Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
2
,
Febr
ua
ry
201
8
,
pp.
316
~
321
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
, DO
I: 10
.11
591/
ijeecs
.
v9.i
2
.
pp
316
-
321
316
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Force M
ulti
pli
er
E
ffect of
Futurist
ic Battl
efield
Pre
paredn
ess
by A
d
apting the
Internet
of
Thin
gs (I
oT) C
oncept
G.
K
anna
n
1
,
N.
M
anoh
aran
2
1
ND
E
c
ent
re
,
R
&
D di
v
ision, AMET
Univer
si
t
y,
Chenn
ai,
Ind
ia
2
R&D
div
ision,
AM
ET
Univer
sit
y
,
Chenn
ai
-
600
054
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
21
, 201
7
Re
vised
Dec
2
6
, 2
01
7
Accepte
d
Ja
n
1
5
, 2
0
18
The
pre
sen
t
-
da
y
Bat
tlefi
el
d
environm
ent
depi
c
ts
a
sce
n
ari
o
whe
rei
n
var
ious
het
ero
g
ene
ous
warfi
ghti
ng
v
eh
ic
l
es/e
quipment
are
cong
lomera
t
ed,
a
nd
th
e
high
comm
and
ta
kes
a
decisio
n
base
d
on
the
diffe
ren
t
inpu
t
s
and
dat
a
rec
e
ive
d
from
the
warfi
ghti
ng
en
ti
ties.
Thi
s a
spe
c
t
gene
ra
te
s vol
u
m
inous da
ta
and
comm
unic
ation
dire
ctives
occ
up
y
ing
the
co
m
ple
te
fre
quen
c
y
spec
trum
and
m
oving
up
and
down.
Thi
s
pape
r
proposes
a
sche
m
e
base
d
on
the
Inte
rne
t
of
Th
in
gs
(IoT
)
phil
oso
ph
y
.
Th
e
primar
y
fo
cus
will
b
e
to
depl
o
y
ubiqui
tous
sensing
ena
ble
d
t
ec
h
nologi
es
(IoT
)
i
n
al
l
the
b
at
t
le
fi
el
d
fightin
g
ent
ities.
Thi
s
m
edi
um
in
eff
ec
t
m
ea
ns
the
int
er
conne
c
ti
on
of
uniqu
e
l
y
ide
nti
f
ia
b
le
embedde
d
computin
g
-
li
ke
device
s
a
nd
form
ula
ti
on
o
f
an
interne
t
infra
struc
ture.
T
he
newl
y
propos
ed
IoT
dev
ices
i
n
al
l
the
b
at
t
le
fi
el
d
figh
ti
ng
ent
ities
wi
ll
gather,
inf
er
and
u
nder
stand
in
-
si
tu
comm
ands
and
dat
a
and
in
turn
pass
on
to
the
high
est
de
cis
ion
-
m
aki
ng
authorit
y
.
A
sim
ple
IoT
base
d
m
odel
will
b
e
depl
o
y
ed
in
th
e
bat
t
le
fi
el
d
sc
e
nar
io
enh
ancing
the
for
ce
m
ult
ipl
ie
r
eff
ect.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ba
tt
le
fiel
d
E
nviro
nm
ent
Fo
r
ce
Mult
ipli
er
I
nter
net
P
r
oto
c
ols
IoT
W
ar
fig
hting
V
ehicl
es
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
G.
Ka
nn
a
n
,
ND
E
ce
ntre,
R
& D di
visio
n,
AMET
Un
i
versi
ty
,
Chen
nai,
India
.
Em
a
il
:
nd
e@a
m
et
un
iv.ac
.in
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
necessit
y
of
battl
efiel
d
pr
e
par
e
dness
durin
g
t
he
ons
et
of
wa
r
nee
ds
no
em
ph
asi
s.
T
he
war
scenari
o
has
c
hange
d
f
r
om
t
he
c
onve
ntion
a
l
war
to
a
m
od
ern
war
of
inte
ll
igence
[
1].
