TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 16, No. 1, Octobe
r 201
5, pp. 7 ~ 12
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
16i1.863
5
7
Re
cei
v
ed
Jun
e
21, 2015; Revi
sed
Jul
y
2
7
, 2015; Acce
pted Augu
st 12, 2015
Study of Necessities and Technologies for Using
Hybrid Photovoltaic-Wind Power Systems
Sobhan Do
r
a
haki
Youn
g Res
ear
chers an
d Elite
Club,
Bushehr Bra
n
c
h, Islamic Aza
d
Univ
ersit
y
, B
u
she
h
r, Iran
email: so
bha
nd
orah
aki@
gmai
l
.
com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
In recent y
ear
s, increas
e
in
e
n
viro
nment c
o
ncer
ns
an
d d
e
m
a
nd f
o
r e
nerg
y
are tw
o
ma
in
issues
i
n
ong
oin
g
gr
ow
th of us
in
g sol
a
r systems. S
o
l
a
r en
er
gy
has
bee
n kn
ow
n a
s
a re
new
ab
le
and c
l
e
an
en
erg
y
source. On
e
of the
most a
p
p
l
ied
an
d
new
w
a
ys for
usi
ng sun en
ergy is hybri
d
p
hotov
o
l
taic
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
is pap
er dis
c
usses req
u
ire
m
e
n
ts, meth
od
s, limitati
ons
a
nd techn
o
lo
gi
e
s
used in the h
y
brid p
hotovo
l
taic-
wind power system
.
Ke
y
w
ords
: Ph
otovolta
ic-T
urb
i
ne-W
i
n
d
-Irrad
i
ance-
Hybri
d
Copy
right
©
2015 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
Today, studi
es an
d re
se
arche
s
have
incr
ea
sed t
o
find a ne
w fuel for p
r
odu
cin
g
electri
c
ity, re
gardi
ng envi
r
onm
ental concern
s
in
energy field and de
cre
a
sin
g
fossil
fuel
resou
r
ces. M
an has u
s
e
d
sun en
ergy during hi
st
ory
in variou
s forms like con
c
entrating it in
a
certai
n point
or its lighting
energy.
Most ren
e
wa
ble fuel powe
r
plants like wind,
bioma
ss
and sol
a
r pla
n
ts usu
a
lly feed load
s
isolate
d
fro
m
grid
to
rem
o
te area
s [1
-4]. For
rem
o
te area
s in
p
o
we
r
system
with l
o
w po
wer
con
s
um
ption,
rene
wabl
e e
nergi
es li
ke p
hotov
oltaic
system play very effective role.
One issu
e that make
s usi
ng sol
a
r sy
stems mo
re im
portant an
d intere
sting is
lack of
damag
e to environm
ent and being fre
e
.
It can be said
that incre
a
se in p
r
odu
ctivity factor and
redu
cin
g
run
n
ing cost
s of these
system
s are tw
o imp
o
rtant and p
r
omisin
g facto
r
s in wi
de
spread
use
of thi
s
e
nergy
in
wo
rl
d [5]. Unfortu
nately,
lack o
f
gro
w
th
and
developm
ent
of photovoltai
c
sy
st
em
s i
n
c
r
e
a
se
s t
h
e
co
st
of
p
hot
ov
olt
a
ic
sy
st
em
s
su
ch t
h
at
mo
st
r
e
se
ar
che
r
s di
d not
c
o
n
s
ide
r
usin
g it instea
d of commo
n energie
s
as
cost-effe
ctive [6].
Energy lo
ss i
n
the pa
nel
s have si
gnifi
cant
role
i
n
the efficie
n
cy
of elect
r
ic
o
u
tput of
panel
s. Clim
ate can h
a
ve
significant effect on the
e
fficiency of system su
ch that this effect is
imposed thro
ugh ra
diation,
temperatu
r
e
and shad
ow
of a cloud o
n
the area [7].
