Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
23
,
No.
2
,
A
ugus
t
20
21
,
pp.
1159
~
11
69
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v
23
.i
2
.
pp
1159
-
1169
1159
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
eecs.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
Analysis
of inven
tory ma
nagemen
t o
f
sl
ow
-
movin
g spare p
arts
by using
ABC te
ch
niq
ues a
nd
EOQ mod
el
-
a case st
ud
y
Walid Em
ar
1
,
Z
ak
aria An
as
Al
-
Om
ari
2
, Sa
mi
A
lh
arbi
3
1,
2
Rene
wabl
e En
erg
y
Eng
ineeri
n
g
Depa
rtment
,
Facult
y
of
Engi
n
e
eri
ng,
Isra
Univ
e
rsit
y
,
Am
m
an,
J
orda
n
3
Enge
er
ing
Proj
e
ct
s Mana
g
ement
,
Facu
lty
of Engi
nee
ring
,
Isra
Uni
ver
sit
y
,
Am
m
an
Jordan
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
16
, 202
1
Re
vised
Ju
l
8
,
2021
Accepte
d
J
ul
13, 2
021
Com
pute
r
spare
par
ts
(CSP
s)
inve
ntor
y
m
ana
g
ement
(IM)
is
ver
y
importan
t
for
m
an
y
companie
s.
Excess
in
vent
or
y
le
ads
to
high
storag
e
co
sts.
On
the
othe
r
hand
,
the
la
ck
of
CS
P
has
a
strong
impact
on
the
qualit
y
of
servic
e
.
Thi
s
stud
y
was
conduc
te
d
b
y
Pow
er
-
One
Jo
rda
n
Com
pute
r
Hardware
-
Software
compa
n
y
(PO
JCH
SC
),
Amm
an,
Jordan.
The
fo
cus
ar
ea
was
the
IM
depa
rtment
,
an
d
the
ta
rge
t
sam
ple
was
emplo
y
e
es
working
in
the
m
ana
gement
de
par
tment.
Th
e
r
esult
s
show
ed
tha
t
factors
influe
nci
ng
th
e
m
ana
gement
of
slow
m
oving
CS
Ps
inc
lude
pro
duct
ion
costs,
o
bsolesce
nc
e
and
CS
Ps
depe
ndenc
e
ava
i
la
bi
li
t
y
,
and
tr
ansport
at
ion
costs
.
B
y
fore
ca
st
ing
during
th
e
stud
y
,
th
e
r
esult
s
s
howed
that
the
demand
for
ada
pte
rs
and
cha
rge
rs
would
i
ncr
ea
se
b
y
20%.
Thi
s
demand
fo
rec
ast
was
per
fo
rm
ed
using
the
ec
onom
ical
orde
r
quan
ti
t
y
(
EOQ)
m
odel
.
T
he
per
ce
nt
age
of
profit
s
m
ade
b
y
thi
s
compan
y
is
48%,
and
thi
s
req
ui
res
so
m
e
int
erv
ent
ion
to
pr
eve
n
t
losses.
The
resul
ts
of
thi
s
study
a
re
useful
to
the
c
om
pan
y
,
as
well
as
to
othe
r
sim
il
ar
industrie
s
tha
t
d
eal
with
slow
-
m
oving
it
e
m
s.
The
se
r
esults
will
he
lp
to
sim
pli
f
y
IM
of
slow
-
m
ovin
g
it
ems
.
W
hen
we
foc
used
on
PO
JC
HS
C
m
anuf
ac
turers
,
t
he
disadva
nt
ages
of
using
the
tra
dit
ion
al
ABC
c
la
ss
ifi
c
at
ion
m
odel
were
id
ent
ified.
The
r
ef
ore
,
th
ere
is
a
nee
d
to
hav
e
an
ABC
cl
assifi
ca
t
ion
th
at
is
improved,
and
which
t
a
kes
int
o
consid
era
t
ion
th
e
cri
tica
li
t
y
of the
slow
-
m
oving
CS
P.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
ABC cl
assifi
ca
ti
on
C
om
pu
te
r
s
pare pa
rts
EOQ m
od
el
Fast
-
m
ov
ing
Inve
nto
ry
Slow
-
m
ov
in
g
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Zakar
ia
Al
-
Oma
ri
Re
new
a
ble E
ne
rg
y E
nginee
ring D
e
pa
rtem
en
t, Faculty
of
E
ng
i
neer
i
ng
Isr
a
Unive
rsity
Amm
an
,
J
orda
n
Em
a
il
:
zakaria.alom
ari@iu.edu.
j
o
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Each
busi
ness
orga
nizat
ion
usual
ly
keep
s
in
ven
t
or
ie
s
to
m
on
it
or
the
fl
ow
of
their
goods
in
and
out
of
t
he
orga
niz
at
ion
.
T
he
m
a
nag
em
ent
of
i
nv
e
ntorie
s
de
pe
nds
on
w
het
he
r
the
it
em
s
being
s
old
a
re
slow
-
m
ov
ing
or
fast
-
m
ov
ing.
How
ever,
the
m
anag
em
ent
of
in
ven
t
or
ie
s
f
or
the
sl
ow
-
m
ov
in
g
it
em
s
can
be
ve
ry
chall
eng
i
ng.
S
par
e
pa
rts
for
slow
-
m
ov
ing
i
nv
e
ntorie
s
a
re
neithe
r
i
nter
m
ediat
e
nor
final
products
wh
ic
h
a
custom
er
m
ay
directl
y
purch
a
se.
In
a
ddit
ion,
p
olici
es
gove
rn
i
ng
s
uch
kinds
of
in
ven
t
or
i
es
var
y
f
ro
m
t
ho
s
e
gove
rn
i
ng
the
work
-
in
-
progre
ss
(
WIP
)
to
gether
with
ot
her
inv
e
ntorie
s.
T
he
c
on
t
ro
l
of
a
n
in
ve
ntory
pl
ay
s
a
ver
y
crit
ic
al
rol
e
in
the
sp
a
nnin
g
of
busine
sses
[1
]
-
[
3].
T
he
la
ck
of
ef
fe
ct
ive
m
et
ho
ds
in
inv
e
ntory
con
t
ro
l
le
ads
to
the
s
uffer
i
ng
of
t
he
supp
ly
,
a
nd
it
m
akes
it
c
halle
ng
i
ng
to
adequate
ly
m
e
et
the
nee
ds
of
their
custom
ers
an
d
ultim
at
el
y,
the
bott
om
li
ne
of
t
he
c
om
pany
will
no
t
giv
e
a
re
flect
ion
of
these
ina
dequacie
s.
Howe
ver,
by
choosi
ng
the
c
orrect
m
e
tho
d
f
or
the
co
ntr
ol
of
in
ve
nto
ry
as
well
as
the
dev
el
opm
ent
of
eff
ect
ive
po
li
ci
es fo
r
e
nsuri
ng that the
re
is a foll
ow
up
of the acc
uracy
of c
on
tr
olli
ng
m
et
ho
ds o
f
in
ve
ntory
[4
]
-
[
7].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
2
,
A
ugust
20
21
:
1159
-
1169
1160
Item
inv
ent
or
i
es
is
co
ns
ist
one
of
th
e
m
os
t
i
m
po
rtant
c
om
po
nen
ts
of
t
he
c
urren
t
ass
et
s
of
m
os
t
com
pan
ie
s.
Mostl
y,
the
appr
ox
im
at
e
aver
age
pe
rcen
ta
ge
of
c
urren
t
asse
ts
is
within
public
lim
it
ed
com
pan
ie
s
arou
nd
the
w
orl
d.
D
ue
to
the
sh
eer
volum
e
of
inv
e
ntorie
s
he
ld
by
busines
s
or
co
r
porate
orga
nizat
ion
s
,
a
la
rg
e
a
m
ou
nt
of
m
on
ey
m
ay
be
al
l
ocated
t
ow
a
rds
them
.
Hen
ce,
it
is
abso
lutel
y
essenti
al
to
e
nsure
t
hat
in
vent
or
ie
s
are
m
anag
ed
eff
ect
ively
an
d
eff
ic
ie
ntly
to
avo
i
d
m
aking
unnece
ssary
in
ve
st
m
ents.
An
y
com
pan
y
that
i
gnores
the
issue
of
in
ven
t
or
y
m
anag
e
m
ent
on
ly
risks
the
lo
ng
-
te
r
m
pr
of
it
a
bili
ty
it
will
hav
e
an
d
m
ay
ultim
at
e
ly
fail
.
Ther
e
is
a
po
s
sibil
it
y
that
the
com
pan
y
will
be
able
to
reduce
it
s
inv
ento
ry
le
vel
con
sid
erab
ly
,
f
or
exa
m
ple,
from
10
t
o
20%
with
out
af
fe
ct
ing
ha
ving
a
ny
ne
gative
im
pact
on
sal
es
or
producti
on.
T
h
is
ca
n
be
done
us
i
ng
si
m
ple
inv
e
nto
ry
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
in
plan
ning
and
m
on
it
or
in
g
in
ve
ntorie
s.
Re
duci
ng
“e
xcessive”
in
ve
ntory
is
accom
pan
ie
d b
y a p
os
it
ive e
ffec
t on the
pro
fi
ta
bili
ty
o
f
the c
om
pan
y [
8].
To
assist
c
om
pan
ie
s in
sel
ect
i
ng
or d
e
vel
op
i
ng
m
et
hodo
l
ogie
s that fit t
he bu
si
ness re
qu
ir
e
m
ents, A
as
com
pan
ie
s
gro
w,
they
te
nd
t
o
acc
um
ulate
sp
are
pa
rts
f
or
their
ope
rati
ons
that
a
re
ab
le
to
restrict
s
huge
a
m
ou
nts
of
cas
h
as
well
as
in
cur
la
r
ge
costs
du
e
to
duplica
ti
on
,
w
rite
-
offs
and
ins
ur
a
nce
cost
as
well
.
