Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Sci
ence
Vo
l.
13
,
No.
2
,
Febr
uar
y
201
9
, pp.
5
07
~
5
1
3
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
2
.pp
5
07
-
5
1
3
507
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Wireles
s
water q
uality m
onitorin
g system
for high
density
aquacult
ure appl
icat
i
on
F.
A.
S
aparu
d
in
1
,
T.
C.
Ch
e
e
2
,
A
. S
.
Ab G
ha
f
ar
3
,
H.
A.
Majid
4
,
N. K
ati
ran
5
1
,2,3,4
Facul
t
y
of E
ngine
er
ing
T
ec
h
nolog
y
,
Univ
e
rsi
ti
Tun
Hus
sein O
nn
Mal
a
y
sia
,
Malay
s
ia
5
Facul
t
y
of Elect
ric
a
l
and
E
lectr
o
nic
Engi
ne
eri
ng
,
Univer
sit
i
Tun
Hus
sein
Onn Mal
a
y
s
ia,
Ma
lay
sia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
27
, 201
8
Re
vised
N
ov
2
5
, 2
018
Accepte
d
Dec
9
, 2
018
W
at
er
qua
li
t
y
is
one
of
th
e
m
ajor
fac
tors
th
at
gre
atl
y
aff
ec
ts
growth
and
m
orta
li
t
y
r
ate
o
f
aqua
t
ic
li
vest
ock
espe
ci
a
lly
i
n
h
igh
density
aqua
cu
lt
ure
s
y
stem.
Conventional
m
et
hod
re
quire
s
fish
far
m
er
to
per
form
m
anua
l
wa
ter
qual
ity
t
est
and
rec
ord
on
m
ult
iple
fish
ta
nks
in
reg
ula
r
basis.
Thi
s
proc
ess
is
m
et
ic
ulous,
and
m
a
y
aff
e
ct
aqu
atic
li
v
estoc
k
that
nee
ds
cl
ose
and
imm
edi
at
e
at
t
ent
ion
.
In
thi
s
pape
r,
wat
er
qu
al
ity
m
onit
or
ing
sy
st
em
for
the
high
density
aqua
cu
lt
ure
environm
ent
is
proposed.
The
m
onit
oring
s
y
stem
is
c
om
posed
of
m
ult
ipl
e
sensor
nodes
and
senso
r/ser
ver
node
h
ybrid,
which
use
d
to
col
lect
and
m
ana
ge
the
wate
r
qu
al
i
t
y
p
ara
m
et
er
data
of
m
ult
ipl
e
ta
nks.
The
sensor
node
s
col
lect
an
d
store
the
water
qual
ity
pa
ramet
ers
in
lo
ca
l
da
ta
base
a
n
d
tra
nsm
it
the
m
to
the
serv
er
node
through
a
wire
l
ess
comm
unic
at
ion
.
The
serve
r
node
is
used
for
data
ana
l
y
sis,
pro
ce
ss
ing
and
a
ll
ow
pu
bli
c
acce
ss
via
web
brows
er
through
var
iou
s
W
i
-
Fi
e
nabl
ed
sm
art
devi
ce
s.
Thi
s
pape
r
pre
sents
a
proof
-
of
conc
ep
t
of
c
l
ustere
d
wire
le
ss
m
onit
oring
s
y
ste
m
foc
used
on
the
use
of
m
ult
iple
sensor
nodes
to
determ
ine
the
wat
er
par
a
m
et
er
in
re
al
ti
m
e.
Thi
s
s
y
s
tem
is
cost
eff
ect
ive
,
quic
k
l
y
d
e
plo
y
able,
and
u
ser
-
frie
nd
l
y
with
wire
le
ss
c
a
pabi
litie
s
.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
In
te
r
net
of thin
gs
Water
qual
it
y m
on
it
or
ing
W
i
reless se
nso
r
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
F. A. Sapa
r
ud
i
n,
Faculty
of
E
ngineerin
g
T
ech
nolo
gy,
Un
i
ver
sit
i T
un
Hu
s
sei
n O
nn
Ma
la
ysi
a,
KM 1, Jala
n
P
ancho
r,
8460
0 Pag
oh, Jo
hor,
Ma
la
ysi
a.
Em
a
il
: faiz
s@u
thm
.ed
u.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Aquac
ultur
e
is
increasi
ng
ly
c
on
si
der
e
d
as
a
n
inte
gr
al
c
ompone
nt
in
the
s
earch
f
or
globa
l
world
foo
d
secur
it
y an
d
ec
onom
ic
d
evelo
pm
ent. Th
is impli
es aquacult
ure re
qu
ire
s inte
ns
ive ca
re in
th
e rear
in
g proce
ss to
enh
a
nce
produ
ct
ion
,
incl
ud
i
ng
stoc
king,
fe
e
ding,
protect
io
n
f
ro
m
pr
edat
ors
an
d
disease
[1
]
.
Re
gula
r
ca
re
an
d
m
ai
ntenan
ce
ar
e
req
ui
red
to
e
ns
ure
th
e
wate
r
qu
al
it
y
is
su
itable
for
aq
uac
ultur
e
.
The
wa
te
r
qu
al
it
y
can
aff
ect
the
gro
wth
a
nd
m
ay
cause
t
he
deat
h
of
th
e
aqu
at
ic
li
ves
tock.
Th
us
a
n
aqu
ac
ultu
re
syst
e
m
need
s
to
pro
vide
su
it
able
wate
r
qu
al
it
y
to
pr
om
ote
gr
ow
t
h,
con
t
ro
l
disease
and
re
du
ce
m
or
ta
li
t
y.
Espec
ia
ll
y
in
hig
h
de
ns
it
y
aqu
ac
ultu
re,
wh
e
re
a
la
r
ge
nu
m
ber
of
a
qu
at
ic
li
vestoc
k
is
raise
d
in
arti
fici
al
ta
nks
require
a
sy
stem
ic
appr
oach to all
eviat
e the c
omplexit
y o
f
m
anag
in
g
the
w
at
e
r qu
al
it
y m
anu
al
ly
.