In ord
e
r to in
cre
a
se g
a
in
o
f
hybrid
phot
ovoltaic-win
d
system
s,
we
need
comp
re
hen
sive
and the
o
retical kn
owl
edg
e. In this
reg
a
rd, re
sea
r
che
r
s have
sugge
sted follo
win
g
maximal po
wer
point to incre
a
se effici
en
cy of system. Re
se
arche
r
s h
a
ve focu
sed
on ch
angi
ng
panel
cell
s.
One of sugg
ested m
e
tho
d
s for in
crea
se in g
a
in
of
rene
wa
ble en
ergie
s
i
s
sim
u
ltaneo
us u
s
e of
sola
r en
ergy
along
with ot
her rene
wa
bl
e ene
rgie
s
[8
]. This study
pre
s
ent
s met
hod
s, algo
rith
ms
and othe
r issues n
eed
ed for hybr
i
d
phot
ovoltaic-win
d system
s.
2. Photov
olt
a
ic Conc
ept
and Modelin
g Photov
oltaic Sy
stem
Semico
ndu
ct
or device tha
t
transforms
sunli
ght
to electri
c
ity is kn
own a
s
ph
otovoltaic
cell. Thi
s
ph
enome
non
is call
ed p
hoto
v
oltaic. In o
r
der to
in
cre
a
s
e
system
p
r
odu
ction volt
age,
sola
r
cell
s a
r
e pla
c
e
d
in
serie
s
a
nd
parallel way. In
orde
r to
in
cre
a
se
voltage
and
cu
rrent a
nd
prod
uced p
o
w
er
by sola
r
arrays throug
h radi
ati
on, tempe
r
ature a
nd othe
r fact
ors li
ke
wind
can
be ch
ang
ed [9-12]. Sola
r cell is a no
n-li
near
eleme
n
t and it can b
e
modelled li
ke cu
rre
nt flow as
in Figure 1. In Figure 1,
curre
n
t is the
diode satura
tion curre
n
t and
and Rsh
resi
stan
ce
s
are
se
rie
s
an
d pa
rallel
re
si
st
an
ce
s of
so
lar
cell.
R
s
h
r
e
si
st
an
ce i
s
l
a
rge
r
t
h
a
n
re
sist
a
n
c
e
s
u
ch
that it is ignored in the anal
ysis of sola
r cell
s.
Solar array forms by placi
ng sol
a
r
cell
s nea
r ea
ch
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ISSN: 23
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046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 16, No. 1, Octobe
r 2015 : 7 – 12
8
other an
d its
rea
s
on i
s
increase in pan
el
’s cu
rr
ent an
d voltage. Cu
rre
nt equatio
n of sola
r arra
y
based on volt
age is a
s
Equ
a
tion (1
):
Figure 1. Photovoltaic Cell
Model [9]
Curre
n
t equat
ion of sola
r array based on
voltage is a
s
Equation (1):
(1)
In equation
(1), I is pan
el
curre
n
t, Np a
nd Ns ar
e se
ries
and p
a
ra
llel cell
s. q is electron cha
r
ge
and
k is B
o
ltzman
n
con
s
t
ant. A is ide
a
l facto
r
[13]
. In equation
(1), Id i
s
re
verse
saturat
ed
curre
n
t. Id calculate
s
a
s
eq
uation (2
) [14
]
:
(2)
In equatio
n 2,
is
cell refere
nce te
mpe
r
at
ure.
is satura
ted cu
rrent in
temperature
.
T is cell
temperature
and
is the
g
ap bet
wee
n
two b
and
s
which i
s
diffe
rent for e
a
ch
semi
con
d
u
c
tor
used in
sol
a
r cell.
is ca
lled current
prod
uced
by cell
whi
c
h
depe
nd
s on
radiatio
n a
n
d
temperature of
cell.
obtain
s
by equatio
n
(3).
