Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
13
,
No.
1
,
Jan
uar
y
201
9
,
pp.
361
~
367
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
1
.pp
361
-
367
361
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
A modifi
ed bact
erial fo
ra
ging al
gorithm b
ased opti
mal re
active
power di
spatch
P.
Lo
kender
Reddy,
G.
Yes
uratnam
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al E
ngin
eering,
Univ
ersity
col
l
ege
of
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Os
m
ani
a
Univer
sit
y
,
H
y
d
era
bad
,
Ind
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
22
, 201
8
Re
vised
N
ov
2
0,
2018
Accepte
d
Nov
2
7
, 201
8
Thi
s
article
d
esc
ribe
s
an
appr
o
ac
h
for
op
ti
m
al
react
iv
e
powe
r
dispat
c
h
proble
m
using
a
Modifie
d
Bacte
ria
l
Foraging
Al
gorit
hm
.
Modifi
ed
bac
t
erial
fora
ging
al
gori
th
m
int
roduc
es
a
d
iffe
ren
ti
a
l
evol
ut
ion
oper
at
or
in
c
hemotaxi
s
to
over
come
tu
m
ble
failure
in
t
um
ble
step
a
nd
ac
c
el
e
rates
the
c
onver
gence
spee
d
of
the
ori
gina
l
oper
a
tor.
I
n
the
new
al
gor
it
hm
cha
o
ti
c
d
ynamics
are
used
to
gen
erate
ini
tial
popu
la
t
io
n
to
hav
e
uni
for
m
distri
buti
on.
T
he
proposed
new
al
gorit
hm
is
appl
ie
d
to
Optimal
rea
c
ti
ve
po
wer
dispat
ch
pr
oble
m
with
two
obje
c
ti
ve
fu
nct
ions;
m
ini
m
izati
on
of
r
ea
l
po
wer
loss
and
vol
ta
ge
st
abi
l
i
t
y
L
-
inde
x
.
The
ob
je
c
ti
ve
func
ti
ons
are
m
ini
m
iz
ed
b
y
opti
m
all
y
ch
oosing
the
cont
rol
var
ia
bl
es
such
as
gene
rator
exc
itati
ons
,
t
ap
positi
ons
of
on
-
loa
d
ta
p
cha
nging
tra
nsf
orm
ers
and
sw
it
ch
ed
var
co
m
pensa
tors.
Th
e
proposed
appr
oac
h
has
be
en
eva
lu
at
ed
on
an
IEE
E
30
bus
standa
rd
te
st
sy
stem.
Th
e
per
form
anc
e
of
t
he
proposed
a
lg
orit
hm
is
compare
d
with
oth
er
e
volut
ion
a
r
y
computat
ion
al
g
orit
hm
s
in
the
lit
era
tur
e
and
the
e
ffe
ctiven
ess
of
t
he
proposed
al
gorit
hm
is de
m
onstrat
ed
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Chaotic
dynam
ic
s
Chem
otaxis
enh
a
nc
e
d
ba
ct
erial
forag
i
ng alg
or
i
thm
Diff
e
re
ntial
m
utati
on
OLTC
Op
ti
m
al
reacti
ve
pow
er
disp
at
c
h
Shun
t ca
pacit
ors
Vo
lt
age
d
e
viati
on
s
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
P.L
ok
e
nder Re
dd
y
,
Re
search
schol
ar, De
par
tm
ent of Elect
rical
E
ng
i
neer
i
ng
,
Un
i
ver
sit
y coll
ege
of Engine
e
rin
g,
Osm
ania Un
i
ver
sit
y
,
Hyde
rab
a
d, I
ndia
.
ph:
+91
-
40
-
27098628
Em
a
il
:
lok
end
e
r.p@
uceou.e
du
,
rat
nam
gy20
03@
gm
ai
l.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
pr
im
ary
obj
ect
iv
e
of
En
erg
y
c
ontr
ol
c
entre
is
to
m
ain
ta
in
t
he
pow
er
syst
em
in
a
secu
re
a
nd
sta
ble
sta
te
by
co
ntinuo
us
ly
m
on
it
or
ing
the
powe
r
flo
ws
i
n
the
li
nes
a
nd
vo
lt
age
m
agn
it
ud
e
s
at
the
bu
s
es.
Vo
lt
age
va
riat
ion
s
are
du
e
t
o
the
i
m
balance
of
reacti
ve
power
ge
ner
at
e
d
and
c
ons
um
ed
by
the
no
de.
The
se
vo
lt
age
var
ia
ti
on
s
ca
n
be
co
r
rected
by
co
-
or
din
at
ed
c
on
t
ro
l
of
volt
age/rea
ct
ive
power
co
ntr
ol
dev
ic
es
s
uch
as
gen
e
rato
r
excit
at
ion
s,
on
-
loa
d
ta
p
changin
g
trans
form
ers
a
nd
s
witc
ha
ble
sh
unt
V
AR
co
m
pen
sat
ing
de
vices.
The
com
plexity
of
powe
r
sys
tem
op
erati
o
n
is
increasin
g
da
y
by
day
because
of
grow
i
ng
dem
and
an
d
w
it
ho
ut
m
at
ching
gen
e
rati
on
a
nd
tra
nsm
issi
on
facil
it
ie
s
resu
lt
ing
transm
issi
on
as
well
as
ge
nerat
ion
op
e
rated
wit
h
sm
a
ll
er
safety
m
arg
ins.
U
nde
r
these
co
ndit
ion
s
,
it
is
gr
eat
chall
enge
to
optim
iz
e
th
e
po
wer
syst
em
and
e
nsure
the sec
ur
it
y.
Op
ti
m
al
Re
active
P
ow
e
r
Dis
patch
(
ORPD)
pro
blem
is
a
non
li
near
optim
iz
at
ion
prob
le
m
with
m
ul
ti
ple
obj
ect
ives
an
d
c
on
st
r
ai
nts.
