TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 13, No. 3, March 2
015,
pp. 418 ~ 42
4
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
13i3.706
1
418
Re
cei
v
ed
No
vem
ber 2
0
, 2014; Re
vi
sed
Jan
uar
y 1, 20
15; Accepted
Jan
uary 25, 2
015
Modeling and Simulation of Off-Grid Power Generation
System Using Photovoltaic
Himanshu S
h
arma*, Nitai
Pal, Pradip
Kumar Sadh
u
Dep
a
rtment of Electrical E
ngg
., Indian Scho
o
l
of Mines (un
d
e
r MHRD, Govt. of
India), Dh
anb
ad,
Jharkh
and 826
004,
Indi
a
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
:
Himans
hu2
6
s
harma@
g
ma
il
.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Off-Grid is a part of the
power distribution s
ystem
whic
h uses renewabl
e ener
gy based
of power
gen
eratio
n con
nected to the
grid syste
m
. Pow
e
r gener
at
io
n of mu
lti en
e
r
gy is compos
ed of ren
e
w
a
b
l
e
ener
gy systems including ph
otovoltaic, wind turbine, ener
gy stor
age and local loads. Test bed of an
Off-
Grid system
is
the technique t
o
ens
ur
e stable operation during faults a
nd
various networ
k
disturbances
in
grid and
islanding c
onnected
m
o
de. In this
paper
the Off-Grid using r
enewable energy
c
onsist of a
3
kW
photov
olta
ic, w
i
th 30
piec
es o
f
12V, DC/DC
converter,
ch
ar
ge co
ntroll
er fo
r battery, sing
l
e
ph
ase D
C
/AC
inverter a
nd v
a
rio
u
s lo
ads (r
esistor, cap
a
cit
o
r, i
nduct
o
r) ar
e deve
l
o
p
. T
h
e
AC buses 2
4
0
V
voltag
e incl
u
de
w
i
th isolatio
n transfor
m
er to si
mu
late the gr
id
voltage l
e
ve
l b
y
Matlab/Si
mu
li
nk softw
are.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
bo
ost, inverter, off-grid, photov
ol
taic, Matlab/Si
mu
link
Copy
right
©
2015 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
No
wad
a
ys, micro gri
d
techn
o
logy u
s
i
ng
re
newable
energy base
d
on dist
ribut
ed po
wer
gene
ration
system com
b
i
ned with p
o
wer ele
c
tro
n
ic
system
will produ
ce the
concept of future
netwo
rk te
ch
nologi
es. Th
e integration
of r
ene
wab
l
e ene
rgy source
s an
d energy stora
g
e
system
s h
a
s bee
n on
e
of the ne
w
trend
s in
po
wer ele
c
troni
c te
chn
o
logi
es. Th
e m
a
in
advantag
es
o
f
Off-Grid
dev
elopme
n
t are
providin
g
g
o
od solution to
sup
p
ly po
we
r in
ca
se of
an
emergen
cy a
nd po
we
r o
u
tage d
u
ri
ng p
o
w
er interru
p
tion in th
e mai
n
gri
d
. Off-G
r
i
d
s
com
p
ri
se l
o
w
voltage dist
ri
bution sy
ste
m
with dist
ri
buted en
er
g
y
reso
urce
s, such a
s
ph
otovoltaic po
wer
system a
nd wind turbin
es, t
ogethe
r with
stora
ge devi
c
e.
Curre
n
tly, Photovoltaic g
e
nerato
r
s a
r
e
desi
gne
d in
o
r
de
r to g
ene
rate a m
a
ximu
m po
wer
to the g
r
id. B
e
ca
use of th
e
sto
c
ha
stic n
a
ture
of the
PV power outp
u
t, larg
e d
e
velopment
s of
g
r
id
con
n
e
c
ted PV systems in
volve large fluctuatio
ns of
the freque
ncy
,
power a
nd voltage in the
grid.
