
onger
us
ef
ul
,
est
ablishin
g
an
d
m
ai
ntaining
pro
du
ct
inte
grat
ion
pr
ocedure
s
for
the
pro
du
ct
c
om
po
ne
nts,
est
ablis
hing
a
nd
m
ai
ntaining
cr
i
te
ria
fo
r
pro
duct
com
po
ne
nt
integrati
on
and
e
valuati
on,
ensurin
g
the
com
patibil
ity
of
th
e
interfaces
th
r
ough
ou
t
the
li
fe
of
the
pro
duc
t,
and
re
visin
g
the
product
in
te
gr
at
io
n
strat
egy,
proce
dures
,
and
crit
eria as a
ppr
opriat
e.
The
m
et
ho
d
use
d
f
or
pack
i
ng
and
deliveri
ng
the
assem
bled
pro
duct
is
not
docum
ented
.
It
does
not
sh
ow
the
re
qu
i
rem
ents
and
sta
nd
a
r
ds
—
no
m
easur
es
of
it
s
eff
ect
ive
ness
or
ben
c
hm
ark
ing
with
oth
er
m
et
hods
eff
ect
ive
ness
i
s
pro
vid
e
d.
Aft
er
com
pleti
ng
the
ap
pr
ai
sa
l
and
a
naly
zi
ng
the
res
ults,
ano
t
her
m
eet
ing
wa
s
cond
ucted
to
ver
ify
a
nd
validat
e
the
colle
ct
ed
ans
wer
s
.
Re
su
lt
s
wer
e
al
so
show
n
a
nd
ex
plaine
d
to
the
so
ft
war
e
team
.
5.
LE
SSONS LE
ARNED
In
this
em
pirical
stud
y,
the
C
MM
I
m
od
el
'
s
con
ti
nu
ous
re
presentat
io
n
an
d
t
he
SC
AMPI
C
appraisal
m
et
ho
d
ha
ve
been
us
e
d
to
cond
uct
the
S
PI
init
ia
ti
ve.
By
the
end
of
this
case
stud
y,
we
obse
rved
the
fo
ll
owin
g:
On
e
of
t
he
m
ai
n
le
ssons
le
arn
e
d
by
the
end
of
t
his
in
it
ia
ti
ve
is
the
i
m
po
rtance
of
top
m
anag
em
en
t
com
m
itm
ent
to
unde
rtake
t
he
SPI
i
niti
at
ive.
The
te
am
m
e
mb
ers
are
over
w
helm
ed
with
ta
sk
s
t
o
deliver
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
So
ft
ware
proce
ss im
pr
ove
me
nt
init
iati
ve in mediu
m
size
IT o
rg
aniz
ation:
a
case s
t
ud
y
(
Mo
ham
mad Zar
ou
r
)
507
tim
e
witho
ut
noti
ci
ng
or
giv
i
ng
at
te
ntio
n
to
the
qu
al
it
y
dr
awb
ac
ks
sen
se
d
by
the
e
xec
ut
ive
direct
or
w
ho
aske
d
f
or a
nd c
omm
itted to
t
he
SP
I
init
ia
ti
ve.
Althou
gh
s
ome
te
a
m
m
e
m
be
rs
cl
aim
ed,
at
t
he
first
m
ee
ti
ng
,
that
they
ad
op
t
the
agile
proces
s,
we
f
ound
after
the
as
ses
sm
ent
that
the
adopte
d
proce
ss
m
od
el
is
a
m
od
ifie
d
wate
rf
al
l
m
od
el
.
T
his
m
eans
that
the
te
a
m
m
e
m
ber
s
need
m
or
e
awar
e
ness
a
nd
t
rainin
g
of
va
ri
ou
s
process
m
od
el
s
to
e
nh
a
nc
e
their
abili
ty
to
sel
ect
an
d deci
de wh
ic
h proce
ss m
od
el
to use
.
Althou
gh
pow
erful
too
ls
are
bought
by
the
orga
nizat
ion
,
i
nclu
ding
the
I
BM
CLM
too
l,
we
fou
nd
that
the
powe
rful
featu
res
of
s
uc
h
to
ol
s
are
not
us
ed
eff
ect
ively
.
