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1.
I
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Ag
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th
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b
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th
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m
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as
m
ajo
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ity
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f
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p
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latio
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in
d
ir
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ag
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d
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tr
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s
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f
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m
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c
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m
m
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ity
.
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im
p
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tan
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co
m
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cial
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o
r
ticu
ltu
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cr
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o
wn
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m
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d
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th
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s
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n
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lar
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cr
o
p
p
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d
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cin
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n
tr
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th
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ltu
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ce
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p
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f
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m
er
[
1
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.
T
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m
ajo
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ity
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f
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we
r
s
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r
ea
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is
s
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k
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is
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an
d
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.
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ca
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s
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u
to
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p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
T
h
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lo
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in
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o
f
th
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n
io
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is
d
o
n
e
th
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atic
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t
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ad
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Af
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w
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d
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th
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au
to
m
atic
weig
h
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g
o
f
o
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b
a
g
s
will b
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d
o
n
e.
I
n
r
ec
e
n
t
p
ast,
t
h
e
ag
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r
a
l
lan
d
a
n
d
ev
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ar
m
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h
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m
all
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ield
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s
ev
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ely
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lab
o
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f
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ased
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o
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y
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v
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g
r
o
win
g
th
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cr
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p
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ely
b
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a
u
s
e
o
f
s
h
o
r
tag
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o
f
lab
o
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s
.
Desig
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ev
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m
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f
af
f
o
r
d
ab
le
en
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m
ec
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is
m
s
to
m
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f
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r
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r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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J
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&
C
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m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
25
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
22
:
191
-
1
9
9
192
p
r
o
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s
s
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c
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tr
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th
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2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
r
eseac
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k
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t a
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d
p
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m
a
n
ce
im
p
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v
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en
t.
a)
I
s
s
u
es
an
d
lo
s
s
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in
cu
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in
p
o
s
t
-
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p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
f
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ev
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in
liter
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r
e.
Ma
x
im
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ag
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[4
]
-
[
6]
.
b)
Du
e
to
lack
o
f
s
to
r
ag
e
f
ac
ilit
y
,
th
e
ev
en
tu
al
m
ar
k
etin
g
p
o
lic
y
o
f
o
n
io
n
is
s
u
p
o
o
s
ed
to
b
e
p
r
o
f
itab
le
f
o
r
a
m
id
d
le
m
an
a
n
d
n
o
t
to
a
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
[
5
]
.
I
t
is
a
n
ee
d
o
f
t
h
e
d
a
y
to
ap
p
l
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
d
e
p
lo
y
th
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
co
ld
s
to
r
ag
e
f
ac
ilit
ies with
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
o
r
tin
g
an
d
s
en
s
in
g
u
n
its
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
[
7
]
.
c)
T
h
e
f
r
ag
m
en
te
d
s
u
p
p
ly
c
h
ain
,
lack
o
f
ad
eq
u
ate
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
p
er
is
h
ab
le
n
atu
r
e
o
f
o
n
io
n
,
h
ig
h
m
a
r
k
etin
g
m
ar
g
in
s
,
an
d
d
o
m
in
an
ce
o
f
f
e
w
tr
ad
er
s
,
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
es
in
th
e
v
alu
e
ch
ain
an
d
n
ee
d
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
o
v
e
r
c
o
m
e
th
em
[
8
]
.
d)
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
n
io
n
s
o
r
tin
g
is
d
o
n
e
m
an
u
ally
.
Gr
a
d
in
g
o
f
b
u
lb
s
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
th
e
b
asi
s
o
f
s
ize
an
d
s
h
ap
e
f
o
r
b
etter
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
ain
[
9
]
.
A
m
an
u
ally
o
p
er
a
ted
s
o
r
tin
g
m
ac
h
in
e
h
as
b
e
en
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
[
1
0
]
-
[
1
2
]
to
ac
h
iev
e
m
in
im
u
m
in
ju
r
y
to
o
n
io
n
s
an
d
r
ep
o
r
ted
g
r
ad
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
is
o
f
8
0
%
[
1
0
]
.
B
u
t
in
ex
is
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
f
a
r
m
er
’
s
f
ac
ed
ce
r
tain
p
r
o
b
lem
s
lik
e
lo
w
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
lab
o
r
co
s
t
an
d
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
o
esn
’
t
r
em
o
v
e
th
e
co
m
p
lete
r
o
tten
o
n
i
o
n
in
th
a
t
lo
t.