T
he
wa
r
op
e
rati
on
s
ar
e
carried
ou
t
by
the
hum
anity
dep
en
ding
on
t
he
com
petence
of
te
ch
no
l
og
ic
al
le
vels
a
nd
the
a
vaila
ble
figh
ti
ng
equ
i
pm
ent
and
instru
m
entat
ion
at
that
giv
en
po
i
nt
in
tim
e
[
2].
Both
wa
r
m
achiner
y
an
d
instru
m
entat
ion
ha
ve
gone
t
hro
ugh
s
ea
cha
nges,
a
nd
the
re
has
bee
n
a
co
ns
ta
nt
ch
ang
e
ha
ppe
ning
the
way
in
w
hich
t
he
i
nfo
r
m
at
ion
colle
ct
ed,
a
nd
war
is
f
ough
t
[3
]
.
T
his
as
pect
has
nece
ssit
at
ed
a
lot
of
i
n
-
de
pth
unde
rstan
ding
of
t
he
instru
m
ents,
th
ei
r
dep
l
oym
ent
patte
rn
s
,
their
data
form
at
s
a
nd
br
i
ng
i
ng
of
the
data
from
diff
e
re
nt
dev
ic
es
to
com
m
on
de
nom
inator
for
c
om
par
ison
a
n
d
i
nter
pr
et
at
io
n
[
4].
In
this
pa
pe
r
discuss
e
d
th
e
I
nv
est
i
gation
O
f
T
he
Op
ti
cal
And
Ele
ct
rical
Pr
operti
es
Of
Ti
n
Su
lfide
Thi
n
Film
s
[5
]
and
the
app
li
cat
ion
of
m
ulti
-
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
ai
rborne
el
ect
r
om
agn
et
ic
to
iron
o
re
e
xp
l
or
at
ion
[
6].
Co
nv
e
ntion
al
ly
effor
t
s
are
put
for
in
div
id
ual
de
ploym
ent
of
this
var
i
ous
instru
m
ents
usi
ng
diff
e
re
nt
te
chn
ic
al
feat
ures
of
t
he
de
vi
ce
to
get
the
da
ta
in
it
s
pr
esc
ribe
d
form
at; this d
at
a, in
t
urn,
is
re
pr
ese
nted
gra
phic
al
ly
an
d pic
torial
ly
to
stu
dy
, an
al
yz
e an
d i
nterpret t
he da
ta
an
d
the
So
la
r
dri
ve
n
ai
r
co
ndit
ioni
ng
syst
em
int
egr
at
e
d
with
la
te
nt
heat
therm
al
energy
stora
ge
[
7].
Most
of
the
al
gorithm
s
are
us
e
d
for
e
xa
m
ple
A
Pr
e
-
C
om
pr
essio
n
Algorithm
fo
r
O
pti
m
al
Acq
uisi
ti
on
of
Mo
dernize
d
GNSS
Si
gn
al
[8
]
.
T
he
i
nf
e
r
ences
a
re
m
ade
base
d
on
t
he
se
inter
pr
et
at
ion
s
,
a
nd
co
nc
lusio
ns
are
de
rive
d
towa
rd
s
the
go
al
of
the
m
issio
n.
Sim
i
la
rly
,
an
oth
e
r
in
strum
ent
will
be
use
d
m
uch
i
n
th
e
sam
e
way
an
d
t
he
An
al
ysi
s
on
th
e
gro
wth
a
nd
char
act
e
risat
ion
of
a
no
n
-
li
ne
ar
op
ti
cal
sin
gle
cryst
al
:
l
-
c
yst
ine
hy
dro
br
om
ide.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Force
Multi
plier Ef
fe
ct
o
f F
utu
rist
ic
Ba
tt
le
fi
el
d
Pre
pared
ne
ss b
y
A
daptin
g
the
I
nternet
....