Ho
wever, th
e di
sadva
n
ta
ge i
s
that P
V
gene
ratio
n
is i
n
termitte
nt, depe
ndin
g
up
on
we
ather
con
d
ition. Th
us, the MPPT make
s the PV system
pro
v
iding its maximum po
wer
and that ene
rgy
stora
ge elem
ent is necessary to help get st
able and
reliable po
wer from PV system for both
load
s and ut
ility grid, and thus imp
r
o
v
e both st
ea
dy and dyna
mic beh
aviors of the wh
ole
gene
ration
system. Beca
use of its low cost and hi
gh
efficien
cy, the battery ca
n
be integrate into
PV generatio
n system
whi
c
h can mo
re
stable a
nd rel
i
able.
In this pape
r, Off-Grid test
bed usi
ng re
n
e
wa
ble ene
rg
y based po
wer gen
eratio
n
system
whi
c
h is
com
posed of PV array, powe
r
electroni
c
co
nverters, filter, controllers,
local load
s a
nd
utility grid as
sho
w
n in
Fig
u
re 1. T
he p
aper
di
scu
sses the
detaile
d modelli
ng o
f
grid conn
ected
PV/Battery generation
system. PV arra
y is co
nne
cte
d
to the utility grid
by a bo
ost conve
r
ter to
optimize th
e
PV output and DC/AC i
n
verter to
co
nvert the DC output voltage of the so
lar
module
s
into
the AC syste
m
. Meanwhil
e
, the batte
ry is con
n
e
c
ted
to the comm
on DC bu
s via a
cha
r
ge
controller to
supp
ort a
sta
b
le
volt
age fro
m
PV. The
propo
sed
mod
e
l of the
ent
ire
comp
one
nts
and
cont
rol
system are all
simulate
d un
der M
a
tlab/Simulink
soft
wa
re. All sim
u
lat
i
on
results have
verified the validity of the
m
odel
s and e
ffectiveness o
f
control meth
od.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Modelin
g and
Sim
u
lation of Off-Grid Po
wer Gen
e
ration
System
Usin
g… (
H
i
ma
ns
hu
Sh
a
r
ma
)
419
Figure 1. Con
f
iguration of the Off-Gri
d
u
s
ing PV ba
se
d power ge
ne
ration
2. Off-Grid S
y
stem Modeling
2.1. Photov
o
l
taic (PV) Mo
del
In this
proj
ect
the PV
syst
em is mod
e
li
ng b
a
sed o
n
the eq
uivalen
t
circuit m
ode
l whi
c
h
has
alre
ady
state in theo
ry se
ct
ion. Th
e
photo
c
urre
nt gene
rated
wh
en the
sunli
g
ht hits the
sol
a
r
cell
can
be
re
pre
s
ente
d
with a
curre
n
t so
urce a
nd the
P-N tran
sition
are
a
of the
solar
cell
ca
n
be
rep
r
e
s
ente
d
with a dio
de.
The shunt a
nd serie
s
resistan
ce
s re
prese
n
t the losse
s
due to t
h
e
body of the semico
ndu
cto
r
.
The
ele
c
trica
l
mod
e
l of t
he PV
syste
m
was si
mul
a
ted in
Matl
ab/Simulin
k
with a
n
equivalent
circuit mo
del b
a
s
ed
on the
PV model
of Fi
gure
2 a
nd Fi
gure
3. Th
e circuit m
odel i
s
usin
g one cu
rre
nt sou
r
ce and two re
si
stors
R
sh
and
R
s
. The value of the model current
I
pv
is
cal
c
ulate
d
by the comp
uta
t
ional blo
ck t
hat has V, I, and
I
pv
as inp
u
ts. All the input paramete
r
s
were developed by
using
mathemati
c
al
function
that
will
supplying the i
n
form
ation to the
PV
model ci
rcuit based on the
mathemati
c
al
calculation.
