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ia
n J
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ttp
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cs.ia
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m
O
ptima
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CMOS
curr
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May
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2
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ev
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14
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2
0
2
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Acc
ep
ted
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v
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2
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An
a
lo
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ra
ted
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ircu
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s
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r
b
i
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ti
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re
q
u
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p
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rm
a
n
c
e
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is
p
a
p
e
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p
re
se
n
t
s
a
n
in
stru
m
e
n
tati
o
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a
m
p
li
fier
(I
A)
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e
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a
se
d
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t
h
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c
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CM
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o
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a
c
ti
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r.
Th
is circu
it
o
ffe
rs t
h
e
p
o
ss
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i
li
ty
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
g
a
i
n
b
y
v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
u
rre
n
t.
We
h
a
v
e
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n
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th
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to
m
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imiz
e
th
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p
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ra
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n
d
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a
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d
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m
m
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rti
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l
g
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m
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e
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y
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u
late
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u
sin
g
0
.
3
5
µm
CM
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h
n
o
l
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g
y
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a
ra
m
e
ters
.
Th
e
o
p
ti
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iza
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re
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re
se
n
ted
b
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ATLAB
sc
rip
t.
T
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e
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su
lt
s
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re
a
p
p
r
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e
d
b
y
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e
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u
l
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ti
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g
th
e
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d
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n
c
e
d
d
e
sig
n
sy
ste
m
(
ADS
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to
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l
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e
sim
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latio
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lt
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ra
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teristics
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m
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tatio
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tera
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e
c
irc
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it
h
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s
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h
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g
h
e
r
C
M
RR
th
a
n
o
th
e
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t
o
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o
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K
ey
w
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d
s
:
Activ
e
r
esi
s
to
r
C
MO
S c
o
n
v
ey
o
r
s
C
MR
R
I
n
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
a
m
p
lifie
r
Me
tah
eu
r
is
tics
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
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c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
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SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
I
s
s
a
Sab
ir
i
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
o
f
Sy
s
tem
s
,
Sig
n
als an
d
Ar
tific
ial
I
n
tellig
en
ce
,
E
NSET
,
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Hass
an
I
I
C
asab
lan
ca
,
Mo
r
o
cc
o
E
m
ail:
is
s
a.
s
ab
ir
i
@
etu
.
f
s
tm
.
ac
.
m
a
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
An
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
am
p
lifie
r
(
I
A)
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
in
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
an
d
m
e
d
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
with
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
o
wer
.
A
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
s
ig
n
al
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
in
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
c
o
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
v
o
ltag
es
an
d
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
b
l
e
d
i
r
ec
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
DC
)
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
al
s
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
al
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
ta
t
i
o
n
a
m
p
li
f
i
e
r
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
o
p
er
atio
n
al
a
m
p
lifie
r
s
an
d
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
r
esis
tan
ce
s
.
Acq
u
ir
in
g
,
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
,
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
b
io
p
o
ten
tial
r
eliab
ly
ar
e
ess
en
tial
task
s
in
b
io
m
ed
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
im
p
o
s
e
d
em
an
d
in
g
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
th
at
u
s
u
ally
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
th
e
d
ev
ices.
T
h
e
cir
cu
its
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
b
io
m
ed
ical
s
ig
n
als
m
u
s
t
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
p
atien
t
s
af
ety
an
d
th
e
r
ejec
tio
n
o
r
atten
u
atio
n
o
f
an
y
in
ter
f
e
r
in
g
s
ig
n
al
[
1
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
b
u
ild
in
g
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
lo
ck
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
lo
w
n
o
is
e
am
p
lifie
r
s
an
d
an
alo
g
f
ilter
s
,
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
2
]
.
Fo
r
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
b
io
p
o
ten
tial
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
itical
d
esig
n
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
ar
e
lo
w
n
o
is
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
le
v
els,
lo
w
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
r
e
d
u
ce
d
ar
ea
,
an
d
lo
w
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
A
b
io
m
e
d
ical
s
ig
n
al
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
s
u
ch
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
elec
tr
o
d
es,
am
p
lifie
r
s
,
lo
w
-
p
ass
f
ilter
(
L
PF
)
,
s
am
p
le,
s
o
ck
et
(
S/H),
an
d
an
al
o
g
-
t
o
-
d
ig
ital c
o
n
v
er
ter
(
ADC
)
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
th
ese
s
ig
n
a
ls
is
es
s
en
tial
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
u
s
u
ally
h
av
e
v
er
y
lo
w
am
p
li
tu
d
e
with
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
n
o
is
e
lev
els.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
ese
s
ig
n
als
h
a
v
e
a
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
a
n
g
e,
g
en
er
ally
less
th
an
1
k
h
z
[
7
]
.
