Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
13
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
9
, p
p.
1184
~
1190
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I
: 1
0.1
1591/i
j
eecs
.v1
3
.i
3
.pp
1184
-
1
190
1184
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
System
prote
ction for Lit
hiu
m
-
ion batteri
es
m
anagem
ent
system: a
revi
ew
L. R
im
on
1
,
K
ha
ir
ul S
afu
an
Muhamm
ad
2
,
S.
I.
Su
l
aima
n
3
, A
.
M.
Omar
4
1
,2,3,4
Facul
t
y
of E
le
c
tri
c
al E
ngin
eering
Univer
si
ti
T
eknol
ogi
MA
RA 40450
Shah
Ala
m
,
Sela
ngor
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
1,3,4
Gree
n
En
erg
y
R
ese
ar
ch
C
entre
Univer
si
ti T
e
knologi
MA
RA
40450
Shah
Ala
m
,
Sela
ngor
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
1
5
, 201
8
Re
vised
Dec
10
, 2
018
Accepte
d Dec
25, 201
8
Robustness
of
a
batter
y
m
an
a
gement
s
y
st
em
(BMS
)
is
a
c
ruc
ial
issue
espe
cially
in
crit
ic
a
l
appl
i
cation
such
as
m
edi
ca
l
or
m
il
it
ar
y
.
Fa
ilure
of
BMS
will
lead
to
m
o
re
serious
safe
t
y
issues
such
a
s
over
hea
t
ing,
o
ver
cha
rg
ing
,
over
discha
rging
,
ce
l
l
unbalanc
e
or
eve
n
fire
and
expl
osion.
BMS
consists
of
ple
nt
y
sensit
ive
el
e
ct
roni
c
components
and
conn
ec
t
ed
direct
l
y
to
bat
te
r
y
cell
te
rm
ina
l
.
Conse
quent
l
y
,
BMS
e
xposed
to
high
volt
ag
e
pote
n
tia
l
ac
ross
th
e
BMS
te
rm
ina
l
if
a
f
aul
t
y
cell
o
c
cur
s
in
a
pa
ck
o
f
L
i
-
ion
ba
tt
er
y
.
Thus,
m
a
n
y
prote
c
ti
on
techni
ques
have
bee
n
proposed
since
l
ast
thre
e
de
ca
d
e
s
to
prote
ct
the
BMS
from
f
aul
t
such
as
ope
n
ce
ll
vo
lt
ag
e
fa
ult
,
f
aul
t
y
ce
l
l,
i
nte
rna
l
shor
t
ci
rcu
it
etc.
Th
is
pape
r
pre
sents
a
rev
ie
w
of
a
BMS
foc
uses
on
the
prote
ct
ion
te
chn
ique
propo
sed
b
y
pr
evi
ous
rese
arc
h
er.
The
compari
son
has
bee
n
c
arr
i
ed
out
base
d
on
ci
r
c
uit
topo
log
y
and faul
t
detec
ti
on
technique.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
BMS
Energy
Lit
hiu
m
-
Ion
Pr
otect
io
n
Safety
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Lan
gg
a
Ri
m
on
,
Gr
ee
n
E
ne
rg
y
Re
search
Centr
e,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knol
og
i M
ARA
Sh
a
h Alam
, M
al
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
: l
ang
garim
on
@
gm
ail.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Lit
hiu
m
-
ion
ba
tt
ery
(LI
B)
ha
s
bee
n
la
unc
hed
i
nto
t
he
m
ark
et
place
by
SON
Y
in
Ju
ne
19
91
[1]
.
To
day,
Li
-
i
on
batte
ry
can
be
fou
nd
in
m
any
ap
plica
ti
o
ns
s
uch
as
el
ect
ric
ve
hicle
(E
V),
sm
art
gad
gets,
so
la
r
photov
oltai
c
ind
us
t
ries
et
c.
LI
B
is
a
rech
arg
e
able
el
ect
rical
energy
stora
ge
wh
ic
h
has
a
lot
of
ad
va
ntages
su
c
h
as
fast
char
gi
ng,
hi
gh
e
r
ene
r
gy
den
sit
y,
longer
batte
ry
li
fe
and
able
to
fit
into
a
s
m
a
ll
and
li
ghte
r
pa
ckage
.
Table
1
sho
ws
the
com
par
is
on
betwee
n
L
I
B
and
ot
her
ty
pe
of
batte
ries
.
Des
pite
ha
vi
ng
th
os
e
a
dv
a
ntages
,
LIB
ha
s
a
li
m
it
a
ti
on
s
uch
as
m
e
m
or
y
eff
ect
[2]
-
[4]
,
subj
ect
t
o
a
gi
ng
[5]
a
nd
c
on
ta
in
s
ve
ry
s
ensiti
ve
chem
ic
al
[6]
.
Ba
tt
ery
m
anag
e
m
ent
syst
e
m
(BMS)
has
be
en
pro
pose
d
since
90'
s
in
order
t
o
ens
ure
it
s
reli
abili
ty
and
the
a
bili
ty
to
operate
unde
r
sa
fe
op
e
rati
ng
lim
it
[7]
.
Ba
sic
al
ly
,
BMS
pr
otect
the
LIB
by
m
on
it
or
ing
th
e
par
am
et
er
s
uch
as
c
urrent
,
tem
per
at
ur
e,
vo
lt
age
an
d
sta
te
s
of
cel
l
including
sta
te
of
energy
(SOE)
[
8]
,
sta
te
of
he
al
th
(S
O
H)
[9]
-
[11]
,
sta
te
of
charge
(SOC)
[1
2],
[
13]
and
rem
ai
nin
g
use
fu
l
li
fetim
e
[5
]
,
[
14]
.
