TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol.12, No.7, July 201
4, pp
. 5185 ~ 51
9
0
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
12i7.533
5
5185
Re
cei
v
ed
De
cem
ber 1
0
, 2013; Re
vi
sed
March 12, 20
14; Accepted
March 29, 20
14
The Transmission Properties o
f
Coated THz Teflon
Tube
Pan Wu, Du
o Tianbo, Liu Zichen, Ch
en Jun
Coll
eg
e of Pho
t
oelectro
n
ic En
gin
eeri
ng, Ch
o
ngq
i
ng U
n
iv
ers
i
t
y
of Posts an
d T
e
lecommun
i
catio
n
s,
Cho
ngq
in
g 40
0
065, Ch
in
a
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
he S para
m
eters, attenuati
o
n char
act
e
ristic
s and gr
ou
p d
e
lay ch
aracter
i
stics of the T
e
flon tu
be
have
be
en
an
aly
z
e
d
in
the
pap
er. F
i
rstly, the S p
a
ra
met
e
rs of
meta
l a
nd p
o
ly
mer tu
be w
i
th the
sa
me
structure are
compar
ed.
T
hen the trans
mission
prop
erti
es of t
he simple tera
hert
z
T
e
flon tubes
an
d
terahert
z
T
e
flo
n
tubes w
h
ic
h
are coate
d
meta
l fi
l
m
by
three differ
ent
w
a
ys are simu
late
d, and
the
adva
n
tag
e
s an
d disa
dva
n
tag
e
s are contrast
ed. T
he S par
ameters of T
e
flon tub
e
are
more id
eal, b
u
t it is
not pl
ai
n, the a
ttenuatio
n w
i
thi
n
the w
o
rki
ng f
r
equ
ency is
les
s
than
10.7
7dB
/m, the gr
ou
p d
e
lay
is less
tha
n
10
-1
0
s, coati
n
g
T
e
flon
tub
e
w
i
th fil
m
can
make S
p
a
ra
met
e
rs p
l
ai
n. T
e
fl
on tu
be
ca
n tr
ans
mit T
H
z
w
a
ve
effectively, and
if the T
e
flon tube is co
ated
w
i
th f
ilms, the trans
missi
on ch
aracteristics ca
n be i
m
prov
ed
i
n
concl
u
sio
n
.
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
Tera
hert
z
refers to th
e fre
quen
cy 0.1 ~ 10THz (wav
elength i
s
30
~ 300
0
m, 1THz=
10
12
Hz) withi
n
the ele
c
tro
m
agneti
c
sco
pe. It overla
p
s
with
sub
-
mi
llimeter wave
(SMMW) in t
he
long wave ba
nd,
an
d collo
cate
s
the
infrared
in sh
ort wave band.
So
THz wave
has
very spe
c
ial
positio
n in the electroma
g
netic spe
c
tru
m
[1].
With the dev
elopme
n
t of THz radi
ation
sou
r
ce [2] and dete
c
tion i
m
aging te
chn
o
logy [3],
its uniq
ue a
d
vantage
s a
nd great ap
plicatio
n pr
o
s
pe
ct
have emerged
in material scie
nce,
electroni
c inf
o
rmatio
n, life
scien
c
e,
astronomy,
at
mosp
he
ric a
nd e
n
viron
m
ental mo
nitoring,
national
secu
rity, comm
uni
cation
s, a
nd
other i
m
po
rta
n
t are
a
s g
r
a
dually. Limiti
ng the
tera
h
e
rtz
radiatio
n wit
h
in a waveg
u
ide [4] stru
cture
ca
n b
e
better to
give play to huge p
o
ten
t
ial
advantag
es
of the tera
h
e
rtz i
n
si
ze,
perfo
rm
an
ce, and the
multi-fun
c
tion
. Therefo
r
e,
THz
waveg
u
ide
s
a
r
e nee
ded u
r
gently.
2. THz Tu
be
w
i
th Differ
en
t Mate
rials
THz energy in free sp
aces seri
o
u
sly attenuate
d
beca
u
se of the ab
sorption of vapor an
d
atmosp
he
ric
scattering
[5]. In orde
r to
redu
ce
en
erg
y
loss,
a lot
of re
sea
r
ch i
n
stitution
s
ha
ve
carrie
d out t
he re
se
arch
on THz
wav
e
tran
smi
ssi
o
n
pro
p
e
r
ties.