T
h
er
e
is
is
s
u
e
o
f
s
o
r
ti
n
g
an
d
s
o
r
tin
g
ef
f
icien
cy
in
m
an
y
o
f
th
e
au
to
m
ated
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
3
]
.
e)
Su
p
p
ly
ch
ain
in
o
n
i
o
n
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
an
d
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
co
r
p
o
r
ate
i
n
ag
r
if
o
o
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
b
u
s
in
es
s
will
s
et
th
e
n
ew
lan
d
m
ar
k
in
th
is
ar
ea
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
f)
Ob
ject
o
r
f
r
u
it
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
d
ef
in
i
n
g
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e
ta
r
g
et
in
im
ag
e
c
o
-
o
r
d
in
ate
f
r
am
es.
I
m
ag
e
s
eg
m
e
n
tatio
n
d
o
es
s
ele
ctio
n
o
f
ce
r
tain
r
e
g
io
n
an
d
r
e
m
o
v
al
o
f
o
th
er
g
r
o
u
n
d
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
s
eg
m
en
tatio
n
is
b
in
ar
y
lar
g
e
o
b
ject
(
B
L
OB
)
an
al
y
s
is
i
s
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e.
I
t
is
co
llectio
n
o
f
b
in
ar
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
to
r
ed
as
s
in
g
le
en
tity
lik
e
ad
iu
o
o
r
im
ag
e
.
W
ith
th
is
d
etec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
,
p
o
in
ts
o
r
r
eg
io
n
s
ar
e
id
en
tifie
d
in
th
e
g
iv
en
im
ag
e
[
1
8
]
.
B
L
OB
d
etec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
in
[
1
9
]
f
o
r
s
u
r
v
elien
ce
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es
f
o
r
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
m
ask
co
r
r
ec
t
io
n
m
eth
o
d
.
So
r
tin
g
o
f
v
a
r
io
u
s
f
r
u
its
u
s
in
g
B
L
OB
an
aly
s
i
s
is
s
tu
d
ied
in
[
2
0
]
an
d
r
esu
lts
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
SC
I
L
AB
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
ab
o
v
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
f
ac
ed
b
y
f
ar
m
e
r
s
an
d
ex
p
o
r
ter
s
ar
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
th
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
au
to
m
ated
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
T
h
e
o
n
io
n
s
o
r
tin
g
h
as
a
p
o
ten
tial
b
en
ef
it
to
f
ar
m
e
r
s
,
wh
o
le
s
eller
s
an
d
ev
en
to
r
etailer
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
an
d
f
ast
s
o
r
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
d
e
f
in
itely
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
lo
s
s
es.
B
u
t
m
an
u
al
s
o
r
tin
g
r
eq
u
ir
es
h
u
g
e
tim
e
an
d
ad
d
s
lab
o
u
r
co
s
t
to
it.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
i
n
th
e
o
n
io
n
p
o
s
t
-
h
ar
v
est
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
d
u
s
tr
y
o
f
an
ef
f
icien
t
a
n
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
r
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
th
at
ca
n
id
e
n
tify
h
ea
lth
y
o
n
io
n
f
o
r
m
an
d
d
is
ea
s
ed
o
n
e.
Desig
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
g
as
s
en
s
in
g
n
o
s
e
alo
n
g
with
im
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
to
o
l
with
a
ctu
ato
r
s
wh
ich
will
au
to
m
atica
lly
r
em
o
v
e
th
e
r
o
tten
/s
p
r
o
u
ted
o
n
io
n
s
is
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
p
a
p
er
.
3
.
1
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
m
et
ho
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
elab
o
r
ates
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
o
v
er
all
p
r
o
c
ess
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
we
h
a
v
e
s
tar
ted
with
ab
o
v
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
wid
er
o
b
jectiv
es,
th
is
ar
ticle
will
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ics
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
ar
t
to
d
etec
t
th
e
d
is
ea
s
ed
an
d
d
am
a
g
ed
o
n
io
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
ca
n
n
in
g
an
d
s
en
s
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
B
asically
,
o
u
r
s
y
s
tem
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
t
h
r
ee
u
n
its
:
First
i
s
th
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
p
ar
t,
th
e
lo
ad
in
g
o
f
o
n
io
n
s
to
th
e
h
o
p
p
er
an
d
th
en
p
ass
in
g
it
o
n
co
n
v
ey
er
b
elt.