BM
S
can
be
cl
assifi
ed
into
th
ree
cat
egories
nam
ely
centrali
zed,
distrib
ute
d
an
d
m
od
ular
BM
S
[15]
.
I
n
ce
ntrali
zed
BM
S,
each
ba
tt
ery
cel
l
is
con
necte
d
a
nd
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
by
a
sing
le
m
ic
ro
-
processi
ng
unit
[16]
.
Me
anwhil
e,
a
distrib
uted
B
MS
con
sist
s
of
on
e
m
ast
er
con
t
ro
ll
er
an
d
m
any
sla
ve
m
od
ules
[16]
.
In
this
topolo
gy,
on
ly
sla
ve
m
odules
ha
ve
a
di
rec
t
con
ta
ct
t
o
a
sin
gle
batte
ry
ce
ll
to
perfor
m
ce
l
l
m
on
it
or
in
g.
Com
bin
at
ion
of
both
ce
ntrali
z
ed
an
d
distrib
ut
ed
BM
S
is
cal
le
d
m
od
ular
B
MS
[17]
.
T
his
topolo
gy
co
ns
i
sts
of
m
ul
ti
ple
m
od
ul
es co
nnect
ed
t
o on
e
anothe
r.
Each m
odule c
onnects
directl
y t
o
m
or
e tha
n on
e
b
at
te
ry cel
l.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
System
p
r
otect
ion f
or Lit
hium
-
ion
batt
eri
es mana
gem
e
nt syst
em: a
revie
w (
L.
Ri
mon)
1185
Table
1
.
C
om
par
iso
n betwee
n LIB a
nd
Other Ty
pe
of
Ba
tt
er
ie
s
[18]
T
y
p
e of
batter
y
Energy
Den
sity
(W
h
/Kg
)
Ad
v
an
tag
es
Disad
v
an
tag
es
Li
-
Ion
110
-
1
6
0
Hig
h
energy den
sit
y
,
lo
w
m
a
in
ten
an
ce
Sen
sitiv
e che
m
istr
y
,
n
eed p
rotec
tio
n
,
m
e
m
o
r
y
ef
f
ect
Li
-
Po
ly
m
e
r
100
-
1
3
0
m
o
re
resistan
t to o
v
ercharge,
m
o
re
saf
e than
L
i
-
Ion
Less en
ergy
d
en
sity
co
m
p
a
re
to
Li
-
Ion
Lead Acid
30
-
50
Saf
er
th
an
L
ith
iu
m
,
n
o
m
e
m
o
r
y
ef
f
ect,
lo
w
m
ain
ten
an
ce
Low en
ergy
den
sity,
en
v
iron
m
en
tall
y
u
n
f
riend
ly
NiCd
45
-
80
Saf
er
th
an
L
ith
iu
m
,
f
ast an
d
si
m
p
le
ch
arge
Low en
ergy
den
sity,
m
e
m
o
r
y
ef
f
ect
NiMH
60
-
120
Hig
h
er
en
ergy
den
sity
th
an
NiCd
,
saf
e,
less
m
e
m
o
r
y
ef
f
ect
Li
m
ited
s
ervice lif
e,
li
m
ited
dis
ch
arg
e r
ate
,
h
ig
h
self
-
d
isch
arge
r
ate
Re
gardless
the
cat
ego
ries
of
t
he
BM
S,
they
hav
e
a
direct
con
ta
ct
to
the
ba
tt
ery
cel
l
and
expose
d
to
high
ris
k
of
hi
gh
volt
age
pot
entia
l
acro
ss
t
he
BM
S
if
on
e
or
m
or
e
batt
ery
cel
ls
are
f
ai
le
d.
A
c
onve
ntion
al
BM
S
do
es
no
t
hav
e
the
ca
pa
bili
ty
to
detect
a
batt
ery
fau
lt
wh
ic
h
le
a
ds
to
m
or
e
seriou
s
issue
su
c
h
as
fire
or
exp
l
os
io
ns
[19
]
-
[22]
.
T
his
pa
per
desc
ribes
t
he
pr
otect
ion
t
echn
i
qu
e
s
an
d
cat
egories
bas
ed
on
fau
lt
detect
io
n
m
et
ho
ds. T
here are
fou
r
cat
e
gories
of b
at
te
r
y fault
detect
ion
that
norm
al
ly u
se
d
i
n
BM
S.
2.
LIT
HIUM
-
I
O
N CEL
L FA
U
LT
Since
LIB
int
r
oduce
d
by
S
O
NY
i
n
1991,
t
her
e
is
a
huge
nu
m
ber
of
rec
al
ls
has
bee
n
m
ade
for
LIB.
Re
centl
y,
in
20
17
Sam
su
ng
exp
e
rience
d
sign
i
ficant
safet
y
issues
as
the
LIB
inside
G
al
axy
No
te
7
f
aci
ng
ov
e
r
heati
ng
pr
ob
le
m
.
This
in
ci
den
t
is
a
disa
ste
r
f
or
Sam
su
ng
as
th
ey
we
r
e
f
or
ce
d
to
rec
al
l
al
l
Galaxy
No
te
7
and eve
ntu
al
ly
cancel
le
d
t
he
e
ntire li
ne.
By
natur
e
,
LIB
is
hazar
dous.
I
t
con
ta
ins
a
fla
m
m
able
li
qu
id
orga
nic
el
ect
rol
yt
es
[23]
in
c
onta
ct
wit
h
highly
ene
rg
et
i
c
m
at
erial
[4]
.
In
si
de
L
IB,
t
he
re
a
re
a
node
an
d
cat
hode
la
ye
r
s
sepa
rated
by
separ
at
or
an
d
f
il
le
d
by
flam
m
able
el
ect
ro
ly
te
.
Th
is
separ
at
or
is
ver
y
thin
a
nd
te
nd
to
cau
se
a
pr
em
at
ur
e
fail
ur
e
if
there
is
an
abno
rm
al
abu
se
co
nd
it
io
n
[
24]
.
