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Nea
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NFC
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en
p
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s
en
ted
to
a
co
n
tactles
s
ter
m
in
a
l
[
1
]
.
NFC
is
b
ased
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n
th
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R
ad
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f
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eq
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n
c
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2
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s
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ates
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3
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5
6
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co
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s
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2
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m
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ec
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ag
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t
h
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h
n
o
lo
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in
th
e
ir
d
ev
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[
3
]
.
I
n
a
s
tu
d
y
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n
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u
c
ted
b
y
R
en
ar
d
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al.
o
n
th
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ch
ar
ac
ter
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s
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d
ad
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ta
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o
f
u
s
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g
NF
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p
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tr
an
s
p
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r
tatio
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,
it
h
as
f
o
u
n
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th
at
NF
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co
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ld
b
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u
s
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s
u
p
p
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co
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an
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ac
tio
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d
d
ata
ex
ch
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n
g
e
w
it
h
in
ter
n
atio
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al
s
t
an
d
ar
d
izatio
n
[
4
]
.
P
ay
m
en
t
u
s
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n
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a
n
NF
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-
en
a
b
led
m
o
b
ile
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h
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n
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is
o
f
ten
ca
lled
NFC
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b
ile
P
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m
e
n
t
(
NM
P
)
.
A
cc
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r
d
in
g
to
StatC
o
u
n
ter
[
5
]
,
m
o
b
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u
s
a
g
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in
Ma
la
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s
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as
in
cr
ea
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to
al
m
o
s
t
d
o
u
b
le
with
i
n
a
y
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r
,
w
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ased
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7
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,
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ct
-
r
elate
d
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
an
d
r
ea
d
er
s
h
av
in
g
NF
C
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
al
-
r
elate
d
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
’
s
p
er
ce
iv
ed
m
o
ti
v
a
tio
n
s
an
d
co
n
ce
r
n
s
to
w
ar
d
s
u
s
i
n
g
NM
P
.
I
t
ca
n
also
b
e
d
u
e
to
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
a
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
,
g
en
d
er
an
d
m
o
n
t
h
l
y
i
n
co
m
e
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
i
n
te
n
d
s
to
f
i
n
d
o
u
t b
y
co
n
d
u
c
tin
g
th
is
r
esear
c
h
p
r
o
j
ec
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
d
o
n
e
to
id
en
tify
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
a
t
a
f
f
ec
t
t
h
e
te
n
d
en
c
y
o
f
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
i
n
r
ep
la
cin
g
t
h
eir
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
a
y
m
e
n
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
p
h
y
s
ical
d
eb
it
ca
r
d
s
,
cr
ed
it
ca
r
d
s
an
d
also
T
o
u
ch
‘
n
Go
ca
r
d
s
as
a
n
ex
a
m
p
le
w
h
ich
t
h
e
y
u
s
u
all
y
n
ee
d
to
tak
e
o
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
eir
w
al
lets
to
u
s
e
it,
w
it
h
a
n
e
w
p
a
y
m
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
w
h
ich
is
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
N
FC
-
e
n
ab
led
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
y
ca
n
q
u
i
ck
l
y
r
etr
iev
e
f
o
r
m
a
k
i
n
g
p
a
y
m
en
t
at
co
n
tactle
s
s
r
ea
d
er
s
o
r
te
r
m
in
al
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
t
h
e
m
er
ch
a
n
ts
o
r
p
a
y
m
en
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
.
Hav
i
n
g
a
g
o
o
d
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
n
w
h
a
t
t
h
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
n
ee
d
s
w
il
l
g
u
id
e
th
e
r
elate
d
p
ar
tie
s
t
o
en
h
a
n
c
e
th
eir
p
r
o
d
u
ct
an
d
s
er
v
ices
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
e
s
p
ec
iall
y
o
n
h
o
w
t
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
eir
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
e
g
a
r
d
in
g
NF
C
Mo
b
ile
P
ay
m
en
t.
B
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
th
at
ca
n
m
ee
t
o
r
ex
ce
ed
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
’
s
e
x
p
ec
tatio
n
s
,
it
w
ill
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ir
m
ar
k
et
p
r
esen
ce
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
ce
th
eir
p
r
o
f
it
s
i
n
t
h
e
lo
n
g
r
u
n
.
