Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
13
,
No.
1
,
Jan
uar
y
201
9
,
pp.
2
6
5
~
2
71
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
1
.pp
2
6
5
-
2
71
265
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
An LED
-
based vi
sible ligh
t commu
nicati
on syst
em for m
ulti
cast
Jong
-
Su
ng Le
e, Dae
-
Hee Le
e, Sung
-
Jin
Ki
m, Cha
ng
-
He
on
Oh
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
troni
cs
and
C
om
m
unic
at
ion
E
ngine
er
ing,
Korea
Univ
ersity
of
T
ec
hno
log
y
and Educati
on
,
31253,
Cheon
an, Kore
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
4
, 2
018
Re
vised N
ov 5
, 2018
Accepte
d Nov
19
, 201
8
Visible
Li
ght
Co
m
m
unic
at
ion
is
a
comm
unic
at
io
n
m
et
hod
tha
t
tra
nsm
it
s
dat
a
through
li
ght
b
y
pulsing
an
L
ED
at
high
spee
d,
pe
rform
ing
broa
dca
st
comm
unic
at
ion
for
all
d
evi
c
es
exi
sting
in
it
s
cove
rag
e.
Broa
dca
st
-
base
d
Visible
Li
ght
C
om
m
unic
at
ion
is
li
m
it
e
d
to
appli
ca
t
ion
to
Int
ern
e
t
of
Thi
ngs
servic
es,
wher
e
var
ious
appl
i
ca
t
ions
exi
st,
al
th
ough
a
ll
re
ce
iv
ers
can
comm
unic
at
e
w
it
hin
th
e
r
ange
of
li
ght
sour
c
es.
Th
ere
for
e,
thi
s
pape
r
proposes
an
LED
base
d
Visible
Li
ght
Com
m
un
ic
a
ti
on
s
y
st
em
for
m
ult
ic
ast
.
The
proposed
s
y
stem
per
form
s
indi
vidua
l
m
ult
icast
b
y
par
t
ic
ip
at
ing
in
comm
unic
at
ion
onl
y
wit
h
r
ec
e
iv
ers
conf
igur
ed
t
o
use
a
spe
ci
fi
e
d
ID
val
ue
input
at
the
tr
an
sm
it
ti
ng
side
during
dat
a
tra
nsm
ission.
Expe
rime
nta
l
resul
ts
show
tha
t
the
re
ce
iv
er
c
an
re
ce
i
ve
files
indi
vid
u
al
l
y
accordi
ng
t
o
a
spec
ifi
e
d
ID va
lue.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
Bi
directi
on
al
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
Eaves
dro
pp
i
ng
ID
Mult
ic
ast
Visible l
ig
ht c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
(V
LC
)
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Jo
ng
-
S
ung Lee
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
ro
nics
and C
omm
un
ic
ation
En
gin
ee
rin
g,
Korea
U
niv
er
sit
y of
Tec
hnol
ogy an
d Ed
ucati
on, 312
53, C
he
on
a
n, K
orea
.
Em
a
il
:
cho
h@
koreatec
h.ac
.
kr
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
As
the
I
nter
ne
t
of
Thi
ng
s
(
I
oT)
em
erg
es
,
new
ap
plica
ti
on
se
rv
ic
es
us
i
ng
se
nsor
de
vices
are
bein
g
release
d
[1
]
.
St
at
ist
a,
a
sta
ti
st
i
cal
agen
cy
,
pr
e
dicts
that
75.
4
bill
ion
I
oT
de
vi
ces
will
be
dis
tribu
te
d
w
or
l
dwide
by
2025
[
2].