I
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
am
p
lifie
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
r
em
o
v
e
an
y
u
n
wan
ted
n
o
is
e
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
th
e
am
p
lific
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Op
tima
l d
esig
n
o
f CM
OS
cu
r
r
en
t m
o
d
e
in
s
tr
u
men
ta
tio
n
a
m
p
lifi
er u
s
in
g
b
io
-
in
s
p
ir
ed
meth
o
d
…
(
I
s
s
a
S
a
b
ir
i)
121
ad
ap
ted
to
th
e
d
esire
d
s
ig
n
al.
C
o
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
r
ejec
tio
n
r
atio
(
C
MRR
)
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
m
ain
p
ar
am
eter
o
f
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
am
p
lifie
r
s
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
m
an
y
o
f
th
e
p
h
y
s
io
lo
g
ica
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ar
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
to
s
u
s
tain
h
u
m
an
life
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
a
m
p
lifie
r
is
th
e
b
asis
o
f
m
o
s
t
elec
tr
o
ca
r
d
i
o
g
r
ap
h
y
(
E
C
G
)
,
elec
tr
o
e
n
ce
p
h
alo
g
r
ap
h
y
(
EEG
)
,
an
d
elec
tr
o
m
y
o
g
r
ap
h
y
(
EMG
)
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
Vo
ltag
e
m
o
d
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tati
o
n
am
p
lifie
r
s
h
a
v
e
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
I
n
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
m
o
d
e
v
e
r
s
io
n
,
th
e
C
MRR
is
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t o
f
t
h
e
m
is
m
atch
in
g
o
f
th
e
r
esis
to
r
s
.
Sev
er
al
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
s
h
o
w
th
e
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
g
en
er
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
v
e
y
o
r
(
C
C
I
I
)
.
I
n
1
9
8
9
[
1
0
]
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t m
o
d
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
am
p
lifie
r
b
as
ed
o
n
c
u
r
r
en
t c
a
r
r
ier
s
was p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
C
C
I
I
is
a
d
ev
ice
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
wi
d
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
a
b
ias
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ca
n
elec
tr
o
n
ically
c
o
n
tr
o
l
it
in
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
cu
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
cir
c
u
its
b
ased
o
n
th
e
C
C
I
I
is
th
e
p
ar
asit
ic
r
esis
tan
ce
th
at
p
o
lar
i
za
tio
n
ca
n
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
is
r
esis
t
an
ce
is
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
t
o
th
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
(
μ
)
,
t
o
t
h
e
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
o
x
i
d
e
(
C
o
x
)
,
a
n
d
i
t
s
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
wi
d
t
h
a
n
d
l
e
n
g
t
h
(
W
/
L
)
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
r
y
m
e
t
a
l
o
x
i
d
e
s
em
i
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
(
C
M
OS
)
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
T
h
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
o
f
C
C
I
I
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
am
p
lifie
r
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
d
etec
tin
g
p
h
y
s
io
lo
g
ical
s
ig
n
al
b
lo
ck
s
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Seco
n
d
-
g
e
n
er
atio
n
c
u
r
r
en
t c
o
n
v
e
y
o
r
Ho
wev
er
,
n
at
u
r
e
is
a
v
ib
r
an
t
f
ield
o
f
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
f
o
r
ar
tific
i
al
in
tellig
en
ce
b
y
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
(
m
etah
eu
r
is
tics
)
[
1
3
]
with
a
g
r
ea
t
ca
p
ac
ity
to
s
o
lv
e
co
m
p
l
ex
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
wh
ich
m
o
s
t
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
h
av
e
s
ev
er
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
an
d
lim
itatio
n
s
[
14
]
.
Op
tim
izatio
n
b
ased
o
n
s
war
m
i
n
tellig
en
ce
(
SI)
is
a
v
er
y
r
ec
en
t
f
am
ily
o
f
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
n
atu
r
e
[
1
5
]
,
[
16
]
.