Seco
n
d
is
to
p
ass
it
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
im
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
u
n
it
to
d
if
f
e
r
en
tiate
th
e
u
n
h
ea
lth
y
o
n
i
o
n
s
an
d
f
in
ally
p
ass
it
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
g
as c
h
am
b
e
r
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
cl
ass
if
icatio
n
o
f
o
n
io
n
s
.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ar
t
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
y
er
b
elt,
p
u
lley
an
d
m
o
to
r
m
ec
h
an
is
m
will
b
e
d
esig
n
e
d
an
d
a
s
s
em
b
led
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
a
s
tiff
f
r
am
e
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ar
t,
as
a
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
,
we
u
s
e
t
h
e
ca
m
e
r
a,
b
ased
o
n
im
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
th
e
o
n
io
n
s
will
b
e
s
o
r
ted
an
d
in
th
e
f
in
al
s
tep
th
ey
will
b
e
p
ass
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
g
as
ch
am
b
er
.
Gas
ch
am
b
er
is
th
e
co
m
p
lete
ass
em
b
ly
co
v
er
e
d
with
th
e
T
ef
lo
n
s
h
ee
t.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
d
esig
n
ed
in
th
e
g
as
ch
am
b
er
is
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t g
as sen
s
o
r
s
,
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
an
d
h
u
m
id
ity
s
en
s
o
r
.
Mic
r
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
[
2
1
]
is
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
is
wh
o
le
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
W
h
en
th
e
o
n
io
n
g
ets
d
am
ag
ed
o
r
d
is
ea
s
ed
it
ex
p
els
d
if
f
er
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
o
d
o
r
s
.
I
n
clea
n
air
th
e
ir
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
is
less
wh
er
ea
s
wh
en
th
e
g
as
i
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f sma
r
t m
a
ch
in
e
fo
r
s
o
r
tin
g
o
f d
ec
ea
s
ed
o
n
io
n
s
(
K
o
ka
te
Ma
h
a
d
e
o
Dig
a
mb
e
r
)
193
d
etec
ted
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
in
c
r
ea
s
es
an
d
h
en
ce
we
ca
n
d
etec
t
th
e
d
is
ea
s
ed
o
n
i
o
n
.
W
h
en
th
ese
o
n
io
n
s
ar
e
d
etec
ted
an
d
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
is
r
ea
ch
ed
at
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
lev
el,
th
e
au
d
io
-
v
is
u
al
alar
m
s
will
b
e
b
u
zz
ed
an
d
th
ey
ar
e
s
ep
ar
ated
o
u
t u
s
in
g
th
e
ac
tu
ato
r
s
an
d
h
en
ce
th
e
h
ea
lth
y
o
n
io
n
s
ar
e
s
ep
ar
ated
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
3
.
2
.
B
lo
c
k
s
chem
a
t
ic
of
s
y
s
t
em
T
h
e
b
asic
b
lo
ck
s
ch
em
atic
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
ts
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ec
tio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
o
r
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
u
s
ed
lik
e
lo
a
d
i
n
g
o
f
o
n
io
n
s
,
c
o
n
v
e
y
er
s
y
s
tem
,
v
ar
io
u
s
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
im
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
ec
tio
n
,
g
as
ch
am
b
er
an
d
its
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
b
lo
ck
s
a
r
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
eq
u
en
tial
m
a
n
n
er
with
r
e
f
er
en
ce
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
3
.
3
.
Det
a
iled
des
cr
iptio
ns
o
f
blo
ck
s
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
i
s
d
iv
id
ed
in
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t
u
n
its
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
u
n
it
is
th
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
f
r
am
e
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
lete
f
r
am
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
ey
e
r
b
elt,
p
u
lley
an
d
m
o
to
r
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
.
T
h
e
o
n
io
n
s
ar
e
lo
ad
e
d
o
n
th
e
co
n
v
e
y
er
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elt
a
n
d
f
u
r
th
er
lin
ed
u
p
b
y
p
ass
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
r
ed
u
ce
r
.
On
io
n
s
ar
e
m
o
v
in
g
to
war
d
s
th
e
ch
am
b
er
in
wh
ich
ca
m
er
a
an
d
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
a
r
e
p
lace
d
[
2
2
]
.
