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w
h
ich
i
s
b
io
d
eg
r
ad
ab
le
an
d
s
af
e
to
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t,
th
e
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
m
i
n
er
al
o
il c
an
b
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
v
e
g
etab
le
o
il
th
at
c
an
p
o
ten
tiall
y
s
u
b
s
tit
u
te
t
h
e
m
in
er
al
o
il
is
co
co
n
u
t
o
il.
C
o
co
n
u
t
o
il
i
s
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct
f
r
o
m
co
co
n
u
t
tr
ee
.
T
h
e
co
co
n
u
t
tr
ee
(
C
o
co
s
n
u
cif
er
a)
is
a
m
e
m
b
er
o
f
t
h
e
f
a
m
il
y
A
r
ec
ac
ea
e
(
p
alm
f
a
m
il
y
)
.
C
o
co
n
u
t
o
il
i
s
ex
ten
s
i
v
el
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ed
ib
le
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
R
ec
en
t
co
m
p
eti
t
io
n
w
it
h
p
al
m
o
il
f
o
r
lan
d
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
h
as
r
esu
lt
in
d
ec
lin
e
o
f
th
e
to
tal
ar
ea
u
n
d
er
co
co
n
u
t
cu
lti
v
atio
n
.
Hen
ce
,
cr
u
d
e
co
co
n
u
t
o
il
i
s
m
o
s
tl
y
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia,
P
h
ilip
p
in
es
a
n
d
I
n
d
ia
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
co
co
n
u
t
o
il
is
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
b
ec
au
s
e
it i
s
b
io
d
eg
r
ad
ab
le
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
l f
r
i
en
d
l
y
.
An
o
th
er
p
o
ten
tial
v
eg
etab
le
o
il
is
p
al
m
o
il.
T
h
e
o
il
p
alm
tr
ee
(
E
laeis
g
u
i
n
ee
n
s
i
s
)
is
a
n
ati
v
e
to
W
est
Af
r
ica
an
d
w
a
s
i
m
p
o
r
ted
in
to
So
u
th
E
ast
A
s
ia
i
n
th
e
m
id
1
9
th
ce
n
tu
r
y
[
4
]
.
Ma
lay
s
ia
is
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
lar
g
est
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
an
d
ex
p
o
r
ter
o
f
p
al
m
o
il
in
2
0
0
6
[
5
]
.
A
b
u
n
d
a
n
ce
o
f
p
al
m
o
il
tr
ee
s
in
M
ala
y
s
ia
n
o
w
ad
a
y
s
,
m
ak
e
p
al
m
o
il
is
ea
s
il
y
o
b
tain
ed
.
T
h
e
alter
n
ativ
e
to
u
s
e
p
alm
o
il
is
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
it
s
s
u
s
tai
n
a
b
ilit
y
.
T
o
m
ak
e
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
i
n
o
il
p
al
m
p
la
n
tatio
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
Ma
la
y
s
ia
h
as
b
ee
n
a
n
ac
ti
v
e
m
e
m
b
er
o
f
R
o
u
n
d
tab
le
o
n
Su
s
tai
n
ab
le
P
alm
Oil (
R
SP
O)
.
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
to
co
n
v
er
t
co
co
n
u
t
o
il
an
d
p
alm
o
il
as
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
o
il.
Fro
m
th
e
s
tu
d
ie
s
,
it
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
co
co
n
u
t
o
il
an
d
p
al
m
o
il
h
a
s
g
o
o
d
p
o
ten
tial
to
b
ec
o
m
e
liq
u
i
d
i
n
s
u
lat
in
g
m
ater
ial
in
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
.
S
u
w
ar
n
o
et.
al
h
as
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
r
e
f
in
ed
c
o
co
n
u
t
o
il
an
d
r
e
f
in
ed
,
b
leac
h
ed
an
d
d
eo
d
o
r
ized
p
al
m
o
il
m
a
y
b
e
u
s
ed
as a
lter
n
ativ
e
f
o
r
in
s
u
lato
r
o
il d
u
e
to
it
s
h
i
g
h
er
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e.
W
h
ile,
A
.
A
.
H.