T
he
a
bu
se
conditi
on
can
be
cat
eg
ori
zed
into
t
hr
ee
c
at
egories;
m
echan
ic
al
abuse,
el
ect
r
oc
hem
ic
al
abu
se
and
the
rm
al
abu
se
[25]
.
Am
on
g
these
three
cat
egories,
el
e
ct
ro
c
hem
ic
a
l
abu
s
e
has
draw
n
m
uch
at
te
ntion
a
s
m
os
t
of
LIB
incident
is
cause
d
by
el
ect
ro
m
echan
ic
al
abu
s
e
su
c
h
as
ov
e
r
-
discha
rg
e
,
ove
r
-
c
harge,
inte
r
nal
short
ci
rcui
t,
extern
al
short
ci
rc
uit,
gas
gen
e
rati
on
et
c.
Table
2
s
hows
the
su
m
m
ary of
in
ci
den
t
relat
ed
t
o
L
IB.
Table
2
. Sum
m
ary o
f
In
ci
den
t
Re
la
te
d
to L
IB
[2
1
]
,
[2
6
]
Date/So
u
rce
o
f
inc
id
en
t
Ty
p
e of
app
licatio
n
Ab
u
se co
n
d
itio
n
Incid
en
t des
criptio
n
8
Feb 2
0
1
8
/Airline
No
teb
o
o
k
Mechan
ical abu
se
S
m
o
k
e e
m
ittin
g
ou
t f
ro
m
sh
ip
m
en
t pa
ck
ag
e.
2
8
Ju
l 20
1
8
/Media Rep
o
rt
S
m
art
Bag
Sh
o
rt
circuit
Arc
an
d
s
m
o
k
e
b
eg
in
wh
en
p
ass
en
g
er
try
to
re
m
o
v
e batte
ry f
rom
s
m
art
bag
.
2
1
M
ay
20
1
8
/New
s
Sco
o
ter
Ov
er
-
d
isch
arge
A
p
ackag
e
co
n
tain
in
g
a
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
attery
p
o
were
d
sco
o
ter
c
au
g
h
t f
ire
at the U
PS f
acility
.
9
M
ay
20
1
8
/Airline
e
-
cig
arette
Sh
o
rt
circuit
The
b
ag
was
b
u
rned
as
well
as
th
e
carpet
o
f
t
h
e
aircr
af
t af
ter
a
p
ass
en
g
er
car
ry
-
o
n
bag
caug
h
t f
ire.
1
3
Feb 2
0
1
8
/Airlin
e
Li
-
Ion
Powe
r
b
an
k
cell intern
al sh
o
rt
circuit
Po
wer
b
an
k
g
o
t
o
v
erheatin
g
,
h
o
t
a
n
d
started
t
o
s
m
o
k
e.
The
ite
m
was
p
laced
i
n
a
th
er
m
al
co
n
tain
m
en
t bag
.
3
Jan
20
1
8
/Airline
So
lar
b
an
k
charger
Sh
o
rt
circuit
So
lar
b
an
k
ch
arg
ers
with
li
th
iu
m
io
n
b
atteries,
UN
3
4
8
0
,
in
stalled
were
d
isco
v
ered
o
n
f
ire
d
u
ring
th
e load
in
g
pro
ces
s.
Nowa
days,
m
os
t
of
L
IB
a
vaila
ble
on
the
m
ark
et
is
integ
rat
ed
with
i
nter
na
l
protect
ion
ci
r
cuit
su
c
h
a
s
curren
t
i
nter
rupt
de
vice
(CI
D
)
a
nd
posit
ive
tem
per
at
ur
e
co
eff
ic
ie
nt
(P
TC
).
C
ID
is
a
m
et
hod
to
m
anage
cel
l
ov
e
rc
harge
by
disconnecti
ng
the
ci
rcu
it
if
ov
e
r
pr
ess
ure
even
t
is
occurr
ed
[1]
.
I
ns
id
e
the
CID,
the
re
is
a
fu
si
ble
li
nk
t
ha
t
connecti
ng
the
cel
l’s
te
rm
i
nal
an
d
the
el
e
ct
rode
[
27
]
.
T
his
f
us
ible
li
nk
act
ed
as
a
f
use
and
m
el
te
d
if
there
is
ov
e
r
c
urren
t
flo
w
thr
ou
gh
it
[28]
.
Anothe
r
internal
protect
ion
is
P
TC.
PT
C
is
a
therm
al
fu
s
e
wh
ic
h
us
e
d
to
pr
e
ve
nt
the
the
rm
al
ru
na
ways
.
PTC
will
sh
ut
down
th
e
batte
ries
if
the
bat
te
ry
tem
per
at
ur
e
is
ov
e
r
heated
[4]
,
[
29
]
.
Re
gardless
the
ty
pe
of
i
nter
na
l
protect
ion
,
the
ai
m
of
a
BM
S
is
to
sepa
r
at
e
the
fa
ulty
cel
l
fr
om
the
ci
rcu
it
and
kee
p
the
cel
l
in
op
en
sta
te
.
Ta
ble
3
shows
t
he
com
par
ison
be
t
ween
LIB
faul
t,
ty
pes
of
ab
use
an
d
how
t
he fault
will
b
e m
anag
e
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h 201
9
:
1
1
8
4
–
1
1
9
0
1186
Table
3
. C
om
par
iso
n betwee
n LIB
Faults
Fau
lt
Ab
u
se ty
p
e
Cau
ses
Is the f
au
lt
m
an
ag
e
ab
le
?