I
t
w
ill
al
s
o
h
e
lp
to
eli
m
i
n
ate
t
h
e
r
is
k
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ci
n
g
p
r
o
d
u
cts o
r
s
er
v
ices th
a
t a
r
e
n
o
t n
ee
d
ed
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
p
r
ev
en
t l
o
s
s
es i
f
it is
n
o
t
w
ell
ac
ce
p
ted
b
y
t
h
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
Mo
b
ile
p
ay
m
en
t
w
i
ll
m
a
k
e
c
h
ec
k
o
u
t
co
u
n
ter
f
a
s
ter
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
co
u
n
ter
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
ca
n
f
o
cu
s
m
o
r
e
o
n
cu
s
to
m
er
s
er
v
ice
r
at
h
er
th
a
n
t
h
e
h
a
s
s
le
o
f
h
a
n
d
lin
g
ca
s
h
.
W
h
en
r
etail
o
u
tl
et
s
ca
n
f
o
cu
s
m
o
r
e
o
n
s
ca
n
n
i
n
g
th
e
ite
m
s
p
u
r
ch
a
s
ed
an
d
tap
p
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
u
s
to
m
er
’
s
cr
ed
it
ca
r
d
o
r
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e
f
o
r
p
a
y
m
e
n
t,
it
ca
n
g
r
ea
tl
y
m
i
n
i
m
ize
h
u
m
a
n
er
r
o
r
s
s
in
ce
w
e
d
o
n
’
t
n
ee
d
to
h
an
d
le
ch
an
g
e
an
y
m
o
r
e
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
a
2
0
0
1
MI
T
s
tu
d
y
,
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
u
s
i
n
g
m
o
b
ile
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
o
r
cr
ed
it
ca
r
d
s
w
ill
te
n
d
to
s
p
en
d
tw
ice
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
u
s
in
g
ca
s
h
[
8
].
F
r
o
m
a
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
tan
d
p
o
in
t,
Mo
b
ile
NFC
s
er
v
ices
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
etter
f
u
n
c
tio
n
alit
y
an
d
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
f
o
r
m
ak
i
n
g
p
a
y
m
en
t
w
h
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
d
eb
it/cr
ed
it c
ar
d
s
[
9
].
P
r
i
o
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
10
]
-
[
12
]
h
av
e
all
ad
o
p
ted
th
e
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
A
cc
ep
ta
n
ce
Mo
d
el
(
T
A
M)
f
o
r
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
n
NF
C
Mo
b
ile
P
ay
m
en
t.
T
A
M
is
u
s
ed
as
it
is
a
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
m
o
d
el
to
ex
p
lain
ad
o
p
tio
n
b
eh
av
io
r
in
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
ef
f
ec
ts
t
h
at
m
a
y
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
P
er
ce
iv
ed
E
ase
o
f
Use
(
P
E
OU)
an
d
P
er
ce
iv
ed
Use
f
u
l
n
es
s
(
P
U)
ar
e
th
e
t
w
o
b
elief
v
ar
iab
les in
T
A
M
.
Saj
id
an
d
Had
d
ar
a
[
10
]
h
as
co
n
d
u
cted
a
q
u
a
litati
v
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
i
n
No
r
w
a
y
to
o
b
tain
u
s
er
s
’
in
s
i
g
h
t
s
to
w
a
r
d
s
t
h
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
m
o
ti
v
a
tio
n
s
a
n
d
co
n
ce
r
n
s
in
N
MP
.
P
h
a
m
an
d
Ho
[
1
3
]
h
as
ad
o
p
ted
th
e
Di
f
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
I
n
n
o
v
a
tio
n
T
h
eo
r
y
(
DOI
)
w
h
i
ch
w
a
s
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
b
y
R
o
g
er
s
[
1
4
]
an
d
it
i
s
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
i
n
r
ese
ar
ch
to
s
tu
d
y
ab
o
u
t
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
ten
t
io
n
o
f
n
e
w
in
n
o
v
atio
n
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
in
th
e
r
esear
c
h
o
n
i
n
te
n
tio
n
to
ad
o
p
t
NM
P
am
o
n
g
Ma
la
y
s
ia
n
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
P
al
et
al.
[
11
]
s
tated
th
at
f
o
r
late
ad
o
p
ter
s
,
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
n
o
v
at
iv
en
e
s
s
h
as
a
n
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
P
er
ce
iv
ed
E
ase
o
f
Use
(
P
E
OU)
w
h
ic
h
i
n
d
icat
es
t
h
at
t
h
e
y
p
r
ef
er
le
s
s
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
.
T
h
e
y
w
i
ll
o
n
l
y
ad
o
p
t
it
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
i
s
m
at
u
r
e
en
o
u
g
h
o
r
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
h
a
s
a
m
a
s
s
ad
o
p
tio
n
r
ate.
T
h
is
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
p
eo
p
le
w
i
ll
o
n
l
y
ad
o
p
t
n
e
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
w
h
e
n
it
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
p
o
p
u
lar
in
th
e
m
ar
k
et
.