S
om
e
of
these
fea
tures
a
re
n
ot
use
d
at
al
l.
He
nc
e,
we
stress
the
i
m
po
rtance
of
us
in
g
an
d
a
ct
ivati
ng
these
too
ls
to
m
an
age
the
de
vel
op
m
ent
proce
ss
eff
ect
ively
.
Con
ce
rn
i
ng
th
e
pr
e
vious
point,
process
a
ut
om
a
ti
on
is
m
al
-
functi
onin
g,
wh
ic
h
m
eans
that
co
ntinuo
us
delivery
a
nd
con
ti
nu
ous
in
t
egr
at
io
n
is
no
t
done
ef
fecti
vely
,
res
ulti
ng
in
a
long
ti
m
e
to
deliver
and
integrate
updat
e o
r
n
e
w ser
vices to the
curr
en
t sy
stem
. Co
ntinuo
us
delivery
and c
on
ti
nu
ous integ
rati
on a
r
e
crit
ic
al
ter
m
s i
n
the
n
e
w so
ftwar
e
pro
ce
ss
m
od
el
k
now
n as De
vOps
.
T
he
QA
e
nvir
on
m
ent
an
d
it
s
de
pende
ncie
s
are
fou
nd
t
o
hav
e
a
lot
of
dif
fer
e
nces
com
par
ed
t
o
the
d
epl
oym
ent en
vir
on
m
ent which ca
us
e
d
a l
ot of
delay
s in
th
e d
el
ive
ry of
ne
w feat
ur
e
s
.
6.
VA
LI
DIT
Y
T
HREA
T
S
On
e
of
t
he
pos
sible
th
reats
th
at
m
a
y
aff
ect
t
he
c
onduct
ed
c
ase
stu
dy
is
t
he
co
ns
tr
uct
val
idit
y,
w
hich
is
con
cer
ne
d
with
pract
it
ione
rs'
interpr
et
at
ion
of
var
i
ou
s
pr
act
ic
es
an
d
te
rm
ino
log
ie
s
use
d
in
the
a
ppraisal
.
We
so
l
ved
t
his
issue
by
bri
e
fly
introdu
ci
ng
each
proce
ss
area
that
de
fin
es
the
m
a
in
te
rm
ino
log
ie
s.
A
ll
the
appraisal
s h
a
ve
b
een con
du
ct
e
d
face
-
to
-
face,
and
a
ny q
uesti
on
s
relat
ed
to an
y pr
act
ic
e h
av
e b
een explai
ne
d
to
the
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
accor
dingly
.
W
e
do
not
hav
e
a
ny
evid
ence
that
pro
ves
this
lim
i
tation
as
none
of
th
e
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
re
ported
it
as
a
pr
oble
m
.
An
othe
r
possible
thr
eat
is
relat
ed
t
o
exter
nal
validit
y;
the
gen
er
al
iz
at
ion
of
the
resu
lt
s
to
othe
r
sit
uations
a
nd
pe
op
l
e
requires
f
ur
t
her
r
esearc
h;
he
nce
we
ca
nnot
gen
erali
ze
it
for
th
e
tim
e b
ei
ng
,
wh
ic
h
m
akes ex
te
rn
al
validit
y i
n process
.
7.
C
O
NC
L
US
I
O
N
The
ex
pe
rienc
e
gaine
d
in
thi
s
process
asse
s
sm
ent
init
ia
ti
v
e
diff
e
rs
f
ro
m
that
gaine
d
in
the
pr
e
vi
ou
s
work,
w
he
re
the
or
gan
iz
at
io
n
ha
s
init
ia
te
d
this
init
ia
ti
ve
and
t
his
ens
ure
d
the
to
p
m
anag
em
ent
com
m
i
t
m
ent.
We
ha
ve
us
ed
CM
MI
con
ti
nuous
re
pr
e
se
ntati
on
a
nd
S
CAMPI
Cl
ass
C
app
r
ai
sal
m
et
ho
d
to
c
on
du
ct
the
appraisal
.