(
G. Ka
nnan)
317
The
sce
nar
io
e
m
erg
es
w
her
ei
n
one
nee
ds
t
o
unde
rsta
nd
t
he
dif
fer
e
nt
in
strum
ents,
their
de
plo
ym
ents,
their
interfaces
,
thei
r
outp
ut
form
a
ts,
to
colla
bor
at
e
the
data
an
d
prese
nt
in
a
gr
a
phic
al
/pict
or
ia
l
way
for
one
to
con
cl
ud
e
with
ou
t
bias
an
d
er
r
ors.
T
his
cal
ls
fo
r
co
ns
i
der
a
bl
e
wo
r
k
from
t
he
ex
per
im
enters,
an
d
they
ha
ve
to
be pr
of
e
ssio
nally
w
el
l i
nfor
m
ed.
2.
PROP
OSE
D MET
HO
DOL
OGY
At
this
jun
ct
ure,
to
al
le
viate
this
pain
fu
l
sit
uation
a
novel
m
et
ho
d
is
pro
po
s
ed
wh
e
rein
the
whole
scenari
o
is
aime
d
to
b
e
bro
ught
unde
r
a
sing
le
netw
ork
base
d
on
Io
T
Tech
no
l
og
y
phil
osophy.
Thi
s
pap
e
r
env
isa
ges
Io
T
te
chnolo
gy
bas
ed
instr
um
entat
ion
ap
proac
h
for
data
ac
quisi
ti
on
in
wh
ic
h
the
m
et
ho
d
re
m
ov
es
the
te
ch
no
l
og
i
cal
hards
hip
s
of
w
orkin
g
with
the
heter
ogeneous
m
ix
of
in
str
um
ents
and
acq
uiring
da
ta
by
desig
ning
a
co
m
m
on
&
li
gh
te
r
proto
col.
T
he
scop
e
incl
udes
desig
ning
a
nd
m
od
el
li
ng
of
su
it
able
I
oT
s
ens
or
s
for
the
existi
ng
sta
te
-
of
-
the
-
ar
t
too
ls,
de
velo
p
s
of
t
war
e
prot
oco
ls
f
or
I
oT
s
ens
or
s,
their
in
te
rf
ace
require
m
ents
and
e
ffec
t
a
ne
tworke
d
c
onne
ct
ivit
y
m
od
el
.
This
m
od
el
is
aim
ed
to
be
uniq
ue
a
nd
s
up
erior
t
o
the
e
xi
sti
ng
W
i
reless
Se
nsor
Netw
ork
(
WSN)
m
od
el
and
will
be
a
bl
e
to
s
pecifica
ll
y
cat
er
f
or
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
an
d
s
olu
ti
ons
that ca
n sea
m
l
essly
sh
are
d
at
a f
or
our
inten
ded
battl
efiel
d sce
nar
i
o.
The
I
ntern
et
of
Thi
ngs
def
i
ne
s
as
a
w
orl
dwide
netw
ork
of
sm
art
interconnecte
d
ob
j
ect
s
that
ena
bles
to
m
on
it
or
da
ta
generate
d
in
a
vast
une
xp
l
ored
a
rea.
The
pur
po
se
of
this
pap
e
r
is
to
an
al
yse
how
to
be
nef
it
from
the
Io
T
to
le
arn
from
,
e
xp
l
oit
and
op
ti
m
ise
the
battl
e
fiel
d
m
anag
em
ent.
K.
R
os
e
in
2015
gav
e
re
aso
ns
that
wh
y
I
OT
is
po
s
sible.
It
is
po
ssi
ble
due
to:
Ub
i
qu
it
ou
s
Connect
ivit
y:
Nowa
days
the
connecti
vity
re
le
ase
d
a
guidin
g
arc
hitec
tural
doc
ume
nt
f
or
netw
orkin
g
is
e
ve
ryw
her
e
due
t
o
l
ow
c
os
t
a
nd
hi
gh
s
pee
d
pervas
ive
of
sm
art o
bj
ect
s
(
RFC
7452
),
w
hich o
utli
nes n
et
work
s
.