Z
a
id
i
et.
al
h
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
co
co
n
u
t
o
il,
v
ir
g
in
co
co
n
u
t
o
il
a
n
d
p
alm
o
il
o
n
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
Am
o
n
g
s
t
t
h
e
o
il
s
,
v
ir
g
in
co
co
n
u
t
o
il
h
a
s
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
ten
tia
l
p
r
o
p
er
ties
b
e
ca
u
s
e
it
h
as
h
i
g
h
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e,
lo
w
m
o
is
t
u
r
e
c
o
n
ten
t a
n
d
lo
w
v
i
s
co
s
it
y
[
6
]
-
[
9
]
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
er
e
ar
e
v
er
y
f
e
w
p
ap
er
s
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ate
th
e
v
e
g
e
tab
le
o
ils
w
it
h
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticle
ad
d
itiv
e.
I
n
cu
r
r
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
s
o
m
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
a
v
e
ad
d
ed
n
an
o
p
ar
ticle
ad
d
itiv
e
w
it
h
m
i
n
er
al
o
il
to
in
v
es
t
ig
ate
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
o
ils
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
Na
n
o
p
ar
ticle
is
a
p
ar
ticle
b
et
w
ee
n
1
an
d
1
0
0
n
an
o
m
eter
s
(
n
m
)
i
n
s
ize.
Nan
o
f
l
u
id
s
ar
e
p
o
ten
tiall
y
u
s
e
d
in
m
a
n
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
m
icr
o
ele
ctr
o
n
ics,
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
s
,
p
h
ar
m
ac
e
u
tical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
h
y
b
r
id
-
p
o
w
er
ed
en
g
i
n
es
a
n
d
o
th
er
s
.
Nan
o
f
l
u
id
s
ar
e
g
o
o
d
in
t
h
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
an
d
th
e
co
n
v
ec
t
iv
e
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
b
ase
f
lu
id
s
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
also
co
n
d
u
cted
s
tu
d
ie
s
o
n
th
e
v
eg
e
tab
le
in
s
u
la
tio
n
o
il d
is
p
er
s
in
g
w
it
h
Fe
3
O
4
n
an
o
p
ar
ticle
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
t
y
p
e
o
f
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticle
is
s
il
ico
n
d
io
x
id
e
o
r
n
am
el
y
s
ilic
a
w
it
h
c
h
e
m
ical
f
o
r
m
u
la
SiO
2
.
H.
J
in
et
al.
h
av
e
d
o
n
e
a
r
esea
r
ch
o
n
th
e
AC
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lt
ag
e
an
d
v
is
co
s
it
y
o
f
m
i
n
er
al
o
il
b
ased
SiO
2
n
a
n
o
f
lu
id
s
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
g
i
v
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
n
th
e
AC
b
r
e
a
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
m
i
n
er
al
o
il.
T
h
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
w
it
h
p
ar
ticle
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
I
n
s
tead
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
m
i
n
er
al
o
il
as
in
th
e
ab
o
v
e
p
ap
er
,
th
e
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
v
eg
etab
le
o
il i
s
s
u
g
g
ested
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
t
o
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ate
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
S
iO
2
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticle
o
n
th
e
v
e
g
etab
les
o
il.
T
h
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
tes
ts
an
d
v
is
co
s
it
y
test
s
o
n
co
co
n
u
t
o
il
an
d
p
al
m
o
il
w
it
h
an
d
w
it
h
o
u
t
ad
d
iti
v
e
w
er
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
at
t
w
o
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
e
m
p
er
atu
r
es.
B
esid
es,
p
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
s
w
i
ll
b
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
.
A
ll
test
s
w
ill
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
at
3
0
o
C
an
d
4
0
o
C
to
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
th
e
I
E
C
Sta
n
d
ar
d
.
A
t
th
e
e
n
d
o
f
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
,
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etw
ee
n
A
C
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
v
is
co
s
i
t
y
w
ill
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
SiO
2
n
an
o
p
ar
ticle
o
n
th
e
AC
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e,
v
i
s
co
s
it
y
a
n
d
p
ar
tial d
i
s
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
co
co
n
u
t o
il
an
d
p
al
m
o
il
w
ill b
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
ex
p
lai
n
s
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
t
s
et
u
p
f
o
r
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
tes
t
u
s
i
n
g
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
m
u
s
h
r
o
o
m
elec
tr
o
d
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t.