(3)
In equation (3
),
is
s
h
ort-c
i
rcuit in re
fere
nce temperature.
is the temperatu
r
e fa
ctor. It is
clea
r that if we want to obt
ain
, V should
be multiplied
in the equati
on (2
) and th
en, we
cal
c
ulate d
p
/dv=0.
3. Producing
Energ
y
using Wind
Feed i
ndu
cti
on g
ene
rator is, in fa
ct,
windi
ng
ro
tor gen
erato
r
th
at its
stator i
s
di
re
ctly
con
n
e
c
ted to
the po
wer
n
e
twork a
nd it
s rotor
i
s
co
nne
cted thro
ugh two con
s
e
c
utive ele
c
tric
conve
r
ters [1
5]. Figure 2 shows it sche
matically.
Figure 2. Win
d
Turbi
ne Ge
nerato
r
Sch
e
m
atic
Equation (4)
and (5
) might
be utilized to
simulate
a P
a
rt of aero
d
ynamic
wind tu
rbine [15]:
(4)
(5)
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Study of Ne
cessities a
nd
Tech
nolo
g
ie
s for Usi
ng Hybrid…
(Sobh
an Do
rah
a
ki
)
9
Equation
s
6-12 simul
a
te Parts of Ge
arb
o
x and DFIG
gene
rato
r.
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
;
;
;
;
(12)
Among adva
n
tage
s of usi
ng syn
c
hrono
us ge
ner
ators, we can
refer to following:
1)
As a re
sult of
con
s
tant fre
q
uen
cy of net
work a
nd reg
u
lating rotor f
r
equ
en
cy, there is
possibility of controlling m
e
ch
ani
cal velocity and ab
sorbin
g maxim
u
m power fro
m
wind turbin
es.
2)
Nomin
a
l po
wer of electron
ic conve
r
ters
in double in
duced gen
erator is very lowe
r
than nomin
al power u
s
ed i
n
synchro
nou
s gen
erato
r
s.
T
abl
e 1. V
a
ria
b
les u
s
e
d
in equatio
ns 4
-
1
2
V
a
riable Definition
Kinetic energ
y
of
the roto
r
Air density
Sw
e
p
t area
of th
e rotor
R
V
Wind speed
Power factor
T
i
p speed ratio
Angular velocity
of the turbine
Rotor induct
ance
S
t
ator induct
ance
Aerod
y
namic generator
torqu
e
T
o
rq
ue of the t
u
r
b
ine
Conversion ratio
gearbo
x
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ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 16, No. 1, Octobe
r 2015 : 7 – 12
10
Reg
a
rdi
ng no
n-line
a
rity of wind turbine
curv
e
s
an
d u
s
ing g
a
in tabl
e, various
stu
d
ies
have bee
n do
ne for a
c
hievi
ng more po
wer. The pa
ra
meters exploi
ted in Equatio
ns (4
-1
2) a
r
e
pre
s
ente
d
in Table 1.
4. H
y
brid
Photov
oltaic-Wind Po
w
e
r Sy
stems and Nec
essity
of using them
In recent de
cade, vario
u
s
studie
s
h
a
ve
co
n
d
u
c
ted o
n
this subje
c
t. Gene
rally, it can
be
said
that
syn
c
hrono
us u
s
e
of
rene
wa
ble
ene
rgy
along
with th
erm
a
l
and
win
d
e
n
e
r
gie
s
a
n
d
oth
e
r
rene
wa
ble fu
els, co
nne
ct
ed or di
scon
necte
d from
grid, is
calle
d hybrid. So
me re
sea
r
ch
ers
believe that u
s
ing p
hotovol
taic sy
stem a
nd su
nli
ght i
s
not suitabl
e. One
of their
rea
s
on
s i
s
the
w
e
ak
ne
ss
o
f
th
is
s
y
s
t
em in
s
o
m
e
clima
t
es in some h
ours which
n
e
ce
ssitate sy
nch
r
on
ou
s using
of differe
nt e
nergi
es.