I
ts
p
r
in
cip
le
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
tellig
en
t
co
m
p
o
r
tm
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
ies
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
an
d
e
x
p
l
o
itatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
o
d
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
ese
s
p
ec
ies
p
o
s
s
ess
in
g
a
v
er
y
h
ig
h
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
b
y
co
lla
b
o
r
atin
g
ca
n
s
o
lv
e
v
er
y
c
o
m
p
lex
an
d
ch
allen
g
in
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
.
R
eliab
le,
ef
f
icien
t,
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
in
h
i
g
h
d
em
a
n
d
in
all
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
25
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
22
:
1
20
-
1
2
9
122
d
o
m
ain
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
elec
tr
o
n
ics
ap
p
lied
to
b
io
m
ed
ical
d
at
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
W
e
f
o
cu
s
in
th
is
ar
ticle
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
b
io
-
in
s
p
ir
ed
m
eth
o
d
,
s
p
ec
i
f
ically
ar
tific
ial
b
ee
c
o
lo
n
y
,
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
tim
al
d
esig
n
o
f
C
MO
S
cu
r
r
en
t
-
m
o
d
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
a
m
p
lifie
r
u
s
in
g
b
io
-
in
s
p
ir
ed
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
b
io
m
ed
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
er
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
as
f
o
llo
ws.
An
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
ar
ti
f
icial
b
ee
co
lo
n
y
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
am
p
lifie
r
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
Sectio
n
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
E
v
en
tu
ally
,
co
n
clu
s
io
n
is
g
iv
en
in
s
ec
tio
n
5.
2.
O
VE
RVI
E
W
O
F
AR
T
I
F
I
CI
AL
B
E
E
CO
L
O
NY
A
L
G
O
RIT
H
M
(
AB
C)
T
h
e
ar
tific
ial
b
ee
co
lo
n
y
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
AB
C
)
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
Kar
ab
o
g
a
in
2
0
0
5
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
AB
C
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
r
ea
l
b
ee
s
'
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
as
th
ey
s
ee
k
n
ec
ta
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
s
h
ar
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
with
o
th
er
b
ee
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
AB
C
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
ef
i
n
es
a
s
et
o
f
o
p
e
r
at
io
n
s
th
at
r
esem
b
le
s
o
m
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
b
ee
s
.
E
ac
h
s
o
lu
tio
n
with
in
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
in
clu
d
es
a
s
et
o
f
p
ar
am
eter
s
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e
f
o
o
d
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
"a
f
f
in
ity
"
(
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
b
y
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
)
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
f
o
o
d
s
o
u
r
ce
'
s
q
u
ality
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
m
im
ics
t
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
b
ee
s
f
o
r
im
p
o
r
tan
t f
o
o
d
s
o
u
r
ce
s
r
es
u
ltin
g
in
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
alo
g
o
u
s
t
o
f
in
d
in
g
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
20
]
,
[
21
].
I
n
th
e
AB
C
,
ev
er
y
f
o
o
d
s
o
u
r
ce
is
in
t
h
e
D
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
s
ea
r
ch
ar
ea
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
n
e
ctar
in
th
e
f
o
o
d
s
o
u
r
ce
is
as
s
u
m
ed
to
b
e
a
f
o
o
d
s
o
u
r
ce
'
s
f
itn
ess
v
alu
e.
I
n
g
en
e
r
al,
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
b
ee
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
ee
s
as
s
p
ec
tato
r
s
is
eq
u
al
an
d
is
i
d
en
tical
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
f
o
o
d
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
E
ac
h
em
p
lo
y
ed
b
ee
is
a
f
o
o
d
s
o
u
r
ce
m
em
b
er
an
d
c
h
ar
g
ed
with
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
f
o
o
d
s
o
u
r
c
e'
s
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
e
m
p
l
o
y
ed
b
ee
s
co
m
m
u
n
icate
th
e
n
ec
tar
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
th
e
s
p
ec
tato
r
b
ee
s
in
th
e
"d
an
ce
ar
ea
"
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
tato
r
b
ee
s
wait
in
th
e
h
i
v
e
an
d
d
ec
id
e
w
h
ich
f
o
o
d
s
o
u
r
ce
to
ex
p
lo
it d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
em
p
l
o
y
ed
b
ee
s
'
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
m
o
r
e
b
e
n
ef
icial
f
o
o
d
s
o
u
r
ce
s
will
h
av
e
a
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
b
ein
g
s
elec
ted
b
y
th
e
s
p
ec
tato
r
b
ee
s
.