T
o
g
et
f
a
m
il
iar
w
i
th
n
e
w
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
ex
tr
a
tr
ai
n
in
g
i
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
p
eo
p
le
w
it
h
a
lo
w
er
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
in
n
o
v
ati
v
en
e
s
s
.
Sa
m
e
t
al.
[
12
]
s
aid
t
h
at
p
er
s
o
n
al
i
n
n
o
v
ati
v
e
n
ess
h
a
s
n
o
p
o
s
itiv
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
p
er
ce
iv
ed
u
s
e
f
u
ln
e
s
s
.
A
p
er
s
o
n
’
s
m
o
tiv
a
tio
n
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
n
e
w
t
h
i
n
g
s
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
N
F
C
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
o
es
n
o
t
m
ea
n
t
h
at
it
is
g
o
i
n
g
to
b
e
u
s
e
f
u
l
to
th
e
m
.
E
v
en
t
h
o
u
g
h
NF
C
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
b
ee
n
ar
o
u
n
d
s
in
ce
2
0
1
0
,
a
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Saj
id
an
d
Had
d
ar
a
[
10
]
o
n
u
s
er
a
w
ar
e
n
ess
o
n
NF
C
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
6
9
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
a
w
ar
e
ab
o
u
t
it,
2
6
%
w
er
e
u
n
a
w
ar
e,
w
h
ile
5
%
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
m
en
t
io
n
ed
t
h
at
th
e
y
ne
v
er
h
ea
r
d
o
f
it.
W
h
e
n
a
u
s
er
i
s
alr
ea
d
y
a
w
ar
e
o
n
NFC
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
it
m
a
y
b
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
th
at
th
e
y
w
i
ll
ad
ap
t
to
NFC
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
b
etter
.
Sa
m
et
al.
[
12
]
s
tated
th
at
w
i
th
th
e
e
m
er
g
en
ce
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
a
lo
t
o
f
p
eo
p
le
h
a
v
e
s
tar
t
ed
m
ak
i
n
g
o
n
l
in
e
p
u
r
ch
ase
s
u
s
i
n
g
th
eir
s
m
ar
t
p
h
o
n
es.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t
u
s
er
s
w
ill
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt
y
i
n
ad
o
p
tin
g
NM
P
if
th
e
y
h
a
v
e
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
n
m
o
b
ile
p
a
y
m
e
n
t
.
I
n
a
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Saj
id
an
d
Had
d
ar
a
[
10
]
,
a
q
u
esti
o
n
w
as
as
k
e
d
to
g
ain
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
NM
P
an
d
cr
ed
it
ca
r
d
o
r
ca
s
h
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
7
3
.
7
4
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
NM
P
w
h
ile
2
6
%
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
cr
e
d
it
ca
r
d
o
r
ca
s
h
.
Giv
e
n
th
at
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
y
e
x
i
s
ts
,
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
3
o
u
t
o
f
4
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
o
u
l
d
p
r
ef
er
NM
P
w
h
ic
h
is
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
to
b
e
u
s
ef
u
l
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
cr
ed
it c
ar
d
o
r
ca
s
h
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l
.
11
,
No
.
1
,
J
u
ly
201
8
:
98
–
1
0
4
100
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
P
al
et
al.
[
11
]
,
f
o
r
ea
r
l
y
ad
o
p
ter
s
,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
N
FC
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
i
s
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
P
er
ce
iv
ed
ea
s
e
-
of
-
u
s
e
(
P
E
OU)
w
h
ich
co
u
ld
b
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
b
elief
o
f
th
at
w
h
e
n
th
e
y
k
n
o
w
ab
o
u
t
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
b
e
f
o
r
eh
an
d
,
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
h
o
w
co
m
p
lex
it
i
s
,
i
t
w
i
ll
b
e
ea
s
ier
to
ad
o
p
t
it.
P
E
OU
h
as
also
b
e
ef
f
ec
ted
b
y
u
s
er
m
o
b
ilit
y
a
n
d
r
ea
ch
ab
ilit
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
f
ac
to
r
s
t
h
at
a
f
f
ec
t
P
e
r
ce
iv
ed
Use
f
u
l
n
ess
(
PU
)
w
h
ich
co
u
ld
m
ea
n
t
h
at
th
e
ea
r
l
y
ad
o
p
ter
s
ar
e
r
at
h
er
d
o
u
b
tf
u
l
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
ef
u
ln
e
s
s
an
d
d
o
n
o
t
ex
p
ec
t
m
u
ch
ab
o
u
t N
MP
.