In
m
any
of
the
dev
el
opin
g
an
d
de
velo
ped
re
gio
ns
of
the
w
or
l
d,
the
dem
and
f
or
aq
uacu
lt
ur
e
products
has
c
on
ti
nue
d
to
gro
w.
I
n
rec
ent
re
port,
m
ore
fish
for
hu
m
an
c
on
s
um
ption
ha
ve
or
i
gin
a
te
d
f
ro
m
far
m
s
than
from
wild
captur
e
acc
ordin
g
to
the
la
te
st
glo
bal
re
port
f
rom
the
Fo
od
an
d
A
gr
ic
ultur
e
Orga
nizat
ion
of
the
Un
it
ed
Nati
ons
(FA
O)
[
2].
The
a
quacult
ure
sect
or
is
i
nc
reasin
g
i
n
dem
and,
one
of
th
e
issues
face
d
by
the
aqu
ac
ultu
re
se
ct
or
is
to
be
in
form
ed
on
water
qu
al
it
y
pa
ra
m
et
ers
of
fa
rm
ed
a
quacult
ure
ta
nks.
Es
pecial
ly
in
high
de
ns
it
y
aqu
ac
ultu
re,
t
he
re
a
re
m
ulti
ple
ta
nks
with
ra
pid
cha
nge
in
water
qual
it
y
need
to
be
te
ste
d
a
nd
recorde
d
e
ver
y
day.
Since
t
his
tradit
ion
al
m
et
hod
is
not
co
ntinuo
us
a
nd
r
eal
tim
e,
the
neg
li
gen
c
e
m
ay
aff
ect
the aquat
ic
li
ve
stock
esp
eci
al
l
y t
he
se
ns
it
ive
on
e
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary 2
019
:
5
0
7
–
5
1
3
508
Ther
e
f
or
e,
the
re
is
a
need
for
c
on
ti
nuous
a
nd
real
t
i
m
e
water
qu
al
it
y
m
on
it
or
ing
syst
em
.
The
aut
om
at
io
n
of
aq
uac
ultu
re
syst
e
m
s
will
al
low
the
in
du
st
ry
to
im
pr
ov
e
e
nvir
on
m
ental
con
t
ro
l,
r
edu
ce
cat
ast
ro
phic
lo
sses,
re
duce
producti
on
c
os
t,
and
im
pr
ov
e
pro
duct
qual
it
y.
The
m
os
t
i
m
po
rta
nt
pa
ram
eter
s
to
be
m
on
it
or
ed
a
nd
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
i
n
an
a
qu
ac
ultu
re
syst
e
m
inclu
de
te
m
per
at
ure,
disso
l
ve
d
ox
ygen,
pH,
am
m
on
ia
,
nitrat
es,
sal
init
y,
and
al
kalini
ty
,
since
they
directl
y
aff
ect
anim
a
l
healt
h,
feed
util
iz
at
ion
,
gr
ow
t
h
rate
s
[3
]
.
This
es
pecial
ly
hard
t
o
m
ai
nta
in
in
a
high
de
ns
it
y
aqu
ac
ultu
re
w
he
re
the
w
at
er
qual
it
y
is
i
nh
e
re
ntly
un
st
able.
The
s
urvi
val a
nd gr
ow
t
h of
a
qu
at
ic
li
vest
oc
k
a
re cr
it
ic
al
ly
d
epe
nd
on the
water
qual
it
y [4
]
.
This
wor
k
f
oc
us
es
on
the
us
es
of
m
ulti
ple
m
ic
ro
com
pu
te
r
an
d
se
nso
rs
to
m
on
it
or
the
w
at
er
qual
it
y
par
am
et
ers
in
aq
uac
ultur
e
in
real
-
ti
m
e.
The
m
on
it
or
i
ng
syst
em
is
com
po
sed
of
m
ulti
ple
sen
sor
nodes
,
wh
ic
h
us
e
d
to
determ
ine
an
d
colle
ct
the
wat
er
qu
al
it
y
pa
ra
m
et
er
of
m
ultip
le
ta
nks
an
d
t
ran
sm
it
the
m
t
o
th
e
serv
e
r
node
W
i
-
F
i
te
chnolo
gy
.
The
se
rv
e
r
node
basical
ly
pro
vid
es
se
r
vi
ce
su
ch
a
s
s
ha
rin
g
in
form
ation
or
resou
rces
for
ot
her
pro
gram
or
dev
ic
es
.
The
functi
on
of
se
r
ver
no
de
is
cen
tral
iz
ed
data
colle
ct
ion
,
pr
oc
essing
and
pr
ese
ntati
on
the
in
form
a
ti
on
t
hroug
h
a
web
se
rv
e
r.
Th
e
inf
orm
ation
can
be
ac
cesse
d
us
in
g
any
br
ow
se
r
via
W
i
-
Fi
ena
bled
sm
art
de
vices
on
lo
cal
netw
ork.
The
pro
po
se
d
a
qu
acult
ur
e
water
m
on
it
or
i
ng
syst
e
m
is
su
it
able to
b
e
pl
aced in hi
gh densit
y aq
uacu
lt
ur
e
to
sim
ultaneous a
nd ef
fecti
vely
m
on
it
or
m
ul
ti
ple f
ish ta
nk
s
.
2.
RELATE
D
W
ORKS
Water
qu
al
it
y
m
on
it
or
ing
s
yst
e
m
has
be
en
widely
stu
died
a
nd
de
ve
lop
e
d
ar
ound
the
gl
ob
e
.
W
i
reless
sen
sor
netw
ork
is
one
of
the
a
ppr
oach
e
nab
li
ng
aqu
ac
ultu
re
en
vir
on
m
ental
m
on
it
ori
ng.