This
pro
blem
has
been
so
lve
d
by
a
nu
m
ber
of
co
nve
ntion
al
op
ti
m
izati
on
te
chn
iq
ues
s
uc
h
as
L
in
ear
program
m
ing
(L
P)
,
Non
li
nea
r
pro
gr
am
m
ing
(
NLP),
Qu
a
drat
ic
program
m
ing
et
c
.
are
re
porte
d
in
the
li
te
ratu
re
[1
-
6].
H
oweve
r,
t
hese
c
onve
ntion
al
al
gorithm
s
hav
e
s
om
e
lim
it
a
ti
on
s
s
uch
a
s
diff
e
re
ntiat
ion
of
ob
j
ect
ive
functi
on
is
re
qu
i
red
a
nd
c
urse
of
dim
en
tio
nalit
y.
T
hese
lim
i
ta
ti
on
s
c
an
be
ov
e
rc
om
e
if
e
vo
l
ution
a
ry
co
m
pu
ta
ti
on
te
chn
iq
ues
are
ada
pted
beca
us
e
of
their
ap
proac
h
of
rand
om
searc
h
and
be
gin
with
a
popula
ti
on
of
s
olu
ti
ons
a
nd
al
so
no
di
ff
e
ren
ti
al
inf
or
m
at
ion
is
re
quire
d.
T
here
are
va
rio
us
evo
l
utio
na
ry
com
pu
ta
ti
on
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
su
c
h
as
Partic
le
Swa
rm
op
tim
iz
at
i
on
al
go
rithm
,
Gr
a
vitat
ion
al
s
earch
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry 20
19
:
361
–
367
362
al
gorithm
,
Firefly
al
go
rithm
,
Diff
e
re
ntial
evo
luti
on
al
gorit
hm
,
ant
colon
y
al
go
rithm
,
BAT
al
gorithm
et
c.
are
repor
te
d
in
the
li
te
ratur
e [
7
-
11
]
f
or O
R
PD p
r
ob
le
m
.
Ba
ct
erial
Fo
ra
ging
Algo
rith
m
(BFA
)
is
one
of
the
popula
ti
on
ba
sed
evo
l
ution
a
ry
com
pu
ta
ti
on
al
gorithm
s
wh
ic
h
is
pro
posed
by
Passin
o.
T
his
al
gorithm
i
s
insp
ir
ed
by
f
or
a
ging
strat
e
gy
of
E.c
oli
bac
te
ria.
Th
ough
ori
gi
na
l
BFA
al
go
rithm
is
us
ed
by
m
any
exp
e
rts
i
n
diff
e
ren
t
fiel
ds
,
it
has
s
om
e
dr
a
w
backs
of
slow
conve
rg
e
nce
s
peed
an
d
not
ta
ken
into
acco
un
t
on
the
di
ve
rsity
of
popul
at
ion
wh
ic
h
ca
n
easi
ly
le
ad
t
o
th
e
pr
em
at
ur
e
co
nver
ge
nce
w
he
n
dim
ension
increase
s.
Yu
a
n
–
ta
o
Z
ha
ng
et
al
.
[12
-
13
]
pr
op
os
e
d
ad
aptiv
e
che
m
otaxis
ste
p
set
ti
ng
an
d
c
hao
ti
c
pe
rtu
rb
a
ti
on
in
each
c
hem
o
ta
ct
ic
to
i
m
pr
ov
e
the
ori
gin
al
BFA
.
Fuqin
g
Zha
o
et
al
.[
14
-
15]
pro
posed
a
chm
otaxis
enh
a
nce
d
BF
A
by
intr
oducin
g
diff
e
re
ntial
m
utati
on
operato
r
a
nd
chao
ti
c
ope
rator
in
c
hem
otaxis
ste
p.
Na
Don
g
et
a
l.[16
]
pr
op
os
ed
c
ha
otic
PSO
al
gorithm
by
intro
duci
ng
chaos
dynam
ics
to
ge
ner
at
e i
ni
ti
al
p
opulati
on and c
hao
ti
c
pe
rturbati
on i
n
to
sw
a
rm
u
pd
at
i
on.
The
present
pa
per
pro
poses
a
Mo
dified
Ba
ct
erial
Foragi
ng
al
go
rithm
(MBFA)
w
hich
util
iz
es
the
diff
e
re
ntial
m
ut
at
ion
operat
or
to enhan
ce t
he t
um
ble step in
chem
otaxis to
ov
e
rc
om
e tu
m
ble f
ai
lure
a
nd
chaos
dynam
ic
s
to
gen
erate
unif
or
m
ly
distribu
te
d
i
niti
al
po
pula
ti
on.
T
he
pro
pose
d
al
gorithm
is
app
li
ed
to
s
olve
the
op
ti
m
al
reacti
ve
powe
r
dis
patch
with
t
wo
ob
j
ect
ives
m
ini
m
iz
at
ion
of
real
powe
r
los
s
a
nd
volt
age
sta
bili
ty
L
-
ind
e
x.
T
he
perform
ance
of
t
he
pro
po
se
d
al
gorithm
is
te
sted
on
IEEE
30
bu
s
sta
ndar
d
te
st
syst
e
m
and
r
esults
are
com
par
ed
with
oth
e
r
ev
ol
ution
a
ry
te
chni
qu
es
a
vaila
ble
in
the
li
te
ratur
e
on
this
pro
bl
e
m
.
T
he
su
pe
ri
or
it
y
of prop
os
e
d
al
gorithm
is d
em
on
st
rated.
2.
PROBLE
M
F
ORMUL
ATI
ON
The
pro
po
se
d
al
gorithm
is
a
pp
li
ed
to
t
wo
obj
ect
ive
f
un
ct
ion
s:
m
ini
m
iz
a
ti
on
of
real
power
l
os
s
a
nd
vo
lt
age
stabil
it
y L
-
in
dex.
2.1
.
