In
d
o
n
e
sian
Jou
r
n
al of
Ele
c
tr
i
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
erin
g
a
n
d
C
om
pu
t
er S
c
ien
ce
Vol.
14, No.
1, April 2019,
pp.
276~283
ISSN: 2502-
4752,
DOI
:
10.115
91/ijeecs.
v
14.
i
1
.
pp276-283
276
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/
i
j
eec
s
Single-wavelengt
h
ring-c
a
vi
ty fiber laser
emp
l
oyed
pre-
amplific
ation techni
que to red
uce threshold b
y circu
lating
spontane
ous brillouin scattering
N
A
M
Ah
mad
Ham
b
ali
1
,
M Ajiya
2
,
M M
Sh
ahimin
3
,
M
.
H
.
A.
W
ah
id
4
,
M
A
M
a
h
d
i
5
1,
4
S
e
m
i
co
ndu
cto
r
P
hoto
n
ics
&
Integrat
ed
L
ig
htwave
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
(
S
P
ILS
)
,
S
cho
o
l
o
f
M
i
c
roelect
ron
i
c E
n
g
i
neeri
ng, Univ
e
rsiti
M
a
l
a
ys
ia P
erlis
,P
auh
P
u
t
r
a M
a
in
C
ampus,
P
erlis,
Malaysia
2
Dep
a
rtm
e
nt of El
e
c
t
r
ical
En
g
i
n
eerin
g,
F
ac
u
l
t
y
of
E
n
g
i
neeri
ng,
B
ayero
Un
iv
ers
i
t
y
,
Kano
, Nig
e
ria
3
Departm
e
nt of El
e
c
t
r
ical
and
E
l
ectro
nic
Engin
eering
,
F
acu
lt
y of
E
ng
in
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
N
a
t
io
na
l
De
fe
n
ce Univers
i
ty o
f
M
a
l
a
ysia
(UP
N
M), Ku
ala L
u
m
p
ur, M
a
l
a
ysia
5
W
i
reless
a
n
d Phot
on
ic N
etw
o
rk
s
Research
Cent
e
r, F
acul
t
y o
f
E
n
g
i
nee
r
i
n
g,
U
nive
rsiti Pu
t
r
a Ma
laysia, Selangor,
Ma
la
ysi
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
Re
ce
i
v
e
d
Ju
n
1
,
2018
Re
vise
d Ju
l 1
0
,
201
8
A
c
c
e
pte
d
J
u
l
25,
201
8
In
t
his
paper
,
t
w
o
t
ypes
o
f
ri
ng-c
avit
y
fi
ber
las
e
r
s
t
ructures
tha
t
o
perate
a
s
a
si
ngle
wavel
e
ng
th
l
aser
w
ere
i
n
v
e
st
iga
t
ed
o
n
t
h
e
th
resho
l
d
p
e
rf
orm
a
nce.
T
h
e
tw
o
struct
ures
a
re
n
am
e
l
y
Bri
l
lo
ui
n
fib
e
r
las
e
r
an
d
Bril
lo
ui
n
e
rbi
u
m
fiber
las
e
r.
I
n
th
e
first
stru
ctu
r
e,
t
he
B
ri
ll
ouin
pu
mp
s
ig
nal
was
a
m
pli
f
ied
before
bei
n
g
i
n
j
ected
i
nt
o
th
e
laser
ca
v
ity
w
hich
n
am
e
l
y
as
B
ri
ll
ouin
f
i
ber
las
e
r.
M
eanw
h
il
e,
f
or
s
eco
nd
s
truct
u
re
r
esp
ecti
v
ely
,
t
he
B
ri
ll
oui
n
pum
p
si
gn
al
w
as
pre-am
pl
ifi
e
d
i
n
t
he
l
aser
cavi
t
y
wh
ich
nam
e
ly
a
s
Bri
l
lo
u
i
n
E
r
b
i
u
m
fiber
las
e
r.
W
e
f
oun
d
t
h
at
t
he
s
tim
u
l
a
ted
Bri
l
l
o
u
i
n
s
catteri
ng
t
hres
h
old
po
we
r
wa
s
lo
wered
si
gnifi
cantl
y
by
c
i
r
culatin
g
the
sp
ontaneous
B
ri
ll
ouin
s
cat
teri
ng
in
th
e
g
a
in
m
edi
u
m
u
t
ili
zin
g
t
h
e
p
re-am
p
lification
t
echni
qu
e.
T
he
op
timum
stim
ulated
B
rillo
u
in
s
cat
terin
g
t
hres
hol
d
p
o
w
e
r
w
a
s
ab
out
1
.
4
m
W
,
a
n
d
t
h
i
s
was
ach
ieved
at
o
ptim
u
m
o
u
t
put
c
ou
pl
in
g
rat
i
o
of
9
5%
.
By
c
om
p
a
r
ing
to
t
he
first
st
ruc
t
ure
i
n
w
hi
ch
t
he
B
ri
l
l
ou
i
n
p
um
p
s
i
gnal
w
as
a
m
p
l
i
fie
d
before
ent
e
rin
g
t
he
l
as
e
r
cav
ity
,
s
t
im
u
l
ated
B
ril
l
o
u
i
n
s
catterin
g
t
h
r
e
sh
o
l
d
po
we
r
wa
s
on
ly
ach
iev
e
d
a
t
2
.
62
mW
a
t
a
s
i
m
ilar
wavel
e
ng
th
.
The
p
r
e-a
m
p
l
i
ficati
o
n
tech
ni
que pro
pos
ed in
th
is
p
ap
er
h
as
b
e
e
n
s
h
o
w
n to
i
m
p
rove
t
h
e
p
e
rform
a
nc
e
of
s
in
gl
e-w
a
vel
e
ng
th
r
i
n
g
-
cavi
t
y
fi
ber
l
a
sers
v
ia
s
ig
n
i
f
i
cant
r
e
d
uc
tio
n
o
f
t
he
stim
ulated
B
ril
l
oui
n s
catt
e
ri
ng
th
resh
ol
d
p
o
wer
wh
ich
was
aroun
d
1.
2
2
mW
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
B
r
ill
o
u
i
n
fiber
laser
N
o
n
line
a
r
Ri
ng
ca
v
i
t
y
Stimula
t
e
d
B
r
ill
o
u
in
s
c
a
t
t
eri
ng,
sing
le
w
ave
l
e
n
gth
Th
re
shol
d
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
Scien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
S
e
micond
uc
tor
P
hoto
n
i
cs &
I
nte
g
rate
d Li
g
h
tw
a
v
e
S
y
stem
s (S
P
I
LS
),
S
c
hoo
l
o
f
Micr
o
elec
tro
n
i
c
En
gine
eri
n
g,
U
niversi
t
i
Mala
ys
i
a
P
e
r
l
is,
P
a
uh P
u
tra
Main
C
a
m
pus,
02600, A
rau,
P
erlis, Mal
a
y
s
i
a.
Em
ail:
azur
a
m
a
lin
i@
u
n
im
ap.
e
du.m
y
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
S
t
i
m
ula
t
e
d
B
r
i
l
l
o
u
i
n
sca
t
teri
ng
(
SBS)
i
s
t
h
e
a
t
trac
tive
no
n
line
a
r
e
ff
ect
s
i
n
o
pti
cal
f
i
b
ers
th
a
t
no
tic
eab
le
o
ve
r
t
h
e
gen
e
rati
o
n
o
f
backw
a
rd
p
r
opa
ga
t
i
ng
o
p
tic
a
l
w
a
ve
s
[1].
T
he
c
o
u
n
te
r
-
propaga
tin
g
op
t
i
ca
l
w
a
ve
s,
t
ypic
a
l
ly
d
e
s
i
gna
te
a
s
S
t
o
k
e
s
w
aves
o
r
Bri
l
l
o
ui
n
S
t
oke
s
(
B
S
)
s
i
g
n
a
l
,
e
m
e
r
g
e
s
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
i
n
j
e
c
t
e
d
i
n
p
u
t
signa
l
p
o
w
e
r
achie
ve
s
a
parti
c
ular
v
a
l
ue
n
a
m
e
d
a
s
Bri
l
l
oui
n
thr
es
ho
l
d
.