Com
pu
ti
ng
Ec
onom
ic
s:
Dr
iven
by
i
ndus
t
ry
inve
stm
ent
li
ke
Bl
ueto
ot
h,
Z
-
wav
e
or
Zig
Be
e
t
o
est
ablish
in
res
earch
,
de
vel
opm
ent,
an
d
m
anu
fact
ur
in
g,
Mo
or
e
’s
direct de
vice
-
to
-
de
vice.
This
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
m
od
el
is
la
w
con
ti
nues
to
de
li
ver
great
er
com
pu
ti
ng
power
at
com
m
on
ly
us
ed
i
n
ap
plica
ti
on
s
li
ke
ho
m
e
autom
at
ion
.
Mi
niaturizat
io
n:
D
ue
t
o
ad
van
ces
in
m
anu
fact
uri
ng
,
cutti
ng
-
e
dg
e
com
pu
ti
ng
an
d
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
te
ch
nolo
gy
inco
rpora
te
into
ti
ny
obj
e
ct
s.
W
it
h
gr
e
at
er
com
pu
ti
ng
po
wer
t
here
is
an
adv
a
ncem
ent o
f
sm
all an
d
ine
xp
e
ns
i
ve
sens
or d
e
vices,
wh
ic
h
dri
ve
m
any Io
T appli
cat
ions. Adv
a
nces in Dat
a
An
al
yt
ic
s:
Du
e
to
new
al
gorithm
s
and
rap
i
d
increases
in
c
om
pu
ti
ng
powe
r,
data
sto
ra
ge,
and
cl
ou
d
ser
vices
enab
le
the
ag
gr
e
gatio
n,
c
orr
el
at
ion
,
a
nd
a
naly
sis
of
vast
qua
ntit
ie
s
of
evide
nce;
the
s
e
vast
an
d
dy
nam
i
c
dataset
s pr
ov
i
de
n
e
w opp
or
t
unit
ie
s f
or e
xtra
ct
ing
in
f
or
m
at
i
on and
knowle
dg
e
.
3.
A
TY
PIC
AL
BATT
LE
FILE
D
S
CEN
A
RI
O
The
Fu
t
ur
e
Force
un
it
of
act
ion
(UA)
will
be
the
re
gula
r
Ar
m
y
’s
ta
ct
ical
warfig
h
ti
ng
echelo
n
a
s
repor
te
d
in
th
e
op
e
n
li
te
ratu
re
on
this
sub
j
ect
.
Alth
ough
opti
m
ise
d
f
or
offensi
ve
operati
ons,
t
he
Fu
tu
re
Com
bat
Syst
e
m
s
(F
CS)
eq
ui
pp
e
d
un
it
of
a
ct
ion
(UA)
w
il
l
hav
e
t
he
a
bi
li
t
y
to
exec
ut
e
a
f
ull
sp
e
ct
r
um
of
serv
ic
es
a
s
s
how
n
i
n
F
ig
ure
1
.
FCS
will
im
pr
ov
e
th
e
st
rategic
dep
l
oyabili
ty
and
operati
on
al
m
ano
eu
vre
capab
il
it
y of g
r
ound c
om
bat f
or
m
at
ion
s w
it
hout
sacrifici
ng
le
thali
ty
o
r
s
urviva
bili
ty
.
Eac
h wil
l co
nsi
st of
:
com
bin
ed
a
rm
s
b
at
ta
li
on
s
(
C
A
Bs)
1
non
-
li
ne
-
of
-
s
igh
t
(N
L
OS) c
anno
n batt
al
ion
1 reco
nnai
ssan
ce su
rv
ei
ll
ance
and tar
get ac
quisi
ti
on
(RST
A
)
s
qu
a
dro
n
1 forwa
r
d
s
upport
batta
li
on
(FSB
)
1 br
i
gad
e
intel
li
gen
ce a
nd c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
com
pan
y (BIC
C)
1
Headq
uar
te
r
s
Com
pan
y
Fig
ure
1
.
