Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
23
,
No.
3
,
Septem
ber
2021
, pp.
1451
~
1457
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v
23
.i
3
.
pp
1451
-
1457
1451
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
eecs.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
An an
alys
is
of manu
al and
autoan
alys
i
s fo
r s
ub
mic
rosec
ond
paramet
ers in th
e typic
al first
ligh
tnin
g return stro
ke
Muhamm
ad
Ak
m
al Ba
ha
ri
1
, Z
ikri
A
ba
di
Baharudin
2
, T
ole Su
tikn
o
3
,
A
hm
ad
Idil
A
bdul
Rahma
n
4
,
Mohd
Arif
f M
at H
anaf
ia
h
5
, Maz
ree Ibr
ahi
m
6
1
Facul
t
y
of Elect
ric
a
l
Eng
ineeri
n
g,
Univer
si
ti T
ek
nika
l
Malay
si
a M
el
aka,
76100
Duria
n
Tungg
al,
Mela
k
a, Ma
l
a
y
s
ia
2,4,5,6
Facul
t
y
of E
ngine
er
ing
T
ec
h
nolog
y
,
Kam
pus T
ekno
logi
,
Uni
ver
siti
Te
kn
ika
l
Ma
lay
s
ia Mel
ak
a,
Ma
lay
si
a
3
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Univ
ersitas Ahm
ad
Dahlan,
Yog
y
ak
art
a
,
I
ndonesia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
27, 202
1
Re
vised Jul
15,
2021
Accepte
d
J
ul
27, 2
021
The
m
ec
hani
sm
on
how
li
ghtning
det
ection
s
y
stem
(LDS)
ope
rat
ed
nev
er
bee
n
expose
d
b
y
m
anuf
acture
r
since
it
was
conf
ide
nt
ia
l
.
T
his
sce
nar
io
m
oti
vat
ed
th
e
a
uthors
to
expl
or
e
the
issue
abo
ve
b
y
using
MA
TL
AB
to
deve
lop
aut
oan
aly
s
is
software
base
d
on
th
e
featur
e
ext
ra
ct
ion
.
This
ext
ra
ct
ion is i
ntended
for
rec
ogn
i
zi
ng
the
p
ara
m
eters i
n
the
first
r
e
turn
stroke,
and
compare
th
e
m
ea
surem
ent
bet
wee
n
th
e
autoana
l
y
sis
software
and
the
m
anua
l
ana
l
y
sis
.
Thi
s
pape
r
is
a
m
odifi
ca
t
ion
base
d
on
a
pre
vious
work
reg
ard
ing
aut
o
an
aly
s
is
of
z
ero
-
cr
oss
ing
ti
m
e
and
ini
tial
p
ea
k
of
re
turn
stroke
using
fea
tur
es
e
xtra
c
ti
on
progr
a
m
m
ing
te
chni
qu
e.
Furthe
r,
th
e
p
ara
m
et
er
on
rising
ti
m
e
of
ini
tial
p
ea
k
is
adde
d
in
thi
s
aut
oan
aly
sis
pr
ogra
m
m
ing
te
chn
ique
.
Finall
y
,
th
e
m
anua
l
a
naly
s
is
using
W
ave
Studio
(
Le
Cr
o
y
produ
ct)
of
those
two
li
ghtni
ng
par
amet
e
rs
is
compare
d
with
aut
oan
aly
si
s
software
.
Thi
s
stud
y
found
tha
t
the
au
toa
na
l
y
sis
produ
ce
si
m
il
ar
resul
t
with
the
m
anu
a
l
ana
l
y
sis,
hen
ce p
rove
d
th
e
r
el
i
ability
o
f
th
is soft
w
are
.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
Au
t
oan
al
ysi
s
Feat
ur
e
ex
tr
act
ion
Ligh
t
ning
detect
ion
syst
em
Re
turn str
ok
e
Subm
ic
ro
seco
nd
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Zikri
Ab
a
di
Ba
haru
din
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
rical
an
d
Ele
ct
ro
nic
Eng
ineerin
g
T
ech
nolo
gy
Faculty
of E
ngineerin
g
T
ech
nolo
gy, Uni
ver
s
it
i Tekn
ikal M
al
ay
sia
Mel
aka
Fakult
i Tek
no
l
og
i
Ke
j
ur
utera
an
Ele
ktrik da
n El
ektr
on
i
k (F
TKEE
),
Kam
pu
s Te
knol
og
i
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knikal M
al
ay
sia
Me
la
ka,
Ha
ng Tu
a
h
Jay
a,
76
100 D
ur
ia
n
T
unggal
, Mel
a
ka, M
al
ay
sia
Em
a
il
: zi
kr
i@utem
.ed
u.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ligh
t
n
in
g
ha
s
been
an
i
nteres
ti
ng
ph
e
nom
eno
n
t
o
disco
ver
by
resea
rch
e
r
a
nd
powe
r
e
ng
i
neer.
It
was
begu
n
f
ro
m
the
wor
k
of
Be
njam
in
Fr
an
klin
un
ti
l
rece
ntly
,
m
any
inv
est
ig
at
ion
s
r
eveal
t
he
m
yst
eries
beh
in
d
this
ph
e
nom
eno
n.
The
li
ghtni
ng
is
im
m
ense
el
ect
rical
ener
gy
w
hich
occurs
le
ss
tha
n
a
second
[
1]
-
[3]
.