Firm
s
of
te
n
ig
nore
op
portu
niti
es
to m
ake
opti
m
a
l
us
e o
f
their
in
ve
ntorie
s,
a
nd
i
n
s
om
e
cases,
this
is du
e
to
t
he
a
fea
r
that
the
bu
si
ne
ss
will
be
i
n
da
ng
e
r
in
the
e
ve
nt
that
s
p
are
pa
rts
are
not
av
ai
la
ble
and
w
hi
le
at
oth
er
ti
m
es
it
is
du
e
to
e
rro
rs
in
operati
on
s,
s
oft
war
e,
or e
ven
a
nd acco
unti
ng
pr
act
ic
es
[7
]
-
[
9].
O
f
t
e
n
,
s
l
o
w
-
m
o
v
i
n
g
i
n
v
e
n
t
o
r
y
i
s
n
o
t
g
i
v
e
n
a
h
i
g
h
p
r
i
o
r
i
t
y
b
y
s
e
e
n
a
s
a
s
i
m
p
l
e
g
o
a
l
o
f
p
e
o
p
l
e
d
o
i
n
g
a
n
i
n
v
e
n
t
o
r
y
a
u
d
i
t
.
I
n
s
t
e
a
d
o
f
h
a
v
i
n
g
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
d
r
e
v
i
e
w
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
,
m
o
s
t
p
e
o
p
l
e
a
i
m
f
o
r
s
l
o
w
-
m
o
v
i
n
g
i
n
v
e
n
t
o
r
y
i
n
a
w
a
y
t
h
a
t
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
a
s
i
l
v
e
r
b
u
l
l
e
t
a
i
m
e
d
a
t
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
i
n
ve
n
t
o
r
y
.
U
s
u
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
i
s
i
s
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
b
e
l
i
e
f
t
h
a
t
s
l
o
w
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
i
s
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
t
h
a
t
c
u
s
t
om
e
r
s
d
o
n
o
t
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
u
c
h
i
t
e
m
s
.
I
n
m
y
o
p
i
n
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
r
e
m
a
y
b
e
a
n
e
e
d
f
or
t
h
i
s
t
y
p
e
o
f
c
a
r
g
o
;
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
s
s
u
e
s
m
a
y
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
t
h
a
t
i
t
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
i
t
t
o
b
e
k
e
p
t
i
n
s
t
o
c
k
.
S
p
a
r
e
p
a
r
t
s
a
r
e
a
l
s
o
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
t
o
a
s
s
p
a
r
e
p
a
r
t
s
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
b
e
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
a
s
i
nt
e
r
c
h
a
n
g
e
a
b
l
e
p
a
r
t
s
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
k
e
p
t
i
n
s
t
o
c
k
a
n
d
w
h
o
s
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
i
s
t
o
r
e
p
l
a
c
e
o
r
r
e
p
a
i
r
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
s
o
f
a
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
t
h
a
t
h
a
v
e
f
a
i
l
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
i
r
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
[
4
]
-
[
6
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
Inve
nto
ry
m
anag
em
ent
can
be
def
ine
d
as
th
e
con
ti
nuous
proces
s
co
ns
ist
ing
of
plan
ning
,
orga
nizing,
and
c
on
tr
olli
ng
in
ve
ntory
a
nd
wh
ic
h
ai
m
s
to
re
duce
t
he
i
nv
e
stm
ent
m
a
de
within
in
ve
ntory
as
dem
a
nd
an
d
su
pply
are
balanced
.
I
n
par
ti
cular,
t
his
proc
ess
entai
ls
ove
rseein
g
the
s
up
ply
and
wa
rehou
si
ng
as
well
as
the
acce
ssibil
it
y of i
tem
s,
as w
el
l
as to e
nsure
ade
qu
at
e
sup
plies m
inu
s
overs
up
ply [
6
]
-
[
8].
So
m
e
of
t
he
ke
y
factors
in
m
anag
in
g
sl
ow
-
m
ov
in
g
s
pa
r
e
pa
rts
in
ven
t
ori
es.
On
e
s
uch
facto
r
is
t
hat
there
is
a
rise
in
custom
er
exp
ect
at
ion
s
re
ga
rd
i
ng
pr
oduct
qu
al
it
y
as
well
as
serv
ic
es
associat
ed
wit
h
slow
m
ov
ing
s
par
e
par
ts.
D
ue
t
o
this
facto
r,
custom
ers
fail
to
m
ake
repai
rs
to
thei
r
m
achines
that
require
rep
la
cem
ent
par
ts,
w
hich
e
xac
erb
at
es
neg
at
iv
e
custom
er
perce
ptions
of
sp
a
re
pa
rts.
T
he
s
econd
fa
ct
or
is
that
so
m
e
it
e
m
s,
na
m
el
y
sp
are
pa
r
ts,
ha
ve
a
hi
gh
dem
and
du
e
t
o
thei
r
rate
of
grow
t
h
i
n
wea
r,
howe
ver,
m
os
t
of
them
hav
e
interm
i
tt
ent
de
m
and
.
T
he
la
st
m
ajo
r
f
act
or
t
hat
was
re
vealed
was
the
inc
rea
sed
com
plexity
of
the
pro
du
ct
s
an
d
r
edu
ce
d
their
li
fe
cy
cl
es,
wh
i
ch
increase
d
the
le
vel
of
ac
ti
ve
cod
es
as
well
as
the
risk
of
ob
s
olesce
nce
[
10
]
-
[
12
]
.
In
the
a
naly
sis
of
s
par
e
pa
r
ts
storag
e
,
the
ir
sp
eci
fic,
oft
en
unp
re
dicta
bl
e
natur
e
is
an
obj
ect
i
ve
pro
blem
.
So
m
e
sp
a
re
par
ts
r
equ
i
re
a
high
sta
nd
a
rd,
a
nd
so
m
e
are
ve
ry
sm
all
(f
r
om
on
e
to
se
ver
al
ye
ars),
wh
ic
h
great
ly
com
plica
te
s
th
e
antic
ipati
on
and
predict
io
n
of
t
he
le
vel
of
sig
nificance
of
t
heir
re
plac
e
m
ent.
Wh
e
n
m
ana
gi
ng s
par
e
p
a
rts in
ven
t
or
y,
one m
us
t
know the
a
ns
we
rs
t
o
se
ve
ral im
po
rtant
quest
io
ns
[8
]
,
[
9]:
To kee
p
or
not
keep s
par
e
pa
rts in
st
ock
?
Wh
at
is
the
optim
al
n
um
ber
of
par
ts t
o be
ke
pt in st
oc
k
?
Wh
e
n
t
o req
ue
st a ne
w orde
r
?
Wh
at
is
the
op
tim
u
m
qu
antit
y
t
o
order
only
to
sat
isfy
exte
rn
al
c
us
tom
ers
or
t
he
inter
nal
requirem
ents
of
so
m
e
it
e
m
s
?
T
hu
s
,
th
e
quest
i
on
sho
uldn’t
just
be
to
place
or
not
to
plac
e
an
orde
r
.
"
H
ow
m
any
it
e
ms
or
orders
?
" Inste
a
d,
it
s
houl
d
be:
"
Wh
at
is the
a
ppr
opriat
e qua
ntit
y t
o
orde
r u
nd
e
r
c
om
pan
y
conditi
ons
?
This
w
ork
at
te
m
pts
to
answ
e
r
the
a
bove
quest
io
ns
;
by
a
ddress
i
ng
t
he
issue
of
how
t
o
m
ake
th
e
inv
e
ntory
cl
assifi
cat
ion
an
d
volum
e
or
de
r
m
anag
em
ent
to
m
ake
a
m
ajo
r
diff
e
re
nce
in
c
os
t
m
anag
em
e
nt
an
d
eff
ect
ive
ness.
Ther
e
a
re
di
ff
e
ren
t
t
ypes
of
s
par
e
par
ts
in
ve
ntory
m
anag
e
m
ent
te
chn
iq
ue
s
and
m
od
el
s
that
can
be
us
e
d
to
m
or
e
eff
ect
ively
m
anag
e
s
pa
re
pa
rts
inv
e
ntory
.
T
his
pa
per
fo
c
us
es
on
im
pl
e
m
enting
ABC
analy
sis
us
in
g
the
eco
nom
ic
a
l
or
der
quantit
y
(
EO
Q
)
m
od
el
us
ing
s
of
t
war
e
te
ch
nolog
y.
ABC
an
al
ysi
s
al
ways
s
ta
nds
for
best
c
on
t
rol
analy
sis
as
th
e
it
e
m
s
of
i
nv
e
ntory
are
cl
assifi
ed
i
nto
t
hr
ee
cl
asses,
nam
ely:
A,
B
a
nd
C.
Item
s
in
the
in
ve
nto
r
y
cl
ass
are
cl
ose
ly
con
tr
olled
as
a
co
ns
ta
nt
t
urn
ov
e
r
is
co
nt
ro
ll
ed
over
ti
m
e
and
f
uture
de
m
and
can
be
ea
sil
y
antic
ipate
d.
Ite
m
s
in
Ca
te
go
r
y
Y
a
re
c
ha
rac
te
rized
by
var
i
at
ion
of
dem
a
nd
to
a
ce
rtai
n
exte
nt
dep
e
ndin
g
on
factors
of
seas
on,
pro
du
ct
li
f
e
cy
cl
e,
co
m
petit
or
'
s
bu
sines
s,
or
eco
nom
ic
sit
uations
.
A
cl
assic
well
-
kn
own
f
orm
ula
fo
r
deci
ding
how
m
uch
inv
e
ntory
a
firm
can
req
ui
r
e
at
any
po
int
in
tim
e
and
when
they
sh
oul
d place
a
n order
, a
n
E
O
Q
ca
n be
us
e
d success
fu
ll
y
[13
].