F
utu
r
e Com
bat Syst
e
m
s (
Briga
de Un
it
of A
ct
io
n)
O
r
gan
isa
ti
on
al
Char
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vol
.
9
,
No.
2
,
Fe
br
uary
201
8
:
316
–
321
318
3.1.
Vehicl
e Adh
oc
N
e
twork
(V
AN
ET
)
depl
oymen
t
sch
eme
VANET
c
har
a
ct
erise
by
sel
f
-
gove
rn
i
ng
node
s,
w
hich
m
ove
arb
it
ra
rily
so
that
the
topol
og
y
c
hanges
.
BAV
AN
is
a
Q
oS
base
d
VANET
r
outi
ng
pr
oto
c
ol
f
or
est
ablishi
ng
dig
it
al
ise
d
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
betwe
e
n
arti
ll
ery
veh
ic
le
s
on
t
he
battl
efiel
d.
W
i
reles
s
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
de
vices
can
be
m
ou
nted
on
com
bat
veh
i
cl
es
or
carried
b
y a
rm
ed fo
rces,
co
m
m
un
ic
at
e w
it
h ea
ch othe
r
t
hr
ough
IEEE
80
2.11
a/
b/g
,
I
E
EE
802.1
1.
The
util
ise
d
ne
twork
c
onfig
urat
ion
us
e
d
f
or
t
his
researc
h
ca
n
see
in
f
ig
ure
2
with
Ve
hicu
la
r
Ad
-
hoc
Netw
orks
(
VANET
).
M
os
t
of
the
researc
h
w
ork
a
bout
oper
at
ion
al
battl
efiel
d
syst
em
s
hav
e
been
on
the
issue
s
relat
ed
to
a
ph
ysi
cal
la
ye
r,
wh
il
e
issues
relat
ed
to
netw
ork
la
ye
r
su
c
h
as
routin
g
te
ch
niques
a
re
the
relat
ively
new
a
rea,
th
us
prov
i
ding
an
eff
ic
ie
nt
r
ou
ti
ng
al
gorithm
,
wh
ic
h
bec
om
es
an
i
m
po
rta
nt
ta
sk
[
9]
.
O
pti
m
isa
ti
on
of
Bi
oc
hem
ic
a
l
Syst
e
m
s
Pr
oduction
us
i
ng
H
ybrid
of
New
t
on
Me
th
od,
Diff
e
ren
ti
al
Ev
olu
ti
on
Algorit
hm
and
Cooperati
ve
C
oevolutio
n Alg
or
it
hm
discusse
d
in
[9].
Fig
ure
2
.
A
V
e
hicular
N
et
wor
k
S
upport
In B
at
tl
e Fiel
d
En
vi
ronm
ent
The
syst
em
arch
it
ect
ur
e
de
fin
ed
a
bout
t
he
c
orres
pondin
g
t
o
th
e
netw
ork
as
sho
wn
in
Fi
gure
3.
F
ro
m
par
ti
cula
r
data
acqu
isi
ti
on
devi
ce
as
that
of
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r,
th
e
se
ns
ors
a
re
c
onnected
to
the
sam
e
relat
ing
t
o
the
el
ect
ronic
ci
rcu
it
.
T
he
ph
ysi
cal
co
m
m
u
nicat
ion
la
ye
r
consi
sts
of
t
he
even
t
a
nd
net
work
m
anag
e
r
wh
ic
h
are
est
ablishe
d
thr
ough
a
secur
e
c
onnec
ti
on
us
i
ng
m
a
nag
e
r.