T
h
e
ap
p
ar
atu
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
o
f
liq
u
id
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
,
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
u
s
ed
f
o
r
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
test
an
d
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
th
e
liq
u
id
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
2
.
1
.
T
est
Sa
m
ple
s
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
les
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
co
co
n
u
t
o
il
(
C
O)
an
d
p
al
m
o
il
(
P
O)
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
r
ea
d
ily
av
ai
lab
le
co
o
k
in
g
o
il
s
in
th
e
m
ar
k
et.
T
h
e
Si
O
2
n
an
o
p
ar
ticle
w
as
p
u
r
ch
ased
f
r
o
m
s
i
g
m
a
-
ald
r
ich
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
i
s
le
s
s
t
h
a
n
5
0
n
m
w
it
h
d
en
s
it
y
1
.
0
8
7
g
/
m
l
at
2
5
o
C
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
t
y
p
e
o
f
o
il
s
,
t
h
e
SiO
2
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
w
ill
b
e
ad
d
ed
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
v
o
lu
m
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
0
.
1
%,
0
2
%,
0
.
3
%,
0
.
4
%
an
d
0
.
5
%.
Firstl
y
,
t
h
e
SiO
2
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
w
er
e
w
eig
h
ed
b
ased
o
n
f
o
r
m
u
la
in
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
)
.
T
a
b
le
1
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
w
eig
h
t
o
f
SiO
2
b
ased
o
n
th
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l
.
1
2
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
201
8
:
2
9
6
–
302
298
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
1
)
W
h
er
e;
W
(
n
m
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W
eig
h
t
o
f
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles (
g
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ρ
(
n
m
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=
Den
s
it
y
o
f
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticle
(
g
/cm
3
)
V(
o
il)
=
Vo
lu
m
e
o
f
o
il (
m
l)
P
VF(
n
m
)
=
Vo
lu
m
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles (
%)
T
ab
le
1
.
W
eig
h
t o
f
SiO
2
B
ase
d
o
n
th
e
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lu
m
e
P
er
ce
n
tag
e
P
V
F
nm
(
%)
V
o
i
l
(
ml
)
ρ
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g
/
c
m)
W
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(
g
)
0
.
1
5
0
0
1
.
0
8
7
0
.
5
4
3
5
0
.
2
5
0
0
1
.
0
8
7
1
.
0
8
7
0
0
.
3
5
0
0
1
.
0
8
7
1
.
6
3
0
5
0
.
4
5
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0
1
.
0
8
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2
.
1
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4
0
0
.
5
5
0
0
1
.
0
8
7
2
.
7
1
7
5
T
h
e
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i
x
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r
e
s
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er
e
s
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ed
w
ith
m
a
g
n
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tic
s
tir
at
6
0
o
C
.
T
h
en
ea
ch
m
ix
t
u
r
e
s
a
m
p
le
w
a
s
p
u
t
in
to
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
clea
n
er
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
)
at
6
0
o
C
f
o
r
1
8
0
to
3
0
0
m
i
n
u
tes
u
n
til
ea
ch
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
s
a
m
p
le
b
ec
a
m
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
an
d
n
o
s
ed
i
m
e
n
tatio
n
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u
ld
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e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
s
id
e
th
e
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
id
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ultr
aso
n
ic
clea
n
er
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t
2
.
2
.
AC
B
re
a
k
do
w
n Vo
lt
a
g
e
T
est
T
h
e
A
C
B
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
Vo
ltag
e
g
iv
e
s
th
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
elec
tr
ical
p
o
ten
tial
at
w
h
ich
t
h
e
o
il
w
il
l
s
to
p
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
i
n
s
u
lati
n
g
an
d
w
ill
ev
e
n
tu
a
ll
y
co
llap
s
e.
A
h
i
g
h
er
v
alu
e
o
f
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
a
f
et
y
o
f
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
Hen
ce
in
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
,
A
C
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
co
co
n
u
t
o
il
an
d
p
al
m
o
il
w
er
e
to
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
.
T
h
e
test
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
cted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
I
E
C
6
0
1
5
6
test
m
et
h
o
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
,
w
h
ich
u
s
e
a
p
air
o
f
s
p
h
er
ical
elec
tr
o
d
e
w
it
h
a
g
ap
o
f
2
.
5
m
m
.