A
WSN
base
d
on
Zig
be
e
in
a
qu
ac
ult
ur
e
was
prese
nted
by
Wen
-
Tsai
Sun
g
&
J
ui
-
Ho
C
he
n.
T
he
syst
em
is
network
su
r
veill
ance
c
om
bin
ed
with
m
ob
il
e
dev
ic
e
s
an
d
a
rem
ote
pl
at
f
or
m
to
colle
ct
real
-
ti
m
e
far
m
env
ir
on
m
ent
inf
or
m
at
ion
.
The
real
tim
e
d
at
a
m
easur
es
us
in
g
A/D
si
gnal
processi
ng
via
ZigBee
wireless
transf
e
r
to
the
te
rm
inal
serv
er
.
The
data
m
es
sages
are
a
nal
yt
ic
al
l
y
pr
oces
sed
an
d
se
nd
t
o
the
cl
ou
d
dat
abase
an
d
displ
ay
ed
on a c
om
pu
te
r t
erm
inal [5
]
.
A
wate
r
qual
it
y
m
on
it
or
in
g
a
nd
c
ontr
ol
syst
e
m
fo
r
a
quacu
lt
ur
e
ba
sed
on
wireless
se
nsor
netw
ork
s
and
si
ng
le
c
hi
p
com
pu
te
r
te
chnolo
gy
as
a
base
in
the
act
ual
op
e
rat
ion
was
co
nd
ucted
by
Da
udi
S.
Si
m
beye
and
Sh
i
Fe
ng
Yang.
T
he
Se
ns
or
nodes
c
ollec
te
d
the
wate
r
qu
al
it
y
par
am
et
ers
of
te
m
per
at
ur
e
,
disso
l
ved
oxyg
en,
pH
le
vel
a
nd
water
le
vel
an
d
tra
ns
m
itte
d
them
to
the
base
sta
ti
on
host
com
pu
te
r
th
r
ou
gh
ZigBee
.
A
s
hort
m
essage
s
ent
to
th
e
ow
ner
via
the
G
lob
al
Syst
em
for
Mo
bile
(
G
SM)
m
od
ule
f
or
t
he
no
ti
ficat
io
n when m
on
it
or
e
d v
ariables t
a
ke
a
no
m
al
ou
s
valu
es [6]
.
In
t
he
m
eanti
m
e,
B
O’Fly
nn
a
nd
co
-
w
ork
ers
had
de
velo
ped
a
water
m
on
it
ori
ng
syst
e
m
na
m
es
as
Sm
art
Coast.
Sm
art
Coast
i
s
an
a
ppli
ed
R&D
P
r
oj
ect
,
co
-
fun
ded
by
the
I
rish
Ma
rine
I
ns
ti
tute
a
nd
EP
A
,
wh
ic
h
aim
s
to
dev
el
op
W
S
N
is
featur
in
g
Plug
an
d
Play
senso
r
platfor
m
s,
novel
sens
or
s
an
d
lo
w
pow
e
r
consum
ption
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
.
T
he
key
pa
ram
et
ers
include
d
te
m
per
at
ur
e
,
ph
osph
at
e,
diss
olv
e
d
oxyge
n,
cond
uctivit
y,
pH,
tur
bid
it
y
and
water
le
vel.
The
WSN
de
plo
y
m
ent
will
enab
le
in
-
sit
u
chem
ic
a
l
and
ph
ysi
cal
m
easur
em
ents
and
al
lowe
d
data
to
be
viewe
d
in
re
al
tim
e
throu
gh
the
inter
ne
t
by
rem
ote u
sers [
7].
A
dyna
m
ic
a
nd
sm
art
wir
el
ess
m
esh
sens
or
netw
ork
s
wer
e
desig
ned
a
nd
i
m
ple
m
ented
for
aqu
ac
ultu
r
e
an
d
water
qu
al
it
y
m
anag
em
ent
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
by
Jo
hn
Ad
i
nya
O
dey
an
d
Li
Da
o
Lia
ng.
T
he
s
yst
e
m
util
iz
ed
the W
a
sp
m
ote
e
m
bed
ded
syst
e
m
platfor
m
dev
el
op
e
d
by
Li
belium
,
m
esh
netw
ork
ing
tra
ns
cei
ver
from
Digi
I
nter
national
a
nd
Sm
a
rt
sens
or
s
fro
m
UN
IS
M
t
o
i
m
ple
m
ent
a
novel
sm
art
W
i
reless
Me
s
h
sen
sor
netw
ork.
T
he
s
yst
e
m
was
design
e
d
to
c
on
ti
nuously
m
on
it
or
aqu
a
e
nv
i
ron
m
ental
par
am
e
te
rs
an
d
then
i
niti
at
ed
an
al
ert
or
earl
y
war
ning
to
s
yst
e
m
us
er
w
he
n
a
certai
n
th
reshold
is
exce
eded.
The
da
ta
gen
er
at
ed
is
store
d
local
l
y
on
the
gateway
or
se
nt
to
rem
ote
web
se
rver.
D
at
a
can
be
acc
essed
wit
h
sm
art
m
ob
il
e
phones
or
per
s
onal
co
m
pu
te
r [8
]
.
Be
sides
that,
CDMA
se
rv
ic
e
com
bin
ed
w
it
h
IP
sec
-
base
d
vi
rtual
pri
va
te
networ
k
(
V
PN
)
f
un
ct
i
on
al
so
of
te
n
us
e
d
in
aq
uac
ultu
re
m
on
it
or
in
g
sys
tem
.
A
re
m
ote
wireless
w
at
er
qu
al
it
y
m
on
it
ori
ng
syst
em
wa
s
dev
el
op
e
d
in
I
ntensi
ve
Fish
Cult
ur
e.