Figure 2. PV
system mo
de
l circuit with a
controll
ed cu
rre
nt sou
r
ce, equivalent re
sisto
r
s, a
nd the
equatio
n of the model curre
n
t
Figure 3. Equivalent model
of PV system in
Matlab Simulink
with input and o
u
tp
ut port that
con
n
e
c
t to outside of su
bsy
s
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 13, No. 3, March 2
015 : 418 – 4
2
4
420
In orde
r to create the inp
u
t sup
p
ly or mo
del cu
rrent, to the equivale
nt circuit of PV, firstly
the saturation
current of wa
s develop
ed. This is
d
one
by using the followin
g
equ
a
t
ion of 1, 2 and
also
with th
e sel
e
cte
d
p
a
ram
e
ters. T
hen the
mat
hematical m
odel of
I
o
wa
s
de
ve
lo
ped
in
Matlab/Simuli
nk a
s
sh
own in Figure 4.
(
1
)
(
2
)
Figure 4. Mathematical mo
del of
I
o
Then the li
ght
gene
rated
current was
de
veloped
by u
s
ing Eq
uation
(3)
with the
selecte
d
para
m
eters.
Then
the m
a
thematical
m
odel
of
was
develop
ed i
n
Matlab
sim
u
link
as sho
w
n in
Figure 5(a
)
a
nd Figu
re 5(b
)
.
(
3
)
Figure 5(a
)
. Mathemati
c
al
model of Isc
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Modelin
g and
Sim
u
lation of Off-Grid Po
wer Gen
e
ration
System
Usin
g… (
H
i
ma
ns
hu
Sh
a
r
ma
)
421
Figure 5(b
)
. Mathemati
c
al
model of Idd
Finally both
para
m
eters
of and, al
so
with th
e
sel
e
cted
pa
ram
e
ter
we
re in
serte
d
in
Equation
(4)
in ord
e
r to o
b
tain the inp
u
t sup
p
ly of
I
pv
. Then the mathemati
c
al model
of wa
s
develop
ed in
Matlab/Simuli
nk a
s
sh
own in Figure 6.
(
4
)
Figure 6. Mathematical mo
del of
I
pv
In this type
of dc converter, the
circu
i
t modelin
g
wa
s firstly d
e
velope
d. Th
e bo
ost
conve
r
ter
circuit is sh
own in Figure
7. Then
the main pa
rame
ter su
ch a
s
input and out
put
voltage, indu
ctan
ce value,
capa
citan
c
e
value, and
re
sisto
r
value a
l
so with the
duty ratio we
re
desi
gne
d.
Figure 7. Boost conve
r
ter t
opolo
g
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 13, No. 3, March 2
015 : 418 – 4
2
4
422
Duty ratio D,
with de
sire
d output voltag
e V
o
and voltage inp
u
t V
in.
(
5
)
Inducta
nce value, L:
(
6
)
2.2. In
v
e
rter Model
Figure 8 sh
o
w
s o
u
tputs from PV and battery conn
ect to inverter, filt
er and g
r
id system.
Figure 8. Inverter conn
ect
s
to filter
Single pha
se
inverters are
used the
DC output
voltage of the PV a
rray into AC
voltage
to be
connected to the
electri
c
utility gri
d
. Confi
guration of the si
ngle ph
ase full
bridge voltage
sou
r
ce inve
rter
circuit is
shown in Fi
gure 9. It
is com
posed of a
DC voltage
so
u
r
ce
(PV a
rray
)
an
input de
cou
p
ling ca
pa
citor
and four p
o
wer switchi
ng
blocks. C is
use
d
to filter the noise on
the
DC b
u
s. After the inverter
an LC
harmo
nics filter
is u
s
ed to elimi
n
ate the high f
r
equ
en
cie
s
in
the
output invert
er voltage. E
a
ch
blo
ck of
the switch
i
n
g
blocks con
s
ists of a
semi
con
d
u
c
tor
switch
(IGBT) and anti-pa
rallel
diode.