The
pur
pose
of
this
pa
per
,
t
her
e
fore,
is
to
adopt
the
stra
te
gy
of
usi
ng
the
EO
Q
m
od
el
with
XYZ
te
chn
ology
de
scribe
d
in
[
13
]
fo
r
ABC
te
chnolo
gy.
T
hi
s
will
facil
it
ate
inv
e
ntory
strat
egy
sel
ect
io
n
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
An
alysis of i
nv
entory
ma
nage
men
t
of sl
ow
-
m
ovin
g
s
pare
parts
…
(
Walid E
ma
r
)
1161
inv
e
ntory
m
anag
em
ent
for
pa
rts
withi
n
m
anu
fact
ur
in
g
an
d
sal
es
com
pan
i
es
or
s
uppliers
.
T
he
m
od
el
ai
m
s
to
reduce
stoc
k
holdin
g
an
d
bea
rer
costs
to
im
pro
ve
the
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
and
ef
fe
ct
iveness
of
or
gan
iz
at
io
ns
.
T
his
is
achieve
d
t
hrough
:
Cond
ucting an
ABC analy
sis t
o
acce
ss
the cl
assifi
cat
ion
of
m
at
erial
s to
m
i
nim
iz
e inv
e
ntory
.
Cond
ucting
th
e
EO
Q
m
od
el
an
d
Re
cal
li
ng
the
res
ults
ob
ta
ined
i
n
[
13
]
to
m
anag
e
in
ve
ntory
costs
pe
r
order.
Buil
ding a
que
sti
onnaire t
o
as
sess curr
ent i
nvent
or
y m
anage
m
ent.
Buil
ding a c
om
pu
te
rized in
ve
ntory
m
anag
em
ent syst
e
m
f
or in
ve
nto
ry c
on
trol in
g
e
neral
.
The res
ults of this p
a
pe
r
s
how
that the t
otal cost o
f h
old
in
g and car
ryi
ng is
sign
i
fican
tl
y r
edu
ce
d w
hile s
erv
ic
e
eff
ic
ie
ncy an
d
reali
zat
ion
are
i
m
pr
oved
as r
e
qu
i
red. A
nd m
os
t sat
isfyi
ng
ly
, th
e p
r
opos
e
d
te
chnolo
gy is si
m
ple
and
strai
gh
t
for
ward
en
ough
to
be
im
ple
m
e
nted
by
com
pa
ny
m
anag
ers
wh
ic
h
inc
rea
ses
the
po
te
ntial
fo
r
adoptio
n
in
o
t
he
r or
sim
il
ar in
du
st
ries.
2.
INV
E
NTO
RY M
ANAGE
M
ENT MET
H
O
DS
A
ND TE
C
HNIQUES
To
e
ff
ect
ively
m
anag
e
the
com
pan
y'
s
inve
ntorie
s,
t
her
e
is
a
nee
d
to
search
f
or
a
nswers
to
the
fo
ll
owin
g
ques
ti
on
s:
T
he
am
ount
r
eq
uire
d
and
w
he
n
s
hould
t
his
or
der
be
m
ade.
T
he
first
quest
io
n
of
t
he
a
m
ou
nt
t
o
be
r
equ
e
ste
d
relat
es
to
the
pro
ble
m
inv
ol
ved
i
n
determ
ining
th
e
m
e
tho
d
a
nd
m
et
ho
d
a
ppr
opriat
e
for
a
giv
e
n
le
ve
l
of
i
nv
e
ntori
es.
O
n
t
he
othe
r
ha
nd,
t
he
se
cond
quest
io
n
of
w
hen
the
re
qu
e
st
sho
uld
be
m
ad
e
arises
due
to
uncertai
nty
an
d
is
a
pr
oble
m
i
n
kn
ow
i
ng
the
po
i
nt
of
rear
r
ang
em
ent
[
13
]
.
Choosi
ng
the
right
inv
e
ntory
m
anag
em
ent
te
chn
iqu
es
for
doin
g
busine
ss
is
not
easy
.
The
fa
ste
r
the
busine
ss
cha
ng
es
,
the
m
or
e
diff
ic
ult
it
is
to
con
tr
ol
inve
ntory
.
In
this
sect
ion
,
so
m
e
te
chn
iq
ues
and
the
be
st
m
et
hods
of
inv
e
ntory
m
anag
em
ent are
ex
plaine
d.
2.1.
E
conomi
c
or
d
er
qu
an
ti
ty
The
EO
Q
m
od
el
is
on
e
of
th
e
old
est
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
us
e
d
in
inv
e
ntory
m
ana
gem
ent
fr
om
a
n
eco
no
m
ic
po
i
nt
of
view.
Be
cause
it
det
erm
ines
the
op
tim
a
l
qu
a
ntit
y
that
the
c
om
pan
y
m
us
t
be
sto
re
in
orde
r
to
r
edu
ce
inv
e
ntory
cost
s
relat
ed
to
ho
lding,
order
i
ng
an
d
sho
rtage
costs.
T
his
is
an
im
po
rtant
m
et
ho
d
for
c
om
pan
ie
s
with sm
al
l asset
s
wh
ic
h
nee
d
t
o
m
ake
co
rr
ect
ord
e
r.
Dep
e
ndin
g
on
the
EOQ
,
in
ve
ntory
of
com
pu
te
r
sp
ar
e
pa
rts
(
C
S
P
s
)
cos
ts
can
be
di
vi
ded
int
o
two
broa
d
cat
eg
ori
es:
orde
rin
g
a
nd
receivin
g
cos
t.
The
fi
rst is t
he
cost o
f
the pur
c
hase.
Eac
h
order
has
a fixe
d
cos
t
for
s
hippin
g
pa
rts,
handlin
g
order
s
an
d
delive
rin
g
par
ts
from
stoc
k
.
T
he
sec
ond
ty
pe
,
m
ai
ntenan
ce
cost,
is
the
cost
that
c
om
es
f
ro
m
orga
ni
zi
ng
,
ar
rangin
g
a
nd
m
ai
ntain
in
g
th
e
in
ve
ntory
.
Wh
e
n
dem
and
a
nd
dem
and
increase,
al
l
fi
xed
costs
are
di
vid
ed
acco
r
din
g
to
t
he
num
ber
of
pieces
r
e
qu
i
red.
Alt
hough
the
c
os
t
per
seco
nd
is
determ
ined
per
unit
,
it
increases
over
ti
m
e
based
on
t
he
pa
rt
s
in
stock
.
The
refor
e
,
an
increase
i
n
the
order
i
ng
quant
it
y
m
eans
that
the
pa
rts
will
r
e
m
ai
n
in
stock
for
a
lo
ng
e
r
pe
rio
d,
wh
ic
h
m
eans
that
the
c
os
t
of
m
ai
ntaining
t
he
inv
e
ntory
will
also in
c
rease
[13
]
-
[
15]
.
2.2.
A
ssum
pt
i
on
of
t
he
b
as
ic
EO
Q
m
od
el
Ther
e
a
re
s
ome
assum
ption
s r
eq
uire
d
to
m
ain
ta
in
the b
asi
c EOQ
m
od
el
(a
ssu
m
e
that
the
un
it
of
ti
m
e
is o
ne
ye
ar
f
or
ease an
d
cl
a
rity
):
The dem
and
m
us
t
be deci
sive
and o
cc
ur at a
ste
ady rate
without c
hange.
If
a
n o
rd
e
r
is i
ncurr
e
d o
f
a
ny
vo
l
um
e (f
or e
xam
ple, Q
unit
s),
orde
rin
g
a
nd sett
ing
c
os
t i
s
al
so
inc
urre
d.
Wait
ing
ti
m
e fo
r
each
r
e
qu
e
st sh
ou
l
d be ze
ro.
The defici
t
do
e
s not e
xist.
You
ca
n specif
y t
he
co
st pe
r u
nit, yea
r of res
erv
e
d
i
nv
e
ntor
y (h).
Figure
1
s
how
s
inv
e
ntory
va
riat
ion
s
for
dif
fer
e
nt
val
ues
of
assum
ing
a
const
ant
an
d
c
on
ti
nu
ous
dem
and
of
a
c
ertai
n
nu
m
ber
of
unit
s
pe
r
m
on
t
h.
The
ave
r
age
in
ve
ntory
le
vel
gi
ve
n
by
(
1
)
is
est
im
a
te
d
just
t
o
a
v
o
i
d
c
om
p
l
e
t
e
i
n
v
e
n
t
o
r
y
d
e
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
i
s
he
l
p
s
t
o
t
r
i
g
g
e
r
a
n
a
c
t
i
o
n
t
o
r
e
p
l
e
n
i
s
h
t
h
a
t
i
n
v
e
n
t
o
r
y
s
t
o
c
k
.
I
t
i
s
n
o
r
m
a
l
l
y
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
a
s
t
h
e
f
o
r
e
c
a
s
t
u
s
a
g
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
e
p
l
e
n
i
s
hm
e
nt
l
e
a
d
t
i
m
e
pl
u
s
s
a
f
e
t
y
s
t
o
c
k
.
I
n
t
h
e
E
O
Q
m
o
d
e
l
,
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
n
o
t
i
m
e
l
a
g
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
o
r
d
e
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
u
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
o
f
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
.
A
r
e
o
r
d
e
r
p
o
i
n
t
i
s
a
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
t
o
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
w
h
e
n
t
o
o
r
d
e
r
;
i
t
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
h
o
w
m
u
c
h
t
o
or
d
e
r
w
h
e
n
a
n
o
r
d
e
r
i
s
m
a
d
e
[
1
6
]
.
=
/
2
(1)
2.3.
ABC
cl
as
sific
at
i
on
ABC
inv
e
nto
r
y
analy
sis
is
a
po
pula
r
te
chn
i
qu
e
us
ed
in
inv
ento
ry
m
anag
em
ent
by
bu
sines
s
orga
nizat
ion
s
.