F
ro
m
t
he
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
interc
onnecte
d
el
ect
ro
nic
ci
rc
uit
in
the
la
nd
,
data
acqu
isi
ti
on
unde
rtakin
g
is
carried
out
and
resp
ect
iv
e
stora
ge
of
the
value
s
ob
ta
ine
d
th
rou
gh
m
ulti
ple
sensor
f
us
io
n.
T
he
eve
nt
m
anag
er
le
ad
s
to
th
e
com
pu
ta
ti
on
of
data
an
d
res
ults
in
der
i
ving
the
r
esults.
With
t
he
ap
plica
ti
on
s
erv
ic
e
m
anag
e
r
c
oor
din
at
in
g
the
data
from
Global
Po
sit
i
on
i
ng
Syst
e
m
(G
PS)
m
od
ule
and
t
he
sens
or
value
s
acqu
i
red,
the
database
assis
ts
in
the
stora
ge
of
data.
O
n
ho
sti
ng
and
w
e
b
ser
vic
es,
the n
et
w
ork
m
anag
er
c
ohe
sively
us
ed
f
or
this
pur
pose. Th
e u
ser
–
e
nd
interf
ace recei
ves
the
ascerta
ine
d
re
su
lt
s
throu
gh
the
hybr
i
d
ap
plica
ti
on
.
T
he
sign
ific
ance
of
outc
om
e
lies
in
the
sens
or
data
acqu
isi
ti
on
bas
ed on t
he fram
ewor
k
a
n
d arc
hitec
ture o
f
the
syst
e
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Force
Multi
plier Ef
fe
ct
o
f F
utu
rist
ic
Ba
tt
le
fi
el
d
Pre
pared
ne
ss b
y
A
daptin
g
the
I
nternet
....
(
G. Ka
nnan)
319
Fig
ure
3.
Syst
em
arch
it
ect
ur
e
3.2.
Typical I
oT
C
on
fi
gu
r
at
i
on:
A
ty
pical
IoT
c
onfig
ur
at
io
n
is
sh
ow
n
in
F
i
gur
e 4
.
Fig
ure
4. Sc
he
m
at
ic
Diagr
am
of
a
Ty
pical
I
oT
C
onfig
ur
at
i
on
The
sta
rting
point
of
I
oT
is
t
he
t
hing
it
sel
f.
This
thin
g
has
a
lo
w
pow
er
proces
sor,
so
m
e
em
bed
de
d
op
e
rati
ng
syst
em
.
The
sta
rting
poi
nt
of
I
oT
is
the
thin
g
it
sel
f.
T
his
thin
g
ha
s
a
lo
w
powe
r
process
or,
s
om
e
e
m
bed
de
d
ope
rati
ng
syst
em
and
a
way
of
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
(u
s
ually
wirelessl
y)
us
in
g
su
it
able
com
m
un
i
cat
io
n
protoc
ol
s.
De
sign
a
nd
Sim
ulatio
n
of Mult
iple
Coil
Mod
el
f
or
W
irel
ess P
ower Tr
a
n
sm
issi
o
n
Syst
em
d
isc
us
s
e
d
in [1
0
].
The
pr
im
ary
e
ntit
y
of
I
oT
sy
stem
s
is
a
pr
oc
essor
unit
or
m
ic
ro
c
on
tr
oller
(
MC
U)
that
pro
cesses
data
and
runs
s
of
tw
are
sta
cks
inte
rf
ace
d
to
a
wir
el
ess
dev
ic
e
f
or
co
nn
ect
ivit
y.
Re
qu
irem
ent
s
fo
r
bo
t
h
the
MC
U
and
wireless
de
vice
are
s
peci
fic
to
the
e
nd
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
an
d
syst
e
m
req
uire
m
ents.
A
dv
a
nc
ed
I
oT
se
nsor
nodes
consolidat
e
se
ns
or
f
unct
ions
and
us
e
an
8
-
bit
MC
U
or
a
32
-
bit
dev
ic
e
to
r
un
a
sm
al
l
rad
i
o
fr
e
quenc
y
(RF)
protoc
ol
sta
ck
.