Tr
an
smi
ssion
l
os
s
obje
ctive
(Plos
s)
:
The real
po
wer l
os
s
of the
sys
tem
can
be
calc
ulate
d
as
foll
ows
=
∑
(
2
=
1
−
2
−
2
cos
(
−
)
)
(1)
Wh
e
re
is
the
total
real
powe
r
loss,
is
total
num
ber
of
tra
nsm
issi
on
li
nes.
are
t
he
vo
lt
a
ge
m
agn
it
ud
e
s
at
the
tw
o
e
nd
s
of
the
K
th
li
ne
.
are
the
volt
ag
e
an
gles
at
the
two
en
ds
of
the
K
th
li
ne
.
Vo
lt
age
m
agn
it
ud
es
a
nd
a
ng
l
es
can
be
cal
uc
ulate
d
f
r
om
t
he
loa
d
flo
w
s
olu
ti
on.
is
the
co
nductance
of
the
K
th
li
ne.
2.2
.
Vo
l
tage
stabil
ity
in
dex ob
jecti
ve (Vs
t
ab
il
ity
):
Vo
lt
age
stabil
it
y L
-
in
dex is c
onside
red as m
easur
e
to fin
d v
oltage sta
bili
ty.
L
m
ax
=
m
ax(
L
j
)
(2)
L
-
in
dex can
be
co
m
pu
te
d
a
s
g
1
i
j
i
ji
j
v
v
F
1
L
(3)
Wh
e
re
j
in
dica
te
s
al
l
the
load
bu
s
es.
v
i
a
nd
v
j
are
vo
lt
age
m
agn
it
udes
at
i
th
an
d
j
th
bu
se
s
a
nd
they
can
be
ta
ken
from
load
f
l
ow.
F
j
i
can
b
e
obt
ai
ned
from
the
Y
bus m
at
rix
as
foll
ow
s
L
G
LL
LG
GL
GG
L
G
V
V
Y
Y
Y
Y
I
I
(4)
Re
arr
a
ng
i
ng th
e ab
ov
e
equati
on w
e
g
et
G
L
GG
GL
LG
LL
G
L
V
I
Y
K
F
Z
I
V
(5)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
A mo
difi
ed
bac
te
rial foragin
g alg
or
it
hm
ba
se
d op
ti
m
al re
act
iv
e p
ower
d
is
patc
h
(
P.
Lo
ke
nd
er Red
dy
)
363
Wh
e
re
I
G
,
I
L
a
nd
V
G
,
V
L
i
nd
i
cat
e
cur
re
nts
and
vo
lt
age
s
of
the
gen
e
rato
r
a
nd
loa
d
buses
.
F
LG
=
-
[Y
LL
]
-
1
[Y
LG
]
are
the
re
qu
i
r
ed
val
ues.
T
he
L
-
in
dex
val
ues
f
or
a
give
n
loa
d
co
nd
i
ti
on
are
c
om
pu
te
d
f
or
al
l
t
he
loa
d
bu
s
ses.T
he
ra
nge
of
L
-
i
nd
e
x
value
is
0
-
1.
A
s
it
is
cl
os
e
r
to
zer
o,
it
i
nd
ic
at
es
bette
r
sta
bili
ty
and
the
im
pr
ove
d
syst
e
m
secur
it
y.
As
it
ap
pro
aches
1,
it
in
di
cat
es
cl
os
er
t
o
volt
age
c
ollapse.
Stabil
it
y
ind
e
x
L
j
m
us
t
no
t
be
vio
la
te
d
the
m
axim
u
m
lim
i
t
for
a
ny
of
t
he
load
bu
se
s.
A
n
L
-
in
de
x
value
a
way
f
r
om
1
an
d
cl
os
e
t
o
ze
ro
ind
ic
at
es a
n
im
pro
ved syst
em
secur
it
y. S
o (
1
-
L
j
)
in
dicat
es th
e m
arg
in of sta
bili
ty
.
2.3
.
+
Constr
aint
s
The
t
wo
ob
j
e
ct
ive
f
un
ct
io
ns
are
m
ini
m
ized
by
op
ti
m
ally
choosin
g
t
he
th
ree
co
ntr
ol
va
riables;
Transf
or
m
er tap
set
ti
ngs,
Ge
ne
rator excit
at
io
ns
sett
in
gs
a
nd
Sw
it
cha
ble VA
R com
pen
sat
in
g
set
ti
ngs.
The
c
onstrai
nts
on th
e
se c
on
tr
ol v
a
riables
are
g
ive
n
a
s.
t
ij
m
in
≤ t
ij
≤ t
ij
m
a
x
, i Є T
V
i
m
in
≤ V
i
≤
V
i
m
a
x
, i Є N
g
(6)
Q
ci
m
in
≤ Q
ci
≤ Q
ci
max
, i Є N
qc
Wh
e
re
t
ij
rep
re
sents
the
ta
p
set
ti
ng
of
tra
nsfo
rm
er
con
nec
te
d
betwee
n
i
-
j
buses,
N
g
is
the
set
of
generat
or
bu
s
es,
V
i
re
pr
esents
the
ge
ne
rator
bus
volt
age
of
i
th
bu
s,
Q
ci
rep
re
sents
the
reacti
ve
powe
r
com
pen
s
at
ion
capaci
ty
of
i
th
bu
s
a
nd
N
qc
is
the
set
of
loa
d
buses
with
r
eact
ive
powe
r
su
pp
or
t.
T
he
re
are
two
de
pe
nd
e
nt
var
ia
bles,
reacti
ve
po
wer
outp
ut
of
t
he
gen
e
r
at
or
s
a
nd
vo
lt
a
ge
of
al
l
load
buses,
w
hich
wi
ll
be
ef
fected
duri
ng
op
ti
m
iz
ation
.