Saj
id
an
d
Had
d
ar
a
[
10
]
s
tu
d
ied
o
n
a
q
u
esti
o
n
o
n
w
h
et
h
er
w
e
ar
e
r
ea
d
y
to
r
ep
lace
ca
s
h
an
d
cr
ed
it
ca
r
d
s
co
m
p
letel
y
u
s
i
n
g
NM
P
in
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e
.
T
h
i
s
f
i
n
d
in
g
c
o
u
ld
b
e
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
t
o
g
au
g
e
o
n
th
e
u
s
er
r
ea
d
in
ess
in
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
t
h
eir
p
ay
m
e
n
t
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
it
y
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ag
r
ee
d
at
5
1
.
0
2
%,
w
h
i
le
3
1
.
6
3
%
d
is
ag
r
ee
d
w
h
ile
1
7
.
3
5
%
ar
e
n
o
t
r
ea
d
y
f
o
r
it.
Fo
r
th
o
s
e
w
h
o
ar
e
d
is
ag
r
ee
d
an
d
n
o
t
r
ea
d
y
,
t
h
e
y
s
i
m
p
l
y
co
u
ld
n
o
t
b
ea
r
w
it
h
t
h
e
t
h
o
u
g
h
ts
o
f
h
a
v
in
g
s
m
a
r
tp
h
o
n
e
s
to
r
ep
la
ce
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
a
y
m
e
n
t
m
eth
o
d
o
f
ca
s
h
an
d
cr
ed
it c
ar
d
s
.
A
s
t
u
d
y
b
y
Sa
m
et
al.
[
12
]
in
Ma
ca
u
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
T
r
u
s
t
an
d
Sec
u
r
it
y
h
a
s
a
p
o
s
iti
v
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
P
er
ce
iv
ed
Usef
u
l
n
es
s
(
P
U)
.
Saj
id
an
d
Had
d
ar
a
[
10
]
s
tu
d
ied
o
n
th
e
tr
u
s
t
to
w
ar
d
s
NM
P
an
d
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
6
8
.
3
7
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
tr
u
s
ted
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
w
h
ile
t
h
e
r
e
m
a
in
i
n
g
3
1
.
6
3
%
d
id
n
o
t
.
T
h
is
co
n
ce
r
n
o
f
u
s
er
tr
u
s
t is a
n
in
ter
esti
n
g
to
p
ic
to
b
e
r
esear
ch
ed
o
n
as
it
w
il
l
tr
y
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
w
h
et
h
er
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
w
il
l
tr
u
s
t
to
m
a
k
e
p
ay
m
e
n
t
u
s
in
g
NF
C
-
e
n
ab
led
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
a
y
m
e
n
t
m
eth
o
d
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
ca
s
h
o
r
p
h
y
s
ical
d
eb
it c
ar
d
s
,
cr
ed
it
ca
r
d
s
o
r
T
o
u
ch
‘
n
Go
ca
r
d
s
.
W
ill
th
e
y
tr
u
s
t
th
a
t t
h
eir
p
h
o
n
es
w
il
l b
e
s
ec
u
r
ed
w
h
e
n
m
ak
in
g
t
h
e
p
a
y
m
e
n
t
elec
tr
o
n
icall
y
a
n
d
w
h
eth
er
a
n
s
m
s
o
r
p
u
s
h
n
o
ti
f
icat
io
n
s
f
o
r
ev
er
y
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
to
t
h
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
ca
n
al
lev
ia
te
th
eir
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
tr
u
s
t a
n
d
s
e
cu
r
it
y
w
h
e
n
u
s
i
n
g
NM
P
.
Saj
id
an
d
Had
d
ar
a
[
10
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
m
ai
n
co
n
ce
r
n
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
N
FC
Mo
b
ile
P
a
y
m
en
t
w
a
s
“Fea
r
o
f
th
e
m
o
b
ile
g
et
tin
g
lo
s
t
o
r
s
to
len
,
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
m
is
u
s
ed
”
at
5
9
.
7
9
%,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
"T
h
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
an
d
s
a
f
et
y
o
f
m
y
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
f
r
o
m
m
o
b
ile
to
b
a
n
k
"
at
2
4
.
7
4
%,
"
D
if
f
ic
u
lt
to
u
s
e"
at
9
.
2
8
%,
an
d
last
l
y
,
"
D
if
f
icu
lt
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
"
at
6
.
1
9
%.
Th
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
4
3
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
b
el
ie
v
e
th
at
NM
P
is
th
e
w
a
y
to
g
o
i
n
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
r
est
o
f
t
h
e
m
h
av
e
d
o
u
b
t
s
f
o
r
NM
P
to
r
ep
lace
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
a
y
m
e
n
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
w
h
ich
ar
e
th
e
p
last
ic
ca
r
d
s
,
s
u
ch
a
s
d
eb
it c
ar
d
s
an
d
cr
ed
it c
ar
d
s
,
an
d
ca
s
h
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
O
DE
L
AND
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
w
a
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
r
o
m
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Acc
ep
tan
ce
Mo
d
el
(
T
A
M)
an
d
Dif
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
I
n
n
o
v
at
io
n
t
h
eo
r
y
(
D
OI
)
.