A
la
rge
num
ber
of
sen
sor
de
vices
will
be
app
li
ed
a
nd
distrib
uted
in
the
I
oT
en
vir
onm
ent
,
creati
ng
data
at
an
e
xp
l
os
iv
e
rate,
a
nd
im
po
si
ng
traf
fic
ov
e
rloa
d
for
s
yst
e
m
s
with
li
m
it
ed
per
f
orm
ance
capab
il
it
ie
s [
3]
. RF
-
ba
sed wir
el
ess co
m
m
un
i
cat
ion
syst
em
s
,
in
par
ti
cula
r,
a
re
ins
uffici
ent to acco
m
m
od
at
e the
exp
l
os
ive
data
traf
fic
f
ro
m
Io
T
de
vices
due
to
their
li
m
it
ed
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
band.
By
us
in
g
t
he
un
li
cense
d
broa
db
a
nd
sp
e
ct
ru
m
,
Visible
Ligh
t
Com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
(
VL
C)
is
at
tract
ing
at
te
ntio
n
as
a
nex
t
ge
nerat
io
n
wireless c
omm
un
ic
at
io
n
te
c
hnology s
olu
ti
on
to ove
rco
m
e these proble
m
s [
4].
VLC
is
a
m
et
ho
d
of
t
ran
sm
it
t
ing
d
at
a
t
hroug
h
li
ght by
pulsi
ng
a
Li
gh
t Em
i
tt
ing
Di
ode
(
L
ED)
at
h
ig
h
sp
ee
d,
an
d
it
is
i
m
po
ssible
to
us
e
in
n
on
-
li
ne
-
of
-
sig
ht
(
N
L
oS
)
e
nv
i
ronm
ents
,
enab
li
ng
easi
er
s
ecur
it
y
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
ns
wh
e
n
pro
vid
in
g
local
a
rea
serv
ic
e
[
5].
With
VLC,
it
is
possible
t
o
tra
nsm
it
m
assive
am
ou
nts
of
data
at
a
hig
h
s
peed
by
usi
ng
the
unli
ce
ns
e
d
fr
e
quenc
y
ban
d
of
40
0~
800
THz
,
an
d
there
is
no
pro
ble
m
cause
d
by
fr
e
quency
al
locat
io
n.
In
a
ddit
ion
,
there
is
no
i
nterf
e
ren
ce
with
t
he
existi
ng
Ind
us
tria
l
Scie
ntif
ic
an
d
Me
dical
(I
SM
)
band,
so
it
is
no
t
a
ff
ect
e
d
by
m
ult
i
-
path
fad
i
ng
,
an
d
ca
n
be
im
ple
m
e
nted
in
place
s
wh
e
re
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
u
se
is rest
rict
ed [6
, 7]
.
In
previ
ou
s
re
searche
s,
we
i
m
ple
m
ented
a
VLC
m
od
ule
capab
le
of
bi
di
recti
on
al
tra
nsm
issi
on
an
d
receptio
n
th
r
ough
a
n
O
TG
c
able
with
a
sm
art
de
vice,
a
nd
confirm
ed
tha
t
te
xt,
i
m
age,
vo
ic
e
,
an
d
vide
o
file
s
wer
e
tra
ns
m
itt
ed
an
d
receive
d
thr
ough
the
dev
el
op
e
d
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
.
Howe
ver,
pro
blem
s
su
c
h
as
instabi
li
ty
of
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
due
to
hard
war
e
s
pecifica
ti
on
s
we
re
f
ound
in
the
e
xperim
ental
pr
oc
ess
[8
]
.
Si
nc
e
then,
broa
dcasti
ng
da
ta
transm
issio
n
st
ud
ie
s
have
been
c
ondu
c
te
d
to
ena
ble
data
transm
issi
on
to
a
nu
m
ber
of
dev
ic
es
withi
n
the
c
overa
ge
of
li
ght
s
ources
f
or
a
pp
li
cat
ion
of
I
oT
by
opti
cal
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
[
9].
Howe
ver,
probl
e
m
s
su
ch
as
i
nterf
e
re
nce
of
exter
nal
li
gh
t
so
urce
s
an
d
i
nst
abili
ty
of
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
du
e
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry 20
19
:
2
6
5
–
2
7
1
266
hard
war
e
sp
ec
ific
at
ion
s
we
r
e
fo
un
d
duri
ng
the
ex
per
i
m
ent.