I
n
th
e
i
n
itial
s
tep
o
f
th
e
AB
C
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
t
h
e
in
itial
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ar
e
g
en
er
ated
r
an
d
o
m
ly
in
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
an
g
e
o
f
v
ar
iab
le
s
(
=
1
,
2
,
…
,
)
[
22
]
.
Ne
x
t,
ea
ch
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
b
ee
id
en
tifie
s
th
e
n
ew
s
o
u
r
c
es
wh
o
s
e
q
u
an
titi
es a
r
e
eq
u
al
t
o
h
alf
o
f
t
h
e
to
tal
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
In
(
1
)
is
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
a
n
ew
s
o
u
r
ce
[
23
].
=
+
(
−
)
(
1
)
I
n
(
1
)
,
∈
{
1
,
2
,
…
,
}
an
d
∈
{
1
,
2
,
…
,
}
ar
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
in
d
ices.
W
h
ile
it
is
r
an
d
o
m
ly
d
eter
m
in
ed
,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
to
an
d
r
an
d
o
m
b
etwe
en
0
an
d
1
.
T
h
is
p
ar
a
m
eter
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
ad
jace
n
t
f
o
o
d
s
o
u
r
ce
s
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
v
is
u
ally
co
m
p
ar
es
two
f
o
o
d
p
o
s
itio
n
s
b
y
a
b
ee
.
Af
ter
ea
ch
s
o
u
r
ce
p
o
s
itio
n
ca
n
d
id
ate
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
an
d
th
e
n
ev
alu
ated
b
y
th
e
ar
tific
ial
b
e
e,
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
co
m
p
a
r
e
d
to
t
h
e
last
o
n
e
.
I
f
th
e
n
ew
f
o
o
d
h
as
n
ec
tar
e
q
u
al
to
o
r
s
u
p
er
io
r
t
o
th
at
o
f
th
e
an
cien
t
s
o
u
r
ce
,
it
is
u
s
ed
to
r
ep
lace
th
e
o
ld
m
em
o
r
y
.
I
n
th
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
ca
s
e,
th
e
a
n
cien
t
o
n
e
is
c
o
n
s
er
v
ed
i
n
th
e
m
em
o
r
y
.
I
n
th
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
,
th
e
o
n
lo
o
k
er
b
ee
s
ch
o
o
s
e
a
f
o
o
d
s
o
u
r
ce
with
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
m
en
tio
n
e
d
in
(
2
)
[
24
].
=
∑
=
1
(
2
)
T
h
e
ad
eq
u
ac
y
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
i,
wh
ich
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
n
ec
tar
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
o
o
d
s
o
u
r
ce
in
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
,
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
o
o
d
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
s
am
e
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
ee
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
T
h
e
s
co
u
t
b
ee
s
ar
e
v
er
y
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
s
ea
r
ch
es
in
ev
er
y
c
o
lo
n
y
.
T
h
e
s
co
u
t
b
ee
s
d
o
n
o
t
u
s
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
f
ac
ts
wh
en
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
f
o
r
n
ec
ta
r
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
o
th
eir
s
ea
r
ch
es
ar
e
e
n
tire
ly
r
an
d
o
m
.
T
h
e
s
co
u
t
b
ee
s
ar
e
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
ee
s
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
p
a
r
am
eter
s
.
I
f
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
th
at
in
d
icate
s
a
s
o
u
r
ce
is
n
o
t
ac
h
iev
ed
with
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
test
s
,
th
en
th
at
s
o
u
r
ce
is
r
ejec
ted
.
T
h
e
b
ee
f
r
o
m
th
is
s
o
u
r
ce
s
elec
ts
th
e
n
ew
h
ea
d
as
th
e
s
co
u
t
b
ee
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
i
n
p
u
ts
/o
u
tp
u
ts
o
f
a
s
o
u
r
ce
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
"lim
it" p
a
r
a
m
eter
.