The
r
e
are
th
ousa
nd
s
of
am
per
es
rel
eased
w
hen
th
e
li
gh
t
ning
str
uc
k
[4]
-
[7]
.
O
ve
rvolta
ge
due
t
o
li
gh
t
ning
will
cause
insu
la
ti
on
to
bur
n
if
t
he
pow
er
eq
uip
m
ent
is
not
protect
e
d,
an
d
as
a
res
ul
t,
the
power
syst
e
m
will
com
plete
ly
sh
ut
dow
n
[
8]
-
[12]
.
The
li
ght
ning
bro
ught
dam
ages
towa
r
ds
el
ect
rical
app
li
ance
a
nd
e
le
ct
rical
distribu
ti
on
powe
r
syst
em
[7
]
, [1
3]
-
[
21]
.
The
i
nv
est
igati
on
an
d
re
ports
by
m
any
rese
arch
e
rs
s
howe
d
that
t
he
c
harac
te
risti
cs
of
e
le
ct
ric
fiel
ds
gen
e
rated
by
li
gh
t
ning
flashe
s
us
i
ng
a
si
ng
l
e
sta
ti
on
m
easur
em
ent
with
high
reso
l
utio
ns
of
12
bits
tra
ns
ie
nt
recorde
r
a
nd
r
ecordin
g
with
sev
eral
na
no
se
conds
acc
urac
y,
was
c
on
si
de
red
as
a
gro
un
d
tr
uth
m
easurem
ent
[19],
[22]
-
[24]
wh
er
e
the
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
al
lo
we
d
one
to
disti
nguis
h
betw
een
the
ICs’
act
ivit
ie
s
and
the
pre
cedin
g
process
of
gro
und
flas
hes
[4]
,
[22]
,
[
23
]
.
P
re
sente
d
a
pr
ogress
of
stu
dies
to
wards
t
he
unde
rstan
ding
of
th
e
po
s
sible effect
s o
f
li
gh
t
ning to
the v
a
rio
us
obj
ect
s
, p
arti
c
ularly
f
or
a sen
si
ti
ve
el
ect
ro
nic d
evice. T
hus,
va
rio
us
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptem
ber
2
02
1
:
14
51
-
14
57
1452
ty
pe
of
li
gh
t
nin
g
locat
i
on
sys
tem
s
was
bu
il
t
in
su
c
h
a
way
that
the
el
ect
ric
f
ie
ld
from
the
li
gh
tnin
g
stri
ke
can
be
locat
ed
a
nd
cha
racteri
ze
the
li
gh
tni
ng
par
am
at
ers
fo
r
a
dv
a
ncin
g
this
par
ti
cula
r
researc
h
w
ork.
T
he
inv
est
igati
on
outc
om
e
helps
an
el
ect
rical
eng
i
neer
f
or
de
sign
i
ng
t
he
el
e
ct
rical
protect
ion
an
d
determ
ine
the
po
te
ntial
of the
equipm
ent to wit
hs
ta
nd t
he
e
ff
ect
of li
gh
t
nin
g
[5
]
, [1
1],
[18], [1
9], [2
1], [24
]
-
[
27
]
.
Four
ty
pes
of
geo
locat
io
n
te
chn
i
qu
e
s,
kn
own
as
tim
e
of
ar
rival,
di
r
ect
ion
,
opti
cal
i
m
ager
y
and
com
bin
e
d
sp
ec
ia
l
te
chn
iqu
e
s
wer
e
discusse
d
in
[28]
,
[
29
]
.
Ligh
t
ning
ge
ol
ocati
ons
te
ch
niq
ue
s
us
e
d
m
ul
ti
ple
sens
or
s
for
m
easur
i
ng
t
he
ti
m
e
of
the
par
t
ic
ular
cha
racteri
sti
c
of
a
li
ghtning
e
ve
nt
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
wav
e
form
.
Fu
rtherm
or
e,
at
le
ast
f
our
sens
ors
we
re
require
d,
as
well
as
the
determ
inati
on
of
it
s
tim
e,
latit
ud
e,
an
d
longit
ud
e
[
30]
,
[31]
.
Se
nsors
in
the
long
-
range
li
gh
tni
ng
fi
nd
i
ng
syst
em
c
ou
l
d
m
easur
e
t
he
pro
pag
at
i
on
of
th
e
li
gh
tnin
g
el
ect
r
om
agn
et
ic
influ
ence
d
by
Eart
h
-
i
onosph
e
re w
ave
guide o
ve
r
thousa
nds
of k
il
om
et
res
[3
2]
,
[33]
.
This
strat
e
gy
is
base
d
on
t
he
no
ti
on
t
hat
li
gh
t
ning
ve
ry
low
fr
e
quenc
y
(V
L
F)
wa
ves
pro
pag
at
e
th
r
ough
the
ionos
ph
e
re
with
dis
persi
on,
causi
ng
hi
gher
f
re
qu
e
ncy
com
po
ne
nts
t
o
a
rr
ive
befo
re
lo
wer
f
re
quency
com
po
ne
nts,
a
s
m
entione
d
in
[32]
,
[
34
]
,
[35]
.
Seco
nd,
m
agn
et
ic
di
recti
on
fin
ding
(M
DF
)
is
us
e
d
f
or
VL
F
range,
w
he
reas
br
oa
dban
d
int
erf
e
ro
m
et
ry
is
us
e
d
for
ver
y
high
fr
e
quenc
y
(V
HF)
ra
ng
e
.