Internal sh
o
rt
-
ci
rc
u
it
Electr
o
ch
e
m
ical
a
b
u
se
Manu
f
actu
ring
defect
No
Extern
al sh
o
rt
-
ci
rc
u
it
Electr
o
ch
e
m
ical
a
b
u
se
Def
ectiv
e con
n
ectio
n
,
wiring
f
au
lt
Yes. B
y
hig
h
sp
eed f
u
se
Ov
ercharge
Electr
o
ch
e
m
ical
a
b
u
se
Failu
re
o
f
chargin
g
un
it,
f
ailu
re
o
f
BMS
Yes. B
y
BM
S
Ov
erheatin
g
f
ro
m
ex
ternal
Ther
m
a
l abu
se
Battery
place nea
r
h
eat so
u
rce
Yes. B
y
op
en
the
c
ell intern
al
p
ressu
re
Cru
sh
Mechan
ical abu
se
Ph
y
sical ab
u
se o
f
battery
pa
ck
Yes b
y
des
ig
n
encl
o
su
re
with
m
o
re
v
ib
ration
tole
rance
Ther
m
a
l r
u
n
aw
ay
Ther
m
a
l abu
se
Fau
lty
cel
l heatin
g
su
rr
o
u
n
d
in
g
cells
Yes. P
TC and
CID
3.
FAU
LT
PR
O
TE
CTION F
OR
B
MS
LIB
pac
k
is
use
d
in
num
ero
us
high
volt
ag
e
app
li
cat
io
ns
su
c
h
as
E
V,
un
m
ann
e
d
aeri
al
veh
ic
le
,
photov
oltai
c
energy
sto
ra
ge
due
t
o
it
s
c
har
act
erist
ic
t
hat
ha
s
high
energy
den
sit
y
an
d
high
li
fe
cy
cl
e.
LIB b
at
te
ry
pa
ck wh
ic
h
c
om
po
se
d
of L
IB ce
ll
s w
hich
are c
onn
ect
ed
eit
her in ser
ie
s
or
pa
rall
el
o
r b
oth
de
pend
on
re
quirem
ent
of
the
a
ppli
cat
ion
.
For
la
rge
f
or
m
at
of
L
I
B
ap
plica
ti
on
,
BM
S
is
cr
ucial
to
en
sure
t
he
safety
and
it
reli
abili
ty
including
protect
ing
the
B
MS
it
sel
f
fr
om
any
po
te
ntial
of
high
volt
age
fau
lt
.
S
ince
t
he
BM
S
consi
st
of
ple
nt
y
sensiti
ve
electronic
com
po
ne
nts,
protect
ing
the
BM
S
it
sel
f
is
qu
it
e
chall
eng
i
ng.
Ba
sed
on
the pre
vious st
ud
ie
s
, th
e
re a
re
sev
e
ral fa
ult d
et
ect
ion
tech
ni
qu
e
s
us
ed
to de
te
ct
the b
at
te
ry
cell
f
ai
lure
.
3.1.
Fau
lt
De
tecti
on
usin
g CVM
Metho
d
Ce
ll
vo
lt
age
m
easur
em
ent
(CVM)
is
a
m
e
tho
d
us
e
d
to
dete
ct
fau
lt
y
cel
l
e
sp
eci
al
ly
in
a
batte
ry
pack
.
Figure
1
s
how
s
the
CVM
t
opology.
I
n
t
his
top
ology,
C
VM
m
od
ules
are
use
d
to
m
easur
e
the
cel
l
volt
ag
e
V
cell
on
each
batte
ry
cell
. I
f V
cell
is
higher
t
han 4.9
V
the
n op
e
n wi
re f
a
ult sig
nal is trig
ger
e
d
[
7]
.
Mea
nwhile
, if V
cell
dro
p
bel
ow
0.
1V
the
cel
l
int
ern
al
s
hort
ci
r
cuit
fa
ult
is
trigg
e
re
d.
T
his
m
et
ho
d
is
wide
ly
us
ed
t
o
de
te
ct
the
op
e
n
wire
fa
ul
t
[7]
.
H
oweve
r
,
acco
rd
i
ng
t
o
[30]
,
the
m
ajor
chall
en
ge
of
CVM
m
e
tho
d
is
high
er
nu
m
ber
of
sens
or
s
are
ne
eded
to
m
easur
e
ever
y
cel
l
vo
lt
age
as
LIB
batte
ry
pack
c
om
po
sed
of
huge
nu
m
ber
of
cel
ls
connecte
d i
n s
eries.
Figure
1
.
Cel
l
vo
lt
age
m
easurem
ent topolo
gy
3.2.
Fau
lt
De
tecti
on
usin
g
Comp
arat
or
Com
par
at
or
ci
rcu
it
is
a
dev
ic
e
us
ed
to
com
par
e
bet
wee
n
two
vo
lt
age
sig
nals
and
deter
m
ines
wh
ic
h
sign
al
is
gr
eat
er.
I
n
BM
S
protect
ion
ci
rc
uitry,
com
par
at
or
is
no
rm
al
l
y
us
ed
to
determ
ine
the
unde
r
volt
age
and
ov
e
r
volt
age
co
nd
it
io
n
fo
r
each
cel
l
in
a
batte
ry
pack
[
31
]
.
Ba
sed
on
Su
m
ukha
V
U
dupa
[31]
,
th
e
com
par
at
or
is
us
e
d
to
com
par
e
bet
w
een
the
in
pu
t
volt
age
(V
i
n)
a
nd
the
t
hresh
old
volt
age
(V
t
h).
The
c
om
par
at
or
input
volt
age
is
app
li
ed
to
t
he
in
ver
ti
ng
in
pu
t,
s
o
the
outpu
t
will
hav
e
an
in
ver
te
d
po
la
rity
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
System
p
r
otect
ion f
or Lit
hium
-
ion
batt
eri
es mana
gem
e
nt syst
em: a
revie
w (
L.