T
h
e
o
il
s
a
m
p
le
s
s
h
o
u
ld
i
m
m
er
s
ed
th
e
s
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h
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ical
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lectr
o
d
e
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
test
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a
s
co
n
d
u
cted
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
s
am
p
l
e,
a
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k
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o
f
A
C
v
o
ltag
e
w
as
ap
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lied
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
tar
tin
g
o
f
t
h
e
test
,
w
i
th
a
v
o
lt
ag
e
r
is
e
r
ate
o
f
1
k
V
o
v
er
1
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
in
ter
v
al.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sp
h
er
ical
elec
tr
o
d
e
w
it
h
2
.
5
m
m
g
ap
i
m
m
er
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ed
w
it
h
v
e
g
etab
le
o
il
T
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e
A
C
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
test
w
as
r
ep
ea
ted
3
ti
m
es
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
a
m
p
le.
T
h
e
test
s
a
m
p
le
was
allo
w
ed
to
r
est
f
o
r
o
n
e
m
i
n
u
te
a
f
ter
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
b
r
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k
d
o
w
n
test
t
o
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w
b
r
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k
d
o
w
n
by
-
p
r
o
d
u
cts
to
clea
r
t
h
e
g
ap
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
S
tu
d
y
o
f B
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
V
o
lta
g
e
o
f V
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eta
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les o
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ith
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r
ticle
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d
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itive
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h
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d
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ac
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s
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m
p
le
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ill
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e
test
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at
t
w
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d
if
f
er
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n
t
te
m
p
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at
u
r
es
w
h
ic
h
w
er
e
3
0
o
C
an
d
4
0
o
C
.
Fo
r
ea
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s
a
m
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th
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test
w
a
s
s
tar
ted
at
4
0
o
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an
d
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
w
as
allo
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ed
to
co
o
l
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o
w
n
to
3
0
o
C
b
ef
o
r
e
a
s
er
ies
o
f
test
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w
as
p
er
f
o
r
m
at
t
h
e
lo
w
er
ed
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
2
.
3
.
M
ea
s
uring
P
a
rt
ia
l D
is
cha
rg
e
P
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
(
P
D)
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
n
o
n
-
d
estr
u
cti
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
i
n
s
u
latio
n
d
ef
ec
t
s
in
elec
tr
ical
p
o
w
er
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
P
D
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
w
a
s
d
o
n
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
I
E
C
Sta
n
d
ar
d
6
0
2
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0
th
at
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
P
D
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
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ir
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it,
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
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g
i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
,
t
h
e
ca
l
ib
r
atio
n
an
d
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
P
D
q
u
an
tit
y
i
s
t
h
e
ap
p
ar
en
t
c
h
ar
g
e
o
f
P
D
p
u
ls
e.
I
t
is
th
at
c
h
ar
g
e
w
h
ic
h
,
i
f
i
n
j
ec
ted
w
it
h
i
n
a
v
er
y
s
h
o
r
t
ti
m
e
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
ter
m
i
n
al
s
o
f
th
e
te
s
t
o
b
j
ec
t,
w
o
u
ld
ap
p
ea
r
o
n
th
e
P
D
d
etec
to
r
.
I
n
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
Hig
h
Vo
lt
p
ar
ti
al
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
d
etec
to
r
,
t
y
p
e
I
C
M
C
o
m
p
ac
t
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
)
av
aila
b
le
in
t
h
e
Hig
h
Vo
lta
g
e
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
,
Uit
m
S
h
a
h
A
la
m
,
w
as
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
P
D
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
w
as
tak
e
n
co
n
cu
r
r
en
tl
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
A
C
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
tes
ts
u
n
til t
h
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Hig
h
Vo
lt p
ar
tial d
is
ch
ar
g
e
d
etec
to
r
,
t
y
p
e
I
C
M
C
o
m
p
ac
t
2
.
4
.
Vis
co
s
it
y
T
est
Vis
co
s
it
y
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
to
b
e
d
ete
r
m
in
ed
f
o
r
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
o
il.
Vis
co
s
it
y
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
t
h
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lt
ag
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
t
h
er
m
al
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
o
il.
He
n
ce
,
it
i
s
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
to
in
v
es
tig
ate
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
SiO
2
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticle
in
t
h
e
v
e
g
etab
le
o
ils
.