In
[
36
]
us
e
d
VLF
interfe
ro
m
et
ry
in
the
st
ud
y
to
im
pr
ov
e
directi
on
fi
nd
i
ng
ac
cu
racy,
wh
il
e
[
33]
an
d
[
37]
us
e
d
VHF
interfe
ro
m
et
ry.
MDF
is
def
i
ne
d
as
a
te
ch
niq
ue
t
hat
em
pl
oys
two
or
t
hogonal
lo
op
a
nt
enn
a
s
to
m
eas
ur
e
th
e
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
wav
e
f
or
m
pro
du
ce
d
by
a
li
ghtnin
g
e
ve
nt
[
38]
.
E
xp
la
ine
d
t
hat
the
azi
m
uth
of
a
li
ghtnin
g
e
vent
cou
l
d be calc
ulate
d
by m
easuri
ng
eac
h
l
oop.
Gen
e
rall
y,
a
com
bin
at
ion
of
dire
ct
ion
ve
ct
or
(M
DF)
a
nd
s
ens
or
loc
at
ion
al
lo
w
one
to
l
ocate
li
gh
tnin
g
l
ocat
ion
base
d
on
t
he
peak
pr
oport
ion
am
plit
ud
e
of
the
el
ect
rom
agn
et
ic
wa
ve
form
pr
od
uced
by
a
n
il
lu
m
inati
on
e
ven
t.
Sim
ultaneousl
y
interce
pted
vect
or
s
f
r
om
two
or
m
or
e
se
nsors
ide
nt
ify
an
e
ven
t
sit
e
with
li
gh
tnin
g
[
24]
.
In
ad
diti
on
,
MDF
can
be
e
m
plo
ye
d
wh
en
two
or
m
or
e
sens
or
s
s
im
ult
aneously
inter
cept
can
cal
culat
e
the
ti
m
e,
la
ti
tud
e
an
d
lo
ngit
ude
of
a
flash
e
ven
t.
Tw
o
or
m
or
e
three
-
axis
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
sen
s
or
s
are
require
d
to
det
erm
ine
the
al
ti
t
ud
e
f
or
a
li
ghtnin
g
e
ven
t
[39
]
,
[40]
.
Eac
h
se
ns
or
nee
ds
to
ha
ve
th
ree
or
t
hogona
l
loop
ante
nnas
to
cal
culat
e
th
e
al
ti
tud
e
an
d
the
capa
bili
ty
to
m
easur
e
the
azim
uth
an
d
el
evati
on
a
ngle
s
of
a
repor
te
d
li
ghtn
ing
e
ve
nt
[
38
]
.
V
HF
i
nterf
e
r
om
et
ry
is
ano
ther
m
et
hod
to
fin
d
directi
on
[41]
.
A
li
ghtnin
g
syst
e
m
that
use
s
se
ns
ors
t
hat
ha
ve
bee
n
buil
t
into
a
va
riet
y
of
a
nten
nas.
Like
the
MD
F
te
ch
nique,
li
ghtnin
g
even
t
locat
i
on
m
easur
em
ent
s
wer
e
c
onduc
te
d
sim
ultaneou
sly
with
tw
o
or
m
or
e
se
nsors
t
o
dete
rm
i
ne
the
locat
ion
of
the
li
gh
tni
ng
e
ve
nt.
A
n
azi
m
uth
in
form
at
ion
is
prov
i
de
d
by
the
de
rivati
on
of
t
he
ti
m
e
of
arr
i
val
(phases
dif
fer
e
nce)
from
the
VHF
sig
nals
associat
ed
wi
th
the
li
ghtnin
g
eve
nts
am
on
g
i
nd
i
vidual
sens
or
anten
nas.
T
he
m
easur
em
ent
util
iz
ing
m
agn
et
ic
directi
on
f
ind
in
g,
on
t
he
oth
e
r
ha
nd,
suffe
rs
from
local
sit
e
inaccu
racies.
T
o
ac
quire
a
bso
l
ute
an
gle
est
i
m
at
ion
,
thes
e
error
s
m
us
t
be
ta
ke
n
int
o
acc
ount.
As
the
di
sta
nce
from
the
detec
tor
gro
ws
,
the
con
sta
nt
an
gle
error
be
com
es
m
or
e
li
near.
Using
at
le
ast
three
sens
or
s
with
sens
or
directi
on
vecto
rs
inte
rs
ect
ing
at a
r
ig
ht
an
gle is
the
sim
plest w
ay
to
reduce c
onsta
nt
an
gle e
rro
r.
Thir
dly,
an
opt
ic
al
i
m
aging
is
a
sat
el
lite
-
bas
ed
li
gh
t
ning
de
te
ct
ion
te
chnol
og
y
that
use
s
the
ra
diati
on
e
m
itted
by
cl
ouds
to
ge
oloc
at
e
photogra
ph
s
ca
pture
d
from
sp
ace
[39],
[
42
]
-
[45]
.
The
cl
ou
d
top
cou
l
d
m
easur
e
cl
ou
d
-
to
-
gro
und
a
nd
intracl
oud
li
ghtnin
g
flashes
[46]
,
[
47]
.
O
pt
ic
al
i
m
aging
c
an
al
so
be
us
e
d
to
est
ablish
ti
m
e,
la
ti
tud
e,
an
d
l
ongitu
de.