Mos
t
of
the
doc
ume
nted
s
uccess
f
act
or
s
to
c
onduct
a
process
i
m
pr
ov
em
ent
init
ia
ti
ve
are
m
e
t
.
This
include
s:
Staff
inv
ol
vem
ent,
and
high
sta
ff
m
or
al
e.
Sever
al
pr
ocess
pitfal
ls
hav
e
been
ide
ntifi
ed;
an
interest
ing
one
is
that
ado
pti
ng
pow
er
fu
l
cas
e
too
ls
is
not
enou
gh
t
o
co
ntr
ol
the
de
velo
pm
ent
pr
oc
ess
if
they
are
not
fu
ll
y
use
d.
Ba
se
d
on
the
obser
vatio
ns
of
this
case
stud
y,
we
s
ug
gest
the
f
ollo
wing
proce
sse
s
to
be
consi
der
e
d f
or
the sec
ond p
ha
se of a
pp
raisal
,
as they
ha
ve
s
ever
al
unres
olve
d
iss
ues:
Tech
nical
so
luti
on
:
T
he
te
chn
ic
al
so
l
ution
is
co
nce
rn
e
d
with
th
e
desig
n,
de
velo
pm
ent,
an
d
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n of sol
utions t
o req
uirem
ents.
Pr
oject
m
on
it
or
i
ng
an
d
c
ontr
ol
:
The
pu
rpose
of
pro
je
ct
m
on
it
or
in
g
a
nd
c
on
tr
ol
is
to
pro
vide
a
n
unde
rstan
ding
of
the
project
's
progress
s
o
that
appropr
ia
t
e
cor
recti
ve
act
ion
s
can
be
ta
ken
w
he
n
t
he
pro
j
ect
'
s p
erfo
r
m
ance d
e
viate
s sig
nificantl
y f
ro
m
the p
la
n.
Pr
oc
ess
a
nd
pr
oduct
qu
al
it
y
assur
a
nce
:
T
he
pur
po
se
of
this
process
is
t
o
pro
vid
e
sta
ff
a
nd
m
anag
em
e
nt
with
obj
ect
ive
insig
ht into
proc
esses a
nd ass
ociat
ed wor
k p
rod
ucts
Orga
nizat
ion
al
proces
s
def
i
niti
on
:
T
he
pur
pose
of
this
proces
s
is
to
plan
,
im
plem
ent,
an
d
de
plo
y
orga
nizat
ion
al
process
im
pr
ovem
ents
based
on
a
t
hor
ough
unde
r
sta
ndin
g
of
t
he
orga
niz
at
ion
'
s
process
es
and pr
ocess
as
set
s'
cu
rr
e
nt str
eng
t
hs
a
nd
we
akn
e
sses.
AC
KNOWLED
GME
NT
The
a
uthor
s
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
t
o
t
ha
nk Pr
i
nce
Su
lt
a
n Un
i
ver
sit
y f
or their
s
upport.
RE
FERE
NCES
[1]
C.
ju
Flora
Hung,
“
Cult
ura
l
inf
l
uenc
e
on
re
la
t
io
nship
cul
ti
v
at
ion
strat
egies:
Mult
ina
ti
on
al
compa
nie
s
in
China
,
”
J.
Comm
un.
Manag.
,
vol. 8, no. 3,
pp.
264
–
281
,
Jul
.
2004
,
doi
:
10
.
1
108/13632540410807682
.
[2]
J.
Yao,
A.
Crupi,
A.
Di
Minin,
and
X.
Zha
ng,
“
Kno
wledge
sharing
and
te
chnological
innova
ti
o
n
ca
pabi
l
it
i
es
of
Chine
se
softwar
e
SM
Es,
”
J.
Kn
owl.
Manag.
,
vol.
24,
no.
3
,
pp.
607
–
634,
Ma
y
2
020
,
doi:
10.