T
he
r
e
m
ote
m
on
it
ori
ng
syst
em
us
ed
CDMA
se
r
vice
com
bin
ed
with
VPN
f
unct
ion
to
co
ns
tr
uct
a
wireless
se
ns
in
g
net
wor
k
in
c
ountry
wide
sc
al
e.
The
resear
ch
inte
gr
at
ed
with
a
forecast
in
g
m
od
el
on
the
basi
s
of
arti
fici
al
ne
ur
al
netw
ork
(ANN)
to
pro
vi
de
real
-
ti
m
e
i
nfor
m
at
ion
an
d
the
dynam
ic
al
trend
of
the
wate
r
qu
al
it
y
at
different
m
on
it
or
ing
sit
es.
The
detect
ed
data
can
be
colle
ct
ed
an
d
analy
zed
at
an
y
tim
e
via
inter
net
a
nd
the
sy
stem
pr
ovide
d
early
warnin
g
[9
]
.
I
n
[
10]
a
water
qual
it
y
dynam
ic
m
on
it
or
ing
sys
tem
based
on
Web
-
Se
rv
e
r
-
E
m
bed
ded
Tec
hnol
og
y
f
or
aq
ua
culture
.
The
web
se
r
ver
em
bedde
d
chip
is
us
e
d
t
o
ob
ta
in
wate
r
qual
it
y
inf
orm
at
ion
from
diff
e
re
nt
sen
s
or
s
.
T
he
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
m
odule
is
com
po
sed
of
a
W
i
-
Fi
m
od
ule
and
a
CDM
A
m
od
ule
with
VPN
f
un
ct
io
n
for
est
ablishi
ng
wireless
l
oca
l
area
netw
ork
a
nd ac
hieving
rem
ote co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
s a
nd
data tra
ns
m
issi
on
.
More
ov
e
r,
th
e
us
e
of
m
i
cro
c
ontrolle
r
and
m
ic
ro
pro
cesso
r
is
of
te
n
seen
in
aqu
ac
ultu
re.
The
m
easur
em
ent
syst
e
m
devel
op
e
d
by
Jas
m
an
Bi
n
Jaff
a
r
was
buil
t
by
Mi
cro
co
ntr
oller
ATME
L
AT
89S
52
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Wi
rel
ess water
qua
li
ty
mo
nito
ring syst
em
for
h
ig
h de
ns
it
y aquac
ulture
appl
ic
ation
(
F.
A. Sap
ar
udi
n
)
509
with
pH
an
d
t
e
m
per
at
ure
se
ns
ors
t
og
et
her
with
Li
qu
i
d
Cr
yst
al
Disp
la
y
(
LCD)
an
d
key
pad
[
11]
.
A
pa
r
t
fro
m
that,
Sai
K
risha
Vadda
di
an
d
co
-
w
orker
s
ha
d
de
velo
pe
d
a m
ul
ti
ple
water
qu
al
it
y
m
easur
e
m
ent
syst
e
m
us
in
g
a
diff
e
re
nt
sens
or
instr
um
ent,
e
m
bed
de
d
c
on
trolle
r
a
nd
wir
el
ess
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
de
vice
(X
Be
e
-
P
ro).
A
P
IC
18F45
20
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
wa
s
interface
d
with
the
m
easur
e
m
ent
un
it
to
r
ead
an
d
valida
te
s
t
he
m
easur
e
m
ent
and
st
or
e
d
the
data in m
e
m
or
y. In
t
he
m
eant
i
m
e, the
wireless netw
ork pro
tocol w
a
s d
e
ve
lop
e
d
to m
ai
ntain the
har
m
on
io
us
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
be
tween m
easurem
ent d
evices
and rem
ote stat
ion
[
12
]
.
A
no
vel
ki
nd
of
sm
art
m
on
it
or
in
g
syst
em
fo
r
aquacult
ure
w
ere
de
velo
pe
d
by
H.L
Che
n
&
X.Q.
Liu
.
This
syst
em
us
ed
th
e
Androi
d
m
ob
il
e
ph
one
platf
or
m
and
GP
R
S
c
ommun
ic
at
io
n
te
c
hnol
og
y
t
o
ac
hi
eve
t
he
rem
ote
wireless
m
on
it
or
in
g
on r
eal
sig
nifica
nce.
The
m
anag
em
ent
of
wat
er q
ualit
y
pa
ra
m
et
ers
inclu
de
d
wate
r
le
vel, pH
le
vel,
d
issol
ved
oxygen
a
nd tem
pe
ratur
e
. A
16
-
bit
m
ic
ro
process
or
MS
P43
0f149
of TI
c
om
pan
y w
a
s
adopted
on
acq
uisit
ion
pa
rt,
12
high
-
preci
sio
n
AD
c
onver
te
r
is
us
e
d
a
nd
al
so
PID
c
ontrol
was
ad
opte
d
on
t
he
con
t
ro
l
par
t.
T
he
se
ns
or
c
ollec
te
d
data
th
r
ough
t
he
GP
RS
m
od
ule
an
d
se
nt
to
the
rem
ote
serv
e
r,
a
nd
t
hen
t
he
serv
e
r
se
nt
to
the
A
ndr
oid
m
ob
il
e
phone.
I
n
ad
diti
on,
the
pond
water
qual
it
y
par
am
eter
s
can
be
re
m
ote
ly
m
on
it
or
ed
t
hro
ugh
a
m
ob
il
e phone
[
13
]
.
Fr
om
the
li
te
ratur
e,
m
os
t
of
t
he
pro
pose
d
m
on
it
ori
ng
syst
e
m
sti
l
l
lim
i
te
d
by
it
s
rather
c
om
plica
te
d
op
e
rati
onal
re
quirem
ents
and
high
m
ai
ntenan
ce
c
os
t.