It
is
a
well
-
known
ap
proac
h
that
can
al
so
be
cal
le
d
al
way
s
bette
r
m
anage
m
ent.
The
proces
s
involve
d
i
n
A
BC
cl
assifi
cat
ion
c
on
sist
s
of
var
i
ou
s
obj
ect
s
su
c
h
as
finis
hed
goods,
it
e
m
s
in
stock,
or
e
ven
custom
ers
in
three
gro
ups.
T
his
m
akes
the
ABC
cu
rr
ic
ul
um
a
cl
assifi
cat
i
on
-
based
syst
em
with
si
m
il
ar
it
ie
s
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
2
,
A
ugust
20
21
:
1159
-
1169
1162
Pareto
a
naly
sis
as
sho
wn
i
n
Figure
2
[17
]
-
[
21]
.
T
his
m
et
ho
d
de
vide
the
in
ven
t
ory
accor
ding
to
these
te
chn
iq
ues
,
w
he
re
Cl
ass
A
re
pr
ese
nt
a
fluct
uating
per
ce
nt
age
betw
een
(
70%
-
80%)
of
co
ns
um
ption.
(15
-
25%)
of
the
“B
”
it
e
m
s
rep
rese
nt
(5
-
10%
)
of
t
he
total
con
s
um
pt
ion
an
d
the
rem
a
ining
por
ti
on
,
ie
(65
-
75
%)
for
the
“C
”
it
e
m
s,
and
it
represe
nt
s
(5
-
10%
)
of
t
he
c
on
s
um
ption
.
Ar
ti
cl
e’s
"
A
"
has
a h
ig
h
va
lue,
"C
"
arti
cl
e
s
ha
ve
a
low
value
,
w
hile
"A"
arti
cles
are
the
interm
ediat
e
value
of
cl
asses
A,
B,
and
C.
All
of
these
cat
eg
ori
es
of
arti
cl
es
co
ntain
a
sto
re
/ b
uy
poli
cy
,
as
cat
e
gory
"
A"
a
rtic
le
s
are r
e
viewe
d
m
or
e
crit
i
cal
ly
,
an
d
i
n
cat
eg
or
y
"B
"
arti
cl
es there
is
less re
view
and less
re
vision
in cate
gory "C
" artic
le
s [14
]
-
[
21
]
.
Figure
1.
Tim
e
r
el
at
ion
s
hi
p
w
it
h
quantit
y i
n EOQ
Figure
2
.
ABC
an
al
ysi
s
s
ubdi
visio
ns
3.
METHO
DOL
OGY A
N
D
O
BJECTI
VES
This
stud
y
is
cat
egorized
int
o
a
plu
rali
ty
of
la
ye
rs,
wh
e
r
e
these
la
ye
rs
represe
nt
a
var
io
us
set
of
appr
oach
es
, me
thods,
strategi
es an
d data
gather
i
ng.
3
.
1.
S
tudy
s
ite
The
resea
rch
was
co
nducte
d
at
Po
wer
-
O
ne
Jo
r
dan
Com
pu
te
r
Ha
rdware
and
Softwa
re
Co
m
pan
y,
com
pu
te
r
pa
rts
(CPs)
in
dustrie
s
locat
ed
i
n
J
orda
n.
S
pecific
al
ly
,
the
inv
e
nt
or
y
m
anag
em
e
nt
an
d
ta
r
get
s
a
m
ple
dep
a
rtm
ent w
ere the
p
e
rs
onne
l wor
king in
th
is st
ock m
anag
e
m
ent d
ep
artm
ent.
3
.
2.
A
p
proach
, s
c
op
e
,
and
s
tr
ategy
Seve
ral
di
ff
e
re
nt
te
ch
niques
hav
e
bee
n
ad
op
te
d
to
assist
this
stu
dy
i
n
achievi
ng
it
s
obj
ect
i
ves.
Diff
e
re
nt
te
chn
iq
ues
an
d
m
et
hods
we
re
us
e
d
at
diff
e
r
ent
sta
ges
of
the
stud
y.
T
hese
m
et
ho
ds
wer
e
interco
nnect
ed,
an
d
al
l
of
the
m
wer
e
inten
de
d
to
fi
nd
the
eff
ect
of
in
ve
nt
or
y
m
anag
em
ent
on
a
sl
ow
-
m
ov
in
g
com
po
ne
nt
of
CP
s.
For
e
xam
ple,
data
wer
e
colle
ct
ed
at
the
sta
rt
of
the
s
tud
y
to
e
ns
ure
there
wa
s
suff
ic
ie
nt
tim
e
to
analy
z
e
and
prepa
re
well
in
gr
ap
hs
and
fi
gures
f
or
pr
ese
ntati
on
.
Be
sides,
va
rio
us
m
a
te
rial
s
wer
e
us
e
d
to
ens
ur
e
t
he
data
we
re
pro
per
ly
col
le
ct
ed
.
The
inte
rv
ie
ws
are
well
struct
ur
e
d
an
d
s
i
m
ple
on
plain
,
cl
ean
pap
e
r.
The
que
sti
on
s
wer
e
form
ula
te
d
us
i
ng
si
m
ple languag
e that was
easy
to under
sta
nd
wh
ic
h pr
e
ve
nted
th
e
m
isl
eading
d
at
a b
ei
ng
c
ollec
te
d.
A
lapt
op
c
om
pu
te
r
was
use
d
to r
ec
ord
da
ta
in
a
Mi
cro
soft Excel
sp
rea
dsheet
.
Othe
r
in
form
a
ti
on
was
r
eco
r
ded
in
t
he
not
eboo
ks
to
sup
plem
ent
the
r
ecorde
d
in
for
m
at
ion
.
All
in
du
st
ry
inf
or
m
at
ion
about
slow
-
m
ov
in
g
IT
spa
re
par
ts
inv
e
ntory
m
anag
em
e
nt
was
co
ns
id
ered
sig
nifica
nt
an
d
colle
ct
ed
f
or fu
rther eval
ua
ti
on.
Data
w
ere
ana
ly
zed
us
i
ng
a
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
distr
ibu
ti
on
ta
ble
in
Mi
cr
osoft
E
xcel,
as
well
a
s
the
cl
ass
i
c
ABC
m
od
el
.
A
BC
stock
anal
ysi
s
was
us
ed
t
o
subd
i
vid
e
th
e
stud
y
area
to
ref
ine
the
rese
arch.
This
is
be
cause
it
is
a
m
et
ho
d
of
cl
assi
fyi
ng
i
nv
e
ntory
that
i
nvolv
e
s
di
vid
i
ng
it
em
s
into
three
cl
asse
s
(
A,
B,
a
nd
C)
.
These
su
bc
at
eg
or
ie
s
are:
A
bein
g
the
m
os
t
valuab
le
it
e
m
s
;
B
is
the
inter
cl
ass
it
e
m
,
with
a
m
edium
con
s
um
pt
ion
value
;
C
bein
g
the
le
ast
valuab
le
on
e
.
This
m
et
ho
d
wa
s
ai
m
ed
to
dr
aw
a
tt
ention
to
the
crit
ic
al
few
it
e
m
s
in
the
first
cl
ass
(
A
-
it
em
s)
and
no
t
on
th
e
triv
ia
l
m
any
i
tem
s
in
the
thir
d
cl
ass
(C
-
it
em
s)
[2
2
]
,
[
23
].
A
fter
data
analy
sis,
the
re
su
lt
s
wer
e
us
e
d
to
f
or
m
ulate
pie
f
ig
ur
es
,
ba
r
gr
a
ph
s
,
an
d
li
ne
grap
hs
.
T
hi
s
stud
y
was
li
m
it
ed
to
the
CS
Ps
indu
stry
at
the
de
par
tm
ent
of
in
ven
t
or
y
m
anag
em
ent
and
th
e
ta
rg
et
sam
pl
e
we
re
on
ly
t
he
sta
f
f
work
i
ng
at
thi
s
inv
ent
or
y
m
a
nag
em
ent
dep
a
rtm
ent.
Both
t
he
subor
din
at
e
s
and
m
anag
er
s
of
this
de
partm
ent
wer
e
inclu
de
d.
4.
DA
T
A COLL
ECTION
AN
D ANALY
SIS
Data
colle
ct
ion
and
a
naly
sis
is
a
ver
y
vital
pa
rt
of
t
he
proj
e
ct
as
it
pr
ovide
s
the
bac
kbone
for
pr
oj
ec
t
work.
I
n
this
sect
ion
,
the
w
ork
pr
ocedur
e
s
perform
ed,
i.e.
data
colle
ct
ion
or
stu
dy
res
ults
will
be
discuss
e
d
and
pr
ese
nted
,
and
finall
y,
th
e
data
coll
ect
e
d
will
be
analy
zed.
Also,
this
sect
ion
con
ta
ins
the
hypoth
esi
s
of
the stu
dy. T
he t
ables we
re
us
e
d
to
prese
nt the
d
at
a c
ollec
te
d t
hroug
h
the
stu
dy.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
An
alysis of i
nv
entory
ma
nage
men
t
of sl
ow
-
m
ovin
g
s
pare
parts
…
(
Walid E
ma
r
)
1163
4.1.
D
ata
c
ollec
tion
The
stu
dy
sit
e
for
this
resea
rc
h
is
the
CP
s
in
du
st
ry
in
the
i
nv
e
ntory
m
anag
em
ent
d
epar
t
m
ent,
wh
il
e
the
ta
r
get
sam
ple
will
be
t
he
e
m
plo
ye
es
wo
r
king
in
this
i
nvento
ry
m
anag
em
ent
de
par
tm
e
nt.
T
he
resea
rc
h
wa
s
bo
t
h
quantit
at
ive
an
d
qual
it
at
ive.
The
ta
r
get
sam
ple
interviewe
d
du
ring
the
st
ud
y
was
a
total
of
100
e
m
plo
ye
es
f
rom
the
CP
s
in
dustry.