These
de
v
ic
es
are
ty
pical
ly
ba
tt
ery
power
e
d
an
d
c
onnected
to g
at
eways
t
o
ta
ke
ca
re o
f
he
avier
processi
ng
a
nd
data
transm
iss
ion
.
T
he
thi
ngs
m
ay
con
nect
directl
y
to
the
neig
hbourin
g
things
or
a
n
I
nt
ern
et
gateway dev
ic
e.
T
he
s
ub
se
quent
le
vel
is
‘i
ng
e
sti
on
ti
er'
–
so
f
t
war
e
&
in
f
rastr
uctur
e
res
pons
i
ble
f
or
m
anag
i
ng
things
an
d
upda
ti
ng
the
firm
war
e
.
Then
c
om
es
‘an
al
yt
ic
l
evel'
,
ta
kes
or
ga
nised
data
&
processes
it
.
Finall
y,
‘end
-
us
e
r'
ti
er co
m
es w
her
e
the actual
appli
cat
ion
.
Sensor
N
od
e
s
are
desi
gned
t
ypic
al
ly
to
trans
fe
r
sm
al
l
a
mo
unts
of
data
a
nd
oft
en
hav
e
t
o
ope
rate
on
batte
ries
for
se
ver
al
ye
ars.
T
he
dev
ic
es
m
us
t
al
so
be
portab
le
,
reli
ably
connecte
d
an
d
abl
e
to
per
f
orm
u
nd
e
r
var
ie
d
en
viron
m
ental
con
diti
on
s
reg
a
rd
le
ss
of
RF
inter
fer
e
nce
or
ph
ysi
cal
bar
rie
rs.
Be
ca
us
e
these
de
vic
es
are
par
t
of
net
wor
ks
,
the
set
up
of
syst
em
s,
integrati
on
of
sensor
data
a
nd
disp
la
y
of
in
form
ation
m
us
t
al
so
consi
der.
The
com
bin
ed
sel
ect
ion
of
the
s
ui
ta
ble
MC
U
and
wireless
or
RF
connecti
vity
fo
r
these
de
vi
ces
as
well
as
de
velo
pm
ent
too
ls
an
d
softwa
re
st
acks
f
or
ap
plica
ti
on
dev
el
opm
ent
are
crit
ic
al
to
their
s
uc
cessf
ul
desig
n.
The
c
om
plete
process
of
IoT
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n
in
volves
t
he
-
the
phases
of
-
Sele
ct
ing
a
Mi
cro
c
ontrolle
r
(MCU)
,
Sele
c
ti
ng
the
A
ppr
opriat
e
W
irel
e
ss
and
RF
C
onnecti
vity
So
luti
on
,
Sim
plifyi
ng
De
sig
n
with
In
te
gr
at
ed
Co
m
po
nen
ts,
Mee
ti
ng
L
ow P
ow
er Req
uirem
ents, A
ccel
erati
ng S
of
t
war
e
D
e
velo
pm
ent.
Transm
issi
on
TX
RX
MCU
SEN
S
OR
An
te
nn
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vol
.
9
,
No.
2
,
Fe
br
uary
201
8
:
316
–
321
320
The
c
onnected
"t
hin
gs"
sen
d
and
receive
data
thr
ough
t
he
net
wor
k
re
la
ti
ng
to
var
io
us
ph
ysi
ca
l
char
act
e
risti
cs
–
te
m
per
at
ur
e
,
m
oistur
e
le
vel
,
pulse
rate,
li
gh
t
le
vel,
vel
oc
it
y
or
revoluti
on
s
per
m
inu
te
–
as
well
as m
or
e c
om
plex
data s
uc
h
as
m
ai
ntenan
ce
requirem
ents, so
unds
,
a
nd stat
ic
or m
oving
im
ages
.