In
ad
diti
on
,
broa
dcas
t
-
base
d
visibl
e
li
gh
t
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
m
ay
be
lim
ited
in
t
he
I
oT
e
nv
i
ronm
ent
due
to
the
e
xisten
ce
of
va
rio
us
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
exa
m
ples.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
t
his
pap
e
r
propose
s
a
sepa
rate
m
ulti
cast
V
LC
be
tween
dev
ic
e
s.
The
pro
pose
d
syst
em
assig
ns
I
D
values
t
o
al
l
sm
art
dev
ic
es
,
i
nter
work
i
ng
w
it
h
each
visible
li
gh
t
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
m
odule,
an
d
tra
ns
m
its
data
by
inputt
ing
th
e
ID
val
ue
of
the
receivi
ng
si
de
from
the
tra
ns
m
itti
ng
side,
and
only
receives
f
ro
m
the
sm
art
dev
ic
e
ha
ving t
he
c
orres
ponding I
D value
.
The
com
po
sit
ion
of
this
pa
pe
r
is
as
fo
ll
ow
s.
In
S
ect
ion
2,
we
desc
ribe
th
e
relat
ed
resear
ch
of
visible
li
gh
t
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
,
a
nd
in
Sect
ion
3,
we
exp
la
in
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
syst
em
.
In
Sect
io
n
4,
the
pro
posed
sy
stem
i
s
ver
ifie
d
th
r
ough the
expe
rim
e
ntal en
vir
on
m
ent con
fig
ur
at
io
n
,
a
nd the
conc
lusio
n
is m
ade.
2.
RE
LATE
D
W
ORKS
In
Novem
ber
2011,
t
he
I
ns
ti
tu
te
of
Ele
ct
rical
and
Ele
ct
r
onic
s
En
gin
ee
rs
(
I
EEE)
c
onfirm
e
d
the
VLC
-
Ph
ysi
cal
Lay
er
(P
H
Y)
as
IE
EE
802.1
5.7.
I
EEE
80
2.1
5.7,
a
sta
nd
ar
d
f
or
VLC,
descr
i
bes
a
te
ch
no
l
ogy
for
su
pp
or
ti
ng
the
m
itigati
on
of
fl
ic
ker
a
nd
dim
m
ing
in
a
P
H
Y/
Me
dia
Acc
ess
Con
t
ro
l
(M
AC)
la
ye
r
by
di
vid
in
g
infr
a
struct
ur
e
,
m
ob
il
e,
and
ve
hicle
env
ir
on
m
ent
s
[1
0].
A
t
the
sta
nd
ar
di
zat
ion
m
eeting
held
in
Ha
w
ai
i
in
Novem
ber
20
14,
a
PA
R
(Pro
je
ct
Au
t
horizat
ion)
for
the
sta
nd
a
r
dizat
ion
of
O
ptica
l
W
ire
le
ss
Com
m
un
ic
at
ion
(OWC)
,
com
po
se
d
of
Lig
ht
Fideli
ty
(Li
-
Fi
)
,
LE
D
-
ID
,
and
O
ptica
l
Cam
era
Com
m
un
ic
at
ion
(O
CC
)
,
was
ad
op
te
d.
I
n
N
ov
em
ber
2014,
the
I
EEE
802.1
5.7r1
O
G
C
TG
sta
rted
f
ull
sta
nd
ar
diza
ti
on
in
Jan
uar
y
2015
thr
ough
the
fin
al
approval
of
the
IE
EE
802
EC.
The
IE
EE
802.1
5.7r
O
WC
T
G
is
sta
nd
a
r
dizing
on
syst
e
m
s
that
receive
sign
al
s
a
nd
patte
rn
s
from
LE
D
scree
ns
,
LE
D
dis
play
s,
di
gital
sign
age
,
or
LE
D
li
gh
t
so
urce
s
us
i
ng
sm
art
de
vices.