110
8/JKM
-
08
-
2019
-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
:
5
0
0
-
5
0
9
508
0445
.
[3]
T.
La
wren
ce,
“
Global
Leade
rship
Com
m
unic
at
ion
:
A
Strategi
c
Pro
posal,
”
Creight.
J
.
In
te
rdiscip
.
Le
adersh.
,
vol
.
1
,
no.
1
,
p
.
51
,
Ma
y
2015
,
doi:
10.
1
7062/c
jil.v1
i1.
8
.
[4]
K.
A.
Buragga
a
nd
N.
Za
m
an,
"
Software
develo
pm
ent
te
chni
qu
e
s
for
construc
ti
v
e
informati
on
s
y
stems
design
,"
1
edi
ti
on
.
IGI
Glo
bal
,
2013.
[5]
L.
Lwa
ka
ta
re
,
P
.
Kuvaja,
and
M.
Oivo,
“
An
Exp
l
ora
tor
y
Stud
y
of
DevOps
:
Exten
ding
th
e
Dim
ensions
of
DevOps
with
Prac
ti
c
es,
”
in
The
El
e
ve
n
th Inte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Softw
are
Engi
n
ee
rin
g
Adv
an
ce
s
,
201
6.
[6]
S.
Rafi
,
W
.
Yu,
M.
A.
Akbar,
S.
Mahm
ood,
A.
Alsa
nad,
an
d
A.
Gum
ae
i,
“
Rea
dine
ss
m
od
el
for
DevOps
implementa
t
ion
in
software
orga
nizati
ons,
”
J
.
Soft
w.
E
vol.
Proce
ss
,
vol.
3
3,
no.
4,
p.
e
2323,
Apr.
2021
,
doi:
10
.
1002/sm
r.
2323
.
[7]
K.
Maroukia
n
and
S.
R.
Gul
liver,
“
Leadi
ng
DevOps
Prac
ti
c
e
and
Princ
iple
Ado
pti
on,
”
in
9th
Inte
rnat
iona
l
Confe
renc
e
on
I
nformation
Tech
nology
Con
ve
rg
enc
e
and
S
erv
i
ces
,
2020,
pp.
41
–
56.
[8]
M.
Za
rour
,
N.
Alhamm
ad,
M.
Alene
z
i,
and
K.
Al
sara
y
rah
,
“
Devops
Proce
ss
Mod
el
Adoption
i
n
S
audi
Arabi
a:
An
Empiric
a
l
Stud
y
,
”
Arti
c
.
Jordanian
J
.
Comp
ut.
In
f.
Te
chnol.
,
vo
l.
06,
no
.
03,
2020
,
doi
:
10.
5455/
jj
c
it
.
7
1
-
1580581874
.
[9]
CMM
I
Product Te
am,
“
CMM
I
for
Deve
lopmen
t, Ver
sion 1
.
3,
”
2
010.
[10]
ISO
/IE
C,
“
ISO
/IE
C
TR
15504,
I
nform
at
ion
T
ec
h
nolog
y
-
Softwa
r
e
Proce
ss
As
sess
m
ent
-
Par
ts 1
-
9,
”
1998.
[11
]
A.
P.
Cat
er
-
St
ee
l
,
“
Proce
ss
Im
prove
m
ent
in
Four
S
m
al
l
Software
Com
pa
nie
s,”
13
th
Au
stralian
Soft
wa
re
Engi
ne
ering
Confe
renc
e
(ASW
EC’01)
.
IEE
E,
C
anbe
rra
,
Aus
tra
lia,
2001
,
pp.
262
–
272
,
doi:
10
.
1109/ASW
EC.
2001.
9485
20
.
[12]
F.
J.
Pino,
C.
Pardo,
F.
Garc
ía,
an
d
M.
Piattini
,
“
As
ses
sm
ent
me
thodol
og
y
for
s
oftwa
re
pro
ce
ss
improvem
ent
in
sm
al
l
orga
ni
zati
ons,”
Inf
.
So
ft
w
.
Technol
.
,
vo
l. 52
,
no
.
10
,
pp
.