T
h
e
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
o
f
a
n
e
w
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
a
s
co
u
t b
ee
is
g
iv
e
n
in
(
3
)
[
25
].
=
+
(
−
)
∗
(
0
,
1
)
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
an
d
ar
e
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
lim
its
o
f
th
e
p
a
r
am
eter
to
b
e
o
p
tim
ized
.
I
n
th
e
AB
C
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
th
e
t
er
m
in
atio
n
cr
iter
i
o
n
is
g
en
e
r
ally
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
.
Usu
ally
,
an
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
'
s
s
to
p
p
in
g
cr
iter
ia
a
r
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
o
r
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
er
r
o
r
b
etwe
en
two
s
u
cc
ess
iv
e
iter
atio
n
s
.
C
o
n
s
e
q
u
en
tly
,
th
e
s
to
p
p
i
n
g
cr
iter
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
AB
C
i
s
b
ased
s
o
lely
o
n
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
th
e
AB
C
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
b
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
[
26
]
,
[
27
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Op
tima
l d
esig
n
o
f CM
OS
cu
r
r
en
t m
o
d
e
in
s
tr
u
men
ta
tio
n
a
m
p
lifi
er u
s
in
g
b
io
-
in
s
p
ir
ed
meth
o
d
…
(
I
s
s
a
S
a
b
ir
i)
123
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
o
f
th
e
b
asic m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
AB
C
alg
o
r
ith
m
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
I
N
ST
R
UM
E
N
T
AT
I
O
N
AM
P
L
I
F
I
E
R
3
.
1
.
CM
O
S
s
ec
o
nd
-
g
ener
a
t
io
n c
urre
nt
co
nv
o
y
o
rs
Seco
n
d
g
en
er
atio
n
c
u
r
r
en
t c
o
n
v
ey
o
r
s
ar
e
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
b
est
-
k
n
o
wn
an
alo
g
b
lo
ck
s
in
c
u
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
e
[
28
].
T
h
e
C
C
I
I
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
th
r
ee
b
lo
ck
s
ter
m
in
al
ac
tiv
e
C
MO
S
cir
cu
its
.
T
h
e
m
atr
ix
b
elo
w
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
C
C
I
I
:
(
)
=
(
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
)
.
(
)
(
4
)
As
s
h
o
win
g
in
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
wh
er
e
th
e
p
o
r
t
X
an
d
Y
o
f
th
e
C
C
I
I
ar
e
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
ci
r
cu
it,
th
e
p
ar
asit
ic
r
esis
tan
ce
R
X
o
n
th
is
ter
m
in
al
is
g
iv
en
b
y
:
=
1
2
=
1
√
8
(
5
)
wh
er
e
g
m
is
th
e
tr
an
s
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
o
f
th
e
C
MO
S
tr
an
s
is
to
r
an
d
K
n
is
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
p
ar
am
eter
o
f
th
e
m
etal
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o
x
id
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
tr
an
s
is
to
r
.
T
h
e
y
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as:
=
√
2
(
6
)
=
(
)
(
7
)
wh
er
e
C
ox
is
th
e
g
ate
ca
p
ac
it
y
p
er
u
n
it
ar
ea
a
n
d
μ
n
is
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
PMOS
tr
an
s
is
to
r
.
T
h
e
p
ar
asit
ic
r
esis
tan
ce
R
x
d
ep
en
d
s
as
well
o
n
th
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
g
m
v
alu
es,
b
u
t
th
is
p
ar
asit
ic
r
esis
tan
ce
is
av
ailab
le
an
d
a
d
ju
s
tab
le
ev
en
i
f
th
e
v
alu
es d
o
n
o
t c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
d
u
e
to
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
3
.
2
.