W
h
ile
o
n
io
n
is
p
ass
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
h
a
m
b
er
,
c
am
e
r
a
click
s
th
e
im
a
g
e
f
r
o
m
v
i
d
eo
s
tr
ea
m
an
d
co
n
d
u
cts
p
r
ep
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
f
th
e
im
ag
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
.
Pre
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
im
ag
e
is
th
en
s
eg
m
en
ted
to
s
ep
ar
ate
o
u
t
th
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
n
o
is
e
f
o
r
o
b
ject
ev
alu
atio
n
with
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
em
o
v
al
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
.
T
h
r
esh
o
ld
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
d
o
s
eg
m
e
n
tatio
n
.
T
h
er
ea
f
ter
,
th
is
im
ag
e
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
id
ea
l
d
ataset.
I
f
im
ag
e
m
atch
es
with
d
ataset
im
ag
e,
th
en
n
ex
t
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
is
g
iv
en
to
th
e
ac
tu
ato
r
.
Ser
io
u
s
d
am
ag
e
lik
e
s
p
r
o
u
tin
g
is
ea
s
ily
d
etec
ted
wit
h
im
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
u
n
it.
Fin
ally
,
th
er
e
is
a
g
as
ch
am
b
er
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
im
ag
e
p
r
o
c
ess
in
g
u
n
it.
As
p
er
t
h
e
in
v
e
s
tig
atio
n
s
in
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
,
th
e
Gas
s
en
s
o
r
MQ
6
an
d
MQ
1
3
5
u
s
es
Sn
O
2
as
s
en
s
in
g
lay
er
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d
ab
le
to
s
en
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e
liq
u
ef
ied
p
etr
o
leu
m
g
as
(
L
PG
)
,
B
u
tan
e
an
d
H
2
S
g
ases
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
th
ese
two
s
en
s
o
r
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
d
etec
t
g
ases
.
T
h
e
g
as
ch
am
b
er
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
air
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
v
al
v
e,
an
d
p
u
m
p
t
o
m
ain
tain
air
f
lo
w
an
d
h
as
two
in
lets
to
p
u
s
h
cl
ea
n
air
in
t
o
th
e
ch
am
b
er
a
n
d
o
n
e
o
u
tlet
f
o
r
g
as
s
u
ctio
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o
f
o
n
io
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an
d
m
a
k
in
g
clea
n
b
ef
o
r
e
o
th
er
o
n
io
n
ca
m
e
in
to
th
e
ch
am
b
er
.
Dif
f
e
r
en
t
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
d
etec
t
th
e
g
as
s
u
ck
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
n
io
n
s
an
d
ex
am
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es
it
an
d
s
o
r
ts
o
u
t
th
e
d
ef
ec
ted
o
n
io
n
.
Fin
ally
,
af
ter
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
ex
a
m
in
in
g
th
e
o
n
io
n
s
;
th
e
d
is
ea
s
ed
an
d
g
o
o
d
o
n
io
n
s
ar
e
s
ep
ar
ated
b
y
t
h
e
ac
tu
ato
r
s
p
r
esen
t a
t th
e
o
th
er
en
d
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
ey
er
b
elt.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
25
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
22
:
191
-
1
9
9
194
3
.
4
.
Wo
r
k
ing
o
f
s
y
s
t
em
3
.
4
.
1
.
Dig
it
a
l
ima
g
e
pro
ce
s
s
ing
Fo
r
s
o
r
tin
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,
to
ca
p
tu
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o
n
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e,
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web
ca
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er
a
is
u
s
ed
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I
t
co
m
es
with
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ig
h
-
r
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o
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tio
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f
1
2
8
0
x
7
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p
ix
els
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
a
n
im
ag
e
o
f
H.
D.
q
u
ality
.
T
h
e
ca
m
er
a
p
o
s
itio
n
is
ad
ju
s
ted
in
s
u
ch
a
way
th
at
it
will
b
e
co
n
v
en
ien
t
f
o
r
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
th
e
liv
e
im
a
g
e
o
f
a
n
o
n
io
n
.
T
h
e
ca
m
er
a
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
s
ca
n
n
in
g
th
e
co
n
v
ey
e
r
b
elt
in
v
id
eo
m
o
d
e
.
T
h
e
b
lac
k
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
co
lo
r
in
im
ag
e
is
ea
s
ier
to
e
x
tr
a
ct
th
e
o
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io
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ed
g
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
later
.