104
4
–
1061,
2010
,
d
oi:
10
.
1016/j.inf
sof.2010.
04.
004
.
[13]
Z.
Alshaikh,
M.
Alsale
h,
A.
Alar
ifi,
and
M.
Zarour,
“
Proce
ss
i
m
prove
m
ent
in
gover
nm
ent
al
a
genc
i
es:
Towa
r
d
CMM
I
ce
rti
f
ic
a
ti
on,
”
2015
I
E
EE
In
t.
S
ymp.
Soft
w.
Reliab.
Eng.
Work
.
ISS
RE
W
2015
,
20
16
,
pp.
168
–
17
3,
doi:
10
.
1109/ISS
REW.2015.
7392
063.
[14]
M.
Za
rour
,
A.
A
bra
n,
and
J.
-
M.
Desharna
is,
"
Software
proc
ess
improvem
ent
for
sm
al
l
and
ver
y
s
m
al
l
ent
erp
rises
,
"
Soft
ware
Design
and
De
ve
lopme
nt
,
2013
,
do
i:
10
.
4018/978
-
1
-
466
6
-
4301
-
7.
ch066
.
[15]
Glei
son
Santos
et
al.
,
“
Im
ple
m
ent
ing
Software
Proce
ss
Im
p
rove
m
ent
Init
i
atives
in
Sm
al
l
a
nd
Medium
-
Size
Ent
erp
r
ises
in
Braz
i
l,
”
Sixth
I
nte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
th
e
Quality
of
I
nformation
and
Comm
unic
ati
o
ns
Technol
ogy
.
I
EEE,
Li
sbon New
Univer
sit
y
,
Li
sb
on,
Portuga
l, 20
0
7,
doi
:
10
.
1109
/QUA
TIC.
2007.
22
.
[16]
D.
Cheve
rs,
“
Software
Proce
ss
Im
prove
m
ent
:
Aw
are
ness,
Us
e,
and
Bene
fi
ts
in
Cana
di
an
Software
Deve
lopment
Firm
s,”
Rev. A
d
m.
Empres.
,
vol
.
57,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
17
0
–
177,
Apr.
201
7
,
doi
:
10
.
1590/
S0034
-
759020170206
.
[17]
P.
Abraha
m
ss
on
,
“
Com
m
it
m
ent
to
Software
Pro
ce
ss
improvem
ent
Deve
lopment
of
Diagnostic
Tool
to
Fa
cilitat
e
Im
prove
m
ent
,
”
Soft
ware
Qual
it
y
Journal
,
vol
.
8
,
pp.
63
-
76
,
2019
.
[18]
P.
Alle
n
,
M.
R
a
m
ac
handr
an
,
an
d
H.
Abus
hama,
“
PR
IS
MS
:
an
Approac
h
to
So
ftwa
re
Pro
c
ess
Im
prove
m
ent
for
Sm
al
l
to
Mediu
m
Ent
erp
rises,
”
Thir
d
Inte
rnatio
nal
Confe
ren
ce
on
Qualit
y
Softw
are,
2003.
Pr
oce
ed
ings
,
2015
,
doi:
10
.
1109/QSIC.2003.
131910
5
.
[19]
C.
Matt
hi
es,
F.
Dobrigkei
t
,
and
G.
Hess
e,
“
Mining
for
Proce
ss
I
m
prove
m
ent
s:
A
naly
z
ing
Soft
ware
Reposit
ori
es
in
Agile
Ret
rosp
ec
t
ive
s,”
in
Procee
dings
-
2020
IEE
E/
ACM
42nd
I
nte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Softw
are
Engi
ne
erin
g
Workshops
,
ICSEW
2020
,
2020,
pp.
189
–
190
.
[20]
T.
Gra
afmans,
O.
Tur
et
ken
,
H.
P
oppel
a
ars,
and
D.
Fahla
nd
,
“
Proc
ess
Mining
for
Si
x
Sigm
a:
A
Gui
del
in
e
and
Tool
Support,
”
Bus.
I
nf.
S
yst. E
ng
.