The
rese
arch
strat
egy
f
or
t
his
st
ud
y
t
op
ic
is
to
desi
gn
a
case
stu
dy
.
The
it
e
m
s
or
par
ts
s
old
by
in
dustry
we
re
the
n
li
ste
d
a
nd
the
n
cl
as
sifie
d
us
in
g
t
he
ABC
m
od
el
.
The
res
ults
are
al
so
pr
ese
nted
usi
ng tables
.
Ta
ble
1
i
ndic
at
es the
cost
of
t
he
CPs
involve
d
i
n
t
his stu
dy
.
Table
1.
A
ver
a
ge
pr
ic
es
of
(C
SP
)
so
ld
by the
industry
#
Ite
m
Prices
(US
$
)
#
Ite
m
Prices
(US
$
)
Cla
ss
A
items
Cla
ss
B
I
tems
1.
LCD Sc
reen
60
1.
Battery
2
.5
2.
Ad
ap
ter
an
d
charg
ers
30
2.
Re
m
o
te
200
3.
Internal h
ard d
rive
50
3.
Flo
p
p
y
driv
e
4.
Mou
se
4
Cla
ss
C I
tems
5.
The central
pro
ces
sin
g
un
it (
CPU) M
o
n
ito
r
70
1.
Un
iv
ersal ser
ial
bu
s
140
6.
Me
m
o
r
y
20
2.
Extern
al hard d
riv
e
45
7.
Fu
ser un
it
43
8.
Key
b
o
ard
4.2.
F
ac
to
r
s
a
f
fectin
g the
i
n
ve
ntory
m
ange
ment o
f
C
SP
Fr
om
the
rese
arch
stu
dy
ca
r
ried
out,
t
he
f
ollow
i
ng
are
t
he
facto
rs
t
hat
we
re
fou
nd
out
to
af
fect
inv
e
ntory
m
anag
em
ent o
f
CS
P [24
]
-
[
26
]
:
The
cost
of
tr
ans
port
is
incu
rr
e
d
duri
ng
th
e
rep
ai
r
per
io
d.
This
is
beca
use
so
m
e
rep
ai
r
m
ay
need
to
be
carried
to
t
he r
e
pairin
g
ce
nter
to be
rep
ai
r
ed
.
So, tra
nsporta
ti
on
c
os
ts m
igh
t be
put i
nto c
onside
rati
on.
Ma
intenance
poli
ci
es
in
deter
m
ining
t
he
de
m
and
for
CS
P
.
Crit
ic
al
CSP
ne
ed
to
be
r
epla
ced
base
d
on
a
set
sche
du
le
as
op
po
s
ed
to
s
om
e sp
are
p
a
rts
wh
i
ch
a
re r
e
place
d w
hen a m
achine s
huts d
own
.
Dep
e
ndence
of
so
m
e o
f
t
he pa
rts f
ai
lu
re. Ge
ne
rall
y, the
dep
e
nd
e
nce
relat
ion i
s una
vaila
ble.
Pr
oble
m
s ar
e c
ause
d by so
m
e o
f
the
CS
P
th
at
are o
bs
olete
.
Av
ai
la
bili
ty
of
com
pu
te
r
te
c
hn
ic
ia
ns
who
can
help
i
n
re
pairin
g
c
om
pute
rs
th
rou
gh
re
placem
ents
of
the
par
ts
that
are
no
t
in
good
co
nd
it
io
n.
Wh
e
n
these
te
chn
ic
i
ans
are
a
vaila
bl
e,
com
pu
te
r
owne
rs
will
pre
fer
purc
hasin
g
s
pa
re
par
ts
for rep
ai
r
instea
d o
f d
eal
ing
with t
he
en
ti
re c
om
pu
te
r by dis
posin
g o
f
it
.
4.3.
C
las
sific
ati
on o
f the c
om
put
er
p
art
s
Th
e
CS
P
inv
es
ti
gated
in
this
stud
y
resea
rch
wer
e
cl
assifi
e
d
us
i
ng
the
cl
a
ssica
l
ABC
m
od
el
.
T
his
is
the
m
os
t
co
m
m
on
and
sim
pl
e
way
us
ed
i
n
cl
assify
ing
slo
w
-
m
ov
in
g
it
em
s
to
hav
e
eas
iness
in
their
i
nv
e
ntory
m
anag
em
ent.
This
cl
assifi
cat
ion
was
do
ne
a
ccordin
g
to
t
he
g
ui
delines
gi
ve
n
by
Kenne
dy
e
t
al.,
(20
12)
,
w
ho
argue
that
it
e
m
s
sh
ould
be
cl
assifi
ed
base
d
o
n
their
le
vel
of
sign
ific
an
ce.
I
n
this
m
od
el
,
CS
P
wer
e
cat
egorized
into
th
ree
cl
ass
es
nam
ed
[27
]
,
[
28]
:
i
)
Cl
ass
A
it
e
m
s
–
for
ve
ry
i
m
po
rtant
it
e
m
;
ii
)
Cl
ass
B
it
e
m
s
–
fo
r
im
po
rta
nt
it
e
m
s
;
i
ii
)
Cl
ass C
it
e
m
s
–
for
t
he
le
ast
im
po
rt
ant it
em
s.
4.4.
Q
ues
tionn
aire desi
gn
The
stu
dy
fo
c
us
e
d
on
al
l
em
plo
ye
es
wo
r
king
in
the
inv
e
ntory
m
an
agem
ent
dep
artm
ent.
The
per
s
onnel
w
ho
hav
e
worke
d
i
n
the
de
par
tm
e
nt for
m
or
e t
ha
n
fi
ve
ye
ars
w
e
re s
el
ect
ed
as
they we
re
belie
ved t
o
hav
e
a
cl
ear
unde
rstan
ding
of
the
act
ivit
ie
s
ta
kin
g
place
in
the
de
pa
rtm
en
t.
Likewise
,
I
f
ocused
on
in
ve
ntory
m
anag
em
ent
on
ly
for
CP
s
.
T
he
e
xclusion
c
rite
ria
co
ver
e
d
em
plo
ye
es
fr
om
a
ll
oth
er
de
par
tm
ents,
as
well
as
inv
e
ntory
m
anag
em
ent
fo
r
a
ll
oth
er
slo
w
-
m
ov
ing
it
em
s
in
the
in
dustry.
Like
wise,
e
m
plo
ye
es
w
ho
had
worked
in
t
he
dep
a
rtm
ent
fo
r
le
ss
tha
n
fi
ve
ye
ars
we
re
exclu
ded.
Th
e
su
bject
sam
ple
for
the
stu
dy
was
rand
om
l
y
sel
e
ct
ed.
This
wa
s
reg
ar
dless
of
the
placem
e
nt
of
the
ta
r
ge
t
sa
m
ple
based
on
the
em
plo
ye
e'
s
po
sit
io
n, in
vent
or
y
dep
a
rtm
ent, or
CP
s
o
cc
up
ie
d.
4.5.
P
ro
babi
li
ty
s
amp
le
in
g a
nd
s
amp
le
s
iz
e
d
etermi
n
ati
on
Pr
oba
bili
ty
sa
m
pl
ing
was
th
e
strat
egy
us
e
d
in
the
stu
dy
fo
r
sam
ple
sel
ect
ion
.
This
s
trat
egy
was
natu
rall
y
v
isua
li
zed
from
the
researc
h
de
sig
n
flo
w.
In
t
his
strat
egy,
de
pa
rtm
ent
e
m
plo
yees
wer
e
distri
bu
te
d
equ
al
ly
in
the
li
kelihood
to
be
el
ect
ed.
This
m
et
ho
d
was
use
d
beca
us
e
by
sel
ect
ing
a
s
m
al
l
ran
dom
s
a
m
ple
from
the
sa
m
p
le
,
the
distrib
ut
ion
of
the
e
ntire
sam
ple
can
be
easi
ly
est
i
m
at
ed.
T
her
e
wa
s
no
bias
in
sa
m
ple
siz
e
beca
us
e
th
is
sam
pling
str
at
egy
ens
ur
e
d
an
unknow
n
oppo
rtu
nity
for
sta
ff
sel
ect
io
n.
Be
sides,
t
he
st
rategy
al
lowed
t
he
cal
culat
ion
of
th
e
confide
nce
le
vel
with
sam
pling
e
rrors.
S
ince
the
stu
dy
wan
te
d
to
in
ve
sti
gate
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
2
,
A
ugust
20
21
:
1159
-
1169
1164
sever
al
to
pics
and
not
a
sp
eci
fic
top
ic
,
a
sim
ple
rand
om
sa
m
pl
ing
m
et
ho
d
was
ad
opte
d
t
o
ai
d
in
sel
ect
ing
t
he
ta
rg
et
gro
up
f
or
th
e
stu
dy.
The
m
et
ho
d
guara
nteed
acc
uracy
in
the
f
ol
lowing
a
naly
sis,
as
first
e
valuati
ons
wer
e
not
biase
d
a
nd
were
th
e
basis
f
or
s
ubse
qu
e
nt
eval
ua
ti
on
s.
With
t
his
strat
egy,
a
cl
ear
re
pr
ese
ntati
ve
sam
ple
of
the
sam
ple
was
obta
ined
.
T
his
m
et
ho
d
was
a
ppr
opriat
e
an
d
cou
l
d
prov
i
de
any
am
ou
nt
of
data
require
d
in
the
stud
y.
T
his
is
becau
se
oth
e
r
under
ly
in
g
da
ta
are
need
e
d
t
o
ad
dr
e
ss
any
gaps
that
m
a
y
arise.