T
he
c
ollec
te
d
se
ns
or
data
is
usual
ly
store
d
i
n
ded
i
cat
ed
serv
e
r
facil
it
y
that
require
co
st.
By
ado
ptin
g
centrali
ze
d
sens
or
cl
us
te
r
topolo
gy
as
show
n
in
Fi
gure
1,
it
is
po
s
sible
to
vas
tl
y
interco
nn
ec
t
m
ulti
ple
senso
r
nodes
with
on
-
sit
e
low
c
ost
serv
er
t
o
ha
nd
le
li
ght
inter
nal
or
web
traf
fic.
Groupin
g
a
set
of
m
ic
ro
com
pu
te
r
to
w
ork
as
a
serv
e
r
is
c
hiefl
y
m
uch
m
or
e
c
os
t
-
e
ff
ect
ive
t
ha
n
a
norm
al
ser
ver
.
Figure
1.
Ce
ntr
al
iz
ed
cl
us
te
r
s
ens
or
node
to
polo
gy
3.
SY
STE
M AR
CHI
TE
C
HTU
RE
Im
pr
ov
i
ng
t
he
hard
war
e
a
nd
so
ft
war
e
as
pec
ts
from
the
pr
evio
us
w
orks
,
the
pr
opos
e
d
w
at
er
qual
it
y
m
on
it
or
ing
sys
tem
con
sist
of
quic
kly
dep
l
oy
able
an
d
c
os
t
-
ef
fecti
ve
se
nsor
no
des
a
nd
s
erv
e
r
node
.
Water
t
m
per
at
ur
e se
nsor
se
nsor
s ar
e
u
sed
i
n
this
proj
ect
on
ly
as a
pro
of
-
of
-
c
once
pt.
T
he
syst
em
al
lows
var
io
us
oth
e
r
ty
pes
of
sens
ors
suc
h
as
O
xy
gen
,
ORP
,
Sa
li
nity
,
and
m
or
e
to
be
easi
ly
intercha
nged
or
ad
de
d.
T
he
s
ens
or
node
m
on
it
or
a
nd
m
easur
e
the
par
am
et
er
in
real
-
tim
eand
transm
it
the
data
wirelessl
y
to
a
serv
e
r
no
de
via
W
i
-
Fi
com
m
un
ic
ation
.
Fig
ur
e
2
s
hows
t
he
net
w
ork
ov
e
rv
ie
w
of
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
wate
r
qual
it
y
m
on
it
or
in
g
s
yst
e
m
.
Mult
iple
sens
or
node
s
sh
a
re
their
se
ns
or
data
to
a
serv
e
r/se
ns
or
nod
e
hy
bri
d.
The
hybri
d
node
is
a
ser
ve
r
that
can
c
ollec
t
it
s
own
sens
or
da
ta
w
hile
colle
c
ti
ng
data
from
ot
her
sens
or
nodes
.
T
his
ca
n
reduce
the
c
os
t
of
hav
i
ng d
e
dicat
ed faci
li
ti
es f
or d
at
aba
se a
nd
web ser
ve
r.
The
n,
us
e
r
W
i
fi
ena
bled
de
vi
ces/
equ
ipm
ent
inclu
di
ng
sm
artp
hones,
la
pt
op
an
d
PC
ca
n
ce
ntrall
y
acce
ss
the
dat
a
from
the
se
rv
e
r
node
via
we
b
se
rv
ic
e
pro
vid
e
d
by
the
se
rv
e
r
node
.
N
ote
that
i
n
this
arch
it
ect
ure,
s
ens
or
node
ca
n
al
s
o
be
pro
gram
m
ed
to
work
sim
ultaneousl
y
as
ser
ver
node
.
T
he
refor
e
,
thi
s
syst
e
m
d
oes n
ot
r
eq
uire
t
o ha
ve
a d
e
dicat
ed
device
to a
ct
as
serv
e
r n
or
e
xte
rn
al
se
r
ver
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary 2
019
:
5
0
7
–
5
1
3
510
Figure
2.
Net
w
ork o
verview
of the
prop
os
e
d wirele
ss
water
qu
al
it
y m
on
it
or
in
g
syst
em
3.1.
Sens
or
Node
Sensor
no
des
is
basical
ly
consi
sts
of
va
rio
us
se
nsors
wh
ic
h
us
e
to
detect
the
predeterm
ined
par
am
et
ers
that i
nd
ic
at
es the w
at
er quali
ty
. Th
ere a
re v
irt
ua
ll
y
lim
it
le
ss n
o
of sen
s
ors th
at
can
be
integ
rated in
a
sin
gle
se
nsor
node
.
As
a
proof
of
c
on
ce
pt,
te
m
p
eratur
e
s
ens
or
is
use
d
in
t
his
syst
em
.
DS18
B
20
te
m
per
at
ure
sens
or
is
inte
rf
ace
d
with
a
m
ic
ro
com
pu
te
r
(i.e.
Ra
s
pberr
y
Pi)
th
rou
gh
t
he
GPIO
pin
s
to
detect
the
tem
per
at
ur
e
.
T
he
wate
r
qual
it
y
par
am
et
er
are
store
d
in
a
M
ySQL
data
base
and
it
is
trans
f
err
e
d
to
se
rv
e
r
node
base
d
on
the
S
SH
key
-
ba
sed
authe
ntica
ti
on
.
SSH
or
sec
ur
e
sh
el
l
is
an
enc
rypted
protoc
ol
us
ed
to
a
dm
i
niste
r
and
c
omm
un
ic
at
e
with
ser
ve
rs.
S
SH
keys
pro
vid
e
a
n
eas
y,
ye
t
extrem
e
ly
secur
e
way
of
tra
nsfer
rin
g
the
database
int
o
the
ser
ver
no
de
s.
Ap
a
rt
from
t
hat,
the
tem
perat
ur
e
sens
or
use
d
in
the
syst
em
is
a
pr
e
-
wi
re
d
an
d
water
proofe
d
ver
si
on
of
the
DS18
B
20
sen
s
or.