So
the
co
ns
tr
ai
nts
on
these
dep
e
nd
e
nt
va
riables
nee
d
to
be
co
ns
ide
r
ed
w
hile
per
f
or
m
ing
op
ti
m
iz
ation
. T
hey are
g
i
ve
n as:
Q
gi
m
in
≤ Q
gi
≤ Q
gi
m
ax
, i Є N
g
V
i
m
in
≤ V
i
≤
V
i
m
a
x
, i Є N
L
(7)
Q
gi
re
pr
ese
nts
t
he
reacti
ve
po
wer
ge
ner
at
e
d
by
the
i
th
ge
nerat
or
.
V
i
is
the
vo
lt
age
m
agn
it
ud
e
at
l
oad
bus
i
and
N
L
is
nu
m
be
r o
f
loa
d b
us
es.
The
co
ns
trai
nts
on
co
ntr
ol
va
riables
are
ad
j
ust
ed
to
their
lim
it
s,
if
they
exceed
,
be
fore
determ
ining
the
obj
ect
ive
f
un
ct
io
ns.
The
const
raints
on
dep
e
ndent
va
ri
ables
are
dealt
by
us
in
g
pe
nalty
factor
m
et
ho
d.
By
consi
der
i
ng thi
s ob
j
ect
ive f
un
ct
ion
s c
ha
ng
e
as foll
ows.
=
∑
(
2
=
1
−
2
−
2
cos
(
−
)
+
1
∑
(
(
−
)
(
−
)
)
2
+
2
∑
(
(
−
)
(
−
)
)
2
=
1
=
1
(8)
L
max
=
ma
x
(
)
+
1
∑
(
(
−
)
(
−
)
)
2
+
2
∑
(
(
−
)
(
−
)
)
2
=
1
=
1
(9)
1
,
2
.
,
can
be
e
xpres
s
ed
as
=
{
,
>
,
<
,
ℎ
=
{
,
>
,
<
min
,
ℎ
(10)
3.
MO
DIFIE
D
B
AC
TE
RIA
L
F
ORAGI
NG A
LGORIT
HM
3.1
.
Ch
em
o t
ax
is
insuffic
ie
nt
of Origin
al
BFA
In
the
ori
gin
a
l
al
gorithm
,
search
be
gins
with
popula
ti
on
of
bacte
ria,
w
her
e
each
bacteria
is
a
po
te
ntial
so
luti
on
of
the
opti
m
iz
at
ion
pr
obl
e
m
.
The
popu
l
at
ion
is
conve
rg
e
d
towa
r
ds
op
ti
m
al
so
luti
on
by
fo
ll
owin
g
the
f
or
a
ging
strat
e
gy
of
b
act
eria. T
his
pr
ocess
c
onsist
s
of
c
hem
otaxis,
reprod
uction
a
nd
el
im
inati
on
and
disp
e
rsion.
Che
m
otaxis
ste
p
si
m
ulate
s
the
m
ov
em
ent
of
E.co
li
bacteria
through
tum
bling
an
d
swim
m
ing
via
fla
gella
.
Chem
otact
ic
m
o
vem
ent
is
con
t
inu
e
d
un
ti
l
a
ba
ct
eria
goes
in
the
directi
on
of
posit
ive
nu
t
rient
gr
a
dient
i.e.
increasi
ng
the
fitness
.
It
is
achieved
th
r
ough
tum
bling
an
d
swim
m
ing
.
T
he
che
m
otaxis
m
ov
e
m
ent o
f
t
he bact
erium
can be
represe
nted
as
(
,
,
)
=
(
,
,
)
+
(
)
ɸ
(
)
,
ɸ
(
)
=
∆
(
)
√
∆
(
)
∆
(
)
(
11)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry 20
19
:
361
–
367
364
Her
e
i
(j
,
k,
l)
r
epr
ese
nts
t
he
po
sit
io
n
vecto
r
of
i
th
bacte
rium
fo
r
the
j
th
c
hem
o
ta
xis
ste
p,
k
th
reprod
uction
st
ep
an
d
l
th
el
i
m
i
nation
disp
e
rsa
l
ste
p.
c(i)
is
ste
p
siz
e
ta
ken
in
the
ra
ndom
directi
on
spe
ci
fied
by
the
tum
ble.
ɸ
(
)
is
directi
on
a
ngle
ta
ke
n
by
t
um
ble
at
j
th
ste
p.
If
the
fitness
at
(
+
1
,
,
)
is
bette
r
tha
n
the
fitness
at
(
,
,
)
then
the
bacteri
um
ta
kes
an
oth
e
r
few
ste
p
siz
es
c(i)
i
n
th
at
di
r
ect
ion
s
pecifie
d
by
s
wim
le
ng
th
.
If
the
fi
tness
at
(
+
1
,
,
)
is
no
t
bette
r
t
han
the
fitness
at
(
,
,
)
then
bacteri
um
do
e
s
not
go
for
swim
,
it
find
s
ano
t
her
directi
on
thr
ough
t
um
ble.
But
this
will
aff
ect
t
he
al
gorithm
becau
se
m
any
a
ti
m
es
i
t
m
ay
no
t
fi
nd
be
tt
er
posit
ion.
It
slo
ws
dow
n
the
al
gorithm
search
s
peed
a
nd
m
ay
set
tl
e
at
local
opti
m
um
.
In
this
way
ori
gi
nal
c
hem
otact
i
c
ste
p
of
BF
A
can
n
ot
ef
fecti
vely
sta
bili
se
the
sea
rc
hing
proces
s.
In
ord
er
to
i
m
pr
ove
the
c
hem
otaxis,
di
fferent
m
easur
es
are
t
o
be
ta
ke
n
to
sti
m
ulate
the
sta
ti
c
ind
i
vi
du
al
baterium
to
do
extra m
ov
em
e
nt.
3.2
.
Diff
ere
nti
al
Ev
olut
io
n
op
er
ator
The
f
ollow
i
ng
diff
ere
ntial
evo
l
ution
op
e
ra
tor
is
sel
ect
ed
by
con
side
rin
g
the
par
am
eter
set
ti
ng
of
BFA.