Conse
q
ue
n
tly,
a
b
o
v
e
t
h
e
thre
shol
d
con
d
i
t
i
on,
S
B
S
c
rea
t
e
s
a
dow
ns
hi
fted
f
r
e
que
nc
y
S
t
o
k
es
w
a
v
e
fr
om
a
n
i
n
put
p
u
m
p
s
i
gn
al
t
h
r
o
ugh
t
h
e
no
n
l
i
n
ea
r
me
d
i
um
.
A
s
a
r
esu
lt,
t
he
e
ner
gy
ra
pidl
y
t
r
ans
f
e
r
from
i
np
ut
p
u
m
p
si
gn
al
t
o
a
St
ok
e
s
w
a
v
e
.
T
h
e
in
put
p
um
p
sig
n
al
i
s
d
o
w
n
s
h
ift
e
d
i
n
freq
u
en
c
y
i
s
a
ttri
b
ute
d
t
o
t
h
e
D
o
p
p
le
r
shi
f
t
re
la
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
g
ra
tin
g
m
o
v
i
n
g
at
a
c
o
ust
i
c
ve
l
o
c
ity
[
2]
.
F
o
r
a
sta
nda
rd
s
ilica
si
n
g
le-m
o
d
e
f
i
b
e
r
(
S
M
F),
th
e
BS
s
igna
l
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
expe
r
i
ence
a
f
re
que
nc
y
dow
n
s
h
i
ft
o
f b
y
a
b
o
u
t 1
0
G
H
z
[3].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
ones
i
a
n
J
E
lec
En
g & Co
mp
S
c
i
IS
S
N
: 2502-
47
52
Si
n
g
l
e
-W
ave
l
e
n
g
t
h
Ri
ng-
Cav
ity
Fi
ber L
a
ser Em
pl
oye
d
Pre-
am
p
l
i
f
i
ca
t
i
on
…
(N
A M
Ahm
ad H
a
m
bal
i)
27
7
SB
S
i
n
a
n
op
tic
a
l
f
ib
e
r
h
as
b
e
e
n
u
s
eful
i
n
a
nu
mb
er
o
f
app
l
i
cat
io
ns.
It
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
u
se
d
i
n
o
p
tic
al
f
ibe
r
cha
r
ac
t
e
riza
t
i
o
n
[
4]
,
in
terferom
e
tric
a
n
d
d
i
s
tri
b
u
t
e
d
s
ens
o
rs
[
5],
op
t
i
ca
l
fre
que
nc
y
m
e
tro
l
o
g
y
[
6],
nar
r
ow
-
ban
d
w
i
d
t
h
a
p
p
l
ic
a
t
ion
an
d
pe
r
h
aps
mo
st
i
nt
e
r
est
in
S
BS
h
as
a
ris
e
n
f
r
o
m
the
u
s
e
of
B
ri
l
l
ou
i
n
g
ai
n
g
e
ne
ra
tion
in
p
r
o
duc
in
g
fibe
r
l
a
ser
w
i
th
s
i
n
g
l
e
[7]
or
m
ulti
pl
e
[8-
9
]
w
a
ve
le
ng
t
h
s.
I
n
u
s
i
n
g
S
B
S
t
o
c
rea
t
e
fi
ber
laser
,
ac
hi
e
v
i
n
g
a
lo
w
e
r
thre
sho
l
d
val
u
e
is
one
o
f
the
m
a
i
n
i
m
por
tan
t
paramet
e
rs
o
f
the
f
i
ber
laser
sys
t
em
[
10]
.
Re
sear
cher
s ha
ve
dem
o
n
stra
te
d sign
i
f
ica
n
t
i
n
t
e
rest i
n reduc
i
ng
B
r
i
l
l
o
uin th
r
e
sho
l
d
in o
p
t
ic
al fibe
r
s. A
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
f
B
ri
ll
o
u
in
t
h
r
es
ho
ld
r
ed
uc
t
i
on
i
n
pho
t
o
n
i
c
c
r
y
s
t
a
l
fi
ber
h
a
s
been
r
epor
ted
[11].
O
t
her
sc
hem
e
s
t
h
a
t
em
plo
y
e
d
S
t
o
kes
noise
i
ni
ti
ati
o
n
t
h
a
t
r
e
d
uce
the
S
B
S
e
s
t
a
blis
hi
n
g
t
i
m
e
,
t
here
by
r
e
duc
i
n
g
the
Bril
lo
uin
thres
h
o
l
d
has
b
e
en
r
ep
orte
d
[1
2].
H
o
w
e
ver,
m
ost
of
t
he
r
epor
t
e
d
s
ch
e
m
e
s
f
or
B
r
i
l
l
o
u
i
n
thres
h
o
l
d
re
duc
t
i
o
n
ut
iliz
e
d
s
truc
tu
re
s
t
h
a
t
a
dd
to
t
he
d
i
f
fic
u
lt
y
o
f
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
t
a
l
set
u
p
s
.
Bril
l
o
u
i
n
t
h
re
shol
d
re
d
u
c
ti
on
t
h
r
ough
pump
rec
y
c
l
i
ng
tech
n
i
q
u
e
ha
s
be
e
n
r
e
p
orte
d
in
[
13].
In
t
hi
s
pa
r
t
i
c
u
la
r
w
o
r
k
,
th
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
s
e
t
u
p
is
n
o
t
com
p
le
x.
H
ow
eve
r
,
the
l
i
ne
ar
c
a
v
i
t
y
did
n
o
t
a
l
l
o
w
for
fr
eed
om
o
f
choi
ce
o
f
t
h
e
p
e
rc
ent
a
ge
a
mo
un
t
of
l
i
g
h
t
t
o
be
r
elea
sed fro
m
the c
a
vi
ty.
I
n
t
h
i
s
pa
pe
r,
t
w
o
s
truc
t
u
r
e
s
of
s
i
n
g
l
e-
w
a
vele
ng
t
h
r
ing-
ca
vi
t
y
assist
ed
b
y
Erbium
g
ai
n
were
pro
pose
d
a
n
d
i
n
v
es
t
i
ga
t
e
d
fo
r
the
Br
ill
o
u
i
n
t
hre
s
ho
ld
p
o
w
er
r
ed
uct
i
on.
I
n
the
firs
t
s
t
r
u
ct
ure,
t
he
B
ril
l
o
u
i
n
pump
(BP
)
s
i
g
nal
w
a
s
am
p
lif
i
e
d
be
f
o
re
b
e
i
ng
in
je
c
t
ed
i
n
t
o
the
l
a
s
er
c
avi
t
y
.
In
t
h
e
s
e
c
on
d
st
ru
ct
u
r
e
,
t
h
e
B
P
pow
er
w
a
s
p
r
e
-a
mplifie
d
insi
de
t
he
l
aser
c
a
v
i
t
y.
B
ot
h
of
t
he
se
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
a
s
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
t
o
pro
duce
t
h
e Br
il
l
o
u
i
n thr
e
sh
o
l
d
p
o
w
e
r
by c
i
r
c
ula
t
in
g th
e sp
on
ta
n
e
ou
s
B
r
i
l
lo
ui
n
sc
at
t
e
r
i
ng f
r
o
m
a
n
11
km
l
o
ng
di
spe
r
s
i
on
c
o
mpe
n
sa
tin
g
fib
e
r
(D
CF
)
in
t
he
r
in
g
ca
v
ity
s
t
r
uct
u
r
e
.
F
o
r
t
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
w
h
i
c
h
B
E
F
L
,
t
h
e
Br
ill
o
u
i
n
t
hresho
l
d
pow
er
r
ed
uc
ti
on
a
ro
un
d
0.1
mW,
0.2
m
W
,
0.7
mW,
0.
9
m
W
,
0.9
8
m
W
a
n
d
1.
1
5
m
W
a
n
d
1.22
mW w
er
e
rec
o
rded
a
t 10
%,
20%,
30%,
40
%,
50%,
60
%,
70%,
80%
,
90
%
and
95%
.
2.
EXPE
RIMENTAL
S
ETUP
The
tw
o
s
t
ruc
t
ure
s
o
f
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
w
a
vele
ng
t
h
r
i
n
g-ca
v
i
t
y
B
ri
l
l
oui
n
f
ibe
r
l
ase
r
(
BF
L)
a
ssiste
d
b
y
e
rb
iu
m
gai
n
w
er
e
dep
i
cted
i
n
F
i
gure
1.
B
P
sig
n
al
a
m
p
li
ficat
i
on
st
ruc
t
u
r
e
w
as
p
resented
i
n
Figure
1
(a)
wher
e
the
BP
signa
l
w
a
s
a
m
pl
i
f
ie
d
p
r
i
o
r
t
o
b
ee
n
in
j
e
c
t
e
d
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
ri
n
g
c
avi
t
y.