As
sta
ndar
dizat
ion
rel
at
ed
to
visible
li
gh
t
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
pro
gres
ses,
va
rio
us
st
ud
ie
s
su
c
h
as
data
rate, sec
ur
it
y, an
d i
nterf
e
re
nce a
r
e procee
ding
[
11, 12].
In
2017
,
Al
-
Moli
ki
et
al
.
pro
po
se
d
a
ke
y
extracti
on
prot
oco
l
in
Or
t
hogonal
F
requ
ency
Divisio
n
Mult
iplexin
g
(
OFDM)
to
so
l
ve
the
pro
blem
of
eave
sdro
pp
i
ng
on
VLC
li
nk
s.
The
pro
po
s
ed
m
et
ho
d
extract
s
the
key
f
r
om
t
he
sam
ples
ge
ner
at
e
d
by
t
he
OFDM
m
et
h
od
i
n
the
PHY/M
AC
la
ye
r
[4
]
.
In
a
2
018
stud
y
,
Werfli
et
al
.
pro
po
se
d
a
4×
4
im
aging
MIM
O(
M
ulti
pl
e
-
Inp
ut
Mult
iple
-
Ou
t
pu
t)
V
LC
syst
e
m
that
us
e
s
m
ul
ti
ban
d
Ca
r
r
ie
rless
Am
plitu
de
a
nd
P
hase
(m
-
CAP)
m
od
ulati
on
ba
sed
on
f
re
qu
e
ncy
m
ul
ti
plexing
f
or
hi
gh
-
sp
ee
d
data
tra
ns
m
issi
on
us
in
g
V
LC.
T
he
e
xp
e
rim
en
t
de
m
on
st
rated
a
tra
ns
fe
r
rate
of
up
to
249
M
bs
for
th
e
pro
po
se
d
syst
em
[1
3].
I
n
a
nothe
r
2018
stu
dy
,
Ba
bar
et
a
l.
pro
posed
a
un
a
ry
-
c
od
e
d
dim
m
ing
sc
hem
e
an
d
Fo
r
wa
rd
E
rror
Correct
io
n
(
FEC)
c
odin
g
to
prov
i
de
flic
ker
-
f
ree
il
lu
m
inati
on
in
O
n
-
Off
Keyi
ng
(
OOK
)
mo
du
la
te
d
visi
ble
li
gh
t
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
s.
It
co
ntr
ol
le
d
the
dem
isting
of
LE
Ds
t
hro
ugh
a
unar
y
-
co
ded
dim
m
ering
sch
e
m
e
and
us
ed
FFC
to
detect
and
c
orrect
error
s
.
Ex
per
im
e
ntal
resu
lt
s
co
nf
irm
ed
an
SNR
gain
of
up
to
6
dB
[
14
]
.
Also
in
2018,
Nlom
et
al
.
repo
rte
d
on
ch
ann
el
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
m
easur
em
ent
of
a
hy
br
i
d
syst
e
m
com
bin
ing
Power
Li
ne
C
omm
un
ic
at
ion
(PLC
)
te
ch
no
l
ogy
and
VLC.
Th
e
m
easur
ed
res
ults
pro
vid
e
a
n
overal
l
char
act
e
rizat
ion
,
m
od
el
a
nd
s
pectral
a
naly
sis
of
the
hy
br
i
d
PLC
-
VLC
c
ha
nn
el
[
15
]
.
I
n
ano
t
her
20
18
s
tud
y
,
Eroglu
et
al.
pr
opos
e
d
va
rio
us solutio
ns
to
gr
oup
LE
Ds
acc
ordin
g
to the rece
ived
sig
nal
stren
gth
of eac
h
LED
and
assi
gn
the
m
to
the
us
er
to
achieve
m
a
xim
u
m
throughput,
pro
portio
nal
fairn
e
ss
an
d
qual
it
y
of
serv
ic
e
.