O
ptica
l
i
m
aging
ca
nno
t,
ho
wev
e
r,
be
util
iz
ed
to
de
te
rm
ine
the
al
ti
tud
e
of
a
li
ghtni
ng
strike'
s
sit
e.
T
he
fou
rth
li
ght
ning
l
ocati
ng
s
yst
e
m
e
m
plo
ys
a
var
ie
ty
of
t
echn
i
qu
e
s,
i
ncl
ud
i
ng
integrate
d
an
d
un
i
qu
e
ones.
Com
bin
ing
ti
m
e
of
ar
rival
and
m
agn
et
ic
directi
on
fi
nd
i
ng,
or
broa
db
a
nd
V
H
F
interfe
ro
m
et
ry
an
d
opti
cal
im
aging
,
are
t
wo
exam
ples
of
integ
rated
appr
oach
es
.
T
he
ti
m
e
of
a
rri
val
an
d
m
agn
et
ic
direc
ti
on
-
fin
ding
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
we
re
us
e
d
to
gethe
r
for
the
first
t
i
m
e
to
bu
il
d
a
li
gh
tni
ng
loc
at
ing
syst
e
m
.
Wh
e
n
e
m
plo
yi
ng
the
com
bin
ed
m
eth
od
ology
gi
ve
n
by
[
29]
,
m
or
e
sens
ors
a
re
r
e
qu
i
red
to
e
sta
blish
the
geo
l
ocati
on
of
a
li
ghtni
ng
in
ci
de
nt.
F
urt
her
m
or
e,
br
oa
db
a
nd
VHF
i
nterf
e
r
om
et
ry
and
op
ti
cal
im
agin
g
wer
e
us
e
d
i
n
the
seco
nd
c
om
bin
ed
an
d
uniq
ue
m
et
ho
dolo
gy.
Accordi
ng
t
o
[
48]
,
[
49
]
,
i
n
the
lo
w
-
ea
rth
orbiti
ng
sat
el
li
t
e
-
base
d
li
ghtni
ng
locat
in
g
sys
tem
,
a
two
a
nt
enn
a
s
syst
em
was
em
plo
ye
d
to
pre
dict
a
dir
ect
io
n
of
a
rr
i
val
to
gether
with
opti
cal
i
m
ager
y
to
ge
olo
cat
e
a
l
ig
ht
ning
occurre
nc
e.
The
be
ne
fit
of
us
i
ng
t
his
st
rategy
was
that
it
reduced
local
sit
e
error.
T
he
po
si
ti
on
of
a
li
ghtn
ing
st
rike
e
ve
nt
can
be
ob
ta
in
ed
m
or
e
acc
ur
a
te
an
d
reli
able
[
50]
,
[
51
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
f
o
u
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
l
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
l
o
c
a
t
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
A
r
r
i
v
a
l
t
i
m
e
,
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
,
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
i
m
a
g
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
c
om
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
s
a
r
e
a
l
l
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
.
T
h
e
t
h
r
e
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
s
t
a
n
d
-
a
l
o
n
e
l
i
gh
t
n
i
n
g
l
o
c
a
t
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
r
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
a
r
r
i
v
a
l
,
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
i
m
a
g
i
n
g
.
I
n
c
o
m
pa
r
i
s
o
n
t
o
s
t
a
n
d
-
a
l
o
n
e
l
i
g
h
t
ni
n
g
l
o
c
a
t
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
t
he
c
om
bi
n
e
d
a
n
d
c
u
s
t
om
i
z
e
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
a
m
o
r
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
l
i
gh
t
n
i
n
g
l
o
c
a
t
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
A
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
l
i
g
h
t
ni
n
g
l
oc
a
t
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
i
n
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
,
t
h
e
l
i
g
h
t
ni
n
g
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
i
n
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
.
W
h
e
n
a
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g
l
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
d
a
t
a
,
a
l
l
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
r
e
l
y
o
n
m
a
n
u
a
l
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
[52]
,
[53]
.
T
h
i
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
s
t
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
W
a
v
e
S
t
u
d
i
o
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
b
y
L
e
C
r
o
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
u
t
o
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
t
h
a
t
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
.
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
a
i
m
e
d
t
o
d
i
s
c
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
a
u
t
o
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
f
o
r
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
:
(
i
)
d
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
z
e
r
o
-
c
r
o
s
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
(
i
i
)
t
h
e
d
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
i
s
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
.
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
a
m
o
d
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
w
o
r
k
b
y
[24
]
,
[
3
9
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
An a
na
ly
sis
of
man
ua
l
and a
ut
oana
ly
sis f
or
s
ubmic
r
os
eco
nd
paramete
rs
in
…
(
Muhamm
ad Ak
m
al Bah
ari
)
1453
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
o
n
a
u
t
o
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
f
i
r
s
t
r
e
t
u
r
n
s
t
r
o
k
e
b
a
s
e
d
z
e
r
o
-
c
r
o
s
s
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
e
a
k
u
s
i
n
g
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
t
h
e
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
o
f
r
i
s
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
pe
a
k
o
f
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
r
e
t
u
r
n
s
t
r
o
k
e
i
s
a
d
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
a
u
t
o
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
.