Polymer tub
e
ha
s better
loss
cha
r
a
c
teri
stics than
soli
d
waveg
u
ide. I
n
additio
n
,
it is ea
sy to de
sign
and
pro
c
e
ss, the
are
a
of
the mode fiel
d is larg
e. So polymer tub
e
is the ne
w kin
d
of THz
wav
eguid
e
[6].
In this
part, t
h
ree
ki
nd
s of
polyme
r
mat
e
rial
are
sele
cted to
de
sig
n
polyme
r
tu
be, they
are Teflo
n
, polyethylene (PE) and poly
s
tyrene
(
PS),
respe
c
tively, dielectri
c
co
nstant
r
are 2.08,
2.25, 2.6. To
comp
are poly
m
er tub
e
s wit
h
metal tub
e
s, the metal tu
bes
whi
c
h
wa
s ma
de of Au
,
Ag, Au, Al wit
h
the s
a
me geometric
s
i
z
e
.
The S pa
ram
e
ter is
analy
z
ed by the finite eleme
n
t me
thod (FEM
). As ca
n be
se
en from
the Figu
re
1, S paramete
r
s of p
o
lymer
tube i
s
supe
rior to
metal
tubes, th
e S
11
para
m
eter
of
metal tubes
are
closed to
each oth
e
r
within t
he sel
e
cted
workin
g freque
ncy
band. They a
r
e all
less than
-1.
3dB (the
ma
ximum is
-1.
275dB,
cop
p
e
r), S
21
pa
ra
meters a
r
e le
ss than
7dB
(the
maximum i
s
6.60dB, copp
er). By
comp
arison,
the
S paramete
r
s
of polyme
r
tube
s a
r
e m
o
re
ideal, its S
11
are l
e
ss tha
n
30dB (th
e
ma
ximum is
39.
38dB, PE), a
nd the S
21
parameters
ar
e less
than 1
d
B (th
e
minimu
m i
s
0.6dB, PE). T
he m
a
in
rea
s
on i
s
that
the
relative di
ele
c
tri
c
con
s
tant
of
metal is 1, and the relative perme
abilit
y of Au
、
Ag
、
Cu
、
Al are
also si
milar,
and the relati
ve
diele
c
tric
con
s
tant of sele
cted polymer i
s
betw
een 2.
0 ~ 2.6, and the dielect
r
ic
con
s
tant of the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 7, July 201
4: 5185 – 51
90
5186
polymer
mat
e
rial at te
ra
hertz freq
ue
ncy is
ve
ry
high, which
can
help to
obtain the
high
reflectivity and small lo
ss [
7
].
Figure 1. The
S Parameters for Tub
e
wit
h
Different M
e
tal and Polymer Mate
rial
s
Acco
rdi
ng to the tradition
al theory of circul
ar wavegui
de [8], the main mode of ci
rcula
r
waveg
u
ide is
TE
11
mode, when the main
workin
g mod
e
is just si
ngl
e-mo
de (TE
11
mode), the
wavele
ngth range a
s
follo
ws:
2.62R<
λ
<3.
4
1R
There, R is th
e inner di
ame
t
er of the circular wavegui
de.
Whe
n
the ce
nter freq
uen
cy
f
= 0.350THz, the co
rre
sp
ondin
g
wavel
ength
i
s
ab
out
857
m.
Usi
ng the work co
ndition
s o
f
single mod
e
,
we can d
e
d
u
ce the
rang
e
of the waveg
u
ide
radiu
s
:
251.34
9
m<R<327.1
3
7
m
,
Take th
e average of the ra
nge 28
9.2
m
as the diam
eter of the initial radiu
s
of tube, and the
initial values
of tube thickn
ess and
coati
ng thickne
s
s are all
/4
≈
21
4
m.
3. THz Te
flo
n
Tube
There is a ro
ughly 47G
Hz
band
width of ter
ahe
rtz
com
m
unication at
mosp
he
re wi
ndo
w at
the freque
ncy
f
=0.35T
Hz [9
], the worki
n
g
frequen
cy is
0.33THz
~ 0.38THz in this
pape
r.