=
(
,
,
)
+
(
(
,
,
)
−
2
(
,
,
)
+
1
(
,
,
)
−
3
(
,
,
)
)
(12)
wh
e
re d
ref
e
rs t
o
the d
im
ension
of
s
olu
ti
on.
(
,
,
)
represents t
he
po
sit
io
n
ve
ct
or o
f
i
th
bacteri
um
f
or
the
j
th
chem
otaxis
ste
p,
k
th
reprod
uc
ti
on
ste
p
a
nd
l
th
el
i
m
inati
on
disp
e
rsal
ste
p.
re
pr
ese
nts
i
th
bacterium
duri
ng
diff
e
re
ntial
m
utati
on
.
is
the
global
be
st
of
the
so
l
utio
ns
,
1
,
2
,
3
are
t
hr
ee
i
ndividu
al
bacteri
a
that
are
ra
ndom
ly
cho
sen
f
r
om
the
w
ho
le
gro
up.
F
is
the
dif
fer
e
ntial
fa
ct
or
w
ho
s
e
r
an
ge
is
[
0.2
–
0.9].
By
us
in
g
t
he
in
f
orm
ation
of
be
st
ind
i
vidual
i
n
the
c
urren
t
popula
ti
on
,
th
e
sp
ee
d
of
th
e
over
al
l
sea
rch
is
acce
le
rat
ed.
Be
sides,
by
ta
kin
g
f
ull
adv
a
nt
age
of
the
in
f
or
m
at
ion
of
ot
her
in
div
id
ual
s
in
the
po
pul
at
ion
,
degra
dation
of
ind
i
vidual
di
m
ention
is
pr
e
ven
te
d
a
nd
t
he
pro
bab
il
it
y
of
the
in
div
id
ual
trap
ped
i
n
to
the
local
op
ti
m
al
is red
uc
ed.
3.3
.
Inc
or
po
r
at
in
g
Chaoti
c
D
ynamic
s
int
o i
nitial p
opul
ati
on
Since
it
giv
es
the
un
if
or
m
distrib
ution
functi
on
in
the
i
nter
val
[0
,
1],
the
te
nt
m
ap
is
cho
se
n
in
this
pap
e
r.
T
he
chao
ti
c
dyna
m
ic
s
of
the
te
nt
m
ap
is
us
ed
fo
r
ge
ner
at
in
g
init
ia
l
po
pu
la
t
ion
.
T
he
te
nt
m
ap
is
def
i
ned b
y
,
+
1
=
(
1
−
2
|
−
0
.
5
|
)
=
1
,
2
,
−
−
−
.
(13)
wh
e
re
de
no
te
s
the
th
cha
os
var
ia
ble
an
d
denotes
t
he
c
ha
os
it
erati
on
num
ber
.
Set
=
0
a
nd
gen
e
rate
chaos
va
riable
s
by
(
@).
T
hen
i=
1,2,
-
-
-
N,
gen
e
rate
N
po
pu
la
ti
on
of
i
niti
al
bacteria
.
T
he
n
the
c
ha
os
va
riable
, i=1,2,
-
-
, N i
s m
app
ed
i
n
to
the the
searc
h r
ang
e
of
descisi
on v
a
riable
by
the foll
owin
g
e
qu
at
io
n.
=
,
+
(
,
−
,
)
=
1
,
2
,
−
−
−
(14)
Wh
e
re
is i
th
ba
ct
eria of
j
th
des
ci
sion
var
ia
ble.
,
is m
ini
m
u
m
l
i
m
it
o
n
j
th
desci
sion va
riable a
nd
,
is m
axi
m
u
m
lim
it
o
n
j
th
desci
sion va
riable.
3.4
.
Algori
thm
ic
St
ep
s for
ORP
D
w
ith
m
od
ifie
d
BFA
To
a
pply
BFA al
gorithm
, th
e fo
ll
owin
g
ste
ps ha
ve
to
b
e
foll
ow
e
d.
Step
1:
Re
ad
the
syst
em
d
at
a. Set the
p
a
ram
et
ers
of
the BF
A.
Step
2:
Ch
oo
se
init
ia
l pop
ulati
on
of
ba
ct
eria wit
h
c
ha
otic dynam
ic
s of tent m
ap
(
13
-
14).
Step
3:
Elim
inati
on
d
is
per
si
on lo
op, l
=l
+1,
k=0.
Step
4:
Re
producti
on l
oop:
k=k
+
1, j
=
0.
Step
5:
Chem
otaxis lo
o
p:
j
=
j
+1
, C
he
ck
the
b
act
e
ria
for
the
constrai
nts.
Step
6:
Get
the
fitness
value
of
ob
j
e
ct
ive
fu
ncti
on
s
(8
-
9)
f
r
om
NR
load
flow
s
olu
ti
on.
Per
f
orm
tu
m
ble
by
add
i
ng
ra
ndom
vector
t
o
th
e
bacteria
.
Ca
l
culat
e
the
fitn
ess,
if
it
is
bet
te
r
than
previ
ous,
perf
or
m
swim
fo
r
swim
siz
e
oth
erw
ise
us
e
dif
fe
ren
ti
al
m
utati
o
n
ope
rato
r
to
update
posit
on
of
bacteria
.
If
the
m
axi
m
u
m
nu
m
ber
of chem
otact
ic
ste
ps
(N
c
)
is
re
ached g
o
t
o ne
xt step
, other
w
ise
go to st
ep 5
and c
on
ti
nue
.
Step
7:
So
rt
the
bacter
ia
accord
i
ng
t
o
their
fitness
.
Rem
ov
e
the
worst
half
of
the
popula
ti
on
and
rep
la
ce
them
with
the
best
half.