F
i
n
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
(
u
s
i
n
g
L
e
C
r
o
y
W
a
v
e
S
t
u
d
i
o
)
o
f
t
h
o
s
e
t
w
o
l
i
g
h
t
n
i
ng
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
i
s
c
om
p
a
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
u
t
o
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
d
o
f
s
u
b
-
m
i
c
r
o
s
e
c
o
n
d
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
f
i
r
s
t
r
e
t
u
r
n
s
t
r
o
k
e
w
a
v
e
s
h
a
p
e
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
i
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
s
u
s
e
f
u
l
f
o
r
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
pm
e
n
t
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
t
h
e
a
u
t
om
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
l
i
g
h
t
ni
n
g
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
2.
METHO
D
In
t
his
stu
dy,
t
he
32
ty
pical
l
igh
tni
ng
data
wer
e
a
naly
sed
.
The
data
of
t
he
li
ghtnin
g
obta
ined
f
ro
m
the
m
easur
em
e
nt
set
up
c
onsis
t
of
t
he
par
al
le
l
-
pl
at
e
ante
nn
a
,
buf
fe
r
ci
rc
uit
an
d
the
osc
il
losc
op
e
.
T
he
ty
pical
li
gh
tnin
g
a
nal
yse
d
by
us
in
g
two
m
et
ho
ds.
The
first
m
eth
od
was
us
in
g
m
anu
al
m
eas
ur
em
ent.
The
seco
nd
m
et
ho
d
was
by
us
in
g
the
program
m
ing
m
et
hod.
T
he
pro
gr
am
m
ed
so
ft
war
e
t
o
m
easur
e
the
durati
on
of
t
he
li
gh
tnin
g
ze
r
o
-
cro
ssi
ng
an
d
t
he
durati
on
of
the
risin
g
ti
m
e
was
buil
t.
The
al
gorith
m
in
the
pr
ogram
m
ed
so
ft
war
e
was
t
est
ed
to
e
nsure
the
m
easur
em
ent
was
reli
abl
e.
The
aut
oan
a
ly
sis
so
ftwa
re
as
show
n
i
n
Fi
gure
1
was
te
ste
d
by
run
ning
se
ver
a
l
it
erati
on
s
w
it
h
m
any.
The
thres
hold
val
ue
of
ze
ro
cr
os
si
ng
w
hich
we
re
base
d
on
well
-
known
li
gh
tni
ng
pa
ra
m
et
ers
wer
e
c
ho
s
en
ra
ng
i
ng
from
35
to
70
µs
.
Acc
ordi
ng
to
the
a
utoa
na
ly
sis
so
ft
war
e
of
Figure
1,
the
m
os
t
accu
rate
thres
hold
vo
l
um
e
was
40
µs
.
This
st
ud
y
chose
40
µ
s
as
the
appr
opriat
e
thr
esh
old
value
t
o
util
ise
in
the
a
lgorit
hm
to
m
e
asur
e
the
durat
ion
of
the
ze
ro
-
cr
os
sin
g
i
n
th
e
first
return
stroke t
o av
oid
false
det
ect
ion
[22]
,
[23]
.
Figure
1. A
utoa
naly
sis so
ftwa
re
determ
ine the dur
at
io
n of t
he
zer
o
-
c
ro
s
sin
g u
nd
e
r
M
ATL
AB p
la
tf
orm
The
(1)
sho
ws
a
par
t
of
the
al
gorithm
inv
ol
ves
in
this
re
search
.
T
he
t
0
(
k
-
1)
is
the
ti
m
e
of
t
he
a
m
plit
ud
e
at
t
he
e
nd
of
t
he
zero
-
cr
os
si
ng
tim
e
du
rati
on
wh
il
e
the
t0
(
k)
is
the
tim
e
of
the
am
plit
ud
es
at
the
sta
rt
of
the
zer
o
-
c
rossin
g
dur
at
ion
.
The
val
ue
of
0.0
00
04
is
the
th
res
ho
l
d
value
of
40
µs
for
the
zer
o
-
c
r
os
sin
g
detect
ion
[
22
]
,
[23]
.
0
(
−
1
)
−
0
(
)
>
0
.
00004
(1)
The
(
2)
us
e
d
f
or
risi
ng
ti
m
e
detect
ion.
This
researc
h
us
es
this
equ
at
io
n
i
n
the
al
gorith
m
to
find
the
rising
ti
m
e
of
the
first
retu
rn
strok
es
.
The
y
no
r
m
va
riable
it
a
var
ia
ble
wh
ic
h
co
ntain
in
form
ation
ab
out
the
value
of
t
he
sa
m
ple
a
m
p
li
tud
es.
If
t
he
sam
ples
a
m
plit
ud
es
reach
m
or
e
tha
n
0.5
t
he
sam
ples
are
m
ark
ed
as
a
po
te
ntial
first
r
et
urn
str
ok
e
a
m
pl
it
ud
e.
T
he
sam
ple
of
tim
e
is
210
was
us
e
d
to sim
plify
t
h
e d
et
ect
ion
p
r
ocesse
s
of
t
he
risin
g
ti
m
e.
The
al
gori
thm
ign
or
es
al
l
the
first
210
s
a
m
ples
to
e
ns
ure
acc
ur
at
e
firs
t
return
stroke
coul
d
be
detect
ed
. F
inall
y, this study
su
ggest
ed
th
at
a v
al
ue
of
0.5 is the
m
ini
m
um
v
al
ue
to r
ecognise t
he
fi
rs
t retu
r
n
stroke.
(
+
210
)
>
0
.