As Figure 2 shows, 3 mm long Te
rahe
rt
z polym
e
r
tube’s geo
metry size, outer di
ameter
is 50
3.2
m, inner
diamete
r
is 2
89.2
m, the air i
s
filled in the
core
of tube an
d
the layer of the
tube is Teflon
.
Figure 2. The
HFSS Model
(left) and Po
sitive Section
(right) fo
r the
THzT
eflon T
ube
As sho
w
n i
n
Figu
re 3, th
e tran
smi
s
sio
n
prope
rties
of terah
e
rt
z
Teflon tub
e
have b
een
simulate
d nu
meri
cally, incl
uding the S p
a
ram
e
ters
(shown in Figure 3(a
)),
the attenuation
curves
(Figu
r
e 3
(
b))
and group d
e
l
a
y (Figure 3(c)).
聚
合
物
层
空
气
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
The Tran
sm
ission Prope
rties of
Co
ated
THz Teflon T
ube (Pa
n
Wu
)
5187
Propa
gation con
s
tant
=
+j
, there,
is the attenu
ation co
nsta
n
t
and
is the pha
se
c
o
ns
ta
n
t. In
F
i
gu
r
e
3
(
b)
r
e
(G
amma
) is
, its
unit
is Np/m, and 1Np/m
=(2
0
/ln10
)dB/
m
≈
8.68
6dB/m.
Grou
p Del
a
y (G
D) of the waveguid
e
is d
e
fined a
s
:
2
2
d
=
d
cd
d
,
There,
is the angul
ar fre
quen
cy,
is the co
rrespon
ding wavelen
g
th,
c
is the speed of light.
Figure 3. The
Tran
smi
ssio
n
Prope
rties
of Teflon Tub
e
(a) S pa
ramet
e
rs; (b) Atten
uation curve; (c) Group del
ay
Teflon tube’
s Insertio
n loss is as low a
s
4.21dB
at ce
nter freq
uen
cy, and the return lo
ss
is as lo
w a
s
-57.58dB, but there a
r
e larg
e cha
nge
s wit
h
in the ban
d, and it is not smooth eno
ug
h.
Within the wo
rkin
g freq
uen
cy band, the
attenuati
on of
Teflon tube i
s
less than
1.24Np/m, abo
ut
10.77dB/m.
For
gro
up d
e
lay, namely
gro
up di
sp
e
r
sio
n
i
s
le
ss than 2
10
-1
1
s, and it
ra
pidly
increa
sed to
9.36
10
-11
s a
t
0.380THz.
For the Teflo
n
waveg
u
ide,
THz
wave di
stributio
n
in the radi
al is shown in Figu
re 4. From
the electri
c
field and ma
gn
etic field distri
bution, it
’s ea
sy to see that
the field distribution of air
core focu
se
s
on the tube wall.
Figure 4. The
Field Profile for Single Me
dium THz
Tef
l
on tube: Electric Field
(left) and Magn
etic
Field (ri
ght)
4. THz
Coa
t
e
d
Teflon Tub
e
In orde
r to improve the transmi
ssion
p
r
ope
rtie
s of Teflon tube, try to coat films on the
terahe
rtz T
e
flon tube [10], and Au, Ag, Cu are co
mm
only use
d
as
coatin
g material.
For
3mm-l
o
n
g
THz
Teflon
tube, its rel
a
tive diele
c
tri
c
con
s
tant
r
is
2.08. G
o
l
d
, silver,
cop
per, i
r
on
and alu
m
inu
m
are
usually cho
s
e
n
a
s
t
he metal coati
ng layer. T
h
e
inner
diamet
er of
tube i
s
2
89.2
m, the thickness
of Teflo
n
laye
r a
nd
coated
metal l
a
yer
are
21
4
m, and the
core
of tube is filled with air. Th
e transmissio
n prop
ertie
s
of the coated
THz Teflon tu
be we
re stu
d
i
e
d
in detail, as shown belo
w
.