M
e
a
nw
h
ile,
the
s
t
ruc
t
u
r
e
of
t
he
r
in
g
ca
vi
ty
Br
ill
o
u
i
n
er
b
iu
m
-
dope
d fiber
laser (BEF
L)
w
it
h BP
sig
na
l
pre-
am
pl
i
f
ica
t
i
o
n
t
e
ch
n
i
q
u
e w
a
s de
p
i
c
t
e
d
i
n F
i
gur
e
1
(
b
). The
erb
i
u
m
-
do
ped
fibe
r am
pl
i
f
ier
(
E
D
F
A)
w
a
s
plac
e
d
in
s
id
e
t
h
e la
ser ca
vit
y
the
reby
am
p
li
fy
i
n
g
the
BP
signa
l
be
fore
b
ein
g
p
ro
paga
t
e
d
in
to
t
he
B
ril
l
ou
i
n
g
a
i
n
m
e
di
um.
D
i
spe
r
si
o
n
c
om
pe
nsa
t
ion
F
i
ber
(
D
CF
),
w
ith
the
s
p
ec
ific
a
tio
n
o
f
8
.
1
8
d
B
t
ota
l
i
nse
r
tio
n
l
o
ss,
a
n
e
ffe
c
t
iv
e
a
re
a
of
20
µ
m
2
a
nd
the
n
o
nl
i
n
ea
r
coef
fic
i
ent
of
7
.
3
(W
.k
m)-1
,
wa
s
u
s
ed
a
s
a
lo
w-t
h
re
sh
old
hi
ghl
y
n
onl
i
n
ea
r
B
r
i
l
l
o
uin
g
a
in
m
ed
ium
.
I
n
bo
t
h
s
truc
tur
e
s,
a
n
exter
n
al tu
n
a
b
l
e
laser source
(
TLS
) w
ith
o
ut
pu
t
ma
x
i
mum
pow
e
r
o
f 3 mW
w
a
s
e
mplo
y
e
d as
t
he
s
o
u
rce
of
t
h
e
BP
s
i
gna
l.
T
he
E
D
F
A
gain
b
loc
k
c
om
prises
o
f
8
me
t
e
rs
e
rbi
u
m
do
p
e
d
f
i
b
e
r
(
E
D
F
)
,
a
w
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
d
i
v
i
s
i
o
n
mult
i
p
le
x (WD
M
) c
o
u
p
l
e
r a
n
d
pum
pe
d b
y
1
480
nm
l
aser
pum
p
.
The
WD
M
c
o
up
l
e
r
w
a
s
use
d
t
o
m
u
l
tip
le
x
the
BP
s
ig
na
l
a
nd
the
1
4
8
0
n
m
l
aser
pump
signa
ls.
Th
e
ED
F
A
gain
blo
c
k
w
a
s pri
n
c
i
p
a
ll
y em
p
l
oye
d to am
p
l
i
fy
t
he
low
pow
er BP
si
gna
l. The 3-
p
ort op
t
i
c
a
l c
i
rc
ula
t
or
wa
s
u
t
i
l
i
zed
i
n
bo
t
h
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
res
t
o
p
rovi
d
e
a
u
ni
di
re
ct
io
na
l
p
a
t
h
f
o
r
bo
th
t
he
B
P
sig
n
a
l
a
n
d
the
g
e
n
e
rate
d
bac
k
w
a
rd
p
ro
p
a
gat
i
ng
B
S
sig
n
al
s.
A
l
s
o,
i
n
bo
t
h
s
truc
ture
s,
t
he
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
c
o
u
p
l
e
r
w
a
s
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
s
o
a
s
t
o
extra
c
t
t
he
l
as
er
’s
out
p
u
t
an
d
be
m
o
n
i
t
ore
d
t
hro
u
g
h
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
s
pe
ctr
u
m
a
n
a
l
yzer
(
OS
A).
The
va
riab
le
c
o
upl
e
r
p
ro
vi
des
a
me
an
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
oll
i
ng
t
h
e
r
at
i
o
o
f
t
h
e
amo
u
n
t
o
f
l
i
g
h
t
d
irec
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
O
S
A
f
or
m
o
n
i
t
ori
ng
and
m
eas
ure
m
e
n
ts.
A
s
c
an
b
e
seen
f
r
o
m
F
i
gure
1,
t
h
e
E
D
F
A
w
a
s
pl
ac
ed
a
t
t
w
o
di
ffe
re
nt
l
oca
t
i
o
ns
w
hic
h
a
re
ou
tsi
d
e
rin
g
c
a
v
i
t
y
an
d
in
t
he
r
in
g
ca
v
ity
(
BP
p
r
e
-ampli
fic
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
hni
qu
e)
a
s
d
e
pi
c
t
e
d
i
n
Figu
re
1
(
a
)
a
n
d
F
i
gure
1
(b)
respec
t
i
ve
l
y
.
T
h
e
BP
s
i
gna
l
enter
s
t
he
c
i
r
c
u
la
t
o
r
t
h
ro
ug
h
por
t-
1.
T
he
B
P
si
g
n
a
l
a
fterw
a
rd
b
e
d
i
re
c
t
ed
i
nt
o
the
DC
F
th
ro
ugh
po
rt
-2
o
f
th
e
c
i
rc
ul
a
t
o
r
.
S
B
S
wo
u
ld
b
e
i
n
itia
t
e
d
o
n
ce
t
he in
put p
ow
er surp
a
sses
the
thre
s
h
o
l
d
pow
er
o
f
the
D
C
F
.
C
onse
q
u
e
ntl
y
t
he
i
n
p
u
t
s
i
g
na
l
g
e
n
er
at
e
a
Bril
lou
i
n
g
a
i
n
i
n
t
h
e
D
C
F
.
T
h
i
s
con
d
i
t
i
on
g
e
n
e
r
ate
t
h
e
first
or
de
r
BS
s
i
g
nal,
w
hic
h
w
as
p
r
o
paga
te
i
n
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
d
ire
c
t
i
on
t
o
t
he
p
ro
pa
ga
ti
on
direc
t
i
o
n of t
he
B
P
signa
l.
Th
us,
t
h
e
BS
s
i
g
na
l
e
n
ter
s
t
h
e
c
irc
u
l
a
tor
t
h
rou
g
h
its
por
t-2
an
d
be
g
u
i
de
d
t
o
t
he
O
S
A
t
h
r
ough
p
ort-3
of
t
he
c
ircu
lat
o
r
a
n
d
the
var
i
a
b
l
e
c
ou
p
l
e
r
.
The
O
S
A
w
i
t
h
r
e
s
olu
t
i
on
ba
ndw
id
t
h
o
f
0
.
0
15
nm
w
as
u
sed
for
moni
t
o
ri
ng,
obse
r
vat
i
o
n
s an
d
me
asurem
ent.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2502-
4752
I
n
do
n
e
si
an
J
E
l
e
c
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
S
ci
, V
o
l
.
1
4
,
No. 1, April 2019 :
276 –
2
83
27
8
(a)
(b)
F
i
gure
1. S
tructure
of
the
si
n
g
l
e-wav
e
length f
iber
laser
with t
wo
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
of
EDF
A:
(
a)
B
F
L
i
n
wh
i
c
h
EDFA
w
a
s loca
t
e
d o
u
t
side
rin
g-c
a
v
i
ty
a
nd (
b
) BEF
L
i
n w
h
ic
h
ED
F
A
w
as
sit
u
ate
d
i
n t
h
e r
i
n
g
-
c
a
v
i
t
y
3.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
DISCU
SSIO
N
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
c
o
mpa
r
e
the
ou
t
p
ut
s
ig
na
l
c
h
ara
c
ter
i
s
t
i
c
s
of
t
h
e
t
w
o
pro
p
o
s
e
d
s
truc
t
u
re
s,
t
h
e
s
pe
ctrum
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e.
2
w
a
s
p
lot
t
e
d
.
It
s
hows
t
h
e
o
u
t
put
s
p
ect
ra
a
t
15
50
n
m
w
ave
l
e
n
gth
of
B
P
s
i
gn
al
w
h
i
l
e
1
.5
m
W
of
B
P
pow
er
w
as
i
n
j
ec
t
e
d.