5
(2)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptem
ber
2
02
1
:
14
51
-
14
57
1454
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
The
sta
ti
sti
cal
of
aut
oan
al
ys
is
based
on
32
of
sel
ect
ive
sam
ples
fr
om
ty
pical
gr
ound
flashes
ar
e
exam
ined
in
th
is
stud
y.
Ne
xt,
the
r
esults
of
autoa
naly
sis
ar
e
com
par
ed
wi
th
the
m
anu
al
analy
sis
res
ults.
T
he
m
anu
al
a
naly
sis
was
pe
rform
ed
by
us
i
ng
Wav
e
Stu
dio
unde
r
Tel
edyne
LeC
r
oy
product
(
Ve
rsion
9.0.0.
1)
.
Table
1
in
dicat
es
that
the
resu
lt
s
fr
om
bo
th
m
et
ho
ds
are
identic
al
to
each
oth
e
r.
O
n
on
e
hand
the
res
ults
of
autoa
naly
sis
so
ft
war
e
a
re
rel
ia
ble.
Re
ferrin
g
to
th
e
ge
ome
tric
m
ean
an
d
arit
hm
et
ic
m
ean
of
ze
ro
c
r
os
sin
g
betwee
n
the
m
anu
al
a
naly
sis
and
a
uto
a
naly
sis,
the
discre
pa
ncy
is
too
sm
al
l
with
app
r
oxim
a
te
ly
1.
28%
and
1.24%,
re
sp
ect
ively
.
Furthe
r,
the
dif
fer
e
nt
of
ge
om
et
ric
m
ean
an
d
arit
hm
etic
m
ean
of
risin
g
t
i
m
e
durati
on
betwee
n
t
he
m
anu
al
analy
sis
and
a
uto
a
naly
sis
is
8%
a
nd
12.
9%,
res
pecti
vely
,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
be
c
onside
re
d
a
s
sm
a
ll
d
isc
rep
a
ncy an
d
acc
ept
able.
Fr
om
pr
evi
ous
stud
y
in
[
40
]
,
[46]
,
[47]
,
[
50]
m
anu
al
anal
ysi
s
resu
lt
s
are
ta
bu
la
te
in
Table
2.
N
ext,
the
com
par
iso
n
re
su
lt
s
betwe
en
the
aut
oan
al
ysi
s
and
m
anu
al
analy
sis
are
validat
ed
us
i
ng
the
arit
hm
et
ic
m
ean
of
ze
r
o
cr
os
si
ng.
T
he
dif
fer
e
nt
of
a
uto
a
naly
sis
com
par
ed
th
e
w
orks
of
[40
]
,
[46]
,
[
47]
,
[
50]
f
ound
to
be
unde
r
a
facto
r
of
1.2
6,
1.3
2,
1.3
7
and
1.2
,
res
pe
ct
ively
.
The
refor
e
,
it
a
pp
ea
rs
there
is
no
diff
e
ren
t
betwee
n
th
e
resu
lt
s.
Acc
ordin
g
to
[
40
]
,
[
53
]
the
durati
on
of
the
z
er
o
-
cr
os
sin
g
rises
as
a
res
ult
of
the
inc
rease
d
curre
nt
m
o
m
ent
an
d
c
harges
t
o
be
ne
utrali
zed
i
n
t
he
init
ia
l
ret
urn
str
oke
in
a
l
igh
tni
ng
e
ven
t.
All
the
resea
r
cher
s
m
entioned
in
Table
2
use
d
sam
e
m
easur
e
m
ent
te
chn
iq
ue
know
n
as
a
ccur
at
e
-
stroke
-
count
that
bas
ed
on
m
easur
em
ents
base
d
on
the
c
orrelat
ed
el
ect
r
ic
fiel
d
reco
r
din
g
on
the
el
ec
tric
fiel
ds
ge
ne
rated
by
th
e
w
ho
le
flash wit
h hig
h l
evels
of
tem
po
ral
res
olu
ti
on
[4]
.
N
e
x
t
,
t
h
e
r
e
s
ul
t
o
f
r
i
s
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
o
f
a
u
t
o
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
i
s
c
om
p
a
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
w
o
r
k
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
a
s
m
e
nt
i
o
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
3
f
r
o
m
va
r
i
o
u
s
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
S
i
m
i
l
a
r
l
y
,
a
s
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
i
n
t
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
a
b
o
v
e
,
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
i
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
a
r
i
t
hm
e
t
i
c
m
e
a
n
o
f
r
i
s
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
.
T
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
o
f
a
u
t
o
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
c
om
p
a
r
e
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
o
f
[40]
,
[48]
,
[50]
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
b
e
u
n
d
e
r
a
f
a
c
t
o
r
o
f
1
.
2
0
,
1
.
0
6
,
a
n
d
1
.
8
,
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
T
h
e
a
ut
o
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
r
e
s
ul
t
i
s
s
i
m
i
l
a
r
w
i
t
h
o
f
[40]
,
[48]
.
On
t
he
oth
e
r
hand,
aut
oan
al
ysi
s
resu
l
t
is
sli
gh
tl
y
dif
fer
e
nt
com
par
e
d
to
the
previ
ous
s
t
ud
y
[50]
.
Eve
n
if
we
c
om
par
e
the
re
su
lt
s o
f
t
his w
ork
(eit
he
r
m
anu
al
o
r
sof
tware)
a
nd
[40]
it
app
ea
rs
a
sl
igh
tl
y
dif
fere
nt
bet
ween
th
e
re
su
lt
s.