The
pro
pose
d
m
et
ho
d
s
uppr
e
sses
the
interfe
ren
ce
ca
us
ed
by
si
m
ultaneou
s
data
transm
iss
ion
of
the
LE
D
s
and
i
m
pr
oves the
overall
sig
nal
-
to
-
inter
fer
e
nce a
nd noise
rati
o by 2~
5 dB
[16].
3.
MA
TE
RIA
L
S
AND MET
H
ODS
This
sect
io
n
exp
la
in
s
the
m
ul
ti
cast
,
bid
irect
ion
al
tra
nsm
issi
on
an
d
r
ecepti
on
m
od
ule,
an
d
t
he
A
ndr
oi
d
a
pp
li
c
at
ion
,
ac
co
rd
i
ng to
the
I
D value in
the
VLC
env
i
ronm
ent
.
3.1.
M
ulticas
t
Acc
ordin
g
to
ID
Va
lue
Figure
1
sho
ws
the
blo
c
k
diag
ram
of
a
visible
li
gh
t
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
fo
r
the
m
ult
ic
ast
.
Sm
art
dev
ic
es
perform
three
functi
ons
th
r
ough
t
he
a
ppli
cat
ion
.
First,
a
f
ixed
I
D
value
is
giv
e
n
t
o
the
sm
art
dev
ic
e
that
rec
ei
ves
the
data.
Th
us
,
wh
e
n
i
nputti
ng
a
nd
tr
ansm
itti
ng
the
I
D
value
an
d
data
f
r
om
the
sm
art
dev
ic
e
on
t
he
transm
it
ti
ng
side,
data
ca
n
be
receive
d
on
ly
by
the
de
vice
ha
vi
ng
the
c
orres
ponding
I
D
.
Seco
nd,
a
file
su
c
h
as
te
xt,
i
m
age,
voic
e,
or
vi
deo
is
e
nc
od
e
d
a
nd
decoded
f
or
data
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
and
is
transm
itted
to
the
V
LC
m
od
ule.
Thi
rd,
da
ta
is
transm
itted
an
d
receiv
ed
betwee
n
de
vices
th
rou
gh
VLC
m
od
ule
s
and
US
B
OT
G
ca
bl
e
s
.
The
V
LC
m
od
ule
m
od
ul
at
es
and
dem
od
ulate
s
data
to
transm
it
and
r
ecei
ve
visible
li
gh
t
si
gn
al
s
th
r
ough
the
LED
a
nd
t
he
P
ho
t
o
Diod
e(PD).
When
t
he
sm
art
dev
ic
e
transm
it
s
file
data,
the
VLC
m
od
ule
m
od
ulate
s
the
data
into
bi
nar
y
data
,
an
d
the
m
od
ulate
d
bin
ary
dat
a
is
transm
i
tt
ed
throu
gh
the
LED
t
o
the
receivin
g
de
vi
ce
within
the
r
ang
e
of
t
he
li
ght
source
.
The
n,
the
VLC
m
odule
m
od
ulate
s
the
data recei
ved thro
ugh
t
he
P
D i
nto
file
d
at
a a
nd tra
ns
m
i
ts i
t t
o
the
sm
art d
evice.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
An LED
-
ba
se
d vi
sible l
igh
t c
omm
unic
atio
n
s
yst
em
for
mult
ic
as
t
(
Jo
ng
-
Sung Lee
)
267
Figure
1. LE
D
-
base
d VLC sys
tem
f
or
t
he
m
ulti
cast
Figure
2
s
how
s
the
data
tra
nsm
issi
on
fl
ow
c
har
t
of
the
VL
C
syst
e
m
for
t
he
m
ulti
cast
.
In
the
sm
art
dev
ic
e,
the
us
e
r
sel
ect
s
the
I
D
value
a
nd
th
e
file
of
the
de
vice
to
be
t
ransm
it
te
d.
The
s
el
ect
ed
file
is
encod
e
d
in
base
64
a
nd
conve
rted
to
te
xt
char
act
e
rs
with
an
I
D
val
ue
an
d
transm
i
tt
ed
to
the
VL
C
m
od
ule.