M
e
a
nw
hi
l
e
,
the
ou
tpu
t
s
pe
ctr
u
m
w
a
s
ex
trac
t
e
d
a
t
5
0
%
o
f
o
u
t
p
u
t
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
r
a
t
i
o
.
I
t
w
a
s
clea
rl
y
o
b
se
rva
b
le
t
ha
t
BF
L
a
nd
BEF
L
a
re
capab
le
o
f
ge
n
e
rati
ng
B
S
s
i
gna
l
s
w
i
t
h
0
.08
nm
s
p
a
c
i
ng
.
The
BFL
spec
trum
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
re
2
h
as
l
ow
er
p
ea
k
pow
e
r
(
be
low
t
h
resh
ol
d)
i
n
c
o
mpar
iso
n
w
i
t
h
the
pea
k
pow
e
r
(abo
ve
t
hre
s
hold)
o
f
BS
s
ign
a
l
for
BEF
L
s
pec
t
r
u
m,
w
h
i
c
h
a
re
f
or
m
e
d
by
t
he
s
tro
n
g
e
r
B
ri
ll
oui
n
sca
tter
i
n
g
effec
t
.
At
t
he
s
am
e
BP
power,
the
BS
s
i
gna
l
tha
t
w
as
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
from
B
E
F
L
a
c
qu
ires
e
x
t
r
e
m
e
ly
h
i
ghe
r
ga
i
n
wh
i
c
h
ab
out
47
dB.
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
The
BF
L
and BEF
L
spec
t
r
u
m
at 15
5
0
nm
w
a
velen
g
t
h o
f
BP
s
i
gna
ls w
h
ile
1
.5
m
W
of
B
P
pow
e
r
w
a
s injec
t
e
d
a
nd
o
u
tp
u
t
c
ou
pli
n
g ra
tio
o
f 5
0
%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
ones
i
a
n
J
E
lec
En
g & Co
mp
S
c
i
IS
S
N
: 2502-
47
52
Si
n
g
l
e
-W
ave
l
e
n
g
t
h
Ri
ng-
Cav
ity
Fi
ber L
a
ser Em
pl
oye
d
Pre-
am
p
l
i
f
i
ca
t
i
on
…
(N
A M
Ahm
ad H
a
m
bal
i)
27
9
N
e
xt,
to
s
t
udy
the
Br
il
lo
u
i
n
t
h
resh
ol
d
pow
e
r
i
n
t
h
e
tw
o
pr
op
ose
d
str
u
ct
u
r
e
s
,
the
a
m
pli
f
i
e
d
BP
p
ow
e
r
w
a
s
v
a
r
i
e
d
f
r
o
m
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
0
m
W
t
o
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
3
m
W.
M
w
a
nw
hi
le
,
t
h
e
BP
w
ave
l
e
n
gth
w
a
s fi
xed a
t
15
50 n
m
w
hen th
e
firs
t BS
s
ig
n
a
l
a
p
pear
s.
T
he
B
ri
l
lo
ui
n t
h
re
shol
d p
o
w
e
r w
a
s ob
t
a
ine
d
w
he
n
t
h
e
BP
pow
er
e
xc
eede
d
a
c
ritic
a
l
v
a
l
ue
,
an
d
mos
t
o
f
it
w
a
s
c
o
n
v
erte
d
i
n
t
o
B
S
pow
er
a
s
de
p
i
c
t
ed
i
n
F
i
gur
e
3
.
T
he
BS
pow
er
a
g
a
i
n
st
t
he
B
P
po
w
e
r
at
o
u
t
p
u
t
c
ou
p
lin
g
ra
t
i
o
o
f
2
0%,
50
%,
8
0
%
a
nd
9
0%
w
ere
p
l
ott
e
d
in
F
i
g
u
r
e.
3
(a
)
t
o
3
(
d).
In
a
ll
va
l
u
e
s
o
f
ou
t
p
u
t
c
o
u
p
l
ing
rat
i
os,
r
i
n
g
c
avi
t
y
BE
F
L
w
it
h
pre
-
impl
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
w
a
s
able
t
o
reduc
e
thre
s
hol
d
po
w
e
r.
F
or
both
tec
h
n
i
q
u
es,
t
h
e
BS
s
i
g
na
l
occ
u
rred
in
o
pp
osi
t
e
d
i
r
ect
i
on
fr
om
i
n
j
ect
ed
B
P
s
i
gn
a
l
s
a
n
d
c
i
rcu
l
a
t
ed
i
n
t
h
e
ri
n
g
c
av
it
y
.
A
w
ea
k
B
S
si
g
n
a
l
w
i
t
h
l
o
w
pea
k
p
o
w
er
a
l
r
eady
ap
pe
ars
at
l
ow
er
B
P
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
0.
06
m
W.
I
n
or
de
r
t
o
p
ro
duce
Br
il
l
oui
n
t
h
r
esh
o
l
d
p
ow
er
i
n
b
o
t
h
st
ruc
t
u
r
es,
BP
p
ow
e
r
w
a
s
incre
a
se
d
from
0
.0
6
mW
t
o
the
v
a
lue
w
h
ere
i
t
w
as
s
tron
g
e
n
o
u
g
h
t
o
gene
ra
te
a
h
i
g
h
i
n
te
nsi
t
y
B
S
pow
er
.
O
n
ce
t
he
t
hre
s
ho
ld
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
w
a
s
sat
i
sf
ie
d,
t
he
f
irs
t
B
S
si
g
n
a
l
w
as
b
a
c
ksca
t
t
e
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
0.
08
nm
s
pac
i
n
g
thr
o
u
g
h
S
BS
a
nd
Bri
l
l
o
u
i
n
g
a
in
w
a
s
c
rea
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
D
C
F
.
T
o
un
der
sta
nd
the
t
h
e
o
r
y
o
f
t
h
e
Brill
o
u
i
n
g
a
i
n,
t
he
in
t
e
rac
t
i
o
n
s
b
e
t
w
een B
P
sig
n
a
l inte
ns
i
t
y
(I
p
)
a
nd
the B
S
s
i
gna
l
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
(
I
s
)
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
o
f
S
BS
i
n
t
h
e
g
a
i
n
me
dium
w
as de
s
cribe
d
by tw
o c
o
u
p
le
d E
q
u
a
ti
o
n
s
i
n
1 a
nd
2 [2],
[
14]
a
s foll
ow
s:
p
p
B
ps
s
s
dP
g
II
I
dz
(
1
)
s
B
ps
s
dI
g
II
I
dz
(
2
)
Whe
r
e
α
w
a
s
fibe
r
l
o
ss
f
or
t
he
g
a
i
n
me
d
i
u
m
a
nd
are
n
e
a
r
ly
t
he
s
am
e
for
t
h
e
B
P
a
nd
S
t
o
k
e
s
w
ave
s
f
or
Eq
uat
i
on
1.
M
ea
nw
h
i
l
e
ω
p≈
ω
s
ow
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
r
ela
t
i
v
el
y
sm
all
va
l
u
e
of
t
he
B
ri
llo
u
i
n
sh
ift
for
Eq
ua
t
i
o
n
2.
I
p
and
Is
a
re
t
he
i
n
t
ens
i
ty
o
f
BP
a
nd
BS
s
i
gna
l
r
e
spec
ti
v
e
ly,
a
n
d
g
B
w
a
s
t
h
e
B
r
i
l
l
o
u
i
n
g
a
i
n
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
.
B
y
referr
i
ng t
o
t
he
F
ig
ure
.
3
(
a
)
t
o 3
(
d
),
r
in
g-c
a
v
i
t
y BEF
L
s
tru
c
tur
e
pr
o
duc
es
low
er
Br
ill
o
u
in thr
es
ho
l
d
p
o
w
e
r
i
n
com
p
aris
on
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
r
i
n
g
c
a
v
ity
B
F
L
s
truc
t
u
re,
w
h
ic
h
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
the
pr
e-a
m
plifica
tio
n
tec
h
n
i
que
w
h
e
re
t
he
EDFA
w
as
p
lac
e
d
i
n
side
t
he
l
aser
c
avi
t
y
.