,
vo
l.
63
,
no
.
3
,
pp
.
2
77
–
300,
Jun.
20
20
,
doi
:
10
.
1007
/s12599
-
020
-
00649
-
w
.
[21]
O.
M.
Pass
os,
A.
C.
Di
as
-
Neto,
and
R.
Da
Si
lva
Barr
et
o
,
“
Orga
niz
a
ti
ona
l
cultur
e
and
suc
ce
ss
in
SP
I
ini
ti
a
ti
ves,
”
IEE
E
Soft
w
.
,
vol
.
29
,
no
.
3
,
pp
.
9
7
–
99,
Ma
y
2012
,
doi
:
10
.
1109/M
S.2012.
52
.
[22]
C
.
C
.
S
h
i
h
a
n
d
S
.
J
.
H
u
a
n
g
,
“
E
x
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
d
e
p
l
o
ym
e
n
t
,
”
I
n
f
.
M
a
n
a
g
.
,
v
o
l
.
4
7
,
n
o
.
5
–
6
,
p
p
.
2
7
1
–
2
8
1
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
m
.
2
0
1
0
.
0
6
.
0
0
1
G
e
t
.
[23]
O.
Pass
os,
A.
Di
as
-
Neto,
R
.
d
a
S
.
B.
-
CIbSE,
and
U.
2012
,
“
As
sess
ing
the
R
el
ev
a
nce
of
Organi
za
t
iona
l
Cu
lt
ur
e
in
Software
Proc
ess Im
prove
m
ent
I
nit
iative
s
.
,
”
rese
archgate
.
n
et
,
20
12.
[24]
S.
D.
Mülle
r
and
P.
A
.
Niel
sen
,
“
Com
pet
ing
val
u
es
in
software
pr
oce
ss
improvem
ent
:
A
stud
y
of
c
ult
ura
l
profiles,”
Inf.
Te
chnol. Pe
ople
,
vol
.
26
,
no
.
2,
pp.
146
–
171,
Ma
y
2013
,
doi:
10.
1108/IT
P
-
03
-
2013
-
0052
.
[25]
J.
C.
Lee,
Y
.
C.
Shiue,
and
C
.
Y.
Chen,
“
Exam
ini
ng
the
impa
ct
s
of
orga
ni
za
t
i
onal
cu
lt
ure
and
top
m
ana
geme
nt
support
of
know
le
dge
sharing
on
the
succ
ess
of
s
oftwa
re
proc
ess
improvem
ent
,
”
Comput.
Hum
an
Be
hav.
,
vol.
54
,
pp.
462
–
474
,
Ja
n.
2016
,
doi
:
10
.
1016/j
.
chb.
2015
.
08.
030
.
[26]
E
.
H
e
r
r
a
n
z
,
J
.
G
.
G
u
z
m
á
n
,
A
.
D
e
A
m
e
s
c
u
a
-
S
e
c
o
,
a
n
d
X
.
L
a
r
r
u
c
e
a
,
“
G
a
m
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
:
A
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
”
I
E
T
S
o
f
t
w
.
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
2
–
1
2
1
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/
i
e
t
-
s
e
n
.
2
0
1
8
.
5
1
2
0
.
[27
]
M.
Za
rour,
“
Empirical
Inve
stig
ation
of
Fact
ors
tha
t
Ham
per
Purs
u
ing
Software
Proce
ss
Im
prove
me
nt:
Anal
y
ses
of
Saudi
Prac
t
it
ion
ers’
Views,”
J.
Comput.
Sc
i.
20
18,
Vo
l.
14
,
Pa
ge
122
,
vol.
14,
no.
1
,
pp.
122
–
131,
Jan.
2018
,
doi:
10
.
3844/jcss
p.
2018.
122.
131
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
So
ft
ware
proce
ss im
pr
ove
me
nt
init
iati
ve in mediu
m
size
IT o
rg
aniz
ation:
a
case s
t
ud
y
(
Mo
ham
mad Zar
ou
r
)
509
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Dr.