T
h
e
T
A
M
w
as
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
b
y
Da
v
i
s
[
15
]
w
h
ic
h
co
v
er
s
t
h
e
ca
u
s
a
l
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
et
w
ee
n
f
ea
t
u
r
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
d
es
ig
n
,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
u
s
e
f
u
ln
e
s
s
,
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
att
itu
d
e
to
w
ar
d
u
s
in
g
,
an
d
ac
t
u
al
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
T
h
e
DOI
w
as
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
b
y
R
o
g
er
s
[
1
4
]
an
d
it
is
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
i
n
r
esear
ch
to
s
tu
d
y
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
i
n
t
en
tio
n
o
f
n
e
w
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
n
o
t
all
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
i
n
DO
I
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
if
icat
io
n
is
m
ad
e
to
th
e
m
o
d
el
in
o
r
d
er
to
ac
c
o
m
m
o
d
ate
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t o
f
th
e
i
n
te
n
tio
n
to
ad
o
p
t N
MP
am
o
n
g
Ma
la
y
s
ia
n
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
n
in
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
esi
s
b
ein
g
test
ed
i
n
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
.
H1
:
T
h
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
p
er
ce
iv
ed
u
s
ef
u
l
n
ess
(
P
U)
an
d
th
e
in
te
n
tio
n
to
ad
o
p
t
NM
P
.
H2
:
T
h
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
p
er
ce
iv
ed
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
(
P
E
)
an
d
th
e
in
te
n
tio
n
to
ad
o
p
t
NM
P
.
H3
:
T
h
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
a
n
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
’
s
c
o
m
p
atib
il
it
y
(
C
O)
a
n
d
t
h
e
in
te
n
tio
n
to
ad
o
p
t
NM
P
.
H4
:
T
h
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
p
er
ce
iv
ed
co
s
t (
P
C
)
an
d
th
e
i
n
te
n
tio
n
to
ad
o
p
t
NM
P
.
H5
:
T
h
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
ad
d
itio
n
al
v
alu
e
(
A
V)
a
n
d
th
e
i
n
ten
tio
n
to
ad
o
p
t
NM
P
.
H6
:
T
h
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
p
er
s
o
n
al
i
n
n
o
v
ati
v
en
e
s
s
(
P
I
)
an
d
th
e
in
te
n
tio
n
t
o
ad
o
p
t
NM
P
.
H7
:
T
h
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
NF
C
-
R
elate
d
K
n
o
w
led
g
e
(
NK)
an
d
t
h
e
in
ten
tio
n
to
ad
o
p
t
NM
P
.
H8
:
T
h
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
co
n
ce
r
n
s
o
n
t
h
e
f
t/
f
r
au
d
/lo
s
s
(
C
F)
a
n
d
th
e
in
te
n
tio
n
to
ad
o
p
t
NM
P
.
H9
:
T
h
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
co
n
s
u
m
er
tr
u
s
t (
C
T
)
an
d
th
e
in
te
n
tio
n
to
ad
o
p
t
NM
P
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
el
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
A
5
p
o
i
n
t
L
i
k
er
t
s
ca
le
i
s
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
u
s
er
’
s
r
esp
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Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
F
a
cto
r
s
o
f A
d
o
p
tio
n
I
n
te
n
tio
n
fo
r
N
ea
r
F
ield
C
o
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
Mo
b
ile
P
a
yme
n
t (
S
h
a
r
id
z
a
ly
B
u
s
u
)
103
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
T
est
3
.
3
.
H
y
po
t
hes
is
T
esti
ng
Fro
m
t
h
e
n
in
e
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
b
ein
g
te
s
ted
,
o
n
l
y
t
h
r
ee
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
w
er
e
ac
ce
p
ted
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
t
h
e
P
er
ce
iv
ed
Usef
u
l
n
es
s
(
P
U)
,
C
o
m
p
at
ib
ili
t
y
(
C
O)
a
n
d
P
er
ce
iv
ed
C
o
s
t
(
P
C
)
.
Six
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
w
er
e
r
ej
ec
ted
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
th
e
P
er
ce
iv
ed
E
ase
-
of
-
u
s
e
(
P
E
)
,
A
d
d
itio
n
al
Va
lu
e
(
A
V)
,
P
er
s
o
n
al
I
n
n
o
v
ati
v
e
n
es
s
(
P
I
)
,
NFC
-
R
elate
d
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
(
NK)
,
C
o
n
ce
r
n
s
o
n
T
h
e
f
t/F
r
a
u
d
/L
o
s
s
(
C
F)
an
d
C
o
n
s
u
m
er
T
r
u
s
t (
C
T
)
.