()
c
()
b
()
a
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ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 7, July 201
4: 5185 – 51
90
5188
4.1. The Outer Coa
t
ing T
H
z T
e
flon Tu
be
Figure 5. The
Tran
smi
ssio
n
Prope
rties
of Te
flon Tube Outer
Coat
ed with Different Metal
Material
s; (a
) S paramete
r
s; (b)
Attenuati
on cu
rve; (c)
Grou
p delay;
As shown in
Figure 5, the
transmissio
n
prop
er
tie
s
of
THz Teflon tu
be with
outer coatin
g.
The S p
a
ra
meters of T
e
flon tube
out
er
coate
d
u
n
der different metals sh
ows
in Figu
re 5
(
a),
Figure 5
(
b
)
i
s
the
atten
u
a
tion
cu
rve,
and th
e
gro
u
p
del
ay of
T
e
flon tub
out
er
co
ated
wi
th
different meta
ls sh
ows in Fi
gure 5
(
c). S param
eter an
d
group d
e
lay of THz Teflo
n
tube are poo
r
within the
wo
rkin
g fre
que
n
c
y ban
d. It’s
easy to fin
d
t
hat the atten
uation of
Teflon tube
coat
ed
with silver i
s
minimal withi
n
the work
in
g
band, and th
e coate
d
co
p
per is
se
con
d
.
4.2. The inne
r coating T
H
z Teflon
tub
e
As sho
w
n in
Figure 6, the
tran
smissio
n
pro
per
tie
s
of
inne
r coatin
g THz T
e
flon
tube, S
para
m
eter of
Teflon tub
e
inner coati
ng with
different metal
s
sho
w
s in Fi
gure
6(a), t
h
e
attenuation
curves shows
in Figu
re 6
(
b
)
. T
he in
sertio
n loss of T
e
rahert
z
Teflo
n
tube S
21
is less
than 0.20dB (except iro
n
coating)
within
the worki
ng
band, its retu
rn loss i
s
less than -30
d
B, and
it tends to b
e
more
smooth.
Within
the
worki
ng f
r
eq
ue
ncy b
and, th
e
attenuatio
n o
f
Teflon tu
be i
s
less than 5.2
N
p/m (ab
out 45.17dB/m
), the attenuatio
n for silver c
oated is still
minimal, cop
per
follows
.
Figure 6. The
Tran
smi
ssio
n
Prope
rties
of Tefl
on Tub
e
Inner Coate
d
with Differe
nt Metal
Material
s; (a
) S paramete
r
s; (b)
Attenuati
on cu
rve; (c)
Grou
p delay;
4.3. The Inne
r and Outer Coa
t
ing THz
Teflon Tub
e
Figure 7. The
Tran
smi
ssio
n
Prope
rties
of Teflon
Tub
e
with Insid
e
and Out
s
ide
Coate
d
Different
Metal Materia
l
s; (a) S pa
ra
meters; (b) At
tenuation
curve; (c) G
r
ou
p delay;
()
c
()
b
()
a
()
c
()
b
()
a
()
c
()
b
()
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
The Tran
sm
ission Prope
rties of
Co
ated
THz Teflon T
ube (Pa
n
Wu
)
5189
As sh
own in
Figure
7, it is the tran
smi
ssi
on p
r
op
erties
of inn
e
r an
d oute
r
coated
terahe
rtz Tefl
on tub
e
. Fig
u
r
e
7(a
)
i
s
S
para
m
eters o
f
the Teflo
n
t
ube i
nne
r
an
d oute
r
co
ating
with the
different m
e
tals,
Figure 7
(
b
)
is the atten
uation
curve
s
, Fi
gure
7
(
c) i
s
t
he g
r
ou
p d
e
l
a
y
curve. T
he in
sertio
n lo
ss
S
21
of terahertz Teflon tub
e
is le
ss tha
n
0.25dB (ex
c
ept iron
coati
ng)
within the wo
rking fre
que
ncy band, its return lo
ss S
11
is less than -3
2dB, and it tends to be mo
re
flat. The attenuation of T
e
flon tube is greate
r
tha
n
6.8Np/m
(about 50.0
6
d
B
/m) within the
workin
g freq
u
ency ba
nd, a
nd the gro
up
delay is le
ss t
han 1.5
10
-11
s.
Within th
e
worki
n
g
ba
nd,
the in
se
rtion
loss S
21
is
as sm
all a
s
po
ssi
ble. Simila
rly, the
retur
n
los
s
S
11
is as sm
all as po
ssible.