Ri
mon)
1187
If
Vi
n
is
great
er
tha
n
Vt
h,
t
he
ou
tp
ut
will
be
dr
ive
to
lo
gic
low
and
vice
ver
sa.
T
his
m
et
hod
can
be
use
d
t
o
determ
ine
the
ov
e
r
-
volt
age
and
unde
r
-
vo
lt
a
ge
fa
ult.
Fo
r
L
i
-
ion
batte
ry,
uppe
r
thre
shold
vo
lt
age
is
4.2
5V
an
d
lowe
r
thres
hold
is
2.5V
[32
]
.
Figu
r
e
2
s
hows
t
he
prote
ct
ion
ci
rcu
it
usi
ng
c
om
par
at
or.
Vth
is
a
volt
age
m
easur
e acr
os
s
zener
d
i
od
e Z
1
an
d
V
R4
is a vo
lt
age m
easure
acro
ss resi
sto
r
R4.
T
he
oper
at
ion
of over
-
volt
ag
e
and un
der
-
volt
age is s
umm
ari
zed i
n Ta
b
l
e 4.
Figure
2
.
Prote
ct
ion
circ
uitry
us
in
g
c
om
par
at
or
Table
4
. Sum
m
ary o
f
C
om
par
at
or
Prote
ct
ion C
ircuit
ry
Op
e
r
at
ion
Inp
u
t Voltag
e
Co
m
p
a
rator C1
St
atu
s (S1)
Co
m
p
a
rator C1
St
atu
s (S2)
Co
n
d
itio
n
Vcell >
4.2
5
V
Hig
h
Low
Ov
er
-
v
o
ltag
e
Vcell =
3.0
V
Low
Low
No
r
m
al
Vcell =
2.8
V
Low
Low
No
r
m
al
Vcell <
2.5
V
Low
Hig
h
Un
d
er
-
Vo
ltag
e
The
a
dv
a
nta
ge
of
this
to
polo
gy
is
no
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
is
re
quired
to
m
easur
e
the
volt
age.
Th
us
m
easur
e
m
ent
sp
ee
d
is
no
m
or
e
the
is
su
e.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
noise
on
t
he
i
nput
si
gn
al
m
ay
cause
t
he
in
pu
t
t
o
transit
above
a
nd
belo
w
the
thres
hold
volt
age
causin
g
an
err
at
i
c
ou
t
pu
t
[
33
]
.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e,
the
com
plexity
of
ci
rcu
it
ry is
on
e
of the
m
ai
n
issue as
larg
e
form
at
o
f
L
IB bat
te
ry p
ac
k
re
qui
res huge
num
ber
of
c
om
par
at
or.
3.3.
Prot
ec
tio
n u
si
ng
Z
ener
Diode Me
thod
Com
bin
at
ion
of
zene
r
diode
a
nd
fu
se
is
the
si
m
ple
pr
otect
ion
m
et
ho
d
int
r
oduce
d
by
[34]
.
Figure
3
sh
ows
the
c
onfi
gurati
on
of
zener
diode
and
fu
s
e
us
e
d
as
a
fau
lt
protect
ion
dev
ic
e.
In
t
his
topolo
gy
,
zener
di
od
e
,
Z
1
act
in
g
a
s
a
volt
age
li
m
i
te
r.
In
norm
al
co
nd
it
ion
,
is
not
c
onduct
ed
a
nd
no
sig
nificant
c
ur
ren
t
is
flo
wing
thr
ough
the
BM
S.
Thu
s
,
al
l
fu
ses
r
e
m
ai
n
in
cl
os
ed
sta
te
.
Wh
e
n
an
over
-
volt
ag
e
or
re
ver
se
-
volt
ag
e
conditi
on
occ
urs,
the
ze
ner
di
od
es
will
beg
i
n
to
co
nduct,
r
esulti
ng
the
c
urre
nt
to
flo
w
thr
ough
the
f
use
and
conseq
ue
ntly
blow
the
f
us
e
to
protect
the
vo
lt
age
m
easur
em
ent
el
ec
tro
nics
from
da
m
age.
T
her
e
are
m
any
sit
uations
t
hat
m
ay
lead to ove
r
-
vo
lt
age
a
nd
rev
e
rse
-
volt
ag
e o
cc
urren
c
e,
wh
e
re som
e is un
e
xpect
ed.
A
B
Z
1
F
U
S
E
In
s
i
d
e
B
M
S
Figure
3
.
Com
bin
at
io
n of zen
er
dio
de
a
nd fu
se pro
te
ct
io
n
t
opology
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h 201
9
:
1
1
8
4
–
1
1
9
0
1188
This
te
chn
i
que
of
fe
rs
lo
w
cost
protect
io
n
ci
rcu
it
ry
an
d
le
ss
com
po
nen
t
in
vo
l
vem
ent.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
fu
se
need
to
r
eplace
ever
y
ti
m
e
i
ts
blo
wn.
Th
us
it
is
no
t
econom
ic
al
in
t
erm
of
m
ai
nte
nan
ce
.
Be
sides
that,
if
hi
gh
volt
age
ap
plied
to
the
zene
r
diode
Z
1,
it
will
br
ea
k
the
Z
1
befo
re
the
fu
se
bl
own.
Me
a
ning
t
ha
t
this
topolo
gy is
no
t
eff
ic
ie
nt
whe
n ap
plied to
high
vo
lt
age
appli
cat
ion
.
3.4.
Fau
lt
De
tecti
on
usin
g
Dra
in
-
Source
V
oltage
Monit
oring Me
thod
In
BM
S
unit
,
MOSFET
wi
de
ly
us
ed
as
a
switc
hing
c
ompone
nt
to
distr
ibu
te
s
a
n
e
xce
ssive
c
harg
e
from
on
e
cel
l
t
o
a
no
t
her
cel
l.