In
t
h
i
s
ca
se
,
the
S
B
S
w
a
s
or
i
g
i
n
ate
d
b
y
the
s
p
o
n
t
ane
o
us
B
r
i
l
l
oui
n
scat
ter
i
n
g
s
ig
n
a
l,
by
the
am
p
l
i
f
ie
d
B
P
s
ig
na
l
be
fore
e
n
t
er
ing
t
he
D
CF
a
nd
c
i
r
c
u
l
ate
d
s
po
n
t
ane
o
us
B
r
i
l
l
oui
n
scat
ter
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
r
efore,
m
ore
SB
S
e
m
issi
ons
c
a
n
b
e
c
om
e
i
n
i
tia
te
d
t
o
r
ed
uc
e
the
Bri
l
l
oui
n
t
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
pow
er
.
The
Br
ill
o
u
i
n
t
hre
s
hol
d
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
1
.0
m
W,
1
.
0
m
W,
1
.1
m
W
an
d
1.
3
m
W
w
e
re
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
a
t
20
%,
50%
,
8
0
%
a
nd
90
%
of
out
p
u
t
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
rati
o
,
r
espe
ctive
l
y
.
A
fterw
a
rd,
w
h
e
n
t
he
t
hresh
o
l
d
c
o
nd
it
io
n
w
a
s
sa
tisfie
d
,
th
e
BS
signa
l
p
o
w
e
r
i
n
cr
ease
s
w
it
h
inc
r
ea
sin
g
B
P
pow
e
r
w
ith
l
i
n
e
a
r
i
t
y
i
n
creme
n
t
.
O
t
h
e
r
wi
se,
ri
n
g
cav
it
y
B
F
L
st
r
u
c
t
ure
w
h
ere
the
EDFA
w
as
p
lac
e
d
o
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
lase
r
ca
vit
y
p
ro
d
u
c
e
d
1
.
2
m
W
,
2
.
0
m
W
,
2
.
1
m
W
a
n
d
2
.
4
5
mW
o
f
Br
il
lo
u
i
n
t
h
re
sh
ol
d
po
w
e
r
w
h
ich
s
i
g
n
if
i
c
an
t
l
y
h
i
g
h
e
r
tha
n
r
in
g
ca
vit
y
B
EF
L
st
r
u
cture.
T
h
i
s
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
w
a
s
due
t
o
t
h
e
a
d
d
iti
o
n
al
e
ne
rgies
pr
ovi
ded
by
the
c
i
r
c
u
l
a
t
ed
B
P
signa
l
tha
t
h
as
t
he
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
in
i
t
ia
te
m
or
e
S
B
S
em
i
ssio
n
a
nd
a
d
dit
i
ona
l
a
m
pli
f
icat
i
on
for
BS
s
i
g
n
a
l.
F
or
c
l
a
r
ifica
t
i
o
n,
out
pu
t
op
t
i
c
a
l
s
p
ec
t
r
a
of
t
he
B
S
signa
l
by
va
ry
ing
BP
p
ow
e
r
a
t
o
u
t
pu
t
c
o
u
p
l
i
ng
ra
ti
o
of
5
0
%
f
or
BFL
a
n
d
BEF
L
s
truc
tur
e
w
er
e
il
l
u
s
t
rate
d
in
F
i
gure
4
(a
)
and
F
i
g
u
re
4
(
b
)
,
r
e
s
pe
cti
v
e
l
y.
These
op
t
i
ca
l
spec
t
r
a
show
t
he
c
hara
c
t
eris
t
i
c
of
t
he
B
S
s
i
g
n
a
l
s,
bel
o
w
a
nd
ab
o
v
e
t
h
e
Br
il
lo
u
i
n
t
h
re
sh
old
c
o
nd
iti
o
n
.
I
n
t
hi
s
c
a
se
,
Br
i
l
l
o
u
i
n
thr
e
sh
old
ca
n
be
e
x
p
l
ai
ne
d
as
t
he
in
put
pum
p
p
o
w
e
r
at
w
hi
c
h
t
he
b
a
c
k
sca
t
t
e
re
d
pow
er
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
es
t
o
in
crea
se
r
ap
i
d
ly
o
r
e
q
ui
v
a
l
e
nt
l
y
t
h
e
B
P
pow
er
s
beg
i
ns to be
de
p
le
ted
[1
5].
F
u
rtherm
ore,
the
B
r
i
l
l
o
u
i
n t
hresh
o
l
d p
o
w
er
w
a
s
w
ritte
n a
s
[16]
,
eff
B
eff
th
L
g
bA
P
/
21
)
3
(
Whe
r
e,
eff
L
i
s
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
eff
A
i
s
t
h
e
effective
core
o
f
t
h
e
fiber.
M
eanwhile,
B
g
is
the
pea
k
v
a
l
ue
o
f
the
Br
i
l
l
o
u
i
n
ga
in.
F
o
r
t
h
i
s
E
q
u
a
tio
n
i
n
3
t
h
e
num
er
i
c
a
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
of
2
1
is
o
n
l
y
est
i
m
a
te
d
as
it
ac
cord
in
g
on
t
h
e
ex
p
lic
i
t
v
a
l
ue
o
f
Bri
l
l
oui
n
gai
n
l
i
n
ew
id
t
h
.
F
u
r
t
he
rm
ore,
t
he
p
olar
i
z
at
i
o
n
fac
t
or
b
l
i
e
s
a
m
ong
1 a
nd 2 de
pe
nd
in
g o
n
re
l
at
iv
e
po
lar
i
z
a
t
ion
o
f
pum
p s
i
g
n
a
l
a
n
d
S
t
oke
s
w
a
ve
s [17].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2502-
4752
I
n
do
n
e
si
an
J
E
l
e
c
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
S
ci
, V
o
l
.
1
4
,
No. 1, April 2019 :
276 –
2
83
28
0
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
F
i
gure
3.
T
he
B
r
ill
o
u
in
t
hres
ho
l
d
for
B
F
L
a
nd
BEF
L
a
t differe
nt
out
put
co
upl
ing
ra
t
i
o
.
(a
)
. 2
0
% o
f
o
utp
u
t
c
oup
li
n
g
ra
tio,
(b)
.
5
0
%
of
o
u
t
pu
t c
o
up
lin
g r
a
ti
o, (
c)
80 %
of
o
u
t
p
ut c
o
upl
i
n
g ra
tio
a
nd 9
0
%
o
f
ou
tpu
t
c
o
upl
ing
rat
i
o
The
re
la
t
i
o
n
b
etw
e
e
n
t
he
B
ri
llo
ui
n
t
h
re
shol
d
pow
er
f
or
bot
h
str
uc
tur
e
s
a
nd
t
h
e
Bri
llo
ui
n
t
h
re
sh
o
l
d
pow
er
re
duc
t
i
o
n
w
as dem
on
s
t
ra
t
e
d
a
n
d p
l
ott
e
d i
n
F
ig
ure
5.
In th
i
s
st
udy
, o
u
t
pu
t
co
upli
n
g
ra
t
i
o
in
c
r
e
a
s
ed
f
ro
m
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
va
l
u
e
of
1
0%
t
o
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
mum
va
lue
of
95%
.
In
b
o
t
h
s
t
r
uc
t
u
res,
i
t
show
s
t
h
at,
as
o
u
t
pu
t
co
up
l
i
n
g
rati
o
w
a
s
i
n
c
r
ea
se
d,
t
he
B
r
i
l
l
o
u
i
n
t
h
resh
ol
d
pow
er
a
ls
o
in
c
r
ea
s
e
d
s
i
gni
fi
c
a
n
t
l
y
.
Thi
s
c
ond
it
i
on
c
a
n
b
e
d
u
e
t
o
the
h
i
gher
li
ght
i
n
t
ens
i
tie
s
t
h
at
o
sc
illa
te
d
i
n
t
he
r
in
g-
cavi
t
y
a
nd
r
e
s
ul
t
e
d
i
n
a
r
educ
tio
n
of
t
he
B
ri
ll
o
u
i
n
t
h
re
sh
old
p
o
w
er.
Th
e
mi
ni
mu
m
po
we
r
o
f
B
ri
l
l
oui
n
t
h
re
sho
l
d
a
t
0
.
8
m
W
a
n
d
0
.
9
m
W
w
a
s
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
a
t
o
u
t
p
u
t
cou
p
l
i
ng
ra
tio
o
f
10%
f
or
B
EF
L
an
d
BF
L
struc
t
ure
s
,
respec
t
i
ve
ly
.