Fo
r
t
h
is
v
i
s
co
s
it
y
tes
t,
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
a
Fan
n
Vis
co
m
eter
3
5
SA
m
o
d
el
w
as
u
s
ed
w
it
h
a
w
ater
b
ath
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
o
il
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
r
e
m
ai
n
s
co
n
s
ta
n
t
at
4
0
o
C
.
T
h
e
test
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
I
E
C
2
9
6
s
tan
d
ar
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Fan
n
V
is
co
m
eter
3
5
S
A
w
it
h
w
ater
b
ath
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
3
.
1
.
Ac
B
re
a
k
do
w
n Vo
lt
a
g
e
T
est
T
h
e
A
C
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
test
f
o
r
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
o
il
w
a
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
w
it
h
s
tan
d
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
il
s
a
m
p
les.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
v
a
lu
e
w
as
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
ep
ea
ted
te
s
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
t
est
co
n
d
u
cted
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
test
s
o
f
co
co
n
u
t
o
il
an
d
p
alm
o
il
at
3
0
o
C
an
d
40
o
C
w
it
h
o
u
t
a
n
y
ad
d
itiv
e.
As
ca
n
b
e
n
o
ticed
,
co
co
n
u
t
o
il
at
3
0
o
C
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l
.
1
2
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
201
8
:
2
9
6
–
302
300
h
ig
h
e
s
t
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
3
6
.
6
5
k
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P
alm
o
il
at
4
0
o
C
h
as
th
e
lo
w
est
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
s
a
m
p
les.
T
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
f
o
r
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e
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ils
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th
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3
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at
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d
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f
u
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ill
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e
I
E
C
6
0
2
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6
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
o
il.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
w
h
e
n
th
e
v
eg
etab
l
e
o
ils
w
er
e
ad
d
ed
w
it
h
SiO
2
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles,
th
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
v
o
lta
g
e
(
B
DV)
o
f
co
co
n
u
t
o
il
a
n
d
p
al
m
o
il
at
3
0
o
C
an
d
4
0
o
C
h
ad
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
b
elo
w
3
0
k
V
w
h
ic
h
d
id
n
o
t
f
u
l
f
i
ll
t
h
e
I
E
C
6
0
2
9
6
Stan
d
ar
d
.
On
Fig
u
r
e
6
an
d
7
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
B
DV
o
f
t
h
e
co
co
n
u
t
o
il
a
n
d
p
al
m
o
il
w
it
h
v
ar
ied
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
ad
d
itiv
e
w
er
e
s
h
o
w
n
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
es
t
v
al
u
e
o
f
B
DV
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
b
y
p
al
m
o
il
s
a
m
p
le
w
as
at
0
.
1
%
o
f
SiO
2
at
3
0
o
C
,
an
d
th
e
v
al
u
e
was
2
5
.
4
6
k
V.
C
o
co
n
u
t
o
il
g
a
v
e
th
e
lo
w
e
s
t
v
al
u
e
at
0
.
3
%
o
f
SiO
2
at
4
0
o
C
w
h
ic
h
w
a
s
9
.
3
k
V.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
r
a
w
co
co
n
u
t o
il a
n
d
p
al
m
o
il
F
ig
u
re
6
.
Bre
a
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lt
a
g
e
o
f
c
o
c
o
n
u
t
o
il
F
ig
u
re
7
.
Bre
a
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lt
a
g
e
o
f
P
a
lm
Fro
m
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
o
b
tain
ed
,
cle
ar
l
y
it
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
SiO
2
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticle
d
id
n
o
t
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e.
B
o
th
th
e
o
ils
h
ad
lo
w
er
ed
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
es,
d
ip
p
in
g
to
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
a
t
0
.
3
%
o
f
ad
d
itiv
e
v
o
lu
m
e
f
o
r
co
co
n
u
t
o
il,
an
d
d
ip
p
in
g
to
a
m
in
i
m
u
m
at
0
.
4
%
o
f
ad
d
iti
v
e
v
o
lu
m
e
f
o
r
p
al
m
o
il.
T
h
is
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
w
as
s
i
m
il
ar
t
o
th
e
r
es
u
lt
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
H.