A
s
of
tw
are
sys
tem
design
e
d
i
ntell
igently
m
a
nag
e
s
the
t
hings,
a
nd
the
net
works
they
use
orga
n
ise
s
and
sto
res
the
vast
am
ou
nts
of
data
t
hey
ge
ne
rate,
an
d
proc
esses
it
an
d
pr
esents
it
to
e
nd
us
er
s.
Re
sea
rc
h
a
nd
Applic
at
ion
of
De
velo
pm
ent
Mod
el
of
I
nf
or
m
at
ion
Ser
vi
ce
f
or
IOT
of
Oil
an
d
Gas
Pr
od
uctio
n
Ba
sed
on
Cl
oud Ar
c
hitec
ture
discu
ssed
in [1
1
]
.
3.3.
I
OT depl
oym
ent
in
t
he
b
att
le
fiel
d scenari
o
The
I
oT
–
de
pl
oy
m
ent
m
od
el
is
a
ty
pical
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
of
‘
on
the
fie
ld
i
m
ple
m
enta
ti
on
'
in
the
battl
efiel
d
e
nviro
nm
ent
wh
e
r
ei
n
the
data
c
ollec
te
d
from
var
i
ou
s
fi
gh
ti
ng
e
ntit
ie
s
are
s
ent
th
rou
gh
wireless
m
od
e
us
in
g
a
Wi
-
Fi
R
ou
te
r
a
nd
recei
ved
i
n
a
desig
nate
d
lo
cal
serv
e
r
for
l
ogging
i
n
a
nd
an
al
ysi
ng
pur
poses
a
s
sh
ow
n
in
F
ig
ure
5
.
T
his
m
edium
is
the
basis
f
or
m
ov
in
g
t
ow
a
r
ds
the
go
al
of
f
or
ce
m
ulti
plier
eff
ect
i
n
th
e
battl
efiel
d
en
vi
ronm
ent.
Figure
5.
I
o
T
-
dep
l
oym
ent
m
od
el
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
I
o
T
is
rel
at
ed
to
Ba
tt
le
fiel
d
Ma
nag
em
ent
in
a
war
t
heatre
in
a
w
ay
that
ob
ta
in
s
powerf
ul
com
pu
ti
ng
t
ools
thr
ough
ve
hicular
a
d
-
hoc
netw
ork
a
nd
it
find
s
the
best
pract
ic
in
g
c
hannel
Ha
rdware
resou
rces
ge
ne
rate
inf
or
m
ation
syst
em
integrated
i
nto
resou
rce
po
ol
by
us
i
ng
vital
iz
at
ion
te
ch
no
l
og
y
,
achievin
g
dy
na
m
ic
distribu
ti
on
of
resou
rces
and
balance
of
load,
sig
nifica
ntly
i
m
pr
ov
e
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
of
res
ource
us
in
g.
A
La
r
ge
am
ou
nt
of
da
ta
ob
ta
ine
d
by
us
in
g
ra
dio
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
ide
nt
ific
at
ion
,
wire
le
ss
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
,
autom
at
ic
con
trol,
i
nfor
m
at
ion
se
ns
in
g
te
c
hniq
ues
of
I
o
T
are
ha
ndle
d
wi
th
V
A
NETs,
truly
reali
sin
g
sm
art
env
i
ronm
ent.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Stankovi
c
J
.
A.
,
“
Resea
rch
dire
c
t
ions
for
the
int
e
rne
t
of
thi
ngs
,”
I
EE
E
Int
erne
t
of
Things
Journa
l
,
vol/
issue:
1
(1)
,
pp.
3
-
9
,
2014
.
[2]
Yang
G
.
,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Secur
ity
threat
s
and
m
ea
s
ure
s
f
or
the
Int
ern
e
t
o
f
Thi
ngs
,”
Journ
al
of
Ts
inghua
Unive
rs
it
y
S
ci
en
ce
and
Technol
og
y
,
vol/
issue:
51
(10
)
,
pp
.
1335
-
1340
,
2011
.
[3]
Q
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