Howe
ver,
Gu
a
ng
y
uan
Liu
[
35]
has
propose
d
a
ne
w
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
usi
ng
M
O
SFET
to
detect
a
fai
lure
of
a
batte
ry
cel
l
by
m
easur
i
ng
it
s
dra
in
-
s
ource
volt
age.
I
n
this
te
chn
i
qu
e
,
M
OS
F
ET
is
connecte
d
in
s
eries
betwee
n
each
cel
l
in
batte
ry
pack
.
I
n
order
to
deter
m
ine
wh
et
he
r
the
batte
ry
is
fau
lt
y
or
no
t,
the
sta
tus
of
the
cel
l
sta
te
is
detect
ed
by
se
ns
in
g
t
he
volt
age
dro
p
acr
os
s
t
he
M
OS
FE
T.
Whe
n
the
MOSFET
is
tu
rn
e
d
on,
t
he
c
urre
nt
will
fl
ow
thr
ough
t
he
M
OS
FE
T.
Th
us
,
volt
age
dro
p
a
cro
s
s
the
MOS
FE
T
can
be deri
ved
by
i
n
(
1)
.
=
(1)
Since
the
valu
e
of
R
don
is
usual
ly
ver
y
lo
w
,
the
volt
age
dro
p
acr
os
s
M
OS
FE
T,
is
ve
ry
sm
a
ll
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
d
i
fferentia
l o
p
am
p
is
us
e
d
to
am
plify t
he o
n
-
sta
te
v
oltag
e acr
oss M
OSFET.
Wh
e
n
i
1
=i
L
an
d
i
2
=0,
it
te
ll
s
that
there
is
open
cel
l
batte
r
y
fau
lt
is
occ
urre
d
in
cel
l
C2
as
show
n
i
n
Figure
4
[35]
.
Durin
g
this
co
nd
it
io
n,
MO
SF
ET
S2
is
tu
rn
e
d
off
to
is
olate
the
fau
lt
y
batte
ry
from
the
rest
of
batte
ry
pack.
F
igure
4
al
so
s
hows
a
s
hort
ci
r
cuit
of
bat
te
ry
cel
l.
In
sho
rt
ci
rcu
it
fa
ult
detect
ion
al
gorith
m
,
if
i
2
is
gr
eat
er
t
han
a
thres
ho
l
d
va
lue,
I
SCth
,
m
ea
ns
that
cel
l
C2
is
sh
ort
ci
rcu
i
t.
Since
cu
rren
t
i
2
,
flow
in
op
po
sit
e
directi
on,
t
he
body
diode
of
MOSFET
is
blo
cke
d.
Co
ns
e
quently
,
batte
ry
cel
l
C2
wi
ll
be
sepa
rated
fro
m
the
rest of
batte
ry
pack.
C
2
C
1
C
14
C
13
S
2
S
1
S
14
S
13
i
1
i
2
i
14
i
13
i
L
Figure
4
.
Bat
te
ry cel
l sh
or
t ci
r
cuit
Fo
r
la
rg
e
siz
e
of
batte
ry
pack,
a
pl
enty
nu
m
ber
of
MO
SFE
T
require
d
on
each
cel
l.
Be
side,
batte
ry total
cu
rr
e
nt is
lim
i
te
d
to m
axi
m
u
m
cu
rr
e
nt s
ubj
ect
ed
to
the
MOSFET
c
urr
ent r
at
in
g.
4.
FUTU
RE
DE
VELOP
MEN
T
Robustne
ss o
f B
MS play
s an
i
m
po
rtant role
to
ensure its con
ti
nuous oper
a
ti
on
esp
eci
al
ly
w
he
n
it
u
se
in
m
edical
or
m
ilit
ary
app
li
cat
ion
.
A
dvance
d
co
ntro
l
of
ba
tt
ery
cel
ls
and
fau
lt
toleran
ce
of
batte
ry
pac
k
are
crit
ic
al
in
fu
tu
r
e
batte
ry
app
li
cat
ion
s,
es
peci
al
ly
in
fr
eq
uent
ly
recyc
li
ng
app
li
cat
io
ns
.
F
urt
her
st
ud
ie
s
ne
ed
to
be
co
nducted
t
o
i
m
pr
ove
the
sp
eed
of
prot
ect
ion
ci
rcu
it
r
y
ta
ken
place
wh
e
n
fa
ult
even
t
o
ccu
rs.
Re
al
time
vo
lt
age
se
ns
in
g
is
m
ay
need
to
be
co
ns
i
de
red
re
placi
ng
the
ze
ner
diod
e.
Hi
gh
sp
ee
d
MOSFE
T
or
IG
BT
switc
hing ca
pa
bili
ty
can
be
explo
red to
rep
l
a
ce the
functi
on
of the
fuse.
5.
CONCL
US
S
I
ON
This
rev
ie
w
c
ov
e
rs
a
dif
fe
re
nce
ty
pe
of
ce
ll
fau
lt
d
et
ect
ion
te
ch
nique
and
it
s
co
ntr
ol
al
gorithm
.
Most
of
pr
e
vi
ou
s
stu
dies
m
or
e
fo
c
us
e
d
on
protect
ing
th
e
batte
ry
cel
l
instea
d
of
protec
ti
ng
the
BM
S
it
sel
f.
Pr
otect
io
n
t
he
BM
S
f
r
om
fau
lt
sti
ll
s
a
rel
evan
t
fiel
d
f
or
f
uture
st
ud
y,
wh
ic
h
i
nclu
de
on
le
ss
-
c
om
plex
of
vo
lt
age
se
ns
in
g,
high
sp
ee
d
proces
sin
g
a
nd
com
pact
de
sign.
