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t
i
o
n
m
i
g
ht
l
e
a
d
t
o
r
e
v
e
r
s
e
p
ow
e
r
f
l
ow
i
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
h
e
n
D
G
i
s
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
pow
e
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k.
T
h
e
r
e
fo
r
e
,
i
t
i
s
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
t
o
c
a
r
r
y
o
ut
t
h
e
i
m
pa
c
t
s
t
udy
of
D
G
o
n
t
h
e
pow
e
r
gr
i
d
.
T
hi
s
w
i
l
l
h
e
l
p
i
n
t
h
e
pl
a
nni
n
g
a
n
d
o
pe
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
ut
ur
e
po
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
o
m
i
ni
m
i
z
e
t
h
e
n
e
ga
t
i
v
e
im
p
a
c
t
o
f
t
h
e
D
G
i
n
t
e
g
ra
t
i
o
n.
D
G
c
o
nn
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
di
s
t
ri
b
ut
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
m
a
y
r
e
s
ul
t
i
n
o
v
e
r
vo
l
t
a
ge
[12]
,
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
o
v
e
r
l
o
a
di
n
g
o
f
pow
e
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
a
n
d
c
a
b
l
e
s
.
P
r
e
v
i
o
us
s
t
udi
e
s
h
a
v
e
be
e
n
c
a
rri
e
d
o
ut
t
o
de
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
i
m
pa
c
t
o
f
D
G
o
n
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
gr
i
d
.
F
o
r
e
xa
m
pl
e
,
t
h
e
i
m
pa
c
t
o
f
di
s
t
ri
b
ut
e
d
ge
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
r
e
s
pe
c
t
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
ge
pr
o
f
i
l
e
[13]
,
l
i
n
e
l
o
s
s
e
s
[14
,
15
],
s
h
o
r
t
-
c
i
r
c
ui
t
c
urr
e
nt
[8]
,
a
n
d
ha
rm
o
n
i
c
[16]
.
M
a
j
o
r
i
t
y
of
t
h
e
s
t
u
di
e
s
c
o
n
s
i
de
r
po
w
e
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
t
h
e
U
K
p
ow
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
D
G
s
a
r
e
m
o
s
t
l
y
w
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
s
a
n
d
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
h
e
a
t
a
n
d
po
w
e
r
(CH
P
)
t
y
p
e
.
In
N
i
ge
r
i
a
,
D
G
s
a
r
e
m
o
s
t
l
y
s
o
l
a
r
P
V
a
nd
D
i
e
s
e
l
ge
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
fo
r
e
,
i
t
i
s
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
t
o
c
a
rri
e
d
o
ut
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
t
ud
i
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
N
i
ge
ri
a
n
di
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
o
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
w
i
t
h
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
D
G
i
n
o
r
de
r
t
o
unde
r
s
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
po
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
i
m
pa
c
t
s
o
n
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
s
t
h
e
i
m
pa
c
t
s
o
f
D
G
o
n
t
h
e
N
i
ge
ri
a
n
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
i
t
y
di
s
t
ri
b
ut
i
o
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
w
i
t
h
r
e
s
pe
c
t
t
o
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
vo
l
t
a
ge
a
n
d
po
w
e
r
l
o
s
s
e
s
us
i
n
g
t
h
e
N
e
w
t
o
n
-
R
a
ph
s
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
i
n
t
h
e
N
e
pl
a
n
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
.
2.
R
ES
EA
R
C
H
M
ET
H
O
D
T
h
e
N
i
ge
r
i
a
n
330
kV
po
w
e
r
g
r
i
d
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
1
w
a
s
de
v
e
l
o
pe
d
us
i
n
g
N
e
pl
a
n
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
.
P
o
w
e
r
f
l
ow
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
i
s
c
a
rri
e
d
o
ut
us
i
n
g
t
h
e
N
e
w
t
o
n
-
R
a
ph
s
o
n
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n.
T
h
e
i
n
pu
t
da
t
a
f
o
r
t
h
e
pow
e
r
f
l
ow
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
i
n
c
l
ude
t
h
e
ge
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
o
ut
pu
t
po
w
e
r
,
M
W
a
nd
M
V
A
R
pe
a
k
l
o
a
ds
,
v
o
l
t
a
ge
,
a
n
d
po
w
e
r
r
a
t
i
ngs
o
f
t
h
e
l
i
n
e
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
d
a
t
a
.
T
h
e
m
o
de
l
e
d
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
s
s
i
m
ul
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
n
d
w
i
t
h
o
ut
D
G
.
T
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
da
t
a
w
a
s
ob
t
a
i
n
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
po
w
e
r
h
o
l
di
ng
c
om
pa
n
y
of
N
i
ge
r
i
a
(P
H
CN
),
i
nt
e
ra
c
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
P
H
CN
s
t
a
ff
,
a
n
d
t
ra
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
t
O
s
o
gbo
.
T
he
l
i
m
i
t
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
di
s
t
ri
b
ut
i
o
n
v
o
l
t
a
ge
(330kV
)
i
n
N
i
ge
ri
a
a
r
e
±5
%
o
f
n
o
m
i
na
l
[17]
.
T
h
e
s
i
ngl
e
l
i
n
e
d
i
a
g
ra
m
o
f
t
h
e
N
i
ge
ri
a
n
330kV
po
w
e
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
1
a
nd
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
l
i
n
e
da
t
a
i
s
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
1.
It
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
of
t
w
e
n
t
y
-
e
i
gh
t
l
o
a
d
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
ni
n
e
ge
n
e
ra
t
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
[18
]
.
T
h
e
po
pul
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
N
i
ge
ri
a
h
a
s
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
due
t
o
i
n
dus
t
r
i
a
l
a
nd
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
g
r
o
w
t
h
.
T
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
da
t
a
w
a
s
ob
t
a
i
n
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
po
w
e
r
h
o
l
di
ng
c
om
pa
n
y
of
N
i
ge
r
i
a
(P
H
CN
),
i
nt
e
ra
c
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
P
H
CN
s
t
a
ff
,
a
n
d
t
ra
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
t
O
s
o
gbo
.
T
he
l
i
m
i
t
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
di
s
t
ri
b
ut
i
o
n
v
o
l
t
a
ge
(330kV
)
i
n
N
i
ge
ri
a
a
r
e
±5
%
o
f
n
o
m
i
na
l
[17]
.
T
h
e
s
i
ngl
e
l
i
n
e
d
i
a
g
ra
m
o
f
t
h
e
N
i
ge
ri
a
n
330kV
po
w
e
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
1
a
nd
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
l
i
n
e
da
t
a
i
s
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
1.
It
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
of
t
w
e
n
t
y
-
e
i
gh
t
l
o
a
d
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
ni
n
e
ge
n
e
ra
t
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
[18
]
.
T
h
e
po
p
ul
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
N
i
ge
ri
a
h
a
s
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
due
t
o
i
n
dus
t
r
i
a
l
a
nd
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
g
r
o
w
t
h
.
T
a
b
l
e
1
.
L
i
n
e
pa
ra
m
e
t
e
r
f
o
r
330kV
l
i
n
e
s
F
ro
m
Bu
s
T
o
Bu
s
L
(k
m
)
R
(p
.
u
)
X
(
p
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u
)
B
(p
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u
)
O
s
o
g
b
o
Ik
e
j
a
252
0
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0
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9
0
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4
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s
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o
Be
n
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n
251
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115
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Ik
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280
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265
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197
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265
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(
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