H
y
p
o
t
h
e
si
s
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
/
R
e
j
e
c
t
e
d
R
e
a
so
n
s
H
1
:
T
h
e
r
e
i
s a
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
u
se
f
u
l
n
e
ss (P
U
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
o
a
d
o
p
t
N
M
P
.
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
P
-
V
a
l
u
e
(
0
.
0
0
5
)
l
e
ss t
h
a
n
0
.
0
5
H
2
:
T
h
e
r
e
i
s a
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
e
a
se
o
f
u
se
(
P
E)
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
o
a
d
o
p
t
N
M
P
.
R
e
j
e
c
t
e
d
P
-
V
a
l
u
e
(
0
.
4
7
0
)
mo
r
e
t
h
a
n
0
.
0
5
H
3
:
T
h
e
r
e
i
s a
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
a
n
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
’
s
c
o
mp
a
t
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
C
O
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
o
a
d
o
p
t
N
M
P
.
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
P
-
V
a
l
u
e
(
0
.
0
2
8
)
l
e
ss t
h
a
n
0
.
0
5
H
4
:
T
h
e
r
e
i
s a
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
c
o
st
(
P
C
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
o
a
d
o
p
t
N
M
P
.
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
P
-
V
a
l
u
e
(
0
.
0
2
1
)
l
e
ss t
h
a
n
0
.
0
5
H
5
:
T
h
e
r
e
i
s a
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
(
A
V
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
o
a
d
o
p
t
N
M
P
.
R
e
j
e
c
t
e
d
P
-
V
a
l
u
e
(
0
.
4
3
0
)
mo
r
e
t
h
a
n
0
.
0
5
H
6
:
T
h
e
r
e
i
s a
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
p
e
r
so
n
a
l
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss (P
I
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
o
a
d
o
p
t
N
M
P
.
R
e
j
e
c
t
e
d
P
-
V
a
l
u
e
(
0
.
1
6
9
)
mo
r
e
t
h
a
n
0
.
0
5
H
7
:
T
h
e
r
e
i
s a
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
N
F
C
-
R
e
l
a
t
e
d
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
(
N
K
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
o
a
d
o
p
t
N
M
P
.
R
e
j
e
c
t
e
d
P
-
V
a
l
u
e
(
0
.
3
5
9
)
mo
r
e
t
h
a
n
0
.
0
5
H
8
:
T
h
e
r
e
i
s a
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s o
n
t
h
e
f
t
/
f
r
a
u
d
/
l
o
ss (CF
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
o
a
d
o
p
t
N
M
P
.
R
e
j
e
c
t
e
d
P
-
V
a
l
u
e
(
0
.
7
4
7
)
mo
r
e
t
h
a
n
0
.
0
5
H
9
:
T
h
e
r
e
i
s a
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
c
o
n
su
me
r
t
r
u
st
(
C
T
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
o
a
d
o
p
t
N
M
P
.
R
e
j
e
c
t
e
d
P
-
V
a
l
u
e
(
0
.
5
1
8
)
mo
r
e
t
h
a
n
0
.
0
5
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
H
y
p
o
th
esi
s
T
esti
n
g
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
le
s
(
5
o
u
t
o
f
9
)
in
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
h
as
a
“L
o
w
p
o
s
iti
v
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
”
w
it
h
t
h
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
as
th
eir
P
ea
r
s
o
n
C
o
r
r
elatio
n
C
o
ef
f
icie
n
t
f
all
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
0
.
3
0
–
0
.
5
0
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
d
ir
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
all
o
f
th
e
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
s
w
ith
t
h
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
i
s
p
o
s
itiv
e
.
T
h
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
t
h
at
ar
e
b
ein
g
s
t
u
d
ied
is
ab
le
t
o
p
r
ed
ict
5
2
.
3
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ia
n
ce
i
n
t
h
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le.
T
h
e
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
m
o
d
el
t
h
at
ar
e
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
s
tatis
ticall
y
f
it
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
l
es
o
f
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
t
h
r
ee
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
t
h
at
h
av
e
a
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
w
it
h
th
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
o
n
e
h
as
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
n
o
t
all
th
e
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
b
ei
n
g
s
t
u
d
ied
h
a
s
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
w
it
h
t
h
e
i
n
te
n
tio
n
to
ad
o
p
t
NM
P
.