Accor
ding
to
Dunsm
uir
an
d
Sn
yde
r
[
28]
,
the
f
or
m
ula
that
was
us
e
d
t
o
cal
culat
e
th
e
sam
ple
siz
e
is
the
fo
ll
owin
g [2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]:
=
2
×
×
(
1
−
)
2
(2)
w
he
re
n
:
sam
ple
siz
e
;
Z
:
con
fid
e
nce
le
vel,
can
be
in
per
c
entage
or
de
ci
m
al
or
popu
la
t
ion
si
ze
;
p
:
It
is
the
per
ce
ntage
p
i
nkin
g
a c
hoic
e,
expresse
d
as
a
decim
al; e:
confide
nce
inte
rv
a
l
(C.I) e
xpresse
d
as
a
decim
a
l.
4.6.
D
ata a
n
al
ys
is
an
d
r
esult
s f
r
om the
q
ue
stionnaire
Table
2
i
nd
ic
at
es
the
res
ponse
s
giv
e
n
durin
g
the
inter
views
with
w
orke
rs
a
t
the
CSP
in
du
stry.
These
respo
ns
es
we
r
e
based
on
the
views
of
the
i
nter
viewe
d
by
us
in
g
quest
io
nnai
res.
It
ind
ic
at
es
the
respo
nse
s
of
the
sta
f
f
inte
rvi
ewed
of
ways
how
the
slo
w
ness
i
n
t
he
m
ov
in
g
of
CP
s
ca
n
be
c
ontrolle
d
:
A
-
r
es
pondent
s
w
ho
strongly
a
gr
ee
;
B
-
r
es
pondents
who
just
ag
re
e
;
C
-
r
es
ponden
ts
who
j
ust
dis
agr
ee
;
D
-
r
es
pond
e
nts
who
str
ongly
disag
ree
.
F
ro
m
the
data
colle
ct
ed
duri
ng
th
e
stud
y,
Ta
ble
2
an
d
Fig
ure
3
sho
w
that
67
%
of
al
l
res
pond
e
nts
strongly
s
uppo
rt
that
buye
r
can
pr
e
ven
t
sl
ow
sal
es
of
CP
s
thr
ough
re
peated
purc
ha
ses
only
.
O
nl
y
13
%
su
pp
or
te
d
this
sta
tem
ent.
On
the
ot
her
ha
nd,
11%
sim
ply
disag
reed
that
bu
ye
rs
do
not
influ
e
nce
CP
s
to
be
slow
-
m
ov
ing
i
tem
s
in
the
i
ndus
try
an
d
9%
of
the
sur
vey
strongly
disag
reed
with
this
idea.
A
higher
per
ce
ntage
of
r
esp
onde
nts b
el
ie
ve
that
buye
r
s can
h
el
p pr
e
ve
nt slo
w
-
m
ov
i
ng elem
ents in
the in
dustry.
On
t
he
ot
her
hand,
16%
of
the
total
num
ber
of
res
po
nd
e
nts
str
ongl
y
agr
ee
d
with
the
idea
of
pre
ve
nting
sl
ow
inve
nt
or
y
m
anag
em
ent
of
CP
s
wh
ic
h
the
y
arg
ue
d
that
workers
in
t
he
slow
-
m
ov
i
ng
par
ts
industry
s
houl
d
help
co
ntr
ol
the
i
nv
e
ntory
of
sl
ow
-
m
ov
ing
pa
rts.
T
he
per
ce
ntage
of
respo
nd
e
nts
w
ho
j
us
t
agr
ee
d wit
h
thi
s stat
e
m
ent w
as 2
3%
, while
the h
i
gh
e
st p
erc
entage, 4
7%,
si
m
pl
y disagr
ee
d wit
h
this ar
gu
m
ent.
The perce
nta
ge
that str
ongly r
ejected
w
as
14
%. T
his is il
lus
trat
ed
in
Fig
ur
e 4
.
Table
2
. Pre
ve
ntion o
f
sl
ow
-
m
ov
ing
in
ve
nt
or
ie
s
f
or
CS
P
Preven
tio
n
of
slo
w
-
m
o
v
in
g
CSPs
A
B
C
D
It
is d
if
f
icu
lt to p
reven
t the in
v
en
to
ry
of
CSPs
f
ro
m
bein
g
slo
w
-
m
o
v
in
g
item
s
15
38
12
35
CSPs
are
ob
so
lete ite
m
s in
natu
re
0
4
42
54
It’
s o
n
ly
bu
y
ers w
h
o
inf
l
u
en
ce the slo
wn
ess
of
the in
v
e
n
to
ry
of
slo
w
-
m
o
v
in
g
co
m
p
u
ters sp
a
r
e parts
67
13
11
9
It
is th
e du
ty
of
the staf
f
at
slo
w
-
m
o
v
in
g
sp
are
p
arts ind
u
stry
to h
elp
in co
n
t
rol th
e inv
en
to
ry
o
f
slo
w
-
m
o
v
in
g
sp
are
p
arts
16
23
47
14
Manu
f
actu
re
o
f
less d
u
rable sp
are
p
ar
ts
m
ak
es th
ei
r
in
v
en
to
ry
to b
e f
ast
m
o
v
in
g
32
30
29
19
Prices of
the co
m
p
u
ters
sp
are
p
arts
inf
lu
en
ces th
eir
rate i
n
and
ou
t f
lo
w o
f
the in
d
u
stry
15
19
41
25
Prod
u
ctio
n
cos
t is the k
ey
f
acto
r
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
the slo
wn
ess
of
CSPs
in
ind
u
st
ries.
42
33
19
6
Fig
ure
3.
Re
spon
s
es
of
t
he
sta
ff
t
o
cl
ai
m
: it i
s only
bu
ye
rs who i
nfl
uen
ce
t
he
sl
ownes
s
of
t
he
i
nvent
or
y
of slo
w
-
m
ov
in
g
c
om
pu
te
rs
s
pa
re
par
ts
Figure
4. Re
spon
s
es
of
t
he
sta
ff
t
o
the
clai
m
:
the staf
f
at
the slow
-
m
ov
in
g
s
par
e
p
a
rt
s in
du
st
ry m
us
t
h
el
p i
n
con
t
ro
l t
he
in
ve
ntory
of sl
ow
-
m
ov
ing
s
par
e
par
ts
The
cl
ai
m
about
CP
s
pri
ces
a
ff
ect
in
g
t
heir
r
at
e
of
e
ntry
a
nd
e
xit
f
ro
m
the
flo
w
of
in
dust
ry
was
al
so
inv
est
igate
d
duri
ng
the
stu
dy
,
as
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
5.
T
he
la
st
facto
r
st
udie
d
t
o
i
nf
lu
en
ce
the
sl
ow
-
sel
li
ng
of
CP
s
was
t
he
c
os
t
of
producti
on.
Fig
ure
6
s
hows
t
hat
42
%,
the
highest
pe
rce
ntage
of
respo
nd
e
nts,
s
tro
ng
ly
su
pp
or
t
t
he
id
ea
that
re
du
ci
ng
the
c
os
t
of
a
CP
s
produc
t
will
help
m
anag
e
their
i
nvento
ries
by
i
nc
reasin
g
sal
es.
The
pe
rc
entage
w
ho
jus
t
agr
eed
with
t
his
idea
was
33%,
w
hile
19%
disagr
ee
d
w
it
h
it
.
The
per
centage
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
An
alysis of i
nv
entory
ma
nage
men
t
of sl
ow
-
m
ovin
g
s
pare
parts
…
(
Walid E
ma
r
)
1165
of
res
pondents
w
ho
stron
gly
disag
reed
with
this
idea
was
on
ly
6%.
The
m
ajo
rity
of
r
es
pondents
sup
porte
d
this idea,
whil
e only
28%
of the total
sam
ple agreed
w
it
h i
t.
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
.
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
a
f
f
t
o
t
h
e
c
l
a
i
m
,
t
h
a
t
P
r
i
c
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
s
’
s
p
a
r
e
p
a
r
t
s
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
t
h
e
i
r
r
a
t
e
i
n
a
n
d
o
u
t
t
h
e
f
l
o
w
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
Figure
6.
Re
spon
s
es
of
t
he
sta
ff
t
o
the
clai
m
,
that Prices
of the c
om
pu
te
rs
’
sp
a
re
par
ts
inf
l
uen
ce
their
ra
te
in
an
d
ou
t t
he flo
w of t
he
in
dustry
4.7.
Preve
nt
io
n
of sl
ow
-
m
oving in
ven
to
ri
e
s for
CS
P
F
r
o
m
T
a
b
l
e
3
a
n
d
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
w
e
s
e
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
m
a
j
o
r
i
t
y
o
f
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
a
g
r
e
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
i
d
e
a
t
ha
t
i
n
v
e
n
t
o
r
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
nt
t
e
a
m
s
i
n
t
h
e
C
P
s
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
w
e
r
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
l
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
l
o
w
-
m
o
v
i
n
g
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
t
h
a
t
c
om
p
a
ny
.
W
h
i
l
e
4
9
%
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
d
,
3
9
%
s
i
m
p
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
d
.
O
n
l
y
1
%
d
i
s
a
gr
e
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
i
s
f
a
c
t
o
r
,
w
h
i
l
e
1
1
%
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
o
p
p
o
s
e
d
i
t
.
T
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
h
e
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
w
h
o
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
d
a
n
d
w
h
o
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
s
a
g
r
e
e
d
w
a
s
3
8
%
,
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
w
h
o
o
n
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
d
a
n
d
t
h
o
s
e
w
h
o
s
i
m
p
l
y
d
i
s
a
g
r
e
e
d
w
a
s
a
l
s
o
3
8
%
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
a
bi
g
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
.