J
in
et
al,
w
h
ic
h
s
tated
t
h
at
ad
d
iti
o
n
o
f
SiO
2
d
id
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t in
t
h
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
m
i
n
er
al
o
il.
3
.
2
.
P
a
rt
ia
l D
is
cha
rg
e
P
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
s
(
P
D)
is
t
h
e
lo
ca
lized
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
o
r
io
n
i
za
tio
n
t
h
at
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
io
n
s
a
n
d
elec
tr
o
n
s
.
P
D
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
d
is
co
n
ti
n
u
i
ties
o
r
i
m
p
er
f
ec
tio
n
s
i
n
th
e
in
s
u
latio
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
u
s
,
P
D
test
i
n
g
g
i
v
es
a
n
in
d
icatio
n
o
f
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
i
n
s
u
latio
n
a
n
d
is
a
n
in
d
ica
to
r
o
f
in
cip
ien
t
f
a
u
lts
.
I
n
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
s
o
f
P
ar
tial
Di
s
ch
ar
g
es
(
P
D
)
w
er
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
wed
th
e
m
ea
n
P
D
o
f
t
h
e
p
al
m
o
il
an
d
co
co
n
u
t
o
il
s
a
m
p
les
w
it
h
a
n
d
w
i
th
o
u
t
ad
d
itiv
es.
T
h
e
u
n
it
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
i
s
p
ic
o
-
C
o
u
lo
m
b
s
(
p
C
)
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
t
h
at,
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
SiO
2
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
i
n
t
h
e
co
co
n
u
t
o
il
a
n
d
p
al
m
o
il
s
a
m
p
les
h
a
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
o
f
P
D
in
th
e
o
ils
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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an
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ch
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ig
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s
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8
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at
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.
T
h
is
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
t
h
e
p
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
ac
t
iv
itie
s
in
v
eg
e
tab
les
o
il
in
cr
ea
s
es
as
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
in
c
r
ea
s
es.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
w
it
h
co
co
n
u
t o
il a
n
d
p
al
m
o
il
ad
d
ed
w
it
h
S
iO2
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles,
th
e
m
ea
n
P
D
f
o
r
b
o
th
o
ils
wer
e
b
et
w
ee
n
6
to
1
0
p
C
.
A
s
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
th
e
m
ea
n
p
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
o
f
co
co
n
u
t
o
il
ad
d
ed
w
it
h
SiO2
n
an
o
p
ar
ticl
es
h
ad
s
li
g
h
t
l
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
.
W
h
il
e,
th
e
m
ea
n
P
D
o
f
p
al
m
o
il
h
ad
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
li
g
h
tl
y
a
s
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
w
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
3
.
3
.
Vis
co
s
it
y
T
est
Vis
co
s
it
y
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
c
h
o
o
s
in
g
s
u
itab
le
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
o
il.
T
h
e
lo
w
e
r
v
is
co
s
it
y
h
as
b
etter
co
o
lin
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
W
h
i
le,
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
w
ill
r
ed
u
ce
v
is
co
s
it
y
.
As
s
h
o
w
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
,
th
e
v
is
co
s
it
y
o
f
th
e
p
alm
o
il
an
d
co
co
n
u
t
o
i
l
at
4
0
o
C
w
as
lo
w
er
th
an
3
0
o
C
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
at
3
0
o
C
,
v
is
co
s
ities
o
f
p
al
m
o
il
an
d
c
o
co
n
u
t
o
il
w
it
h
ad
d
itiv
e
h
ad
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
li
g
h
tl
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
r
aw
p
al
m
o
il
an
d
co
co
n
u
t
o
il
v
a
lu
e
s
.
T
h
e
co
co
n
u
t
o
il
w
i
th
ad
d
iti
v
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
6
1
cSt
to
7
6
cSt.
W
h
ile,
f
o
r
p
al
m
o
il,
it in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
9
7
cSt to
1
0
8
cSt.
I
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
it
w
as
o
b
tai
n
e
d
th
at
co
co
n
u
t
o
il
h
as
lo
w
e
r
v
is
co
s
it
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
p
al
m
o
il.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
a
g
o
o
d
r
esu
lt
s
in
ce
t
h
e
lo
w
v
i
s
co
s
it
y
ac
ts
as
a
g
o
o
d
in
s
u
la
tio
n
a
n
d
co
o
lin
g
liq
u
id
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
I
E
C
6
0
2
9
6
s
tan
d
ar
d
h
as
s
tate
th
at
t
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
v
i
s
co
s
it
y
o
f
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
o
il
was
1
3
cSt
at
4
0
o
C
.