B
y
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
i
n
te
n
tio
n
to
ad
o
p
t
NM
P
,
f
in
a
n
cial
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
co
m
p
a
n
ies,
s
u
c
h
a
s
C
I
MB
,
Ma
y
b
an
k
,
Sa
m
s
u
n
g
,
A
p
p
le
an
d
T
o
u
ch
‘
n
Go
ca
n
f
o
cu
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
m
ar
k
e
t
in
ter
est,
n
ee
d
s
an
d
r
ea
d
in
es
s
.
B
ig
d
ec
is
io
n
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
d
o
n
e
w
h
ich
w
i
ll
lead
to
h
u
g
e
in
v
est
m
e
n
t
s
to
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
t
h
e
i
n
ten
d
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
an
d
ca
p
italize
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
m
ar
k
e
t
s
h
ar
e
to
g
e
n
er
ate
p
r
o
f
its
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
p
a
n
y
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
AND
R
E
C
O
M
M
NE
DATI
O
N
S
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
co
n
clu
d
ed
t
h
at
P
er
ce
iv
ed
Use
f
u
ln
e
s
s
(
P
U)
,
C
o
m
p
atib
ilit
y
(
C
O)
an
d
P
er
ce
iv
ed
C
o
s
t
(
P
C
)
ar
e
th
e
th
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
t
h
at
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
ten
tio
n
f
o
r
NM
P
.
T
h
e
r
em
a
in
i
n
g
f
ac
to
r
s
h
av
e
n
o
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
o
n
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
ten
t
io
n
to
w
ar
d
s
NM
P
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
t
h
e
P
er
ce
iv
ed
E
ase
-
of
-
u
s
e
(
P
E
)
,
A
d
d
itio
n
al
Valu
e
(
AV
),
P
er
s
o
n
al
I
n
n
o
v
ati
v
en
e
s
s
(
P
I
)
,
NFC
-
R
elate
d
K
n
o
w
led
g
e
(
NK)
,
C
o
n
ce
r
n
s
o
n
T
h
ef
t/F
r
au
d
/
L
o
s
s
(
C
F)
an
d
C
o
n
s
u
m
er
T
r
u
s
t
(
C
T
)
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
h
as
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
g
o
o
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
o
f
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e,
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
,
b
an
k
i
n
g
i
n
s
tit
u
tio
n
s
an
d
o
th
er
r
elate
d
p
ar
ties
o
n
w
h
at
f
ea
t
u
r
es
a
n
d
f
u
n
ct
io
n
alit
ies
to
b
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
u
p
o
n
w
h
en
co
m
i
n
g
u
p
w
it
h
th
e
in
te
n
d
ed
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
r
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
h
a
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
t
s
to
f
i
n
an
cial
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
co
m
p
a
n
ie
s
to
ex
p
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o
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e
[
18
].
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
D.
A
.
O
.
Ye
p
e
s,
“
A
Re
v
ie
w
o
f
Tec
h
n
ica
l
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s
to
Re
a
li
z
in
g
Ne
a
r
-
F
iel
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
M
o
b
il
e
P
a
y
m
e
n
ts
,”
IEE
E
S
e
c
u
rity &
Priva
c
y
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
14
(
4
)
,
p
p
.
54
-
62
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
]
K.
Cu
rra
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ne
a
r
F
ield
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
te
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
),
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
2
(
3
)
,
p
p
.
3
7
1
-
382
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
]
S.
G
h
a
se
m
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
S
im
u
latio
n
o
f
NFC
L
o
g
ic
a
l
L
a
y
e
r
P
e
e
r
-
to
-
P
e
e
r
M
o
d
e
U
sin
g
CP
N
a
n
d
T
A
,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
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)
,
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
4
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
1
6
2
-
1
6
8
,
2
0
1
4
.
[4
]
M
.
B.
Re
n
a
rd
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ba
g
g
a
g
e
Clai
m
in
A
irp
o
rts
u
sin
g
n
e
a
r
F
ield
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
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p
u
ter
S
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ien
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e
,
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
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(
2
)
,
p
p
.
4
4
2
-
4
4
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[5
]
C.
K.
W
o
n
g
,
“
T
h
e
S
tate
o
f
M
o
b
il
e
C
o
m
m
e
rc
e
in
M
a
la
y
sia
(P
a
rt
1
)
,
”
2
0
1
3
.
Re
tri
e
v
e
d
f
ro
m
h
tt
p
:
//
ww
w
.
e
c
in
sid
e
r.
m
y
/2
0
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3
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6
/t
h
e
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sta
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-
of
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o
m
m
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r
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e
-
m
a
la
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si
a
-
p
a
rt1
.
h
tm
l
[6
]
L
.
Y.