T
heo
re
t
ica
l st
ud
y
T
h
e
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
cir
cu
it
is
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
am
p
lifie
r
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
th
r
ee
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
v
ey
o
r
s
a
n
d
an
ac
tiv
e
r
esis
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
b
ased
o
n
MO
S
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
e
r
esis
to
r
f
o
r
m
at
is
r
ea
lized
b
y
a
p
a
r
allel
co
n
n
ec
te
d
m
atch
ed
p
air
o
f
MO
S
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
,
M1
an
d
M2
as
s
h
o
win
g
in
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
25
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
22
:
1
20
-
1
2
9
124
Fig
u
r
e
6
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
ac
t
iv
e
r
esis
to
r
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
V
C
is
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
ac
tiv
e
r
esis
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
d
r
ain
cu
r
r
e
n
t f
o
r
ea
ch
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
cir
cu
it a
cc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
:
1
=
(
)
[
(
−
ℎ
)
−
2
2
]
(
8
)
2
=
(
)
[
(
−
ℎ
)
−
2
2
]
(
9
)
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
ac
tiv
e
r
esis
to
r
R
A
[2
9
]
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as:
=
1
(
)
(
−
2
ℎ
)
(
1
0
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
atio
n
am
p
lifie
r
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Activ
e
r
esis
to
r
cir
cu
it
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
v
o
ltag
e
V
C
m
ak
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
ac
t
iv
e
r
esis
tan
ce
R
A
an
d
as
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
m
atr
ix
(
1
)
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
p
o
r
t
X
i
s
eq
u
al
to
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
p
o
r
t
Z
wh
ic
h
m
a
k
es
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
am
p
lifie
r
p
r
o
v
id
es a
cu
r
r
en
t w
ith
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
:
0
=
1
−
2
1
+
2
+
3
(
1
1
)
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
at
p
o
r
t X
,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as:
1
=
1
1
(
1
2
)
2
=
2
2
(
1
3
)
3
=
3
3
(
1
4
)
B
y
v
ar
y
in
g
th
e
b
ias
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
y
o
r
s
a
n
d
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
ac
tiv
e
r
esis
tan
ce
,
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
tial
g
ain
o
f
t
h
e
I
A
ca
n
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
.
T
h
e
p
ar
asit
ic
r
esis
tan
ce
ca
n
b
e
a
d
ju
s
ted
b
y
a
b
ias
cu
r
r
e
n
t
a
n
d
th
at
th
e
ac
tiv
e
r
esis
tan
ce
ca
n
also
b
e
a
d
ju
s
ted
b
y
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
l
tag
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
e
r
r
o
r
b
etwe
en
p
o
r
ts
X
-
Z
a
n
d
p
o
r
ts
X
-
Y
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as f
o
llo
ws:
=
1
−
(
1
5
)
=
1
−
(
1
6
)
W
h
er
e
α
an
d
K
ar
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
tr
an
s
f
er
g
ain
s
a
n
d
ε
I
an
d
ε
V
ar
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
tr
an
s
f
er
er
r
o
r
s
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
ey
o
r
s
,
r
esp
e
ctiv
ely
.
At
p
o
r
t Z
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as:
=
(
1
7
)
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
will b
e:
0
=
1
+
2
+
3
(
1
−
2
)
(
1
8
)
3
.
3
.
Rea
l ins
t
rum
ent
a
t
io
n a
m
pli
f
ier
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
ea
l
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
am
p
lifie
r
.
W
e
ca
n
ca
lcu
late
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t i
x
as f
o
llo
ws:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Op
tima
l d
esig
n
o
f CM
OS
cu
r
r
en
t m
o
d
e
in
s
tr
u
men
ta
tio
n
a
m
p
lifi
er u
s
in
g
b
io
-
in
s
p
ir
ed
meth
o
d
…
(
I
s
s
a
S
a
b
ir
i)
125
=
1
−
2
−
3
3
(
1
9
)
Fro
m
(
1
2
)
,
(
1
3
)
,
(
1
4
)
an
d
(
1
9
)
we
o
b
tain
:
0
=
=
1
1
−
2
2
3
(
2
0
)
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
V
0
(
s
)
ca
n
b
e
wr
itten
as f
o
llo
ws:
0
(
)
=
0
(
/
/
1
)
(
2
1
)
w
h
er
e
C
b
=
C
Z
+
C
A
ar
e
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
n
o
d
e,
wh
ic
h
is
p
ar
allel
to
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
R
A
as
s
h
o
win
g
in
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
7
t
h
u
s
:
0
(
)
=
(
1
1
−
2
2
)
3
(
1
+
)
(
2
2
)
W
e
ass
u
m
e
th
at
V
1
=
V
2
=
V
3
=
V
Cm
,
th
e
g
ain
in
co
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
as f
o
llo
ws:
=
0
=
(
1
−
2
)
3
(
1
+
)
(
2
3
)
Fo
r
id
ea
l c
u
r
r
e
n
t c
o
n
v
ey
o
r
s
,
α
=
K
1
= K
2
=
1
,
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial o
u
tp
u
t
g
ain
A
dm
ca
n
b
e
wr
itten
:
=
3
1
(
1
+
)
(
2
4
)
Fro
m
th
e
(
2
4
)
,
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
is
co
n
tr
o
llab
le
b
y
/
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
E
r
r
o
r
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t c
ir
c
u
it o
f
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
am
p
lifie
r
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
R
ea
l m
o
d
el
o
f
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
am
p
lifie
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
25
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
22
:
1
20
-
1
2
9
126
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Ou
r
p
r
o
b
lem
is
to
m
in
im
ize
t
h
e
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
m
a
x
im
ize
th
e
cu
to
f
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
W
e
will
c
o
n
s
id
er
o
u
r
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
as a
m
i
n
im
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
,
wh
er
e
o
u
r
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
will b
e
wr
it
ten
as f
o
llo
ws:
=
⍺
+
(
2
5
)
wh
er
e
t
ci
=1
/f
ci
an
d
⍺
+β=1
.