T
her
e
f
ore,
t
hese
fau
lt
detect
io
n
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
discusse
d ab
ov
e sho
uld
be
c
onside
red f
or fu
ture de
velo
pme
nt of
high
reli
abili
ty
an
d
m
ore r
obus
t B
MS.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
System
p
r
otect
ion f
or Lit
hium
-
ion
batt
eri
es mana
gem
e
nt syst
em: a
revie
w (
L.
Ri
mon)
1189
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENT
The
auth
ors
al
so
would
li
ke
to
ackn
owl
edg
e
the
G
re
en
Ene
rg
y
Re
search
Ce
nt
re
and
D
rive
Tech
no
l
og
y
La
borato
ry,
UiT
M Sha
h Alam
, S
el
ango
r,
Mal
a
ysi
a
REFERE
NCE
S
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rd,
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t
al.
,
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ct
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g
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at
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ea
l
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onit
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n
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f
e
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d
i
ct
ion
b
ase
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r
e
gre
ss
ion
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par
ticle fi
l
te
r
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Ba
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um
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Ion
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te
r
y
S
y
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tem
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l
-
Tim
e
Fault
Diagnosis
Capa
bilit
y
for El
ec
tr
ic
V
ehi
c
le
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”
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rgi
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ai
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y
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appr
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ac
h
for
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-
i
on
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t
eries
in
elec
tr
ic
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ehicle
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r Sourc
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e
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e
al
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i
ng
useful
li
f
e
es
ti
m
at
ion
m
et
hod
s
for
li
thi
um
-
ion
bat
t
er
y
in
e
le
c
tric
veh
ic
l
es:
Ch
al
l
enge
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nd
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enda
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ons,”
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e
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of
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ch
a
rge
and
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hea
l
th
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a
li
th
i
um
-
ion
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r
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l.
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at
h
emati
c
al
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et
hod
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SO
C
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SO
H e
stim
at
ion
f
or
li
th
ium
-
ion
ba
tt
eries,”
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esti
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ch
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e
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te
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SO
C
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e
lectr
i
cal
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c
le
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EE
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at
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fe
esti
m
at
ion
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al ne
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r
y
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gement
S
y
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El
ec
tric
Vehic
le
s
Design
of
Master
and
S
la
ve
Modul
es
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tter
y
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g
e
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ent
S
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e
ct
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Ion
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m
m
erc
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a
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i
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gar
net
-
li
k
e
struct
ur
e
Li
5+xBaLa
2
Ta
2
O 11.
5+0
.
5x
(x
=
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-
2)
,
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A
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ic
a
l
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gr
i
t
y
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ure
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hani
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adi
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d
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ew
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um
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Ion
Ba
t
te
ri
es
Safe
t
y
Iss
ues:
Exi
st
ing
Problems
and
Pos
sible
Soluti
ons
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”
Mate
r. Expre
ss
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ss
ue:
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(
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)
,
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p.
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r
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t
er
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-
Pow
ere
d
Devic
es
Aviatio
n
Cargo
and
Pass
enge
r
Bagga
g
e
E
vent
s
Invol
vin
g
Sm
oke
,
Fire,
Ext
reme
Hea
t
or
Expl
osion
In
volvi
ng
Lithium
Bat
teries
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te
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ithium
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Ion
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Safe
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y
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m
ita
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on
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As
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te
d
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h
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m
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l
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st
e
m
int
egr
at
ion
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thi
um
-
ion
bat
t
er
y
in
t
el
e
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a
ti
on
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k
-
u
p
power
pla
nt,
”
Proc.
IEEE
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Int.
Te
lecomm
un.
Conf
.
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EC)
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rlin
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,
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,
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ement
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La
rg
e
Form
at
Li
ion
Bat
t
eri
es,
”
2015
I
EE
E
Int
.
Tr
ansp.
El
e
ct
ri
f.
Conf
.
,
2015.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
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4752
Ind
on
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le
c Eng &
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m
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Sci,
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,
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1
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–
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1
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0
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S.
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and
E.
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n
ee
rin
g,
“
Protec
ti
on
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irc
uitr
y
and
Pass
ive
Bal
an
c
ing
f
or
Bat
te
r
y
Man
a
gement
S
y
stems
Part
I,”
2017
Int
.
Conf. Comput.
Powe
r, Energy
,
Inf.
Comm
un.
Pr
ot.
,
no.
1,
pp.
53
0
–
535,
2017
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[32]
D.
W
ang,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Online
l
it
hi
um
-
ion
bat
te
r
y
int
ern
al
r
esista
n
ce
m
ea
surem
ent
appl
i
ca
t
ion
in
stat
e
-
of
-
cha
rg
e
esti
m
at
ion
using
the e
x
te
nded
ka
l
m
an
fil
t
er,”
Ene
r
gie
s
,
vo
l
/i
ss
ue:
10
(
9
)
,
2017
.
[33]
A.
Ka
y
and
T.
Clay
comb,
“
TI
Designs
–
Prec
ision :
Veri
f
ie
d
Design
Com
par
at
or
with
H
y
s
t
ere
sis
Refe
r
ence
Design,
”
pp
.
1
–
2
3,
2014
.
[34]
T.
O
.
Bm
s a
nd
O.
Bm
s,
“
W
hy
Orion
BMS
Internal
Fus
es
Blow
.
”
[35]
G.
Li
u
,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Fault
tol
er
able
Li
-
ion
batter
y
st
ac
k
,
”
Conf
.
Pro
c.
-
I
EE
E
Appl.
Power
El
ectron.
Conf
.
Ex
po.
-
A
PE
C
,
vol.
2015
,
pp
.
33
22
–
3329,
2015
.
B
IOGRAP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
La
ngga
Rim
on
r
ec
e
ive
d
th
e
B.
E
ng.
(Hons
.
)
degr
ee
in
e
lectr
i
cal
e
ngine
er
ing
from
the
Univer
sit
i
Te
knologi
MA
RA,
Shah
Alam,
Malay
s
ia,
in
20
09.