L
e
o
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
re
d
ictin
g
th
e
d
e
term
in
a
n
ts
o
f
th
e
NFC
-
e
n
a
b
led
m
o
b
il
e
c
re
d
it
c
a
rd
a
c
c
e
p
ta
n
c
e
:
A
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
tw
o
rk
s a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,”
Exp
e
rt S
y
ste
ms
wit
h
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
4
0
(1
4
)
,
p
p
.
5
6
0
4
-
5
6
2
0
,
2
0
1
3
.
[7
]
C.
K.
W
o
n
g
,
“
Un
d
e
rsta
n
d
i
n
g
m
o
b
il
e
u
se
rs,
m
-
c
o
m
m
e
rc
e
,
m
-
p
a
y
m
e
n
t
in
M
a
lay
sia
,
”
2014
.
Re
tri
e
v
e
d
f
ro
m
h
tt
p
:
//
ww
w
.
e
c
in
sid
e
r.
m
y
/2
0
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4
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3
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o
b
il
e
-
u
se
rs
-
m
c
o
m
m
e
r
c
e
-
m
p
a
y
m
e
n
t
-
m
a
la
y
si
a
.
h
tm
l
[8
]
R.
Ro
m
m
a
n
n
,
“
Ca
sh
i
s
T
ra
s
h
:
T
h
e
F
u
tu
re
o
f
M
o
b
il
e
P
a
y
m
e
n
t
,
”
2
0
1
4
.
Re
tri
e
v
e
d
f
ro
m
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
f
o
rb
e
s.c
o
m
/sit
e
s/tec
h
o
n
o
m
y
/2
0
1
4
/
0
1
/2
3
/ca
sh
-
is
-
tras
h
-
th
e
-
f
u
tu
re
-
of
-
m
o
b
il
e
-
p
a
y
m
e
n
t/
#
2
6
b
5
8
d
9
b
1
5
9
6
[9
]
A
.
M
a
d
u
re
ira,
“
F
a
c
to
rs
th
a
t
h
i
n
d
e
r
th
e
su
c
c
e
ss
o
f
S
IM
-
b
a
se
d
m
o
b
il
e
NFC
se
rv
ice
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
ts
,”
T
e
lem
a
ti
c
s
a
n
d
In
fo
rm
a
t
ics
,
v
o
l.
34
,
p
p
.
1
3
3
-
1
5
0
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
0
]
O.
S
a
ji
d
a
n
d
M
.
Ha
d
d
a
ra
,
“
NFC
M
o
b
i
le
P
a
y
m
e
n
ts.
A
re
w
e
re
a
d
y
f
o
r
th
e
m
?
”
S
AI
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
Co
n
fe
re
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
9
6
0
-
967
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
1
]
D.
P
a
l,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
Em
p
iri
c
a
l
A
n
a
l
y
sis
to
w
a
rd
s
th
e
A
d
o
p
ti
o
n
o
f
NFC
M
o
b
il
e
P
a
y
m
e
n
t
S
y
st
e
m
b
y
th
e
En
d
Us
e
r
,”
T
h
e
7
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
Pro
c
e
d
i
a
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
69
,
p
p
.
13
-
25
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
2
]
K.
M
.
S
a
m
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
d
o
p
ti
o
n
o
f
Ne
a
r
F
ield
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
f
o
r
M
o
b
i
le
P
a
y
m
e
n
t:
Ev
id
e
n
c
e
f
ro
m
M
a
c
a
u
,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
2
0
1
4
IEE
E
IE
EM
,
p
p
.
1
1
2
1
-
1
1
2
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
3
]
T
.
T
.
P
h
a
m
a
n
d
J.
C.
Ho
,
“
W
h
a
t
a
re
th
e
Co
re
Driv
e
rs
in
Co
n
s
u
m
e
r
A
d
o
p
ti
o
n
o
f
NFC
-
Ba
se
d
M
o
b
il
e
P
a
y
m
e
n
ts?
:
A
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
Re
se
a
rc
h
F
ra
m
e
w
o
r
k
,”
2
0
1
4
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
PICM
ET
'1
4
:
I
n
fra
stru
c
t
u
re
a
n
d
S
e
rv
ice
In
teg
ra
ti
o
n
,
p
p
.
3
0
4
1
-
3
0
4
7
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
4
]
E.
M
.
R
o
g
e
rs,
“
Diff
u
sio
n
o
f
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
s: F
if
th
E
d
it
i
o
n
,”
Ne
w
Yo
r
k
,
F
re
e
P
re
ss
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
5
]
F
.
D.
Da
v
is,
“
Us
e
r
a
c
c
e
p
tan
c
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
:
s
y
ste
m
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
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