Z
arour
holds
a
Ph.D.
in
Software
Eng
in
ee
ring
(2009)
f
rom
–
Univer
sity
of
Quebe
c
(Montré
al,
Can
a
da)
and
a
m
ast
er
'
s
degr
ee
in
Co
m
pute
r
Scie
nc
e
(1998)
from
the
Univer
sit
y
of
Jordan.
He
is
cu
rre
ntly
a
fa
cult
y
m
ember
in
the
c
oll
eg
e
of
compu
te
r
and
informat
ion
scie
n
ce
s
(CCIS)
at
Prince
Sulta
n
Univer
sit
y
Ri
y
a
dh,
Sa
udi
Arabi
a.
He
has
m
ore
tha
n
15
y
ea
rs
of
te
a
chi
ng
and
re
sea
rch
expe
r
ie
n
ce
in
unive
rsit
y
and
ac
ade
m
ic
envi
ronm
ent
s
and
has
seve
ral
y
e
ars
of
industr
y
expe
r
ie
nc
e
in
software
d
eve
l
opm
ent
and
qu
a
li
t
y
assuranc
e
.
His
rese
arc
h
int
er
ests
inc
lud
e
software
proc
ess
assessment
an
d
improvem
ent
,
software
qua
li
t
y
and
sec
ur
i
t
y
,
cost
est
imati
on
,
and
user
expe
r
ience
.
He
h
as
m
an
y
pee
r
-
rev
i
ewe
d
publi
c
at
ions
Dr.
Mam
dou
h
Alenez
i
is
cur
ren
tly
the
De
an
of
Quali
t
y
As
suranc
e
and
Dev
el
op
m
ent
at
Princ
e
Sulta
n
Univer
si
t
y
.
Dr.
Al
enezi
r
e
ce
iv
ed
his
MS
a
nd
Ph.D.
degr
ees
from
DePaul
Univer
sit
y
and
North
Dakota
State
Univer
sit
y
i
n
2011
and
201
4,
respe
ctively
.
Dr.
Alene
zi
is
a
n
associa
te
prof
essor
in
sof
twar
e
engi
n
ee
r
i
ng
with
a
te
aching
emphasis
on
software
engi
nee
r
ing
an
d
software
sec
uri
t
y
.
He
par
t
icipate
s
in
orga
nizing
seve
ra
l
interna
ti
o
nal
sci
ent
if
ic
co
nfe
ren
c
es
and
edi
torial
boar
ds
of
well
-
rep
ut
ed
j
ourna
ls.
He
has
ext
ensiv
e
expe
ri
enc
e
in
a
pp
l
y
ing
dat
a
m
ini
ng
and
m
ac
hine
l
earning
te
chn
ique
s
to
solve
software
engi
ne
eri
ng
p
roble
m
s.
He
publi
shed
m
ore
tha
n
90
pap
ers.
He
conduc
t
ed
seve
ra
l
rese
arc
h
are
as
and
d
evel
opm
ent
of
pre
di
ct
iv
e
m
odel
s
using
m
ac
hine
learni
ng
to
pre
d
ic
t
fau
lt
-
prone
cl
as
ses,
co
m
pre
hend
source
code
,
an
d
pre
dic
t
th
e
appr
opriate
d
ev
el
oper
to
b
e
as
signed
to
a
ne
wl
y
r
epor
t
ed
b
ug.
His
rese
arch
foc
uses
on
Software
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Softwar
e
Secur
ity
,
Ma
chi
ne
L
ea
rn
ing,
and
Open
-
Source
Software
S
y
stems
.
Dr.
Al
ene
z
i
serve
d
as
Chai
r
of
the
Com
p
ute
r
Scie
nce
Depa
rtment
,
the
Chief
Inform
at
ion
Tec
hnolog
y
Offi
ce
r
,
and
Dea
n
of
E
duca
t
iona
l
Serv
i
ce
s
bef
ore
h
e
w
as
appoi
nt
ed
Dea
n
of
Qualit
y
As
suranc
e
and
Deve
lopment in S
ept
ember
2020
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.