T
he
se
ns
or
is
good
up
to
125°C
but
the
cable
is
ja
cke
te
d
in
PV
C
s
o
the
s
uggeste
d
te
m
p
eratur
e
is
unde
r
10
0°
C.
T
he
tem
per
at
ur
e
s
ens
or
a
re
di
gi
ta
l,
they
can
preve
nt
sign
al
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
e
ven
ove
r
long
distance
s.
T
hese
1
-
wir
e
dig
it
al
te
m
per
at
ur
e
se
ns
or
s
are
fairly
pr
eci
se
(±0.
5°
C
over
m
uch
of
the
ra
ng
e
)
an
d
can
gi
ve
up
t
o
12
bi
ts
of
preci
sio
n
from
the
onbo
ar
d
dig
it
al
-
to
-
a
nalo
g
conve
rter.
Fig
ure
3
s
h
ows t
he har
dware a
nd t
he
ci
rc
uit o
f
t
he
sen
s
or
node r
especti
vely
.
Figure
3.
Ha
rdwar
e
of se
nsor
node
3.2.
Ser
ver
N
od
e
In
te
rm
s
of
ha
r
dw
a
re,
Ser
ver
Node
is
c
om
plete
ly
identic
al
with
se
nsor
no
des.
The
key
di
ff
ere
nce
is
that
server
node
basical
ly
pro
vid
es
se
r
vices
for
s
har
in
g
dat
a
or
res
ources
to
oth
e
r
pro
gr
a
m
or
d
e
vices
i
n
the
netw
ork.
T
he
s
erv
e
r
no
de
is
de
sign
e
d
to
c
ollec
t
the
water
qual
it
y
data
or
i
nfor
m
at
ion
fro
m
al
l
senso
r
no
des
in
the
netw
ork
a
nd
delive
r
to
the
us
e
r
as
re
quest
ed
.
Ser
ve
node
s
to
re
d
th
e
inform
at
ion
trans
ferred
fro
m
the
sens
or
nodes
i
n
a
local
My
SQ
L
data
base,
process
a
nd
t
r
ansm
it
the
data
to
a
we
b
ser
ver
us
in
g
the
LAM
P
(Lin
ux,
Ap
ac
he
,
My
SQ
L,
an
d
P
HP
/Py
th
on)
sta
ck
a
nd
W
ordPress
a
pp
li
cat
ion
.
T
he
use
r
can
visit
th
e
we
b
serv
e
r
by
us
i
ng
any
we
b
bro
w
ser.
T
he
c
omm
un
ic
at
io
n
betw
een
the u
se
r
a
nd
ser
ve
r
node
t
akes p
la
ce
us
i
ng
the
Hype
rtext
Tr
a
ns
fe
r
P
ro
t
oco
l
(H
T
TP).
Fig
ur
e
4
s
hows
the
basic
operati
on
of
se
nsor/ser
ver
node
.
Th
e
syst
e
m
sta
rts
wh
e
n
the
power
if
tu
r
ne
d
on.
T
he
pro
gram
wr
it
e
in
P
yt
ho
n
or
P
HP
giv
e
the
in
struc
ti
on
to
the
se
nsors
i
n
order
to
m
easur
e
the
par
am
eter
.
The
n
the
in
form
ation
of
the
param
et
er
s
tore
d
in
a
local
My
SQ
L
datab
ase
of
sens
or
no
des.
The
n
the
data
t
ran
s
fer
to
t
he
l
ocal
My
SQ
L
da
ta
base
of
ser
ve
r
node
a
nd
th
e
data
will
fetc
hed
t
o
a w
e
b
se
rv
e
r
a
nd it
can be
ac
cessed
via a
ny
web br
ow
se
r.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Wi
rel
ess water
qua
li
ty
mo
nito
ring syst
em
for
h
ig
h de
ns
it
y aquac
ulture
appl
ic
ation
(
F.
A. Sap
ar
udi
n
)
511
Figure
4.
Flo
w
char
t
of s
of
twa
re
program
m
ing
op
e
rati
on
4.
PRO
OF
-
OF
CONCEPT
RE
SU
LT
S
The
pro
pose
d
wireless
m
on
it
or
in
g
syst
e
m
desig
ned
a
si
m
ple
and
cl
ean
we
b
-
base
d
interface
t
o
disp
la
y
the
data
colle
ct
ed
by
m
ul
ti
ple
sensor
no
des.
T
he
m
easur
ed
val
ue
s
are
dis
play
ed
in
acc
orda
nc
e
with
the
set
ti
ng
s,
a
nd
the
c
on
te
nt
can
be
viewe
d
f
ro
m
us
er
eq
ui
pm
ent
su
ch
as
la
pto
ps
or
sm
art
phones.
Fig
ur
e
5
sh
ows
the
we
bsi
te
interface
f
or
the
m
art
ph
on
e
s
re
sp
ect
i
ve
ly
.
The
sam
pling
ti
m
e
interv
al
are
set
t
o
1
m
inu
te
s,
therefo
re
tem
per
at
ur
e
se
nsor
m
easur
ed
t
he
water
qual
it
y
ever
y
one
m
inu
te
and
sto
red
t
he
data
into
t
he
local
database
. T
he
n, the
data is t
ra
ns
fe
rr
e
d
t
o
the
serv
e
r n
od
e
au
t
om
atical
ly
.
(a)
(b)
Figure
5.
W
e
b
-
base
d
inter
face
on a sm
artph
one s
howi
ng (
a
)
Welcom
e p
age
and
(b)
Se
nsor
nod
e
selec
ti
on
Ther
e
are
tw
o
sens
or
no
des
de
plo
ye
d
as
a
pro
of
of
c
oncep
t
and
te
sti
ng
w
it
h
a
sm
al
l
fish
ponds
f
or
their
us
abili
ty
.