I
f
m
axim
u
m
nu
m
ber
of
re
pro
duct
ion
ste
ps
(N
re
)
is
reached
go
t
o
ne
xtstep
ot
he
rw
ise
go to st
ep 4 a
nd c
on
ti
nue.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
A mo
difi
ed
bac
te
rial foragin
g alg
or
it
hm
ba
se
d op
ti
m
al re
act
iv
e p
ower
d
is
patc
h
(
P.
Lo
ke
nd
er Red
dy
)
365
Step
8:
Elim
inate
the
bacteria
with
new
on
e
wit
h
the
probabi
li
ty
of
P
ed
i.e
if
a
rand
om
nu
m
ber
is
gr
eat
er
than
P
ed
.
If
m
a
xim
u
m
nu
m
ber
of
el
im
inati
on
an
d
dis
per
si
on
ste
ps
is
rea
ched
go
to
ne
xt
ste
p
oth
er
wis
e
go
to
ste
p 3 a
nd cont
inu
e.
Step
9:
Pr
i
nt the res
ults.
4.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
The
pro
posed
m
od
ifie
d
Ba
ct
eri
al
Foragi
ng
al
gorithm
is
app
li
ed
to
t
he
ORP
D
pro
blem
with
two
obj
ect
ive
funct
ion
s
,
m
ini
m
iz
a
ti
on
of
real
po
wer
lo
ss
(P
l
oss)
an
d
volt
age
sta
bili
ty
L
-
ind
ex
(V
sta
bili
ty).
T
he
evo
l
ution
is
ca
rr
ie
d
out
on
st
and
a
r
d
IE
EE
30
bus
te
st
syst
e
m
.
Syst
e
m
data
and
i
niti
al
set
ti
ng
s
are
a
da
pted
from
[
17
]
. It
c
on
sist
s
of
30 buses,
41 bra
nc
hes,
6 ge
ner
at
ors,
4
ta
p
set
ti
ng
tran
s
form
ers
and 9 swit
cha
bl
e VAR
com
pen
sat
ing
so
urces
.
Bus
es
1,2,5,
8,1
1
a
nd
13
a
re
gen
e
rator
buses.
Re
ac
ti
ve
powe
r
s
ou
rces
a
re
instal
l
ed
at
bu
s
es
10,
12,
15,
17,
20,
21,
23,
24
an
d
29.
Branch
e
s
(6
-
9),
(6
-
10),
(
4
-
12)
an
d
(
28
-
27)
are
e
qu
i
pp
e
d
with
OLTC
tra
nsfo
r
m
ers.
The
volt
ages
of
ge
ner
a
tor
bu
s
es
an
d
load
buses
ha
ve
be
en
c
onstr
ai
ned
within
li
m
it
s
betwee
n
0.9
5p
.u
a
nd
1.1
p.u.
Op
e
rati
ng
ra
nge
of
al
l
OLTC
s
is
range
f
rom
0.
9
to
1.1.
The
ra
nge
of
c
apacit
or
banks
is co
ns
i
de
red bet
ween 0
MVAr t
o 5 M
VAr.
Table
1
s
hows
the
sim
ulati
on
resu
lt
s
for
P
loss
obj
ect
ive
.
The
Pro
posed
MB
FA
al
gori
thm
red
uce
d
the
powe
r
loss
from
base
value
5.8
12
M
W
to
4.5
978
M
W,
wh
ic
h
in
dicat
es
20
%
re
duct
ion
from
the
base
value.
T
her
e
is
al
so
0.006
M
W
re
duct
io
n
of
po
wer
l
os
s
i
n
com
par
iso
n
w
it
h
AL
O
al
go
rithm
wh
ic
h
is
l
ow
est
a
m
on
g
oth
e
r
e
vo
l
ution
a
ry
co
m
pu
ta
ti
on
al
gorithm
s
pr
esent
ed
in
th
e
ta
ble
for
com
par
is
on.
T
her
e
is
al
s
o
0.1
1
M
W
re
duct
io
n
of
powe
r
l
oss
in
c
om
par
iso
n
with
t
he
bas
ic
BF
al
gorith
m
.
The
pro
pos
ed
al
gorithm
i
s
al
so
giv
in
g
a
6%
r
edu
ct
io
n
of
L
m
ax
value
f
or
P
lo
ss
obj
ect
ive
in
com
par
ison
with
BA
w
hic
h
i
s
lo
west
am
ong
t
he
al
gorithm
s f
rom
li
te
ratur
e.
Table
1
.