M
e
a
n
w
h
i
l
e
,
t
h
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m
a
x
i
m
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m
p
o
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e
r
o
f
Br
ill
o
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i
n
t
hres
ho
l
d
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t
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mW
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n
d
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2
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s
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r
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f
or
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E
F
L
and
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e
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s
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d
in
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igure
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he
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rap
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d
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ow
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t
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o
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ea
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e
d
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nc
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if
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rent
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ll
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e
t
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A
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ide
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tly
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t
he
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ig
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r
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l
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n
t
h
r
e
s
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o
l
d
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e
r
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c
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w
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s
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orde
d
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t
9
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ou
t
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t
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o
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pu
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ch
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d
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.
2
2
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his
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n
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cate
s
t
hat
t
h
e
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llo
ui
n
t
h
re
sho
l
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or
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EF
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e
duce
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by
46.
95%
,
co
m
p
are
d
t
o
t
h
e
BF
L.
F
rom
p
revi
o
u
s
pa
pe
r,
t
he
o
p
timum
c
o
u
p
li
ng
efficie
n
c
y
w
as
r
e
c
orde
d
a
t
9
5%
[
7].
The
B
r
il
lou
i
n
t
h
re
sh
ol
d
pow
e
r
r
e
d
uct
i
on
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d
0
.
1
m
W,
0
.
2
m
W,
0
.7
mW,
0.9
mW,
0.9
8
m
W
a
n
d
1.1
5
m
W
a
n
d
1.2
2
m
W
w
e
re
r
ec
orde
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a
t
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,
30
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,
40%
,
5
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6
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,
70
%,
80%,
90
% a
nd 9
5
%
of
o
u
t
pu
t co
up
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ng
ra
t
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o.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
ones
i
a
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J
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28
1
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(b)
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i
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e
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.
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u
tp
ut o
p
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s
pe
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coup
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io
o
f
50
% f
o
r
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.
BFL
an
d
(b
)
BEF
L
F
i
gure
5.
B
ril
l
o
u
i
n
t
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
pow
er
for
BF
L
,
Bril
l
o
u
i
n t
h
resho
l
d p
o
w
e
r for BEF
L
a
nd
Bril
l
o
u
i
n
t
h
r
e
s
h
old
pow
er
r
e
d
uc
t
i
o
n
b
etw
e
e
n
B
E
F
L a
nd BF
L
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
A
pre
-
am
pli
f
i
c
ati
o
n
tec
hni
q
u
e
prop
o
se
d in t
his pa
per
has b
e
e
n
s
h
o
w
n
to im
prove t
he perfor
m
a
n
ce o
f
sing
le-
w
ave
l
e
n
gth
r
i
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g
-
cav
i
t
y
fiber
lasers
v
ia
s
ign
i
fica
n
t
r
edu
c
t
io
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o
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t
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r
i
l
l
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e
sh
old
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.
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s
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e
m
e
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d
w
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s
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d
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c
a
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i
t
y
f
i
b
e
r
l
a
s
e
r
;
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L
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.
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L
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s
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l
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l
a
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fied
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e
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o
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se
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t
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h
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i
n
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he
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EF
L,
t
he
B
ri
llo
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n
pump
signa
l
w
a
s
a
m
pl
i
f
ie
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n
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aser
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a
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ity.
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h
e
hi
g
h
es
t
Br
ill
o
u
i
n
t
hr
esh
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ld
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o
w
er
r
ed
uc
ti
o
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or
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EF
L
was
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2502-
4752
I
n
do
n
e
si
an
J
E
l
e
c
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
S
ci
, V
o
l
.
1
4
,
No. 1, April 2019 :
276 –
2
83
28
2
re
co
rd
e
d
a
t
9
5
%
o
f
out
put
c
ou
pli
n
g
ra
ti
o
w
h
i
c
h
arou
nd
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2
mW
.
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i
nd
i
c
a
t
es
t
ha
t
t
h
e
B
r
il
lo
u
i
n
th
re
shol
d
pow
er
f
or
B
E
F
L
has
reduc
e
d
b
y
4
6
.95%
c
om
pare
d
to
t
h
e
B
F
L
.
In
c
o
nt
rast,
Br
ill
o
u
in
t
hr
es
ho
ld
pow
er
only
ac
hi
e
v
e
d
a
t
2.62
m
W
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t
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s
im
ila
r
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a
ve
le
ng
th,
w
h
en
B
P
sig
n
al
w
as
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fied
b
e
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e
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te
ri
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g
t
he
l
a
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ca
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.
The
resul
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prese
n
te
d
in
t
h
i
s
pa
per,
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a
v
e
c
l
e
a
rl
y
show
n
t
ha
t
the
pr
opose
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l
as
er
s
t
r
uct
u
re
p
ro
d
u
ce
s
a
low
t
h
re
sho
l
d
pow
er
o
f
1.
4
m
W
v
ia
a
s
im
ple
a
nd
in
nov
a
t
i
v
e
sc
he
m
e
,
by
am
plify
i
n
g
B
ril
l
o
u
i
n
pump
si
gna
l
i
n
the la
se
r c
a
vi
ty
REFE
RENCES
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L.
J
i
,
H.
Lee,
a
nd
K.
J.
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a
,
L
o
w-noi
s
e Br
illou
i
n
l
a
ser on a
c
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i
p
at
1
0
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v
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g
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a
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a
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évenaz,
C
om
pl
ete
e
x
peri
m
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nta
l
c
h
a
ra
ct
erization
o
f
s
t
i
m
u
l
ated
B
rillou
i
n
scatte
ri
ng
i
n
pho
t
onic
c
r
y
s
ta
l fibe
r,
O
pt
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p
re
ss.
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07
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1
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X.
H
u,
W
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e
n
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L.
F
an
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Z.
M
e
n
g
,
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C
hen
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n
op
ti
ca
l
m
odul
ati
on
met
h
o
d
t
o
s
u
p
p
ress
s
tim
u
la
t
e
d
Brillo
uin
scat
tering
a
nd
t
h
e
p
hase
n
oi
se
i
n
a
rem
o
t
e
i
nterferom
e
t
r
ic
f
ibe
r
sen
s
i
ng
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
O
p
t
.
F
ib
er
T
ech
.
20
(
201
4)
5
47
–
55
1.
[6]
T. R
.
Sch
i
b
l
i
, K
.
M
i
n
o
sh
i
m
a,
F
.
L. Hon
g
,
H
. In
a
ba,
A.
O
nae,
H
.
Matsu
m
o
t
o
, I.
Har
t
,
and
M.
E
. Fe
r
mann
, Fre
qu
ency
m
e
trolog
y
wit
h
a
t
u
r
nkey
all
-
f
i
ber
sy
st
e
m
,
O
pt..
Lett.
29
(200
4
)
246
7-2
4
6
9
.
[7]
N
.
A
.
M
.
A
.
H
a
m
b
a
l
i
,
M
.
A
.
M
a
h
d
i
,
M
.
H
.
A
l
-
M
a
n
s
o
o
r
i
,
M
.
I
.
S
a
r
i
p
a
n
,
A
.
F
.
A
b
a
s
a
n
d
M
.
A
j
i
y
a
,
S
i
n
g
l
e
-
w
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
rin
g
cav
it
y
Bri
l
loui
n/
Ra
man
f
i
b
e
r
l
a
s
e
r.
L
aser P
hys.
Lett.
7
(
2
01
0
)
4
54
-4
57
.
[8]
M
.
A
j
i
y
a
,
M
.
A
.
M
a
h
d
i
,
M
.
H
.
A
l
-
M
a
n
s
o
o
r
i
,
N
.
A
.
M
.
A
.
H
a
m
b
a
l
i
,
S
.
Y
.
Ga
n
g
,
M
ul
ti
wa
v
e
le
ng
th
B
ri
llou
in
-e
rb
iu
m
fib
e
r las
e
r u
t
ilizing
vi
rtual
re
f
l
ectiv
it
y
i
n
dis
persion co
m
p
en
s
a
ti
ng
fib
e
r,
i
n:
I
EEE,
2
00
8 In
tern
atio
n
a
l
Conf
erence o
n
El
ectronic
D
e
si
g
n
,
2
008
,
p
p
.
1-4.
[9]
N
.
A
.
M
.
A
h
m
a
d
H
a
m
b
a
l
i
,
M
.
A
l
i
T
o
o
r
,
Z
.
Y
u
s
o
f
f
a
n
d
M
.
A
j
i
y
a
,
L
-
b
a
n
d
m
u
l
t
i
-wavelen
gt
h
Brilloui
n
Ram
a
n
f
i
ber
las
e
r
util
iz
in
g
the
reverse-S
-
s
hap
e
d
s
ectio
n,
N
o
n
l
i
near
O
p
t
.