We s
uggest t
ha
t t
he
di
ff
e
ren
t
m
ay
d
ue
to
the
d
if
fer
e
nt
of
ge
ogra
ph
ic
al
re
gi
on and t
he
la
ti
tud
e
ef
fect.
Table
1.
T
he
c
om
par
ison bet
ween an
au
t
oa
naly
sis so
ftwa
r
e an
d
m
anu
al
a
naly
sis
Means
Ris
in
g
T
i
m
e
Zer
o
Cros
sin
g
Manu
al (
µs
)
So
f
tware
(µs)
Manu
al (
µs
)
So
f
tware
(µs)
Geo
m
etri
c
5
.0
4
.6
6
2
.3
6
3
.1
Arith
m
eti
c
5
.4
4
.7
6
4
.1
6
4
.9
Table
2.
T
he
c
om
par
ison f
rom
v
ariou
s l
oca
ti
on
s
with a
utoa
naly
sis f
or
t
he
dur
at
io
n of t
he
zer
o
-
c
ro
s
sin
g
Res
earc
h
er
Locatio
n
Zer
o
Cros
sin
g
T
i
m
e (
µs
)
Lin
[
5
0
]
Flo
rida
5
4
.0
Co
o
ray
[
4
6
]
Swed
en
4
9
.0
Had
d
ad
[
4
7
]
Flo
rida
8
9
.0
W
o
o
i
[
4
0
]
Mala
y
sia
5
0
.7
This
stu
d
y
-
m
an
u
al
Mala
y
sia
6
4
.1
This
stu
d
y
-
so
f
tware
Mala
y
sia
6
4
.9
Table
3.
T
he
c
om
par
ison bet
ween aut
oan
al
ysi
s an
d m
anu
al
an
al
ysi
s for
t
he durat
io
n of
t
he risi
ng ti
m
e
Res
earc
h
er
Locatio
n
Year
10
-
9
0
% Ris
e T
i
m
e
(
µs
)
Lin
[
5
0
]
Flo
rida
1979
2
.6
Rak
o
v
and
U
m
an
[
3
8
]
Gen
eral
2003
5
.0
W
o
o
i
[
4
0
]
Mala
y
sia
2016
3
.9
This
r
esea
rch/s
tu
d
y
-
So
f
tware
Mala
y
sia
2020
4
.7
This
r
esea
rch/s
tu
d
y
-
Manu
al
Mala
y
sia
2020
5
.4
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
,
i
t
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
a
r
i
t
h
m
e
t
i
c
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
u
s
i
n
g
a
u
t
o
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
a
s
t
t
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
z
e
r
o
t
i
m
e
c
r
o
s
s
i
n
g
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
a
n
d
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
s
i
n
c
e
t
h
e
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
a
u
t
o
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
i
s
c
o
m
p
a
r
a
b
l
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
.
I
t
w
i
l
l
b
e
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
o
r
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
a
u
t
o
-
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
i
f
o
n
e
c
a
n
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
t
h
i
s
t
y
p
e
o
f
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
b
y
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
u
n
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
u
c
h
a
s
a
t
t
e
m
p
t
e
d
l
e
a
d
e
r
a
s
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
b
y
[
2
3
]
,
[
5
4
]
w
h
i
l
e
,
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
f
l
a
s
h
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
b
y
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
4
]
,
[
5
5
]
,
[
5
6
]
.
F
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
s
,
t
h
e
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
o
f
t
i
m
e
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
(
T
F
D
s
)
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
f
o
r
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
l
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
r
e
t
u
r
n
s
t
r
o
k
e
w
i
l
l
b
e
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
d
s
i
n
c
e
t
h
i
s
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
c
a
n
s
o
l
v
e
a
b
i
g
s
a
m
p
l
e
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
v
a
r
i
e
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
5
2
]
,
[
5
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
An a
na
ly
sis
of
man
ua
l
and a
ut
oana
ly
sis f
or
s
ubmic
r
os
eco
nd
paramete
rs
in
…
(
Muhamm
ad Ak
m
al Bah
ari
)
1455
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
st
ud
y
wa
s
co
nducte
d
to
com
par
e
the
m
anu
al
a
naly
sis
an
d
the
aut
oan
al
ysi
s
op
e
r
at
ed
by
t
he
so
ft
war
e
base
d on
well
-
kn
own
li
gh
t
ning p
a
r
a
m
et
ers
(zero
c
ro
ss
i
ng
a
nd r
isi
ng
ti
m
e d
ur
at
io
n). Th
e
res
ults from
the
com
par
iso
n
ha
ve
f
ound
r
e
m
ark
ably
with
sim
il
ar
resu
lt
with
each
ot
he
r.
He
nce
pr
ov
e
d
that
the
accu
racy
of
the
softwa
re
is
reli
able.
How
ever,
the
e
quat
ion
i
n
the
al
gorithm
cann
ot
de
te
ct
the
zero
-
cro
ssi
ng
dur
at
ion
le
ss
than
40
µs.
I
n
fu
t
ur
e,
re
searc
h
shou
l
d
be
ca
rr
ie
d
ou
t
on
th
e
case
of
zero
cro
ssi
ng
le
ss
t
han
40
µs.