The
VLC
m
od
ule
m
od
u
la
te
s
the
te
xt
value
,
com
po
s
ed
of
t
he
I
D
value
an
d
t
he
enc
od
e
d
dat
a
,
into
bi
nar
y
data,
and
pulse
s
t
he LED t
o
tra
ns
m
it
the v
isi
ble li
gh
t
sig
nal.
Figure
2.
Data
transm
issi
on
f
l
ow
c
ha
rt
Figure
3
s
ho
ws
the
data
r
ecepti
on
flo
w
char
t
of
the
VLC
syst
em
f
or
the
m
ulti
cast
.
The
sig
nal
receive
d
via
th
e
PD
is
dem
od
ulate
d
into
bina
ry
data
in
the
VLC
m
od
ule.
The
bin
a
ry
da
ta
is
de
m
od
ula
te
d
as
te
xt
char
act
er
s
and
se
nt
to
the
sm
art
dev
ic
e
throu
gh
t
he
US
B
OT
G
ca
ble.
The
sm
art
dev
ic
e
co
ntin
uous
ly
checks
the
rec
eption
of
the
da
ta
and
c
onfir
m
s
the
data
,
in
cl
ud
in
g
the
I
D
value.
If
t
he
I
D
val
ue
is
co
nfi
rm
ed,
it
is
com
par
ed
to
the
I
D
value
giv
e
n
to
th
e
sm
art
dev
ic
e
an
d
c
heck
wh
et
her
t
he
I
D
is
ver
ifie
d
or
not.
If
t
he
co
rr
e
spo
nd
i
ng
I
D
value
is
m
a
tc
hed
,
t
he
n
the
i
nc
om
in
g
data
is
rec
ognized
as
file
da
ta
.
Wh
en
al
l
data
is
receive
d,
t
he
in
com
ing
d
at
a is
save
d
a
nd d
ec
oded
to
c
reate t
he
f
il
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry 20
19
:
2
6
5
–
2
7
1
268
Figure
3.
Data
receptio
n flo
w
char
t
3.2.
Bi
dire
cti
onal
Tr
ansce
iver
Module
b
as
ed
on VL
C
Figure
4
s
how
s
the
ci
rc
uit
di
agr
am
of
th
e
V
LC
bid
ire
ct
iona
l
transm
issi
on
an
d
rece
ptio
n
m
od
ule
[9
]
.
The
V
LC
-
base
d
bi
directi
onal
tran
sm
issi
on
an
d rece
ption
m
odule is b
ase
d on
a
rduin
o uno
,
an
d
pe
rfor
m
s ser
ia
l
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
us
in
g
a
n
U
S
B
OT
G
cable
for
c
onnecti
on
with
sm
art
de
vices.
T
he
L
E
D
c
onver
ts
t
he
dat
a
input t
hro
ugh
s
erial
co
m
m
un
i
cat
ion
to
a
n
a
na
log
si
gn
al
,
a
nd sw
it
c
hes
it
thr
ou
gh
a
non
-
in
ver
ti
ng am
plifie
r
to a
sign
al
with
one
or
m
or
e
vo
lt
age
gain
s
with
ou
t
cha
ngin
g
the
wa
vefor
m
.
The
visible
li
ght
sign
al
recei
ved
by
the P
D
is am
plifie
d
th
rou
gh a
non
-
rel
ease am
plifie
r
int
o
a
sign
al
with a
vol
ta
ge
gai
n of 1
or m
or
e.
Figure
4.
VLC
-
base
d bidi
recti
on
al
tra
ns
cei
ve
r
m
od
ule ci
rc
uit diag
ram
3.2.
A
ndr
oid
Ap
pli
ca
tio
n
Figure
5
s
how
s
a
scree
n
f
or
a
file
tran
sm
i
t
app
li
cat
io
n
us
ing
VLC
.