Mean
while, the attenuatio
n and group
delay is a
s
small
as p
o
ssible,
as flat as
po
ssible
a
s
well.
Make th
e co
mpari
s
o
n
of the tran
smi
s
sion prope
rties of
terahe
rtz Tefl
on tub
e
am
o
ng thi
s
three
co
ating
m
e
thod
s, then
it sh
ow
s th
at the tra
n
smissi
on
prop
ertie
s
of
outer
co
ating
THz Teflon
tu
be is t
he
worst, inne
r an
d
outer
co
ating
is la
st but o
n
e
.
The mai
n
re
aso
n
is th
at these th
ree
coatin
g Te
flo
n
tube
with the differe
nt refractive in
d
e
x
distrib
u
tion a
nd the differe
nt reflectio
n
interf
aces
an
d the structu
r
e paramete
r
s are n
eed to
be
further optimi
z
ed. But the coating can
make S
pa
ramete
rs mo
re flat. Therefore, terah
e
r
tz
coatin
g Teflo
n
tube ca
n ob
tain better tra
n
smi
ssi
on ch
ara
c
teri
stics.
5. Conclusio
n
Take the att
enuatio
n of terah
e
rt
z in the open
spa
c
e into acco
unt, and in orde
r to
transmit the
THz (te
r
ah
ert
z
)
wave i
n
th
e wave
guid
e
, terah
e
rtz Tef
l
on tube
whi
c
h ha
s the
go
od
transmissio
n
cha
r
a
c
teri
stic is de
sign
ed
and
an
alyze
d
in
this pa
p
e
r. Th
en
the
S pa
ram
e
te
rs,
attenuation chara
c
te
risti
c
s and grou
p
delay char
acteri
stics of
the Teflon tube also h
a
ve
analyzed in the pape
r. Compa
r
ed to
the pure m
e
tal tube, the transmi
ssio
n prop
ertie
s
o
f
terahe
rtz poly
m
er tu
be i
s
b
e
tter, its
retu
rn lo
ss is
le
ss
than
-35dB,
a
nd in
se
rtion l
o
ss i
s
le
ss th
an
0.3dB. Firstly
,
the S parameters of metal and
pol
ymer tube with the same
stru
cture a
r
e
comp
ared. T
hen
acco
rdin
g to the t
h
e
o
ry of tr
aditi
onal
circul
ar wave
guide
s, the ge
ome
t
ric
para
m
eters o
f
the Teflo
n
tube a
r
e
det
ermin
ed.
Se
condly, the
transmi
ssion
p
r
ope
rtie
s of
the
simple
tera
he
rtz Teflo
n
tub
e
s a
r
e
analy
z
ed by u
s
ing
HFSS sim
u
la
tion. Finally, the tra
n
smi
s
si
on
cha
r
a
c
teri
stics of terahe
rtz Teflon tube
s whi
c
h a
r
e
co
ated metal fil
m
by three
di
fferent way
s
are
simulate
d, an
d the advantage
s and
di
sadvantag
es are
contra
ste
d
.
The con
c
l
u
sio
n
is that the
polymer tu
be
com
pared t
o
the T
H
z
metal tube
i
s
mo
re
suita
b
le for tran
smissi
on, the
S
para
m
eters o
f
Teflon tu
be
are
mo
re i
d
e
a
l, but it i
s
no
t plain; T
he
a
ttenuation
wit
h
in the
worki
n
g
freque
ncy i
s
less than 1
0
.7
7 dB/m; the group
delay is
less than 1
0
-10
s; Coatin
g T
e
flon tube
with
film can
ma
ke S pa
ram
e
te
rs
plain. In
co
nclu
sio
n
, Tefl
on tub
e
can t
r
an
smit T
H
z
wave
effectively,
and if the Teflon tube is
co
ated with films, the
tran
smi
ssi
on charact
e
risti
cs
can b
e
improve
d
.
Ackn
o
w
l
e
dg
ement
The
wo
rk is
sup
porte
d by
Scie
nce a
n
d
Te
ch
nolog
y Re
sea
r
ch
proje
c
t
of Ch
ongqi
ng
Educatio
n co
mmission in 2
011 (item n
u
m
ber: KJ110
518).
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i
an
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