F
urt
her
,
the
analy
sis
wo
r
k
sh
oul
d
al
so
co
ns
ide
r
the
case
of
final
ste
ppe
d
le
ader
pulse
that
associat
ed
on
the
ab
rupt
of
the
init
ia
l first retu
rn
str
ok
e
b
eca
use
the e
ff
ect
of
this
pu
lse
m
ay
al
te
r
the ze
r
o
-
cro
ssi
ng
pu
lse
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGME
NT
The
aut
hors
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
thank
al
l
sta
ff
in
Faku
lt
i
Tek
nolog
i
Ke
j
ur
uter
aan
Ele
ktrik
&
Ele
ktronik,
and
CR
IM
in
UTeM
f
or
thei
r
facil
it
ie
s,
suppo
rt
an
d
c
ooper
at
io
n
d
uri
ng
ou
r
m
easur
e
m
ent
ca
m
paign
.
T
his
work
f
ully
util
iz
ed
the
eq
uip
m
ents
fr
om
t
he
f
undi
ng
by
Mi
nistry
of
Ed
ucati
on
Ma
la
ysi
a
(MOE)
unde
r
ERGS/2
013/F
KE/TK
02/UT
EM/
03
/0
1
a
nd
FRGS/2/
2014/
TK
03
/FT
K/03/
F0024
8.
REFERE
NCE
S
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A.
H.
Khav
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A.
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Z.
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“
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ase
d
m
et
hod
for
ex
tra
c
t
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th
e
r
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ve
le
ak
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sti
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o
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nd
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tr
i
c
fil
ed
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te
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t
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ghtn
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s
on
li
gh
tn
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ai
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N.
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rajan,
“
Minim
iz
at
ion
of
tor
que
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le
uti
l
izi
ng
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y
3
-
L
CHM
I
in
DTC
,
”
Proc
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2013
IEEE
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Int.
Pow
er
Eng
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Optim.
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PEO
CO 2013
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l
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K.
A.
Kari
m
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W
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Y.
Goh,
and
M.
H.
Jopri,
“
Im
prove
d
per
form
anc
e
o
f
DTC
of
fiv
e
-
ph
ase
ind
u
ct
ion
m
ac
hine
s,”
201
3
IEEE
7th
Int
ernati
onal
Pow
er
Engi
n
ee
ring
and
Optimizati
o
n
Confe
renc
e
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M.
S.
K
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n,
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F.
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bo,
J.
M.
W
ari
,
and
I
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S.
Cha
i
rul,
“
Deve
lopme
nt
of
te
st
v
essel
for
gas
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ti
o
n
bre
akdown
tes
t,
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J.
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C.
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“
Reduc
ti
on
of
the
n
um
ber
of
fau
lt
s
ca
used
b
y
l
ight
n
ing
for
tra
nsm
is
sion
li
ne,”
Int.
J
.
El
e
ct
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Comput
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Eng.
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vol
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,
no
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jece
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pp3366
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W
ij
ono,
Z
.
Abi
din,
W
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Djur
ia
t
no,
E
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Maul
ana,
and
N.
Rib
at
h
,
“
Design
of
4
-
stage
Marx
gen
e
rat
or
using
g
as
discha
rge
tub
e,
”
Bul
l
.
E
lectr.
Eng
.
Informati
cs
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vo
l.
10
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no
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1
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A.
R.
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N.
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Ah
m
ad,
N.
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ari,
M.
Mana
p,
A.
Ji
din,
and
M.
H.
Jopri,
“
Short
-
ci
r
c
uit
sw
it
ch
es
fau
l
t
ana
l
y
sis
of
volta
ge
source
inv
erter
using
spec
tro
gra
m
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”
Elec
tr.
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h.
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ICEMS)
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Curre
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E
V
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i
ca
t
ion,”
2013
IEEE
7th
I
nte
rnational
Po
wer
Engi
ne
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renc
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Im
prove
d
torque
con
trol
p
erf
orm
anc
e
of
d
irec
t
torque
cont
ro
l
fo
r
5
-
phase
induc
t
i
on
m
ac
hine
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”
Int
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J.
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er
El
e
ctr
on.
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“
An
Eva
lua
t
io
n
of
li
ne
ar
ti
m
e
fr
eque
nc
y
d
istri
bu
ti
on
Anal
y
sis
fo
r
VS
I
sw
it
ch
fa
ult
s
ide
nt
ifica
t
io
n,
”
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J
.
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e
r
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A
d
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k
i
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n
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a
n
d
A
.
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w
e
l
e
w
a
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
a
u
l
t
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
d
e
v
i
c
e
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
i
n
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
,
”
I
n
t
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J
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E
l
e
c
t
r
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C
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p
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E
n
g
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v
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n
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4
,
p
p
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2
8
0
3
-
2
8
1
2
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
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i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
e
c
e
.
v
9
i
4
.
p
p
2
8
0
3
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2
8
1
2
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IS
S
N
:
2502
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on
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a
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E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
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l.
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S.
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L
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Majda
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,
“
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par
at
ive
an
aly
sis
of
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q
ual
ity
indices
fo
r
diffe
r
ent
li
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te
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li
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ade
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ic
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ldings
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ene
rg
y
e
ffic
i
ency
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era
t
ions,”
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El
e
ct
r.
Eng
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an
opti
m
al
th
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zno
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ig
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KOMNIKA
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Tele
communic
at
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Computing
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Sub
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is
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Nega
t
iv
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Cloud
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Grou
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