C
om
par
isi
on
of sim
ulati
on
r
es
ults
f
or Ploss
ob
j
ect
ive
in
itial
BA [
1
8
]
GW
O
[
1
8
]
ABC
[
1
8
]
ALO
[
1
8
]
HDESA
[
1
9
]
GAFGP [
2
0
]
BFA
MBFA
VG1
1
.05
1
.1
1
.1
1
.1
1
.1
1
.07
4
4
1
.05
5
1
.1
1
.09
8
VG2
1
.04
1
.09
4
1
.09
3
8
1
.09
7
1
1
.09
5
3
1
.07
2
4
1
.04
2
1
.09
5
6
1
.09
4
6
VG5
1
.01
1
.07
4
1
.07
3
7
1
.08
6
6
1
.07
6
7
1
.04
8
6
1
.03
5
1
.06
8
1
.07
9
8
VG8
1
.01
1
.07
6
1
.07
9
7
1
.08
1
.07
8
8
1
.49
8
1
.03
6
1
.07
6
1
1
.08
1
7
VG1
1
1
.05
1
.1
1
.1
1
.08
5
1
.1
1
.06
9
2
1
.08
5
1
.1
1
.09
6
5
VG1
3
1
.05
1
.1
1
.09
4
4
1
.1
1
.1
1
.00
3
8
1
.06
4
1
.09
5
3
1
.1
T6
-
9
1
.07
8
0
.95
0
.98
1
.07
1
.01
1
.03
7
5
0
.95
3
6
1
.01
9
5
1
.04
5
9
T6
-
10
1
.06
9
1
.03
0
.97
0
.95
0
.99
0
.99
3
8
0
.90
6
7
0
.98
4
8
0
.90
5
2
T4
-
12
1
.03
2
0
.99
1
.02
1
.02
1
.02
0
.97
5
0
.99
9
1
.02
8
3
0
.97
5
9
T28
-
27
1
.06
8
0
.97
0
.99
1
.01
1
1
.04
3
8
0
.96
6
2
0
.94
9
3
0
.96
8
8
QC1
0
0
5
2
5
4
0
.01
1
0
.03
8
7
1
4
.01
6
9
3
.59
0
2
QC1
2
0
0
5
0
2
0
.03
3
0
.04
1
5
1
1
.97
9
2
4
.53
8
6
QC1
5
0
5
4
2
4
0
.04
6
5
0
.04
8
1
2
0
3
.53
2
5
QC1
7
0
5
4
5
3
0
.03
5
0
.03
7
3
5
3
.02
2
2
4
.54
5
3
QC2
0
0
0
4
4
2
0
.03
3
5
0
.04
6
1
7
2
.92
5
3
4
.89
7
4
QC2
1
0
0
0
5
4
0
.01
8
0
.04
8
2
8
2
.03
7
5
1
.25
4
6
QC2
3
0
0
5
4
3
0
.00
7
0
.03
7
8
1
1
.03
8
7
4
.47
2
4
QC2
4
0
5
3
5
5
0
.01
7
0
.04
5
1
2
4
.00
3
5
4
.91
4
6
QC2
9
0
0
3
4
5
0
.01
5
5
0
.02
6
9
2
.04
0
1
1
.31
9
6
Plos
s
4
.81
2
4
.62
8
4
.61
1
4
.61
1
4
.59
5
.12
9
5
.16
9
4
.69
4
4
.58
4
L
m
ax
0
.17
1
6
0
.12
4
7
0
.13
0
3
0
.13
2
6
0
.13
0
7
NR
NR
0
.11
8
9
0
.11
7
6
All
the
si
m
ul
at
ion
s
are
do
ne
in
MATL
AB
R200
9b
so
ft
war
e
on
a
per
s
on
al
co
m
pu
te
r
with
config
ur
at
io
n
i
3
process
or,
C
PU
1.9
GH
z
an
d
4G
B
R
AM.
30
in
dep
e
nden
t
runs
wer
e
ex
ecuted
a
nd
bes
t,
w
or
s
t
and
m
ean
valu
es
of
opti
m
a
l
so
luti
ons
are
presente
d.
T
he
ob
ta
ine
d
res
ult
s
of
pro
posed
Mod
ifie
d
BFA
are
com
par
ed
with
basic
BF
A
and
oth
e
r
sta
ndar
dard
e
vo
l
ution
a
ry
al
gorithm
s
in
the
li
t
eratur
e
su
c
h
a
s
Ba
t
al
gorithm
(BA)
,
G
rey
w
olf
op
ti
m
iz
ation
(
G
WO
)
,
A
rtific
ia
l
Be
e
colony
(A
BC
),
A
nt
Loin
O
pti
m
i
zat
ion
(A
L
O),
Hy
br
i
d
dif
fer
e
ntial
E
voluti
on
an
d
Si
m
ulate
d
Ann
eal
ing
(
HDES
A)
,
Ge
netic
Algorithm
based
Fu
zzy
Go
al
Pro
gr
am
m
ing
(
G
AF
G
P
)
a
nd Gravita
ti
on
al
Searc
h O
pti
m
iz
at
ion
(
G
SO
)
alg
or
it
hm
.
Table
2
t
he
si
m
ula
ti
on
re
su
lt
s
f
or
V
sta
bili
ty
ob
j
ect
ive.
The
Pro
po
se
d
MB
FA
al
gorithm
red
uce
d
th
e
powe
r
l
os
s
fro
m
base
value
0.171
6
to
0.1139,
w
hich
i
nd
i
cat
es
33
%
re
duct
ion
from
the
base
value.
Ther
e
i
s
al
so
2%
of
r
edu
ct
io
n
of
L
m
a
x
value
fro
m
ALO
al
gor
it
h
m
wh
ic
h
is
lowest
am
on
g
oth
e
r
ev
olut
ion
ary
al
gorithm
s
pr
e
sented
in
t
he
ta
ble
f
or
c
om
par
ison.
T
he
pro
pose
d
al
gorit
hm
al
so
offe
red
3%
re
du
ct
i
on
f
r
om
the
basic
BFA
.
Fi
gure
1
s
hows
t
he
co
nver
ge
nc
e
of
B
FA
a
nd
MB
FA
al
gorit
hm
s
fo
r
100
it
erati
on
s
f
or
P
loss
and
V
stabilit
y
ob
j
ect
ives.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry 20
19
:
361
–
367
366
Table
2.