Wh
e
n
the
us
e
r
tra
nsm
it
s
a
file
,
the
ID
val
ue
of
the
sm
art
dev
ic
e
to
be
rec
ei
v
ed
an
d
the
path
an
d
file
nam
e
of
the
corres
pondin
g
f
il
e
are
create
d
i
n
the
i
nput
box.
Whe
n
the
'
SE
ND
'
butt
on
is
cl
ic
ke
d,
t
he
file
is
e
nc
od
e
d
,
an
d
the
ID
val
ue,
file
nam
e,
and
e
nc
oded
da
ta
are
tran
sm
i
tt
ed
to
the
VL
C
-
base
d
bid
ire
ct
ion
al
tran
scei
ver
m
odule.
W
hen
t
he
tra
ns
m
issi
on
of
the
data
is
com
plete
d,
the
transm
itti
ng
app
li
cat
io
n
outpu
ts
a
tra
ns
m
i
ssion
c
om
pletio
n
m
e
ssage
in
a
te
xt
ou
t
pu
t
box below
t
he
in
pu
t
box
. Whe
n
the
r
ecepti
on
of the
f
il
e is com
pleted
, th
e
receivi
ng appli
cat
ion
outp
uts
a
rece
ption
co
m
ple
te
m
essage
,
inclu
ding
t
he
I
D
val
ue
i
n
the
te
xt
view
at
the
bott
om
,
then
dec
odes
th
e
receive
d data a
nd sto
res
it
as t
he nam
e o
f
the
f
il
e in t
he
st
orage
path.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
An LED
-
ba
se
d vi
sible l
igh
t c
omm
unic
atio
n
s
yst
em
for
mult
ic
as
t
(
Jo
ng
-
Sung Lee
)
269
Figure
5.
A
ndr
oid
a
ppli
cat
ion dis
play
4.
E
X
PERI
MEN
T AND E
V
ALUA
TI
ON
4
.
1
.
E
xp
eri
m
ent
al Env
ir
onme
nt
To
ver
ify
the
perform
ance
of
the
propose
d
syst
e
m
,
the
exp
e
rim
ental
env
ir
on
m
ent
is
con
st
ru
ct
e
d
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gu
re
6.
T
he
sm
art
dev
ic
es
S
D
-
1,
2,
3,
a
nd
4
use
d
in
the
e
xperim
ent
are
diff
ere
nt
A
ndro
i
d
s
m
art
phones.
P
rev
i
ous
stu
dies
ha
ve
confirm
ed
that
data
is
recei
ved
from
a
ll
mo
dule
s
withi
n
the
ra
ng
e
of
the
LED
li
gh
t
source
th
rou
gh
br
oad
ca
st
-
base
d
ex
per
i
m
ents
[9
]
.
T
hi
s
exp
e
rim
ent
was
co
nducte
d
to
transm
i
t
di
ff
e
ren
t
data to t
he rece
ption de
vice
usi
ng
m
ulti
cast
.
The
e
xperim
ental
m
et
ho
d
tra
nsm
it
s
file
s
su
ch
as
im
age,
voi
ce,
or
vid
e
o
from
SD
-
1
to
S
D
-
2,
3,
an
d
4
for
pe
rfor
m
ance
evaluati
on
on
file
transm
i
ssion
us
in
g
th
e
p
r
opos
e
d
sy
stem
.
Then
,
t
he
ID
values
for
each
dev
ic
e
wer
e
se
t
equ
al
to
the
nam
es
of
SD
-
1,
2,
3,
a
nd
4.
The
tra
ns
m
ittin
g
de
vice’s
I
D
value
is
set
to
SD
-
1,
and
t
he
receivi
ng
dev
ic
es
’
I
D
values
are
set
to
SD
-
2,
3,
a
nd
4
f
or
the
tran
sm
issi
on
of
ea
ch
im
age,
vo
ic
e,
an
d
vid
e
o
file
.
F
orm
at
,
file
na
m
e
,
an
d
data
siz
e
for
the
file
s
to
be
tra
ns
m
it
t
ed
in
the
e
xpe
rim
ent
are
pr
e
sented
in Ta
ble 1.