T
h
is
m
ak
e
s
th
e
v
eg
etab
le
o
il
s
n
o
t
s
u
itab
le
b
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
h
ig
h
er
v
i
s
co
s
it
y
v
al
u
es.
T
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
SiO
2
n
an
o
p
ar
ticle
d
id
n
o
t g
i
v
e
an
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t to
t
h
e
v
i
s
co
s
it
y
o
f
th
e
o
il
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
: V
is
co
s
it
y
o
f
C
o
co
n
u
t o
il a
n
d
P
alm
o
il
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
m
ai
n
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
is
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
A
C
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e,
p
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
v
is
co
s
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
v
e
g
etab
le
o
ils
w
it
h
a
n
d
w
it
h
o
u
t Si
O
2
ad
d
itiv
e,
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
i
f
a
n
y
o
f
th
e
o
il
s
ca
n
b
e
s
u
itab
le
t
o
b
e
an
alter
n
ati
v
e
to
th
e
m
in
er
al
o
il
u
s
ed
as
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
o
il.
Hen
ce
,
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
w
er
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
t
w
o
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
v
e
g
etab
les
o
il;
n
a
m
el
y
,
co
co
n
u
t
o
il
an
d
p
alm
o
il
to
o
b
tain
th
e
A
C
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e,
p
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
v
is
co
s
it
y
o
f
th
e
o
ils
at
t
w
o
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es;
3
0
o
C
an
d
4
0
o
C
w
i
th
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
s
ilico
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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4752
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n
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o
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J
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g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l
.
1
2
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
201
8
:
2
9
6
–
302
302
40
o
C
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tial
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ec
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g
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(
R
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M,
f
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m
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L
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ST
AR
I
(
0
0
2
1
/2
0
1
6
)
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
P
a
n
si
n
i,
A
n
th
o
n
y
J,
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
tra
n
sf
o
rm
e
r
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t,
3
r
d
e
d
.
,
1
9
9
9
.
[2
]
T
.
O.
Ro
u
se
,
“
M
in
e
ra
l
i
n
su
lati
n
g
o
il
in
T
ra
n
sf
o
rm
e
r
s”
,
IEE
E
In
su
lati
o
n
m
a
g
a
z
in
e
,
1
9
9
8
.
[3
]
A
.
S
iv
a
p
ra
g
a
sa
m
,
“
Co
c
o
n
u
t
in
M
a
la
y
sia
–
c
u
rre
n
t
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
f
o
r
re
-
v
it
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
”
,
2
nd
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
P
la
n
tatio
n
I
n
d
u
stry
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
a
n
d
Ex
h
i
b
i
ti
o
n
(I
P
ICE
X
2
0
0
8
),
2
0
0
8
.
[4
]
h
tt
p
:
//
ww
w
.
p
a
lm
o
il
in
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
s.o
rg
/ab
o
u
t
-
p
a
lm
-
o
il
.
h
tm
l
[5
]
S
.
H.
S
h
u
it
,
K.T
.
T
a
n
,
K.T
.
L
e
e
,
A
.
H.
Ka
m
a
ru
d
d
in
,
“
Oil
p
a
lm
b
io
m
a
ss
a
s
a
su
sta
in
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
:
A
M
a
l
a
y
sia
n
c
a
se
stu
d
y
”
,
S
e
e
a
lso
:
ww
w
.
e
lse
v
ier.co
m
/l
o
c
a
te/e
n
e
rg
y
;
2
0
0
9
.
[6
]
D.C.
A
b
e
y
su
n
d
a
ra
,
C.
W
e
e
ra
k
o
o
n
a
n
d
J
R
L
u
c
a
s,
K.A
.
I.
G
u
n
a
tu
n
g
a
a
n
d
K.C
.
Ob
a
d
a
g
e
,
“
Co
c
o
n
u
t
o
il
a
s
a
n
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
to
tran
sf
o
rm
e
r
o
il
”
,
ERU
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
,
No
v
2
0
0
1
.
[7
]
S
u
w
a
rn
o
,
F
.