N
e
a
r
l
y
3
7
%
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
f
u
l
l
y
a
gr
e
e
d
t
h
a
t
c
o
n
s
um
e
r
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
i
s
a
f
a
c
t
o
r
a
f
f
e
c
t
i
n
g
i
n
v
e
n
t
o
r
y
m
a
na
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
l
ow
-
m
o
v
i
n
g
i
t
e
m
s
,
a
n
d
2
9
%
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
a
m
p
l
e
a
g
r
e
e
d
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
w
h
o
s
i
m
pl
y
d
i
d
n
o
t
a
g
r
e
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
i
s
f
a
c
t
o
r
w
a
s
2
9
%
,
a
n
d
1
5
%
o
f
t
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
s
t
u
d
y
s
a
m
pl
e
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
o
p
p
o
s
e
d
i
t
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
t
h
a
t
i
n
v
e
n
t
o
r
y
m
a
n
a
ge
m
e
n
t
i
s
a
f
a
c
t
o
r
a
f
f
e
c
t
i
n
g
s
l
ow
n
e
s
s
i
n
s
a
l
e
s
o
f
C
P
s
.
A
t
o
t
a
l
o
f
5
4
%
o
f
t
h
e
e
nt
i
r
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
nd
d
u
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
C
P
s
i
m
p
a
c
t
i
n
v
e
n
t
o
r
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
nt
.
2
8
%
s
i
m
pl
y
a
g
r
e
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
i
s
f
a
c
t
o
r
,
w
h
i
l
e
o
n
l
y
7
%
d
i
d
n
o
t
,
a
n
d
o
n
l
y
4
%
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
s
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
C
P
s
i
n
v
e
n
t
o
r
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
a
s
s
l
o
w
-
m
o
v
i
n
g
i
t
e
m
s
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
.
Figure
7.
Fact
ors that i
nf
l
uen
c
e slo
w
in
ve
ntory
at the
CS
Ps
industries
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
2
,
A
ugust
20
21
:
1159
-
1169
1166
Table
3.
Fact
or
s that in
flue
nce
slow in
ve
nto
r
y at
the
CS
Ps
industries
Facto
rs aff
ectin
g
inv
en
to
ry
m
an
ag
e
m
e
n
t of
slo
w
-
m
o
v
i
n
g
CSPs
A
B
C
D
The in
v
en
to
ry
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t tea
m
of
t
h
e
CSPs
in
d
u
stry
49
39
1
11
Co
n
su
m
er
b
eh
av
io
r
37
29
29
15
Qu
ality
and
du
rabi
lity
of
the
CSPs
54
28
7
4
Locatio
n
of
the spar
e parts
dis
p
en
sing in
d
u
stry
f
ro
m
th
e con
su
m
e
rs of
thes
e ite
m
s
31
33
15
21
Level o
f
techn
o
lo
g
y
within
the n
atio
n
41
43
6
10
Av
ailab
ility
o
f
co
m
p
u
te
r
tech
n
ician
s
within
the n
atio
n
39
31
35
5
Attitu
d
e of
the co
n
su
m
e
rs towa
rds
r
e
p
airing
their co
m
p
u
ters that h
av
e bro
k
en
do
wn
12
32
36
20
The
locat
io
n
of
the
in
dustry
that
pro
duces
c
on
s
um
er
CP
s
ha
s
al
so
bee
n
ve
rified
as
a
factor
a
ff
ect
in
g
inv
e
nto
ry
m
anag
em
ent
of
slo
w
-
m
ov
in
g
CP
s
.
31%
of
the
r
esp
onde
nts
str
ongly
s
upporte
d
this
sta
te
m
e
nt
an
d
si
m
ply
33
%
of
the
total
inte
rv
ie
wed
sam
ple
agr
ee
d
with
it
.
On
the
othe
r
ha
nd,
only
15%
of
res
pondent
s
si
m
ply
do
no
t
agr
ee
ab
out
the
deal
an
d
21%
of
res
pond
ents
s
tro
ngly
disag
reed
with
the
industry
locat
ion
factor as a
cont
rib
uting fact
or
to the decl
ine
in
sal
es
of
CS
Ps
.
Th
e
dif
fer
e
nce
between
the
t
otal
nu
m
ber
of
responde
nts
inter
viewe
d
dur
ing
the
stu
dy
who
ag
ree
d
with
t
he
in
dus
try
’
s
po
sit
io
n
as
a
facto
r
a
ffec
ti
ng
i
nv
e
ntor
y
m
anag
em
ent
of
sl
ow
-
m
ov
ing
CP
s
an
d
t
he
total
nu
m
ber
of
th
ose
w
ho
op
po
se
d
was
28%.
The
dif
fer
e
nce
i
n
t
he
per
ce
ntage
betwee
n
respo
nd
e
nts
who
str
ongly
agr
ee
d
with
t
his
facto
r
a
nd
th
os
e
who
st
ron
gl
y
disagr
ee
d
w
it
h
this
fact
or
was
on
ly
10%,
w
hile
the
differenc
e
in p
e
rce
ntage b
et
ween
res
pondents
wh
o
sim
ply ag
reed an
d t
ho
se
wh
o
sim
ply di
s
a
gr
ee
w
as 18%.
Anothe
r
facto
r
that
was
c
onsi
der
e
d
i
n
this
st
ud
y
t
o
in
flue
nc
e
the
slo
w
dow
n
in
the
num
ber
of
sal
es
of
CP
s
in
the
in
dustry
i
s
the
le
ve
l
of
te
c
hnology
withi
n
the
country
in
w
hi
ch
the
in
du
st
ry
is
locat
ed.
Fi
gure
8
sh
ows
that
41%
of
the
sam
ple
responde
nts
strongly
agr
e
ed
that
this
fa
ct
or
is
relat
ed
to
the
dec
reas
e
in
the
nu
m
ber
of
sal
es
of
s
par
e
part
s.
43
%
of
th
ose
su
r
veyed
j
ust
a
gr
eed
with
this
factor
.
O
n
the
ot
her
ha
nd,
the
per
ce
ntage
of
respo
nd
e
nts
w
ho
sim
ply
did
no
t
ag
ree
wit
h
this
facto
r
was
6%
,
w
hile
the
per
ce
nta
ge
w
ho
strongly
disag
r
eed
with
this
f
act
or
was
10%
.
The
refo
re,
t
he
m
ajo
rity
of
r
esp
onde
nts
suppo
rted
the
id
ea
of
lo
okin
g
at
the
le
vel
of
te
chn
ol
og
y
as
a
factor
that
cont
ribu
te
d
to
the
slow
m
ov
e
m
ent
of
CP
s,
a
nd
th
i
s
per
ce
ntage
wa
s
84%.
T
her
e
f
or
e
,
te
ch
nolo
gy
aff
ect
s
in
vent
or
y
m
anag
em
ent
of
slo
w
-
m
ov
i
ng
CP
s
bec
ause
i
t
determ
ines the
nu
m
ber
of com
pu
te
rs purc
has
ed wit
hin
t
ha
t
par
ti
cula
r
c
ount
ry.
Additi
on
al
ly
,
t
he
stu
dy
al
so
looke
d
at
the
a
vaila
bili
ty
of
c
om
pu
te
r
te
ch
ni
ci
ans
withi
n
th
e
co
un
try
a
s
ano
t
her
facto
r
con
t
rib
uting
t
o
the
slo
w
sal
es
of
CP
s
by
the
industry
that
pro
du
ces
them
.
The
avail
abil
it
y
of
com
pu
te
r
te
ch
nicia
ns
m
e
ans
that
if
a
par
t
br
ea
ks
dow
n,
it
can
be
re
paired,
an
d
t
hu
s
the
sal
e
of
CP
s
wil
l
increase.
A
bo
ut
39%
str
ongl
y
agr
ee
d
with
this
fact
or
,
w
hi
le
31
%
of
t
hose
sur
veyed
a
gr
ee
d
fairly
.
O
n
th
e
oth
e
r
ha
nd,
onl
y
35
%
of
the
r
esp
onde
nts
agree
d
with
t
his
f
act
or
,
wh
il
e
on
ly
5%
fu
ll
y
agree
d
with
t
his
f
act
or
.
So
,
a
pe
rce
ntage
is
higher
if
it
is
m
or
e
than
50
%
in
fa
vor
of
this
fact
or
.
The
final
fact
or
was
the
co
nsum
ers
’
at
ti
tud
e to
ward
s f
ixi
ng br
ok
e
n com
pu
te
rs
sho
wn in
Fig
ur
e
9
.
Figure
8. Staf
f resp
onses c
onc
ern
i
ng
te
ch
no
l
og
y l
e
vel as
factor af
fecti
ng
slowness
in
th
e inv
e
ntorie
s
of CSPs
Figure
9. Atti
tud
e
of t
he
c
on
s
um
ers
towa
rd
s
rep
ai
ri
ng their
com
pu
te
rs
th
at
h
a
ve br
oken
down
4.8.
R
el
ati
ons
hip bet
w
ee
n i
nv
en
tory
p
olicy
an
d
slow
-
m
ov
in
g
CSP
The
res
ults
of
the
stu
dy
in
T
able
4
an
d
Fig
ur
e
10
i
nd
ic
at
ed
diff
e
re
nt
at
ti
tud
es
of
the
r
e
sponde
nts
towa
rd
s
t
he
id
ea
of
im
po
sin
g
an
in
ve
nto
ry
poli
cy
as
a
m
ea
ns
of
c
ontrolli
ng
t
he
in
ve
ntor
y
m
anag
em
ent
of
t
he
slow
-
m
ov
ing
CP
s
in
the
i
ndus
try
.
T
he
al
le
gation
in
ves
ti
ga
te
d
is
that
if
t
he
im
ple
m
enta
ti
on
of
th
e
in
ve
ntory
po
li
cy
in
t
he
a
f
te
rm
ark
et
ta
kes
too
lo
ng
an
d
thu
s
sho
uld
be
disco
ur
a
ge
d.
T
he
diff
e
re
nce
be
tween
res
pondents
who
st
ron
gly
agr
ee
d
with
a
nd
tho
se
w
ho
str
ongly
disa
gr
ee
d
with
this
fac
tor
was
56%,
wh
ic
h
is
a
ve
r
y
la
rge
diff
e
re
nce, wh
i
le
the d
iffe
renc
e b
et
wee
n
res
ponde
nts who
si
m
pl
y agreed
a
nd
t
ho
se
w
ho
s
i
m
ply disagr
ee
d
was
43%.