Table
1.
Fil
e
I
nfor
m
at
ion
Us
ed
in
E
xp
e
rim
e
nt
File f
o
r
m
at
File na
m
e
Size (
b
y
te)
png
p
ictu
re1
142
m
p
3
v
o
ice
1
,98
5
m
p
4
v
id
eo
3
,96
0
Figure
6. Mult
ic
ast
experim
ental
en
vir
om
ent
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry 20
19
:
2
6
5
–
2
7
1
270
4
.
2
.
E
xp
eri
m
ent Result
Figures
7
(a
),
(b)
an
d
(c
)
s
how
t
he
outp
ut
disp
la
y
of
S
D
-
2,
3,
a
nd
4
aft
er
receivi
ng
t
he
file
data.
The
receptio
n
of
I
D
val
ues
transm
it
te
d
by
the
transm
itter
was
wer
e
confirm
ed
as
receive
d
th
rou
gh
t
he
app
li
cat
io
ns
op
erati
ng
i
n
SD
-
2,
3,
a
nd
4.
We
al
so
chec
ke
d
the
rece
ptio
n
co
m
ple
ti
on
m
ess
age
of
the
file
in
the
te
xt v
ie
w
of
S
D
-
2,
3, a
nd 4 to c
onfirm
that the f
il
e c
orres
pondin
g
t
o
the
ID
value was
r
e
cei
ved
.
Figure
7.
A
ppli
cat
ion
disp
la
y
of SD
-
2,3,4
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
D
ue
to
t
he
ir
lim
it
ed
fr
eq
uen
cy
band
width
,
e
xisti
ng
RF
com
m
un
icati
on
s
are
in
s
uffici
ent
to
accom
m
od
at
e
the
data
tr
af
fic
require
d
by
th
e
increase
d
use
of
I
oT
de
vices.
I
n
orde
r
to
su
pple
m
ent
suc
h
R
F
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
,
visible
li
ght
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
is
at
tract
ing
at
te
ntion
as
one
of
the
nex
t
gen
e
rati
on
wireless
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
te
ch
nolo
gies
.
H
oweve
r,
broa
dcast
-
base
d
VLC
res
ults
in
the
proce
ss
of
re
cei
ving
a
nd
processi
n
g
un
necessa
ry
data
since
al
l
rece
ivers
within
t
he
cov
e
ra
ge
are
able
to
c
ommun
ic
at
e.
T
his
c
auses
unnecessa
ry
stora
ge
an
d
m
e
m
or
y
us
age
in
each
dev
ic
e
,
wh
ic
h
can
be
an
obsta
cl
e
to
seam
le
ss
serv
i
c
e
pro
vision in t
he
I
oT
e
nv
i
ron
m
ent. Th
e
refore
, in
t
his p
a
pe
r, we
pro
posed
a
v
isi
ble li
ght c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
for
m
ult
ic
ast
i
n
orde
r
to
app
l
y
VLC
to
var
io
us
ap
plica
ti
on
serv
ic
es
.
The
pro
posed
syst
e
m
assigns
an
I
D
value
to
a
sm
art
de
vi
ce
that
is
us
e
d
in
tra
ns
m
issi
on
,
the
n
cl
assi
fies
an
d
receive
s
the
data
acco
r
ding
t
o
t
he
I
D
valu
e
of
t
he
receive
r
.
Th
rou
gh
ex
pe
rim
ent
and
e
va
luati
on
,
it
was
confirm
ed
that
var
i
ous
file
s
t
ran
sm
it
te
d
fr
om
the
sen
der
ca
n
be
transm
itted
ac
cordin
g
t
o
the
ID
val
ue.
Whe
n
the
pr
opos
e
d
syst
e
m
is
us
e
d,
it
is
e
xpect
ed
that
VLC ca
n be a
ppli
ed
to
v
a
rio
u
s IoT e
nviro
nm
ents.
REFERE
NCE
S
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ve
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oll
abor
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iv
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edg
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