A
f
ac
to
r
⍺
=β=0
.
5
m
e
an
s
th
at
th
er
e
will
b
e
n
o
f
av
o
r
itis
m
wh
en
o
p
tim
izin
g
o
u
r
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
Neith
er
o
f
th
e
two
p
a
r
am
eter
s
will
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
th
an
t
h
e
o
th
er
.
Usi
n
g
MA
T
L
AB
,
we
ca
n
d
r
aw
o
u
r
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
OF=0
.
5
*
(
R
x
+t
ci
)
.
T
h
e
f
ac
to
r
0
.
5
m
ea
n
s
th
at
we
wan
t
to
o
p
tim
ize
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
p
o
wer
f
ailu
r
e
b
y
g
iv
in
g
t
h
em
th
e
s
am
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
.
W
h
en
we
talk
ab
o
u
t
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
FO
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
we
ar
e
talk
in
g
ab
o
u
t
m
in
i
m
izatio
n
,
h
en
ce
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
g
en
ce
o
f
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
to
war
d
s
0
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
co
u
l
d
r
ea
ch
a
p
o
wer
*
-
1
0
*
as
s
h
o
win
g
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
W
e
n
o
te
th
at
o
u
r
p
ar
asit
ic
r
esis
tan
ce
,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
OF,
as
s
h
o
win
g
in
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
R
x
m
in
co
n
v
er
g
es
t
o
s
t
a
b
il
i
z
e
o
n
a
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
4
5
7
.
7
4
5
Ω
.
T
a
b
l
e
1
s
u
m
m
a
r
i
z
e
s
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
a
r
a
s
i
t
i
c
r
es
is
t
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
c
u
t
o
f
f
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
s
o
f
o
u
r
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
W
p
a
n
d
W
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
MO
S
t
r
a
n
s
is
t
o
r
s
'
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
l
e
n
g
t
h
s
(
L
n
a
n
d
L
p
)
f
i
x
e
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Ob
jectif
f
u
n
ctio
n
Fig
u
r
e
10
.
Op
tim
al
r
esu
lt o
f
R
x
T
ab
le
1
.
Op
tim
al
s
izes o
f
tr
an
s
is
to
r
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
L
n
(
µ
m)
L
p
(
µ
m)
W
p
(
µ
m)
W
n
(
µ
m)
0
.
5
8
0
.
3
5
36
1
9
.
7
7
T
o
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
,
we
will
s
im
u
late
th
e
d
esig
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
d
esi
g
n
s
y
s
tem
(
ADS)
s
o
f
twar
e.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
im
u
lated
with
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
0
.
3
5
µm
C
MO
S
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
it'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
with
a
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
3
.
8
V.
T
h
e
I
SS
ch
o
s
e
at
9
0
μ
A
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
am
p
lifie
r
'
s
g
ain
is
p
r
ac
tically
co
n
s
tan
t
with
I
SS
v
alu
es
h
ig
h
er
th
an
9
0
μ
A.
As
s
h
o
win
g
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
(
a
)
,
R
x
m
in
s
tab
ilizes
o
n
a
v
alu
e
o
f
4
3
1
.