S
it
in
jak
,
Ic
h
w
a
n
S
u
h
a
riad
i
a
n
d
L
u
t
h
f
i
Im
sa
k
,
“
S
tu
d
y
o
n
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
p
a
lm
o
il
a
n
d
it
s
d
e
riv
a
ti
v
e
s
a
s
li
q
u
id
i
n
su
lati
n
g
m
a
teria
ls”
,
7
th
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
P
r
o
p
e
rti
e
s
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Die
le
c
tri
c
M
a
teria
ls,
2
0
0
3
.
[8
]
M
a
n
jee
t
S
ig
h
T
a
n
e
ja,
S
u
m
e
e
t
S
e
h
ra
w
a
t
a
n
d
Ka
m
les
h
P
a
n
d
e
r,
“
Us
e
o
f
b
io
b
a
se
d
o
il
’s
a
s
a
s
u
b
stit
u
t
e
o
f
tran
sf
o
r
m
r
o
il
”
,
1
st
I
EE
E
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
2
0
1
6
.
[9
]
A
.
A
.
H.
Zaid
i,
N.
Hu
sin
a
n
d
M
.
K.
M
o
h
d
Ja
m
il
,
“
Ex
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tal
stu
d
y
o
n
v
e
g
e
tab
les
o
il
p
ro
p
e
rt
ies
f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
tran
sf
o
r
m
e
r”
,
IEE
E,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
0
]
H.
Jin
,
T
.
A
n
d
rit
sc
h
,
P
.
H.
F
M
o
r
h
u
is
a
n
d
J.J
S
m
it
,
“
A
C
Bre
a
k
d
o
wn
v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
v
is
c
o
sit
y
o
f
m
in
e
ra
l
o
il
b
a
se
d
S
iO
2
n
a
n
o
f
lu
i
d
s”
,
IEE
E,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
1
]
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
Ra
f
iq
,
Ch
e
n
g
ro
n
g
L
i,
Yu
z
h
e
n
L
v
,
Ka
i
Yi
a
n
d
Ik
ra
m
A
r
i
f
,
“
Bre
a
k
d
o
w
n
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
tran
sf
o
rm
e
r
o
il
b
a
se
d
sili
c
a
n
a
n
o
f
lu
id
s”
,
I
EE
E
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
2
]
T
.
O.
Ro
u
se
,
“
M
in
e
ra
l
i
n
su
lati
n
g
o
il
in
T
ra
n
sf
o
rm
e
r
s”
,
IEE
E
In
su
lati
o
n
m
a
g
a
z
in
e
,
1
9
9
8
.
[1
3
]
Jia
n
L
i,
Zh
a
o
tao
Zh
a
n
g
,
P
in
g
Zo
u
,
“
P
re
p
a
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
a
v
e
g
e
tab
l
e
o
il
-
b
a
se
d
n
a
n
o
f
lu
i
d
s
a
n
d
in
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
it
s
b
re
a
k
d
o
w
b
a
n
d
d
iele
c
tri
c
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s”
,
IEE
E,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
4
]
M
.
S
.
M
o
h
a
m
a
d
,
H.
Zain
u
d
d
i
n
,
S
.
A
.
G
h
a
n
i,
I.
S
.
Ch
a
ir
u
l,
“
Bre
a
k
d
o
w
n
a
n
d
p
a
rti
a
l
d
isc
h
a
rg
e
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
p
a
l
m
f
a
tt
y
a
c
id
e
ste
r(P
F
A
E)
o
il
-
b
a
se
d
F
e
3
O
4
n
a
n
o
f
lu
id
s”
,
IEE
E
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
5
]
H.
Jin
,
T
.
A
n
d
rit
sc
h
,
P
.
H.
F
M
o
r
h
u
is
a
n
d
J.J
S
m
it
,
“
A
C
Bre
a
k
d
o
wn
v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
v
is
c
o
sit
y
o
f
m
in
e
ra
l
o
il
b
a
se
d
S
iO
2
n
a
n
o
f
lu
i
d
s”
,
IEE
E,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
6
]
h
tt
p
:
//
ww
w
.
h
ig
h
v
o
lt
.
d
e
/
p
o
rtal
d
a
ta/1
/Res
o
u
rc
e
s/HV
/Do
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