He
is
cur
ren
tly
working
towar
d
the
M.Sc.
degr
ee
in
powe
r
el
ectroni
cs
in
fac
ul
t
y
of
elec
tr
ic
a
l
engi
ne
eri
ng
,
UiTM.
He
is
al
so
cur
ren
t
l
y
working
with
th
e
Facult
y
of
Ele
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
r
i
ng,
Univer
si
ti
T
eknol
ogi
MA
R
A.
His
cur
ren
t
rese
arc
h
in
te
r
est
s
inc
lude
power
el
ectroni
cs
circ
uit
s
for
eff
ic
i
ent
power
conve
rsion,
ren
ewa
b
le
ene
rg
y
,
and
e
le
c
t
r
ic
v
ehi
c
le.
Khair
ul
Safua
n
Bin
Muham
m
ad
was
born
in
Kuala
Lumpur,
Ma
lay
s
ia,
in
1977
.
He
recei
ved
the
B.
Eng.
(Hons
.
)
d
egr
ee
in
elec
tri
c
al
engi
ne
eri
ng
a
nd
the
M.Sc.
de
gre
e
in
power
e
l
ec
tron
ic
s
from
the
Univ
ersit
i
Te
knologi
MA
RA,
Shah
Ala
m
,
Malay
sia
,
i
n
20
03
and
20
07,
respe
ctively.
He
complet
ed
hi
s
Ph.D.
degr
ee
in
power
el
ec
tro
nic
s
in
the
School
of
El
ectrical
a
nd
Inform
at
ion
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Th
e
Univer
sit
y
of
S
y
dne
y
,
S
y
dne
y
,
Aus
tra
li
a
.
He
is
al
so
cur
ren
tly
w
it
h
the
Fa
cul
t
y
of
El
ectrical
En
gine
er
ing,
Univ
ersit
i
T
eknol
ogi
MA
RA.
His
cu
rre
nt
rese
a
rch
in
te
rests
include
power
el
e
ct
ron
ics
ci
rcu
i
ts
for
eff
ic
i
ent
power
co
nver
sion,
r
ene
w
abl
e
ene
rg
y
,
an
d
fau
lt
-
tol
er
ant
conve
rt
ers.
Shahril
Irwan
Sulai
m
an
ho
lds a
P
hD i
n
Elec
tri
c
al
Engi
ne
eri
ng.
He has be
en
workin
g
as
a
lectur
er
in
Univer
siti
Teknologi
MA
RA,
Malay
s
ia
for
m
ore
tha
n
10
y
e
ar
s.
He
has
bee
n
ver
y
active
no
t
onl
y
as
a
le
c
turer
but
al
so
as
a
re
sea
rch
er
and
co
nsulta
nt
.
He
has
9
y
e
ars
of
rese
a
rch
expe
ri
enc
e
in
the
f
ie
ld
of
p
hotovol
taic
s
y
ste
m
s.
He
had
le
d
8
rese
ar
ch
project
s
and
be
come
a
m
ember
of
9
rese
arc
h
pro
je
c
t
s.
He
had
al
so
publi
shed
hi
s
rese
arc
h
find
ings
in
num
ero
us
conf
ere
nc
e
proc
ee
d
ings
and
inde
xed
journal
s.
Apart
from
t
hat
,
he
has
al
so
bee
n
i
nvolve
d
in
consult
an
c
y
proje
c
ts
for
al
m
ost
a
d
ecade.
H
is
wide
expe
r
ience
and
ac
hi
evem
ent
as
a
cons
ult
ant
is
m
ore
prom
ine
nt
as
he
has
bee
n
ac
t
ive
l
y
invol
v
ed
in
var
ious
aspe
ct
s
of
photovol
ta
i
c
s
y
stems
’
implementa
t
ion
such
as
competenc
y
-
b
ase
d
tr
ai
n
i
ng,
techni
ca
l
ad
visor,
expert
wit
ness,
standa
rds
deve
lopment
,
de
sign
and
m
ana
ge
m
ent
.
He
is
a
m
ember
of
working
group
deve
lop
ing
Malay
sian
Standa
rds
rel
a
ted
to
photovol
tai
c
s
y
stems
.
In
a
ddit
ion,
h
e
is
als
o
a
reg
ula
r
inv
it
ed
spea
k
er
in
m
an
y
works
hops
rel
ated
to
st
a
nda
rds
and
ope
rat
ion
on
pho
to
volt
aic
s
y
s
te
m
s.
Due
to
his
outsta
nding
ac
hi
eve
m
ent
and
sig
nifi
c
ant
exp
erien
ce
,
I
strong
l
y
be
li
ev
e
that
he
h
as
the
ne
ce
ss
a
r
y
cre
dib
il
i
t
y
and
e
xper
ie
n
ce t
o
b
e prom
ote
d
to
Sen
ior
Mem
ber
of
I
EE
E
.
Ahm
ad
Mali
ki
Om
ar
rec
e
ive
d
his
Ph
.
D
in
po
wer
elec
troni
c
from
the
Univ
e
rsiti
Ma
lay
a
,
Malay
s
ia.
He
is
al
so
cur
ren
tly
se
rve
s
as
associa
t
e
profe
ss
or
in
Facul
t
y
of
Elec
tr
ical
Engi
neering,
Univer
siti
Te
kn
ologi
MA
RA.
He
has
au
thore
d
/coauthor
ed
m
an
y
book
and
pap
ers
in
th
e
ar
ea
s
of
ren
ewa
bl
e
en
erg
y
and
power
e
lectr
oni
c.
His
cur
r
ent
rese
arc
h
int
e
rests
inc
lud
e
ren
ewa
ble
ene
r
g
y
,
photovol
taic
and
power elect
roni
c
.
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