T
h
at
is
wh
y
b
lack
co
lo
r
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
v
ey
o
r
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
ca
p
tu
r
ed
i
m
ag
e
is
g
iv
en
as
an
in
p
u
t
to
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
wh
ich
d
etec
ts
th
e
co
lo
r
o
f
a
n
o
n
io
n
.
T
h
is
d
ata
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
e
d
to
s
y
s
tem
b
y
u
s
in
g
USB
ca
b
le
an
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
ly
co
n
tr
o
l
ac
tio
n
is
tak
en
.
T
h
e
s
o
f
twa
r
e
co
n
tain
s
s
tan
d
ar
d
r
ef
er
en
c
e
d
atab
ase
o
f
g
o
o
d
o
n
io
n
s
.
T
h
en
th
e
ca
p
t
u
r
ed
im
ag
e
v
alu
es
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
s
tan
d
ar
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
al
u
es.
On
e
s
u
ch
ex
am
p
le
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
f
th
e
v
alu
es
ar
e
n
o
t
m
atch
ed
th
en
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
is
s
en
t
to
th
e
ac
tu
ato
r
to
r
em
o
v
e
th
at
d
is
ea
s
e
o
n
io
n
.
i)
C
o
lo
r
d
etec
tio
n
I
n
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
o
n
io
n
co
lo
r
is
d
etec
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
r
ed
,
g
r
e
en
,
an
d
b
lu
e
(
R
GB
)
v
alu
es;
h
er
e
o
n
io
n
s
ar
e
s
o
r
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
co
lo
r
.
So
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le.
two
o
n
io
n
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
ay
o
n
e
h
av
i
n
g
r
ed
is
h
co
lo
r
an
d
an
o
th
er
h
av
in
g
s
p
r
o
u
ts
co
lo
r
,
s
o
in
th
is
s
tep
,
o
u
r
wo
r
k
is
g
o
in
g
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
co
lo
r
o
f
a
o
n
io
n
b
y
u
s
in
g
R
GB
v
alu
es o
f
a
p
ictu
r
e
tak
en
f
r
o
m
th
e
ca
m
er
a.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
co
lo
r
d
etec
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
.
ii)
C
o
lo
r
d
etec
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
:
1) Start
2) Read the input color image using
imread
function.
3) Read the input pixel of color image in three different planes such as RGB.
4) Convert input image into gray frame.
5) Subtract red color from gray frame using median filter.
6) Convert image into bina
ry and use Blob statistics analysis on this image.
7) Compare the values with threshold value of standard reference values.
8) If input values > threshold values, then onion is bad.
9) Send signal to the arduino.
10) End.
B
y
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
ab
o
v
e
im
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
is
s
im
p
le
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
u
s
ed
to
d
etec
t
co
lo
r
s
p
r
esn
t
in
f
r
a
m
e
with
b
lack
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
A
s
s
h
wo
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
.
I
t
h
ae
o
n
ly
r
ed
co
lo
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
th
er
th
an
b
lack
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
,
t
h
is
f
r
am
e
h
as
r
ed
an
d
g
r
ee
n
co
lo
r
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
Ou
t
o
f
wh
ich
g
r
ee
n
co
lo
r
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ar
e
u
n
wan
ted
.
Gr
ee
n
c
o
lo
r
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
i
n
d
icate
th
at
s
am
p
le
u
n
d
er
test
is
d
ef
ec
tiv
e
o
n
e
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
esti
n
g
o
f
s
am
p
les u
s
in
g
im
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
;
(
a)
h
ea
lth
y
s
am
p
le
an
d
(
b
)
s
p
r
o
u
ted
s
am
p
le
3
.
4
.
2
.
Sens
ing
unit
T
h
e
MQ
6
a
n
d
MQ
1
3
5
ar
r
ay
s
ar
e
u
tili
s
ed
to
id
e
n
tify
t
h
e
v
o
latile
p
r
o
f
iles
o
f
o
n
i
o
n
s
'
o
d
o
u
r
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
u
n
it,
as
well
as
v
ar
io
u
s
p
er
ip
h
er
al
an
d
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
m
ak
e
u
p
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ice.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
s
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
d
ev
ice'
s
f
ab
r
icatio
n
,
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
atio
n
,
an
d
test
in
g
.