P
h
y
s
.
,
2
3,
2
01
4
p
p
.
l450
026
-1-1
45
002
6-1
0
.
[10]
M.
H
.
A
l
-Man
so
o
r
i
,
B
.
B
o
u
z
i
d
,
S.
S
ah
arud
i
n
,
B.
M
.
Ali,
M
.
K.
A
b
d
u
lla
h
a
n
d
M.
A
.
Ma
hd
i
,
L
ow-
t
h
r
e
s
ho
ld
characteri
stics
of
a
linear-cavit
y
m
u
lti
wav
e
l
e
ng
t
h
b
r
i
ll
o
u
i
n
/
e
r
b
i
um
f
ib
e
r
l
aser,
Micro
w
.
O
p
t.
T
ech.
L
e
tt.
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(
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004)
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4
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117
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[11]
Y
.
G
.
S
h
e
e
,
M
.
A
.
M
a
h
d
i
,
M
.
H
.
A
l
-
M
a
n
s
o
o
r
i
,
A
.
I
s
m
a
i
l
,
N
.
A
.
M
.
A
.
Ham
b
al
i
,
A
.
K.
Z
am
zur
i
,,R
.
Mo
ham
a
d
,
S
.
Yaak
ob,
T
hres
h
o
ld
r
ed
ucti
on
of
s
tim
u
l
a
ted
Brill
o
u
i
n
s
catt
e
ring
in
p
hoto
n
ic
c
ry
stal
f
ib
e
r
,
L
a
ser
P
h
y
.
1
9
(2
00
9)
21
94
-219
6.
[12]
H.
S
.
K
i
m,
S
.
H.
K
im,
D.
K
.
Ko
,
G.
L
i
m
,
B.
H
.
Cha
and
J.
L
e
e
,
T
hreshol
d
reducti
o
n
of
s
timula
t
ed
B
rillouin
sc
a
t
te
ring
b
y
the
e
n
ha
nc
e
d
Sto
ke
s no
ise
in
it
ia
tion
,
App
l. Ph
y
s
.
L
e
tt.
7
4
(1
99
9)
1
358.
[13]
M
.
A
j
i
y
a
,
M
.
A
.
M
a
h
d
i
,
M
.
H
.
A
l
-
M
a
n
s
o
o
r
i
,
Y
.
G
.
S
h
e
e
,
S
.
H
i
t
a
m
an
d
M
.
M
o
k
h
t
ar.,
R
edu
c
ti
on
o
f
sti
m
ula
t
ed
Brillo
u
i
n
sc
a
t
te
rin
g
thre
s
h
o
l
d
thr
o
ug
h p
u
mp
re
c
y
c
ling
te
c
h
niqu
e
.
L
a
ser
P
h
ys.
Lett.
6
(
2
0
0
9
)
5
3
5
-
538.
[14]
L.
C
hen
an
d
X.
B
ao,
An
alytical
a
n
d
num
eri
cal
s
ol
utio
ns
f
or
s
t
e
a
dy
s
tat
e
s
tim
ulated
B
ri
ll
ouin
scatteri
ng
i
n
a
si
ngle-
m
o
d
e
f
ib
er,
O
pt.
Comm
.
1
5
2
(1998
)
65
-70.
[15]
D.
C
otter,
O
bser
vat
i
on
o
f
st
imul
ated
B
rillouin
sc
att
e
ring
i
n
lo
w-loss
s
ilica
f
i
bre
at
1
.3
μ
m
Elect
ro
n.
L
e
tt.
1
8
(1
98
2
)
49
5–
496
.
[16]
R. W
. Boy
d
,
Nonli
n
ear O
p
tics
(Academ
i
c
pres
s
,
New Y
[17]
E.
P
. Ip
p
en
and
R
.
H
. Sto
len
, S
timu
l
a
t
ed
Bril
l
o
u
i
n
scatt
e
r
i
ng
i
n
o
p
t
i
cal f
ib
ers,
A
p
p
l.
P
hy.
Lett.
2
1
(19
7
2
)
,
53
9.
B
I
OGRAPHIES
O
F AUTHO
RS
Dr
N
or
A
zura
M
ali
n
i
bt
A
hmad
H
am
b
a
li
recei
ved
her
Ba
chel
or
d
egr
ee
i
n
Comp
ute
r
a
nd
Com
m
u
n
i
catio
n
S
y
s
t
e
m
E
ng
in
ee
ring
a
t
U
n
i
v
ersiti
P
u
t
ra
M
alays
i
a
.
S
h
e
receiv
e
d
th
e
deg
r
ee
o
n
17
th
A
ug
ust
2
0
0
0
.
Aft
e
r
grad
uat
i
on
s
he
w
o
r
ks
a
s
tu
to
r
(Inf
o
rm
at
io
n
Tech
nolog
y).
F
r
om
No
vem
b
er
2
0
0
2
,
s
he
c
on
ti
nu
es
s
tu
dy
i
n
Comm
unicat
io
n
and
Netwo
r
k
E
ngin
eering
fo
r
M
a
ster
deg
r
ee.
A
ft
e
r
r
eceiv
e
M
a
s
ter
deg
r
ee,
s
h
e
w
ork
a
s
l
ectu
r
er
a
t
MS
U
(M
anagem
en
t
and
Sci
e
nce
Un
iv
ers
i
ty)
f
o
r
2
y
ears.
F
rom
20
07
,
she
i
s
p
u
r
sui
n
g
a
s
t
ud
y
lea
ding
t
o
th
e
a
w
a
r
d
of
d
e
g
re
e
o
f
Doc
t
or
o
f
Ph
i
l
os
op
hy
a
lso
in
C
o
mmu
n
i
c
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
Ne
two
r
k
e
n
gi
ne
e
r
in
g,
m
a
j
or
in
g
in
O
pt
ic
a
l
fiber
las
e
r
at
U
n
i
versit
i
Pu
t
r
a
Malay
s
ia
a
nd
gradu
a
ted
.
S
he
i
s
current
ly
a
n
S
e
nio
r
l
ectu
r
er
a
t
Un
iv
ers
i
ty
M
a
l
ay
sia
P
e
rlis
.
Dr
N
o
r
A
zura
M
ali
n
i
h
a
ve
a
l
s
o
pu
bli
sh
ed
m
ore
t
h
an
1
2
0
jo
urn
a
ls/pro
ceedi
ngs
an
d
b
oo
k c
h
apt
e
r. P
ro
f
e
s
s
i
o
nal
l
y
, D
r. No
r
Azura Mali
n
i
i
s a
l
so a
m
em
ber
of
t
he
I
ns
tit
ut
e
of
Elect
rical
a
n
d
E
l
ectronics
E
ngin
eers
(IEEE
)
,
In
s
t
i
t
u
tio
n
o
f
E
ngineeri
n
g
an
d
Techn
o
log
y
(M
I
E
T)
and
Board
o
f
Eng
i
neers
Ma
laysia (BEM).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
ones
i
a
n
J
E
lec
En
g & Co
mp
S
c
i
IS
S
N
: 2502-
47
52
Si
n
g
l
e
-W
ave
l
e
n
g
t
h
Ri
ng-
Cav
ity
Fi
ber L
a
ser Em
pl
oye
d
Pre-
am
p
l
i
f
i
ca
t
i
on
…
(N
A M
Ahm
ad H
a
m
bal
i)
28
3
P
r
of
M
oh
a
m
me
d
Aji
y
a
receiv
e
d
B.En
g
and
M
.
Eng
degrees
i
n
El
ectri
cal
E
n
g
ineerin
g
f
r
om
Bayero
U
n
i
v
e
rsit
y
K
a
no
.
He
r
eceived
hi
s
P
h
D
in
O
ptical
C
omm
u
n
i
c
atio
n
E
n
g
i
neeri
n
g
f
r
o
m
Un
iv
ers
i
ti
P
ut
ra
M
alay
si
a.
P
rof
Ajiy
a
is
a
F
e
llow
o
f
t
he
H
i
gher
E
d
u
cati
on
Acad
em
y
of
t
he
Un
it
ed
K
ing
dom
.