T
o
create
p
r
ope
r gating
sign
als fo
r switches, p
u
lse
with
modulatio
n i
s
u
s
e
d
. Th
e
functio
n
s of
PWM
are t
he
control o
u
tput voltage
amplitud
e a
nd
fundame
n
tal frequ
en
cy.
3. Result a
n
d Discus
s
io
n
Figure 9 sh
o
w
s the o
u
tput
voltage from PV as a 161V
DC voltage.
Figure 9. PV
voltage
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Modelin
g and
Sim
u
lation of Off-Grid Po
wer Gen
e
ration
System
Usin
g… (
H
i
ma
ns
hu
Sh
a
r
ma
)
423
Figure 10
sh
ows out
put voltage b
o
o
s
t
conve
r
ter
in
DC volts. Here the voltag
e
from PV
161V are fluctuated and b
o
o
st co
nverte
r are u
s
ed to g
e
t pure DC voltage.
Figure 10. Ou
tput from DC-DC voltag
e
Figure 11 sh
ows output voltage from i
n
verter
befo
r
e filter in square
curve.
Here the
voltage from
DC
conve
r
ter 170V con
n
e
c
ted to inverter chan
ge to AC voltage.
Figure 11. Ou
tputs from inv
e
rter voltag
e before filters
Figure 1
2
sh
ows o
u
tput from inve
rter a
fter f
ilter
i
n
si
ne wav
e
.
T
h
e
inv
e
rte
r
wo
rk
s with
a
pulse width
modulatio
n te
chni
que. Th
e
output volta
ge
of filter is
sho
w
n
as p
u
re sin
e
wave
with
almost no h
a
rmonic
conte
n
t.
Figure 12. Ou
tputs from inv
e
rter voltag
e after filters
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 13, No. 3, March 2
015 : 418 – 4
2
4
424
4. Conclusio
n
In this pa
pe
r
the mathem
a
t
ical mod
e
l of
al
syste
m
co
mpone
nts
wa
s introdu
ced
in order
to investigate
the dynami
c
behavio
r of e
a
ch
syste
m
. Also the
pr
o
p
o
se
d control
tech
niqu
e of the
sy
st
em w
a
s
pre
s
ent
e
d
.
This in
clude
s
On/
O
f
f
swit
c
h
control of th
e system mo
des of op
erat
ion
and inverte
r
control. Th
e prop
osed
system
com
pone
nts impl
emented in
Matlab/Simuli
nk
environ
ment
and inte
rface
with Sim Powe
r Sy
stem
toolbox. The dynami
c
b
ehavior
of each
sub
s
ystem i
s
investig
ate
d
sho
w
in
g the interactio
n betwe
en
different co
mpone
nts of
grid
con
n
e
c
ted P
V
system.
Re
newable
ene
rgy based p
o
w
er
gen
eratio
n as a p
hoto
v
oltaic (PV)
with
battery
stora
ge fo
r Off-Gri
d
sy
stem
are
sim
u
lat
ed. S
i
mulation i
s
f
o
cu
s
on th
e
para
m
eter of
the
each co
mpon
ent to con
s
id
er the outp
u
ts and
effect
ivene
ss of inve
rter. Mo
st of the re
sults
ca
n
be used for d
e
velop a sm
a
ll scal
e
Off-Grid system for
pra
c
tical a
ppli
c
ation
s
.
Referen
ces
[1]
Vikas Khar
e, Savita Nem
a
, Prashant Bar
edar.
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i
nd
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ab
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n
ergy in Ind
i
a;
Ren
e
w
a
ble
an
d Sustain
a
b
l
e
Energ
y
. Rev
i
e
w
s
.
2
013; 2
7
: 1–10.
[2]
Ijumba
NM,
W
e
kesah
CW
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Applic
ation
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a
l of sol
a
r and mi
ni-h
ydro en
erg
y
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urces
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u
r
a
l
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ati
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ob
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e
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i
t
h
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i
n
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e
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e
chnolo
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a
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y
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r W
i
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Domestic P
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ratin
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o
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enzhou L
u
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e o
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[8]
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i
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