Sensor
no
de
1
is
te
ste
d
with
a
red
ti
la
pia
po
nd
w
hile
sen
sor
no
de
2
is
te
st
ed
with
a
sm
all
fish
pond.
B
oth
of
the
se
ns
or
node
trans
ferre
d
th
e
data
t
o
the
se
rv
e
r
node
base
d
on
SS
H
key
-
base
d
a
uth
e
ntica
ti
on
and
m
ysqldu
m
p
f
unct
io
n.
M
ysqld
um
p
func
ti
on
is
us
e
d
to
co
py
the
data
base
in
se
ns
or
node
t
o
s
e
rv
e
r
node
,
wh
il
e
SSH
ke
y
-
base
d
a
uth
e
ntica
ti
on
is
use
d
t
o
rem
ote
acce
ss
to
an
ot
her
m
ic
ro
com
pu
te
r
a
uto
m
at
i
cal
ly
without
key
i
n
a
ny
passwo
r
d.
Fig
ur
e
6
s
hows
the
dis
pla
ys
for
se
nsor
node
1
an
d
2.
N
otice
at
6.2
6p
m
,
Sensor
1
s
ho
ws
the
te
m
per
at
ur
e
at
30°C
an
d
S
e
nsor
2
s
hows
30.
1°C
.
T
his
sho
ws
bo
t
h
se
nso
r
w
orks
si
m
ultaneou
sly
to
se
ns
e t
wo s
epar
at
e
water
e
nv
i
ronm
ent.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary 2
019
:
5
0
7
–
5
1
3
512
(a)
(b)
Figure
6.
Re
al
-
tim
e d
at
a from
(a)
Senso
r
node
1
a
nd
(b)
Se
nsor
no
de 2 sim
ultaneo
us
ly
ac
cessed
via
W
i
F
i
The
data
is
then
can
be
m
ade
p
ubli
c
to
the
wo
rl
d
by
us
in
g
I
nter
net
of
Thi
ngs
(IoT
)
platf
orm
su
ch
as
Things
peak,
C
arr
iot
a
nd
Fa
vori
ot.
Si
nce
th
is
m
on
it
or
i
ng
syst
e
m
hav
e
a
lready
local
da
ta
base
ca
pab
i
li
ty
,
pu
s
hi
ng
t
he
da
ta
to
the
cl
oud
netw
ork
is
fai
rly
easy
.
For
instance
,
the
da
ta
fr
om
s
erv
e
r
node
is
pu
s
h
t
o
the
Things
peak ch
ann
el
a
nd
visua
li
zed as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
7.
Figure
7.
Thi
ngspe
ak
d
at
a
vis
ualiz
at
ion
us
in
g
the
d
at
a
pro
vi
ded
by
water
qu
al
it
y m
on
it
or
in
g
syst
em
5.
CONCL
US
S
I
ON
In
this
pa
per,
we
pr
es
ente
d
t
he
desig
n
an
d
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
of
a
real
-
ti
m
e
wireless
m
on
it
or
i
ng
syst
em
for
the
us
e
in
high
de
ns
it
y
aqu
ac
ultu
re.
T
he
syst
e
m
is
des
ign
e
d
to
prov
i
de
co
ntin
uous
l
y
m
on
it
or
in
g
of
wate
r
qu
al
it
y
par
am
et
er
in
m
ult
iple
ta
nk
s
at
the
sa
m
e
tim
e.
The
da
ta
gen
e
rated
by
m
ulti
ple
senso
r
nodes
a
re
se
nt
to
the
hybr
i
d
no
de
for
stora
ge
and
proces
sing
the
n
sh
a
re
d
to
m
ulti
ple
us
er
via
s
m
artpho
nes
an
d
la
ptops.
The
syst
em
is
cost
ef
fecti
ve
,
easi
ly
dep
lo
ya
ble
an
d
us
e
r
f
rien
dly
co
m
par
ed
with
t
rad
it
io
nal
m
on
it
or
in
g
m
et
ho
ds
us
e
d
in
aq
uac
ultur
e.
The
key
desi
gn
feat
ur
es
i
n
t
his
syst
em
is
t
he
scal
abili
ty
wh
e
re
the
num
ber
of
nodes
can
be
easi
ly
increase
d
in
a
cl
us
te
r
top
ol
og
y
beca
use
the
syst
e
m
is
design
e
d
to
m
anag
e
a
nd
tra
nsport
data ef
fici
ently
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Wi
rel
ess water
qua
li
ty
mo
nito
ring syst
em
for
h
ig
h de
ns
it
y aquac
ulture
appl
ic
ation
(
F.
A. Sap
ar
udi
n
)
513
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
This
wor
k
wa
s
sup
ported
by
Mi
nistry
of
Highe
r
E
duc
at
ion
(MO
HE
)
,
Fac
ulty
of
En
gin
eeri
ng
Tech
no
l
og
y,
O
ff
ic
e
f
or
Re
sea
rch,
I
nnovat
io
n,
C
omm
ercializa
ti
on
an
d
C
onsu
lt
a
ncy
Ma
na
gem
ent
(O
RI
CC
),
Un
i
ver
sit
i
Tu
n
Hu
ss
ei
n
O
nn
Ma
la
ysi
a
(U
THM)
unde
r
Shor
t
Term
Gr
ant
(
V
ote
N
o:
U655).
T
he
syst
e
m
pr
ese
nted
in
t
hi
s p
a
per
is
r
e
gistered
i
ntell
ect
ual pr
op
e
rty
(
P
I20
167042
39)
.
REFERE
NCE
S
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T
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on
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ac
ul
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r
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2013
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T.