T
h
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
Gas
ch
am
b
er
wer
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
a
n
d
s
y
n
ce
d
with
th
e
co
n
v
ey
o
r
s
p
ee
d
t
o
en
ab
le
th
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f sma
r
t m
a
ch
in
e
fo
r
s
o
r
tin
g
o
f d
ec
ea
s
ed
o
n
io
n
s
(
K
o
ka
te
Ma
h
a
d
e
o
Dig
a
mb
e
r
)
195
o
f
o
d
o
u
r
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r
f
r
esh
air
to
th
e
c
h
am
b
er
h
o
u
s
in
g
MQ
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en
s
o
r
s
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
tly
elim
in
ated
th
e
c
h
em
ical
o
d
o
u
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
et
-
u
p
[
2
]
.
T
ef
lo
n
is
u
s
ed
in
ch
am
b
er
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
to
with
s
tan
d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
ch
an
g
es
an
d
ch
em
ical
r
ea
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
T
ef
lo
n
also
r
e
d
u
c
ed
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
c
o
n
tam
in
atio
n
f
r
o
m
s
am
p
le
o
d
o
u
r
s
with
in
t
h
e
ch
am
b
er
.
Af
ter
cu
s
to
m
is
in
g
th
e
m
id
d
le
an
d
lo
wer
b
lo
ck
s
,
a
s
q
u
ar
e
-
s
h
ap
ed
T
ef
lo
n
b
lo
c
k
was
cu
t
in
to
th
r
e
e
2
2
4
3
1
0
2
3
0
m
m
p
o
r
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n
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n
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s
tack
ed
o
n
t
o
p
o
f
ea
ch
o
th
er
.
T
o
in
s
tall
th
e
M
Q
s
er
ies
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
h
o
les
(
s
o
c
k
e
ts
)
wer
e
d
r
illed
in
to
th
e
b
o
tto
m
b
lo
c
k
.
T
h
e
s
ize
a
n
d
f
o
r
m
o
f
ea
c
h
s
o
ck
et
ch
an
g
ed
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
MQ
s
en
s
o
r
[
2
5
]
-
[
2
7
]
.
A
cir
cu
lar
ap
er
tu
r
e
with
a
d
iam
eter
o
f
1
1
2
m
m
tr
av
e
r
s
ed
th
e
ce
n
tr
a
l
b
lo
ck
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
h
ea
d
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
les
wer
e
p
u
lled
in
t
o
th
e
ch
am
b
e
r
u
s
in
g
a
p
u
m
p
an
d
a
3
-
way
v
alv
e
to
ch
o
o
s
e
o
n
e
o
f
two
p
n
eu
m
atic
cir
cu
its
.
T
o
d
r
y
th
e
ch
a
m
b
er
,
o
n
e
was
g
iv
e
n
a
f
ilter
c
o
n
ta
in
in
g
c
h
ar
co
al
an
d
d
esiccan
t
(
wh
ich
elim
in
ates
h
u
m
id
ity
an
d
u
n
d
esira
b
le
o
d
o
u
r
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
air
)
.
T
h
e
g
as
s
am
p
les
o
f
in
ter
est
wer
e
d
eliv
er
ed
to
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
ch
am
b
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
o
th
er
air
f
lo
w
r
o
u
te.
T
h
e
g
as
was
d
eliv
e
r
ed
to
t
h
e
ch
am
b
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
T
ef
lo
n
tu
b
i
n
g
(
o
u
ter
d
iam
eter
=
4
.
7
6
m
m
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
d
ep
icts
th
e
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e'
s
ac
tu
al
p
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
.
An algorithm of Gas Sensing Unit
1. Start
2.
Initialize
sensors
to
sense
emitted
ga
ses
by
onions.
Sensor
s
used
in
this
system are able to sense the following gases:
a.
Hydrogen,
b.
Sulfe
r
dioxid,
c.
Nitrous
o
xide,
d.
Carbon
dioxid
e
&/or
ammonia,
e
. Temperature
3.
Convert
analog
input
into
digital
(used
inbuilt
ADC
)
form
using
microcontroller (ATmega328).
4.
Check
whether
sens
ed
level
of
gases
emi
tted
by
onions
are
le
ss/greater
than
previously defined levels.
5. If it is less, then display the level
and repeat step 2.
6. If it is greater, then switch for the actuator and repeat step 2.
7. Stop
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Actu
al
p
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
IS
CU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
o
f
ima
g
e
pro
ce
s
s
ing
4.
1
.
1
Resul
t
s
o
f
hea
lt
hy
s
a
mp
les
First
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
f
in
d
th
e
c
o
lo
r
o
f
th
e
o
n
io
n
.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
in
im
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
to
f
in
d
co
l
o
r
s
.