C
om
par
isi
on of sim
ulati
on
r
es
ults
f
or V
sta
bili
ty
o
bj
ect
iv
e
in
itial
BA [
1
8
]
GW
O
[
1
8
]
ABC
[
1
8
]
ALO
[
1
8
]
GSO [
2
1
]
BFA
MBFA
VG1
1
.05
1
.09
7
1
.09
6
5
1
.08
2
9
1
.09
9
2
1
.1
1
.05
9
1
1
.09
9
7
VG2
1
.04
1
.09
3
1
.08
0
7
1
.07
3
1
.09
4
8
1
.1
1
.05
6
9
1
.09
8
9
VG5
1
.01
1
.04
9
1
.06
9
3
1
.07
5
9
1
.09
7
5
1
.1
1
.04
0
9
1
.07
8
3
VG8
1
.01
1
.07
1
1
.06
2
4
1
.07
4
4
1
.09
9
7
1
.1
1
.08
9
3
1
.04
8
4
VG1
1
1
.05
1
.06
1
.09
7
7
1
.1
1
.09
7
9
1
.1
1
.06
3
7
1
.09
6
5
VG1
3
1
.05
1
.09
7
1
.09
2
7
1
.08
0
4
1
.1
1
.1
0
.96
7
4
1
.09
1
3
T6
-
9
1
.07
8
1
.09
0
.96
1
.03
1
.04
0
.9
0
.97
9
4
0
.94
1
6
T6
-
10
1
.06
9
0
.9
1
.01
0
.92
0
.95
0
.9
0
.96
5
4
1
.05
8
T4
-
12
1
.03
2
1
.1
0
.97
0
.92
0
.98
0
.9
0
.90
5
9
0
.98
8
4
T28
-
27
1
.06
8
0
.93
0
.94
0
.97
0
.97
1
.01
9
5
3
8
0
.93
2
5
0
.94
5
3
QC1
0
0
3
2
5
5
5
3
.02
8
7
5
QC1
2
0
4
1
5
3
5
3
.99
4
5
QC1
5
0
3
1
5
3
5
3
.02
7
6
5
QC1
7
0
5
2
4
4
5
1
.89
5
3
5
QC2
0
0
5
2
5
3
5
1
.93
9
5
4
.97
6
3
QC2
1
0
0
1
3
2
5
3
.98
0
1
4
.94
5
6
QC2
3
0
0
4
4
1
5
4
.01
3
1
5
QC2
4
0
0
4
4
2
5
4
.02
3
6
4
.97
6
8
QC2
9
0
3
4
5
4
5
4
.03
3
3
4
.94
3
Plo
ss
4
.81
2
5
.07
4
8
4
.82
6
9
4
.96
8
8
4
.86
9
3
6
.66
0
2
5
8
6
.65
2
4
.95
4
L
m
a
x
0
.17
1
6
0
.11
9
1
0
.11
8
0
.11
6
1
0
.11
6
1
0
.11
6
0
7
0
.11
7
4
0
.11
3
7
Figure
1.
Co
nverg
e
nce
of BF
A
a
nd MB
FA f
or P
loss
an
d V
sta
bilit
y
ob
j
ect
ives
Table
3
sho
w
s
su
m
m
ary
of
the
pe
rfo
rm
a
nce
of
both
t
he
al
gorit
hm
s.
It
cl
early
shows
the
out
perform
ance
of
the
pro
po
s
ed
al
gorithm
for
both
the
obj
ect
ives
.
Ge
ner
al
ly
evo
l
ution
a
ry
com
pu
ta
ti
on
al
gorithm
s
are
ra
ndom
in
na
ture
t
hey
va
ry
fro
m
on
e
r
un
to
a
no
t
her
r
un.
B
ut
the
sta
nd
a
r
d
dev
ia
ti
on
value
sh
ows
that the
pro
po
se
d
al
gor
it
h
m
is
m
or
e c
on
sist
a
nt whic
h
is
ver
y m
uch d
esi
ra
ble in
pract
ic
al
ap
plica
ti
on
s
.
Table
3.
Su
m
m
ary o
f
BF
A
a
nd MB
F
A per
form
ance
BFA
MBFA
BFA
MBFA
Plo
ss
bes
t
4
.69
4
4
.58
4
L
m
ax
bes
t
0
.11
7
4
0
.11
3
7
Plo
ss
worst
5
.13
8
4
.70
6
L
m
ax
wo
rst
0
.12
5
8
0
.11
7
3
Plo
ss
m
ean
4
.90
6
4
.63
8
L
m
ax
m
ean
0
.12
1
2
0
.11
4
8
Plo
ss
ST
D
0
.11
6
9
0
.04
2
L
m
ax
S
TD
0
.00
2
2
0
.00
1
1
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
NS
Re
act
ive
powe
r
op
ti
m
iz
ation
with
a
Mod
ifie
d
Ba
ct
erial
Fo
r
agi
ng
al
go
rithm
fo
r
two
obj
ect
ives;
m
ini
m
iz
at
ion
of
r
eal
po
wer
lo
ss
an
d
volt
age
sta
bili
ty
L
-
in
de
x
is
pro
pose
d
.
The
propose
d
al
gorithm
is
te
ste
d
on
I
EEE
30
bu
s
te
st
sys
tem
.
Si
m
ulati
on
res
ults
ob
ta
ine
d
by
the
pr
opos
e
d
MB
FA
are
com
par
ed
with
ori
gin
al
BFA
a
nd
al
so
with
oth
er
po
pula
r
te
chi
nuqu
es
w
hich
a
re
re
ported
i
n
the
r
ecent
sta
te
of
a
rt
li
te
ratur
es
a
nd
it
is
dem
on
strat
ed
that
the
re
is
si
gnific
ant
im
pr
ovem
ent
in
bot
h
obj
ect
ives
in
com
par
iso
n
w
it
h
ori
gin
al
B
F
A
a
nd
al
so
giv
in
g
bet
te
r
resu
lt
s
in
com
par
ison
with
oth
e
r
al
gorithm
s.
The
resu
l
ts
al
so
dem
on
strat
e
that
add
it
ion
of
0
20
40
60
80
100
4
.
5
5
5
.
5
6
6
.
5
7
7
.
5
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
I
t
e
r
a
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Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
A mo
difi
ed
bac
te
rial foragin
g alg
or
it
hm
ba
se
d op
ti
m
al re
act
iv
e p
ower
d
is
patc
h
(
P.
Lo
ke
nd
er Red
dy
)
367
diff
e
re
ntial
m
utati
on
an
d
cha
os
dynam
ic
s
i
m
pr
ov
e
d
the
ori
gin
al
BF
A
al
goritm
to
a
co
ns
ide
rab
le
de
gree
a
nd
with c
onsist
en
cy
. S
o t
he p
rop
os
e
d
al
gorithm
is su
it
able
f
or
Energy C
on
tr
ol
Center.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.