St
at
e
and
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her
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s,
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te of
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isheri
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and
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ac
ul
ture
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,
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ater
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Yan
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n
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te
d
re
ci
rc
ula
ti
ng
aqua
cu
lture
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stem
(RAS
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for
la
nd
-
base
d
fi
sh
far
m
ing:
The
eff
e
ct
s on
wate
r
qualit
y
and
f
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"
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lt
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l Eng
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W
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Sung,
J.
Ch
en,
and
H
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W
an
g,
“
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ish
aquacul
tur
e
m
o
nit
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s
y
st
em
base
d
on
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rele
ss
tra
ns
m
ission
te
chno
log
y
,
”
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57,
2014.
[6]
D.
S.
Sim
bey
e
and
S.
F.
Yang,
“
W
at
er
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ity
m
onit
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rol
for
aquacul
tur
e
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d
on
wire
le
ss
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net
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,
vol
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Rega
n
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A.
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wler
,
and
A
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McCar
th
y
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S
mar
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ct
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t
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A.
J.
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y
,
“
AquaMesh
-
Design
and
Im
ple
m
ent
at
ion
of
Sm
art
W
ire
le
ss
Mesh
Sensor
Networks
for
Aquac
ult
ur
e,”
Am.
J
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N
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works
Comm
un.
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X.
Zhu,
D.
L
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D
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He,
J.
W
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D
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and
F.
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“
A
remote
wire
le
ss
sy
st
em
for
wate
r
qu
al
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t
y
online
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in
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[10]
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D.
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H.
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and
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Lu,
“A
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-
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y
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y
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c
m
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y
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d
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serve
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d
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y
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ac
ul
ture
,
”
IF
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–
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[11]
Jasm
an
Bin
Jaff
ar,
“
Deve
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nt
of a
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ater Te
m
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ure
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ent
s
y
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Fis
h
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,
”
2009.
[12]
S.
S.
S.
，
P.
K.
Sai
Krishn
a
Vadda
di,
“
De
vel
opm
ent
of
E
m
bedde
d
W
ire
le
ss
Network
and
W
at
er
Qualit
y
Mea
surem
ent
S
ystems
for
Aquac
ult
ure
,
”
pp.
637
–
641,
2012
.
[13]
H.
L.
Ch
en
an
d
X.
Q.
L
iu,
“
A
Novel
Kind
of
Sm
art
Monitori
ng
S
y
s
tem
of
Aquac
ulture,
”
no.
I
cecee
,
pp.
369
–
372
,
20
15.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Faiz
As
raf
Sapar
udin
r
ecei
ved
h
is
B
ac
he
lor
B.
Sc
.
in
E
le
c
trica
l
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
(Te
l
ec
om
m
unic
a
ti
on)
with
First
Cla
ss
Honours
from
Univer
siti
T
eknol
ogi
Ma
lay
s
ia
in
2010
and
rec
e
ive
d
W
AM
Y
Aca
demic
Ex
ce
l
le
nc
e
Aw
ard
in
th
e
sam
e
yea
r.
Ph.D.
degr
ee
in
E
lectr
i
ca
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng
(T
el
e
comm
unic
at
i
on)
from
the
Univer
siti
T
ekn
ologi
Malay
si
a
in
2015.
He
is
cur
ren
t
l
y
a
Fac
ulty
M
ember
in
Fakult
i
Te
kno
l
ogi
Kejur
ute
r
aan,
Univer
siti
Tu
n
Hus
sein
Onn
Malay
s
ia.
Mem
ber
of
Insti
tue
of
Elec
tr
ic
a
l
and
Elec
t
ronic
Engi
ne
ers
(IE
EE
)
and
IEEE
Com
m
unic
at
ion
Socie
t
y
(Com
Soc).
His
cur
ren
t
rese
a
rch
in
te
rests
include
rad
io
resourc
e
m
ana
gement,
d
i
stribut
ed
al
gori
t
hm
s,
nat
ure
-
ins
pire
d
t
ec
hn
ique
s
,
m
ult
i
age
nt
s
y
s
te
m
and
game
the
ore
ti
c
appr
o
a
ch
for
next
-
g
enerat
ion
m
obil
e
ne
twork.
Ta
n
Chi
a
Ch
ee
recei
ved
B.
E
ng
Tech
in
Ele
cro
nic
(Com
pute
r
and
Com
m
u
nic
a
ti
on)
from
Univer
siti
Tun
Hus
sein
Onn
Malay
si
a
on
2017.
Her
r
ese
ar
ch
in
t
ere
sts
in
cl
ude
c
l
oud
computing,
IoT
and
Com
pute
r
Networks.
Huda
A
Maji
d
rec
e
ive
d
the
B
E
ng.
degr
e
e
in
Elec
tr
ic
a
l
Engi
n
eering
(Te
l
ec
om
m
unic
a
ti
on)
from
Univer
siti
T
ekno
logi
Malay
si
a,
in
2007.
He
the
n
obta
in
ed
his M.
Eng
in
2010
and
P
hD de
gre
es
in
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
ring in
2013,
a
t
Univer
sit
i
Te
k
nologi
Mal
a
y
s
ia
.
He
i
s c
urre
n
tly
a
lectur
er
in
t
h
e
Depa
rtment
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
En
gine
er
ing
Tech
nolog
y
,
Facu
lty
of
Engi
ne
eri
n
g
Te
chno
log
y
,
Univer
siti
Tun
Hus
sein
Onn
Malay
si
a.
His
r
es
ea
rch
intere
st
in
cl
udes
the
areas
of
design
of
m
ic
rostrip
ante
nnas,
sm
al
l
a
nte
nnas,
R
ec
on
figura
bl
e
anten
nas,
m
et
amat
er
ia
ls
struc
ture,
m
et
al
a
te
ri
al
antenna
s
and
m
il
lim
et
er
wave
an
t
enna
s.
He
has
publi
shed
ov
er
90
art
i
cles
in
journa
ls
and con
fer
ence
p
ape
rs.
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