I
n
th
is
,
we
u
s
ed
t
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
em
o
v
al.
W
e
b
lack
en
e
d
th
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
th
en
t
r
ied
to
f
in
d
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
co
lo
r
s
f
r
o
m
i
t.
Af
ter
E
x
p
er
im
en
tin
g
with
th
is
s
ch
em
e,
we
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
it
s
ee
m
ed
to
tak
e
3
-
4
s
ec
o
n
d
s
lo
n
g
e
r
th
a
n
ex
p
ec
ted
tim
e.
So
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
eth
o
d
we
s
tar
ted
wo
r
k
in
g
o
n
was
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
in
g
b
o
x
m
eth
o
d
.
I
n
th
is
we
u
s
ed
R
G
B
co
lo
r
m
o
d
u
le.
I
n
th
e
R
GB
m
o
d
u
le,
we
ch
ec
k
ed
th
e
co
lo
r
o
f
th
e
o
n
i
o
n
an
d
s
aw
th
e
r
ed
,
g
r
ee
n
an
d
b
lu
e
co
lo
r
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
o
n
io
n
.
T
h
e
n
we
u
s
ed
a
s
im
p
le
m
eth
o
d
in
wh
ich
we
co
d
ed
a
s
q
u
ar
e
wh
er
e
o
n
ly
r
ed
wo
u
ld
a
p
p
ea
r
.
T
h
en
v
al
u
es
o
f
x
an
d
y
co
o
r
d
in
ates
ch
an
g
es
d
u
e
to
th
e
a
r
r
iv
al
o
f
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e.
T
h
e
co
lo
r
o
f
a
g
o
o
d
o
n
io
n
is
o
n
ly
r
ed
s
o
f
r
o
m
th
is
m
eth
o
d
we
f
o
u
n
d
a
g
o
o
d
o
n
io
n
[
1
0
]
.
4
.
1
.
2
.
Resul
t
s
o
f
dis
ea
s
ed
s
a
m
ples
B
u
t
th
en
it
was
r
ea
lized
t
h
at
t
h
e
q
u
a
n
tity
o
f
g
o
o
d
o
n
i
o
n
s
wa
s
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
t
h
at
o
f
r
o
tten
o
n
i
o
n
s
.
I
f
we
h
ad
b
ee
n
c
h
ec
k
in
g
th
e
c
o
lo
r
o
f
g
o
o
d
o
n
io
n
s
,
it
wo
u
l
d
h
a
v
e
t
ak
en
u
s
l
o
n
g
e
r
tim
e
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
q
u
a
n
tity
o
f
g
o
o
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
25
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
22
:
191
-
1
9
9
196
o
n
io
n
s
wo
u
ld
h
av
e
b
ee
n
h
i
g
h
er
.
T
h
en
we
d
ec
id
ed
th
at
if
w
e
ch
ec
k
ed
th
e
r
o
tten
o
n
io
n
s
r
ath
er
th
an
th
e
g
o
o
d
o
n
es,
th
ey
wo
u
l
d
b
e
s
ep
ar
ated
s
o
o
n
er
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
b
tain
e
d
is
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
an
d
2
.
I
n
r
o
tten
o
n
io
n
s
we
s
aw
d
if
f
er
en
t v
ar
ieties lik
e
s
p
r
o
u
ted
o
n
io
n
s
,
d
o
u
b
le
o
n
i
o
n
s
,
an
d
b
lac
k
s
p
o
tted
o
n
io
n
s
.
T
h
en
we
tr
ied
to
f
in
d
th
e
s
p
r
o
u
ted
o
n
i
o
n
s
.
B
u
t
we
ap
p
lied
t
h
e
s
am
e
lo
g
ic
th
at
was
u
s
ed
t
o
f
in
d
g
o
o
d
o
n
io
n
s
.
J
u
s
t
lik
e
we
ch
ec
k
ed
t
h
e
r
ed
co
lo
r
to
f
in
d
g
o
o
d
o
n
i
o
n
s
,
lik
e
wis
e
we
ch
ec
k
ed
th
e
g
r
ee
n
co
lo
r
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
p
r
o
u
ted
o
n
i
o
n
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
o
n
io
n
s
p
r
o
u
ts
ar
e
g
r
ee
n
.