T
he
dif
f
eren
ce
i
n
pe
rc
entage
betwee
n
the
re
spo
nd
e
nts
w
ho
a
gree
d
an
d
th
os
e
w
ho
disag
ree
d
with
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
An
alysis of i
nv
entory
ma
nage
men
t
of sl
ow
-
m
ovin
g
s
pare
parts
…
(
Walid E
ma
r
)
1167
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n
of
the
in
vent
or
y
po
l
ic
y
wa
s
ve
ry
high,
a
bout
99%,
in
di
cat
ing
that
al
m
os
t
al
l
resp
onde
nts
wer
e
in fav
or
of this i
dea
.
Figure
11
sho
ws
that
51%
of
t
he
total
num
ber
of
re
sponde
nts
str
ongl
y
su
pport
the
cl
aim
that
inv
e
ntory
poli
cy
in
the
in
dustr
y
aff
ect
s
pri
ces
an
d
sal
es
of
slow
-
m
ov
in
g
CP
s
an
d
only
45
%
just
a
gree.
On
th
e
oth
e
r
hand,
only
4%
of
th
e
responde
nts
strongly
disagr
ee
d
with
thi
s
sta
tem
ent
a
nd
none
of
the
m
j
us
t
disag
reed
with
this
idea.
The
diff
e
ren
ce
between
the
t
otal
nu
m
ber
of
a
greei
ng
res
pond
ers
an
d
disa
greei
ng
respo
nd
e
n
ts
w
as
92
%
,
w
hich
is
a
ver
y
huge
diff
e
ren
ce
.
T
he
dif
fer
e
nce
betwee
n
res
pond
e
nts
w
ho
str
ongly
agr
ee
d
an
d
th
ose
who
stron
gly
disagr
ee
d
wi
th
the
eff
ect
of
stock
poli
cy
on
CP
s
pr
ic
es
was
47%,
wh
il
e
the
diff
e
re
nces
bet
ween
re
spo
nd
e
nts
who
only
agr
ee
d
an
d
thos
e
who
si
m
ply
did
not
agr
e
e
durin
g
the
inte
rv
ie
w
wer
e
45%
.
Table
4
.
Re
s
po
nd
e
nts’
an
swe
r
s to
i
nv
e
ntory
po
li
cy
and
slo
w
-
m
ov
in
g part
s r
el
at
ionshi
p
Res
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts’
an
swers to
inv
en
to
ry
p
o
licy
and
slo
w
-
m
o
v
in
g
parts
A
B
C
D
Inv
en
to
ry
po
licy
h
as a great
i
m
p
ac
t o
n
the
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
o
f
slo
w
-
m
o
v
in
g
CSPs
12
24
37
23
I
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
of
inv
en
to
ry
po
licy
m
ak
es th
e slo
w
-
m
o
v
in
g
CSPs
o
b
so
lete
56
43
1
0
I
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
of
inv
en
to
ry
po
licy
at
the sp
are
p
arts
ind
u
sty
is ti
m
e
-
co
n
su
m
in
g
an
d
h
en
ce ou
g
h
t to
be d
isco
u
raged
23
17
29
31
I
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
of
inv
en
to
ry
po
licy
is
exp
en
siv
e sin
ce it
requ
ires so
m
e
sp
ecial sk
ills an
d
tr
ain
i
n
g
b
esid
es b
ein
g
ti
m
e
-
co
n
su
m
in
g
49
44
1
6
Inv
en
to
ry
po
licy
af
f
ects p
rices a
n
d
the sales
of
slo
w
-
m
o
v
in
g
CSPs
51
45
0
4
Inv
en
to
ry
po
licy
w
o
u
ld
work
at
its b
est lev
el when
it
is
u
sed
in ass
o
ciatio
n
with
m
o
tiv
atio
n
towa
rds
the in
v
en
to
ry
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t staf
f
43
12
18
27
Mod
if
icatio
n
of
th
e
CSPs
can h
elp
in
pro
m
o
t
in
g
the i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
of
inv
en
to
ry
po
licy
in
ind
u
stries sellin
g
slo
w
-
m
o
v
in
g
CSPs
23
12
38
27
So
m
e staf
f
at
th
e i
n
v
en
to
ry
m
an
ag
e
m
e
n
t dep
art
m
en
t k
n
o
w the i
m
p
o
rtanc
e of
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
tin
g
in
v
en
to
ry
po
licy
f
o
r
th
e ite
m
s th
at
are
slo
w
-
m
o
v
in
g
at
th
e ind
u
stry
43
22
17
18
The in
d
u
stry
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t sh
o
u
ld
be respo
n
sib
le f
o
r
settin
g
up
inv
en
t
o
ry
po
licy
of
the slo
w
-
m
o
v
in
g
CSPs
.
32
19
20
39
Figure
10.
Re
s
pondent a
nswe
rs
to
in
ven
t
or
y
po
li
cy
and
slo
w
-
m
ov
in
g part
s r
el
at
ionshi
p
Figure
11. Res
pondent a
nswe
rs
toi
nv
e
ntory
po
li
cy
and
slo
w
-
m
ov
in
g part
s r
el
at
ionshi
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
2
,
A
ugust
20
21
:
1159
-
1169
1168
Figure
12
sho
ws
that
49
%
of
al
l
resp
on
de
nts
strongly
agr
e
ed
that
i
m
ple
m
enting
the
in
ve
ntory
po
li
cy
is
costly
,
as
it
requires
s
om
e
sp
eci
al
sk
il
ls
and
trai
ning
in
add
it
io
n
to
be
ing
a
wa
ste
of
tim
e.
On
the
othe
r
hand,
44%
just
ag
reed
with
th
is
sta
tem
ent.
O
nly
a
fe
w
of
th
e
res
pondents
disag
reed
wit
h
this
sta
te
m
ent
with
on
ly
1%
disa
greei
ng
an
d
6%
strongly
op
posing
t
his
sta
te
m
ent.
The
86%
rati
o
m
akes
the
dif
fer
e
nce
betwee
n
the total
nu
m
ber
of
res
ponde
nts wh
o
s
uppor
t and t
he
t
otal
nu
m
ber
of th
ose
who d
o n
ot s
upport
ver
y
hi
gh.
Figure
12.
T
he
r
es
pons
es
of t
he
inte
rv
ie
wed sta
ff to
wards t
he
im
ple
m
enta
ti
on
of in
ven
t
ory
poli
cy
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
NS
Ba
sed
on
the
r
esult
obta
ined
from
this
stud
y,
XY
Z
-
E
OQ
cl
assifi
cat
ion
m
od
el
is
con
fi
rm
ed
to
be
a
su
it
able
m
od
el
f
or
t
he
cl
assifi
cat
ion
of
it
e
m
s
to
sl
ow
-
m
ov
ing
an
d
fast
-
m
ov
in
g
CS
Ps.
Th
e
i
m
ple
m
entat
i
on
of
inv
e
ntory
poli
ci
es
play
s
a
vital
ro
le
in
m
anag
in
g
slo
w
-
m
ov
in
g
it
em
s,
su
ch
as
CP
s.
H
oweve
r,
thi
s
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n
re
qu
i
res
co
ordinati
on
am
on
g
al
l
com
pan
y
workers
who
de
al
with
CSP
s
that
are
slow
-
m
ov
in
g
in
natu
re.
T
he
ob
s
olesce
nce
of
so
m
e
CP
s
is
a
factor
t
hat
gr
eat
ly
aff
ect
s
the
slow
sal
es
of
them
becau
se
it
is
a
factor
that
oc
cur
s
s
om
ewh
at
natur
al
ly
without
bein
g
aff
ect
ed
by
oth
er
exte
rn
a
l
f
act
or
s.
T
he
seni
or
m
anag
em
ent
tea
m
'
s
ro
le
is
to
m
eet
the
inv
e
nt
or
y
m
anag
em
ent
chall
en
ges
of
sl
ow
-
m
ov
in
g
it
em
s.
65
%
of
t
he
total
e
m
plo
ye
es
inter
viewe
d
durin
g
the
stu
dy
agr
ee
with
t
he
idea
that
to
p
m
anag
em
ent
is
an
in
flue
ntial
factor
in
m
anag
ing
t
he
inv
e
n
to
ry
of
slow
-
m
ov
ing
CP
s.
K
nowi
ng
the
im
po
rtance
of
im
ple
m
entin
g
in
ven
t
or
y
poli
ci
es
helps
i
n
m
anagi
ng
t
he
in
ve
ntory
of
slo
w
-
m
ov
in
g
it
em
s,
su
ch
as
CP
s,
t
hat
are
not
well
kn
own
t
o
em
plo
ye
es
in
industries
t
hat
deal
with
sl
ow
-
m
ov
ing
it
e
m
s.
T
her
e
fore,
th
is
m
a
y
b
e
the
reason
w
hy
J
orda
n
C
om
pu
te
r
an
d
So
ft
war
e
C
orporati
on
em
pl
oyees
oppose
i
m
ple
m
enting
these
inve
nt
ory
po
li
ci
es
in
the
industry'
s
stoc
k
m
anag
em
ent
dep
artm
ent.
Fo
r
m
ula
ti
ng
inv
e
ntory
po
li
ci
es
will
al
so
hel
p
reduce
the
tim
e
it
ta
kes
t
o
ta
ke
inv
e
ntory
,
an
d
th
us
im
pr
ove
inv
e
ntory
m
an
agem
ent
of
CP
s
so
l
d
at
Power
-
O
ne
J
orda
n
com
pu
te
r
ha
rdware
and s
of
twa
re
m
anu
fact
ur
e
rs.
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NCE
S
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.