He
i
s
a
m
e
mber
o
f
t
h
e
Ni
geri
an
S
oci
e
ty
o
f
En
gi
n
eers,
m
em
ber
Inst
it
ut
e
o
f
El
ectri
cal
a
n
d
E
lect
ronic
E
ngin
eers
o
f
t
he
U
ni
ted
S
t
a
t
es
a
n
d
m
e
mb
er
O
p
tical
S
ociet
y
o
f
Am
eri
ca
amo
ng
ot
her
p
r
o
f
essional
org
a
nizat
io
n
s
.
P
r
o
f
A
ji
ya
i
s
a
r
ecip
i
en
t
of
s
ev
e
r
al
a
ward
s
and
h
o
n
ours
amo
n
g
wh
ich
are
the
Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Ein
st
ein
A
w
ard
fo
r
S
c
i
e
ntific
A
ch
ievem
e
nt
and
on
e
of
2
00
0
O
u
tstan
d
i
n
g
Intel
l
ect
uals
o
f
t
h
e
2
1
st
C
en
tury
b
y
the
Int
e
rnati
o
nal
Bio
g
rap
h
ical
C
en
tre,
C
am
b
r
idg
e
,
E
n
g
l
an
d.
U
K
.
P
rof
A
j
i
y
a
is
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
d
ep
artm
en
t
o
f
E
l
ectri
ca
l
En
gi
neerin
g
,
Ba
y
ero
Un
iversit
y
K
ano
, N
i
g
eri
a
.
Dr Mu
k
h
zeer M
oh
amad
S
hah
i
min recei
ved
hi
s Bach
elor deg
re
e (BE
n
g
E
l
ectro
n
i
c
En
g
i
n
eerin
g
F
i
rst
Class
h
onours
)
a
nd
P
h
D
(
Bi
oph
ot
onics)
f
r
om
U
n
i
versity
o
f
S
outham
p
to
n,
UK.
D
u
r
in
g
hi
s
po
s
t
g
r
adu
a
te
s
tu
di
es,
h
e
w
as
a
w
a
rded
S
chol
arsh
ip
f
ro
m
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
Electro
ni
cs
a
n
d
Com
p
ut
er
S
ci
en
ces,
Uni
v
ers
i
t
y
o
f
S
o
u
t
h
a
m
p
t
on.
H
e
is
c
urrent
ly
a
n
As
so
ciate
P
r
o
f
e
sso
r
at
Nat
i
o
n
al
D
e
f
ence
Uni
v
ers
i
t
y
o
f
M
a
lay
s
ia
(
UPNM
).
H
i
s
r
es
earc
h
p
r
edom
i
n
an
tly
c
om
b
i
n
e
s
bi
ol
og
y
w
ith
e
lect
ron
i
cs,
an
d
he
h
as
p
art
i
cul
a
r
i
n
t
e
re
s
t
s
i
n
b
i
op
hot
ov
oltai
c
s,
b
i
o
chem
i
c
a
l
sen
s
o
r
s,
a
n
d
l
a
b
-o
n-a-chi
p
t
echn
o
l
ogy
.
His
research
g
rou
p
h
as
w
o
n
o
v
e
r
5
0
l
o
c
a
l
a
n
d
in
tern
ati
onal
awards,
no
tab
l
y
Best
R
esearch
A
w
a
rd
b
y
M
i
ni
s
t
ry
o
f
Hig
h
er
E
du
c
a
t
i
o
n
M
al
ays
i
a
(M
OHE)
an
d
Certificat
e
of
A
chiev
e
ment
b
y
W
o
rl
d
Invention
Intell
ect
u
a
l
Pro
p
ert
y
As
so
cia
t
ion
(WIIP
A)
t
o
n
a
me
a
f
ew.
Dr
M
ukhzeer
h
av
e
als
o
p
u
b
lis
h
e
d
m
o
re
t
h
a
n
100
jo
urn
a
ls/pro
ceedi
ngs
a
nd
9
b
ooks
.
D
r
M
u
k
h
zeer
h
as
b
een
a
s
t
r
ong
p
ro
po
ne
n
t
t
o
d
e
sign
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
l
y
t
h
e
e
x
e
c
u
t
i
v
e
c
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
M
a
l
a
y
s
ia
n
In
ve
n
t
io
n
a
n
d
De
sign
S
o
ci
ety
(M
IND
S
)
an
d
M
a
lay
s
i
a
R
esearch
a
n
d
I
nn
ov
a
t
io
n
S
o
ci
e
t
y
(M
yR
I
S
).
P
rof
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
ll
y
,
Dr.
M
u
k
h
zeer
i
s
al
so
a
m
em
ber of
t
he
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e
of
E
l
ect
rical an
d
Electronics
E
ngi
n
e
e
rs
(IEE
E
)
,
S
o
ci
ety
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
-O
ptical
I
ns
trument
a
tio
n
En
g
i
neers
(S
P
I
E)
a
n
d
B
o
a
rd
o
f
En
gine
e
r
s
M
a
la
y
s
ia
(BEM).
M
Hal
i
m
A
W
a
hid
is
a
n
Ass
ociate
P
rofes
s
or
a
t
the
Uni
v
ersit
y
M
al
ay
si
a
P
e
rli
s
.
He
r
ec
eiv
e
d
deg
r
ees
f
rom
t
h
e
Un
iv
ersit
y
M
alay
a
and
P
h
D
f
r
o
m
t
he
Asto
n
U
nive
rs
it
y
.
H
i
s
c
urren
t
r
es
earch
in
teres
t
s
in
c
l
u
d
e
op
tical
s
ig
nal
pro
cess
i
ng
,
commun
i
cati
on,
pho
toni
cs
a
n
d
L
EDs.
H
e
has
s
o
me
publ
ications
i
n
internati
onal
jo
u
r
na
ls
a
nd
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s
.
Dr.
Ha
l
im
a
ls
o
en
gages
in
r
es
earch
supervision at
m
ast
e
r
s
a
nd
d
octo
rate
l
evel
s.
P
r
of
esso
r
M
o
hd
Ad
z
i
r
M
a
hd
i
receiv
e
d
hi
s
B.E
n
g
.
d
eg
ree
f
r
o
m
t
he
U
n
i
v
ersiti
K
eb
angs
aan
Ma
la
ysia
,
a
n
d
M.Sc
.
a
n
d
Ph
.
D
.
de
g
r
ee
s
from
t
h
e
U
n
i
v
e
rsit
i
Ma
l
a
y
a
i
n
1
9
9
6
,
1
9
9
9
a
n
d
2
0
0
2
resp
ecti
v
ely
.
H
e
jo
in
e
d
t
he
D
ep
artm
ent
of
C
om
pu
ter
an
d
Co
mm
u
n
i
c
ation
Sy
st
ems
Engi
neering
,
F
a
c
ul
ty
o
f
Eng
i
neer
ing,
U
niversit
i
Put
r
a
Ma
laysi
a
on
J
a
n
ua
ry
2
1
,
2
00
3.
H
e
is
no
w
an
p
ro
fes
s
or
a
t
th
e
U
n
i
v
ersiti
P
utra
M
al
ays
i
a.
P
rio
r
t
o
t
h
e
c
urrent
p
os
itio
n,
h
e
work
ed
f
o
r
a
s
t
art
-
up
com
p
any;
P
i
n
e
P
h
ot
o
n
i
c
s
Comm
unicat
ion
s
I
nc.
in
F
rem
o
n
t
,
CA
,
U
S
A
dur
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
e
rio
d
o
f e
c
on
omic
b
o
o
m
t
he
re
.
He
th
e
n
op
te
d
fo
r
a
n
oth
e
r sta
r
t-
u
p
com
p
a
ny;
IOA Co
rp
orat
ion
in
S
unn
yv
a
l
e,
C
A
t
o
f
urt
h
er
s
harpen
s
hi
s
skil
ls
a
nd
w
i
den
s
e
xpe
rien
ces.
Ad
zir
is
a
s
eni
o
r
m
e
m
b
er
o
f
the
In
stit
u
t
e
o
f
E
l
ectri
c
a
l
and
El
ectron
i
cs
E
n
g
in
eers
(IE
E
E
),
a
m
e
m
ber
of
t
h
e
Opti
cal
S
oci
e
ty
o
f
Am
e
r
i
ca
and
Internati
o
na
l
Association
o
f
E
ng
in
e
e
rs
.
H
i
s
res
earch
i
n
t
eres
t
in
clu
d
es
opti
cal fi
b
er am
p
l
i
fi
er
s an
d l
a
sers
, op
ti
cal f
i
b
er com
mu
n
i
cati
ons
a
n
d
n
onlin
ear
opti
c
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.