W
h
en
we
co
d
ed
it,
we
s
a
w
th
at
wh
er
e
th
e
g
r
ee
n
co
lo
r
co
m
es
with
th
e
o
n
io
n
,
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
wo
u
ld
co
m
e
a
n
d
th
e
v
al
u
es
o
f
X
an
d
Y
co
o
r
d
in
ates
wo
u
ld
co
m
e
m
o
r
e
th
an
0
.
T
h
i
s
m
ea
n
s
th
at
wh
en
t
h
e
v
alu
es o
f
X
an
d
Y
c
o
o
r
d
in
a
tes ar
e
m
o
r
e
th
an
0
,
th
e
o
n
io
n
is
s
p
r
o
u
ted
.
T
ab
le
1
.
R
esp
o
n
s
es o
f
h
ea
lt
h
y
s
am
p
les with
im
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
to
o
l
S
i
z
e
N
o
o
f
H
e
a
l
t
h
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
t
e
st
e
d
A
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
R
e
su
l
t
s
A
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
(
%)
S
mal
l
10
10
1
0
0
M
e
d
i
u
m
10
10
1
0
0
La
r
g
e
10
09
90
T
ab
le
2
.
R
ep
o
n
s
es
o
f
im
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
with
d
is
ea
s
ed
s
am
p
les
S
i
z
e
N
o
o
f
d
e
f
e
c
t
e
d
S
a
mp
l
e
s
C
h
e
c
k
e
d
A
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
R
e
su
l
t
s
A
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
(
%)
S
mal
l
15
14
93
M
e
d
i
u
m
15
12
80
La
r
g
e
15
12
80
As
p
er
US
S
tan
d
ar
d
5
1
.
4
2
0
4
[
1
1
]
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
ef
ec
ts
s
h
all
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
s
er
io
u
s
d
am
ag
e:
(
a)
Sp
r
o
u
tin
g
,
wh
e
n
th
e
o
n
io
n
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
s
o
f
t
an
d
s
p
o
n
g
y
,
(
b
)
Me
ch
a
n
ical
in
ju
r
y
,
wh
en
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
two
o
f
t
h
e
f
lesh
y
s
ca
les
ar
e
b
ad
ly
cr
ac
k
ed
,
c
u
t
o
r
b
r
u
is
ed
.
B
o
th
o
f
th
ese
d
ef
ec
ts
ca
n
ea
s
ily
b
e
d
etec
ted
with
s
u
ch
an
im
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e.
4
.
2
.
Resul
t
s
o
f
g
a
s
s
ens
o
rs
T
h
e
Gas
co
llectio
n
ch
am
b
er
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
test
th
e
g
ases
em
itted
b
y
d
e
f
ec
ted
o
n
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
a
ir
s
am
p
le
o
f
On
io
n
is
co
llected
i
n
th
is
ch
am
b
er
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
al
u
es
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
lik
e,
C
ar
b
o
n
Dio
x
id
e,
C
ar
b
o
n
Mo
n
o
x
id
e
,
Hy
d
r
o
g
en
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
th
ese
g
ases
in
clea
n
air
[
5
]
to
ch
ec
k
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
.
Ab
o
v
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
etec
ti
o
n
o
f
h
ea
lth
y
as
well
as
r
o
tten
o
n
io
n
s
an
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
h
as
g
iv
e
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
as
s
h
o
wn
in
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
t
ab
les.
W
h
en
d
is
ea
s
ed
s
am
p
les
ar
e
test
ed
u
s
in
g
MQ
1
3
5
s
en
s
o
r
f
o
r
C
O2
an
d
C
O
g
ases
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
,
we
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
C
O2
g
as
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
7
8
0
7
.
1
3
p
p
m
to
7
8
2
9
.
0
1
p
p
m
wh
ile
C
o
g
as
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
7
0
5
.
1
7
p
p
m
to
7
2
1
.
0
1
p
p
m
f
o
r
5
r
an
d
o
m
d
is
ea
s
ed
s
am
p
les.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
4
,
ar
e
o
b
tian
ed
w
h
en
th
e
h
ea
lth
y
s
am
p
les
ar
e
test
ed
u
s
in
g
MQ
1
3
5
f
o
r
C
O
an
d
C
O2
g
ases
,
we
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
C
O2
g
as
r
a
n
g
es
f
r
o
m
2
4
8
0
.
1
3
p
p
m
to
2
5
6
3
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RE
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[1
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R
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