5
6
Ω
.
T
h
e
b
a
n
d
wid
th
is
s
h
o
win
g
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
(
b
)
with
a
1
.
2
2
GHz
v
alu
e
o
f
cu
to
f
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
T
h
e
C
MRR
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
c
u
it
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
a
m
in
ed
a
n
d
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
it
is
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
o
n
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
tr
an
s
f
er
er
r
o
r
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t tr
an
s
f
er
er
r
o
r
ε
I
.
T
h
e
C
MRR
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
am
p
lifie
r
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
W
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
at
th
e
C
MRR
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
am
p
lifie
r
is
v
er
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
T
h
e
C
MRR
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
was
1
8
2
.
0
7
0
d
B
at
1
0
Hz,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
t
h
e
cir
cu
it
in
b
i
o
m
ed
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
p
h
y
s
io
lo
g
ica
l sig
n
als.
A
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
it a
n
d
th
o
s
e
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t stu
d
ies is
g
iv
en
in
T
a
b
le
2
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
s
am
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
am
p
lifie
r
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
R
e
f
.
S
u
p
p
l
y
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
C
M
R
R
(
d
B
)
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
Te
c
h
n
o
.
P
a
ssi
v
e
C
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
[
2
9
]
2
.
5
V
1
4
7
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
B
JT
No
[
3
0
]
2
.
8
V
76
P
a
ssi
v
e
r
e
si
s
t
o
r
B
JT
Y
e
s
[
1
1
]
3
.
3
V
1
4
2
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
C
M
O
S
No
Th
i
s
w
o
r
k
3
.
8
V
1
8
2
.
0
7
0
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
C
M
O
S
No
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Op
tima
l d
esig
n
o
f CM
OS
cu
r
r
en
t m
o
d
e
in
s
tr
u
men
ta
tio
n
a
m
p
lifi
er u
s
in
g
b
io
-
in
s
p
ir
ed
meth
o
d
…
(
I
s
s
a
S
a
b
ir
i)
127
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
11
.
Simu
latio
n
o
f
(
a)
R
x
u
s
in
g
ADS
to
o
ls
an
d
(
b
)
Ai
u
s
in
g
ADS
to
o
ls
Fig
u
r
e
12.
R
esu
lt o
f
C
MRR
s
i
m
u
latio
n
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
an
o
p
tim
u
m
d
e
s
ig
n
f
o
r
an
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
a
m
p
lifie
r
is
u
s
ed
,
wh
ic
h
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
v
ey
o
r
s
an
d
h
as
n
o
p
ass
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
wh
ich
is
attr
ac
tiv
e
f
o
r
m
ed
ical
ap
p
licat
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
it
was
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
an
ADS
s
im
u
latio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
s
o
m
e
o
th
er
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
am
p
lifie
r
s
e
x
is
tin
g
in
th
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
p
ap
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
h
as
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t CMR
R
th
an
o
th
er
w
o
r
k
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
P.
E.
A
l
l
e
n
a
n
d
D
.
R
.
H
o
l
b
e
r
g
,
''C
M
O
S
A
n
a
l
o
g
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
D
e
si
g
n
,
”
2
n
d
E
d
.
N
e
w
Y
o
rk: O
x
f
o
r
d
U
n
i
v
e
rs
i
t
y
Pr
e
ss
,
2
0
0
2
.
[
2
]
G
.
V
a
si
l
e
sc
u
,
''
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
N
o
i
s
e
a
n
d
I
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
i
n
g
S
i
g
n
a
l
s
P
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
a
n
d
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
N
o
i
s
e
a
n
d
I
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
i
n
g
S
i
g
n
a
l
s.
P
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,”
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r,
2
0
0
6
.
[
3
]
W.
M.
E.
A.
W
.
J
u
so
h
,
a
n
d
S.
H
.
R
u
s
l
a
n
,
”
D
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
mi
r
r
o
r
O
TA
i
n
4
5
n
m
a
n
d
9
0
n
m
C
M
O
S
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
b
i
o
-
me
d
i
c
a
l
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
B
u
l
l
e
t
i
n
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
c
s
,
v
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m
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il
:
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.
sa
b
iri
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stm
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a
c
.
m
a
.
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c
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2
c
.
m
a
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.