Gen
e
rally, am
ong
advanta
g
e
s
of
t
h
is
sy
st
e
m
s,
we
ca
n r
e
f
e
r t
o
in
cre
a
s
e i
n
the sta
b
ility o
f
netwo
rk, re
ductio
n
in
ou
tage a
nd i
n
creasi
ng
relia
bi
lity of netwo
rk [16
-
2
0
]. Thi
s
study ha
s investigate
d
the
climate ch
an
ges (effe
ct
iv
e
f
a
ct
or
s on h
y
brid sy
st
e
m
)
in B
u
sheh
r i
n
Iran. Figu
re
3 sh
ows the
radiatio
n ch
ange
s for
on
e month in
Bushe
h
r. As figure 3
sh
ows,
cha
nge
s in
ra
diation in o
n
e
month is g
r
e
a
t. Fi
gure 4
shows the a
m
ount of ch
ang
ing win
d
po
wer
in one month
in Bushe
h
r. Regarding exte
nsive c
hang
e
s
in radi
ation
and win
d
in d
i
agra
m
s 3 an
d
4 in one
mon
t
h, we can sa
y that using t
hese two
e
n
e
r
gie
s
alo
ng
with each othe
r in hybri
d
form
is a logi
cal work b
e
cau
s
e
non-i
m
plem
e
n
tation of
it lead
s to energy shorta
ge i
n
days with l
o
w
radiatio
n or lo
w win
d
veloci
ty
One of the sy
stem problem
s is
the unp
re
dictabl
e beha
vior of
these
system
s from
output
view. Wind
a
nd photovolta
ic hybri
d
dep
end
s on t
he
climate of re
gion. Among
these influ
ent
ial
factors, we can refer
to ra
diation,
temp
eratu
r
e
and
wind
velo
city [9]. Con
n
e
c
tion
schemati
c
of
this a
r
rang
e
m
ent i
s
a
s
fi
gure
4. In
fig
u
re
3, p
hotov
oltaic pan
el
i
s
con
n
e
c
ted dire
ctly
to
hy
brid
controlle
r. Energy produ
ce
d by
these p
anel
s is conn
ected in
dire
ct
ly from controller cha
r
ge t
o
hybrid
cont
rol
l
er. Ge
nerally, hybrid
controller i
s
k
n
ow
n a
s
a s
a
mp
le
la
r
g
er
th
an
co
n
t
r
o
ller
c
h
arg
e
su
ch that thi
s
device h
a
s t
he rol
e
of co
ntrolling
syst
em. It is clea
r that Ac and
Dc l
oad
s can
be
embed
ded in
this syste
m
.
.
Figure 3. Rad
i
ation Ch
ang
es for O
ne M
onth In Bush
ehr [21]
Figure 4. Win
d
Velocity Based o
n
m/s in
One Month i
n
Bushe
h
r [2
1]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Study of Ne
cessities a
nd
Tech
nolo
g
ie
s for Usi
ng Hybrid…
(Sobh
an Do
rah
a
ki
)
11
Figure 5. Sch
e
matic of Co
nne
cting Hyb
r
id Photovolta
ic-Wind Syste
m
[22]
Among imp
o
r
tant and i
n
fluential adva
n
tage
s of
th
ese
system
s is that win
d
and
photovoltai
c
sola
r sy
stem
s ca
n act to
sup
p
leme
nt
each oth
e
r a
n
d
make the n
e
twork
stable
.
At
night o
r
whe
n
the
sky i
s
windy, wi
nd
system
ca
n
contin
ue its
works a
nd h
e
lps
photovol
taic
system. Photovoltaic pane
l in wi
nd
reducing hours
will impose
its effect on t
he efficiency
of
sy
st
em.
5. Conclusio
n
By redu
cing
re
sou
r
ces
of fossil fuel
s an
d
in
crea
sing
environ
ment poll
u
tio
n
s, it is
inevitable
to move
toward rene
wa
ble an
d
cl
ean ene
rg
ies. In thi
s
re
gard,
by con
s
iderin
g relatio
n
s
studie
d
in thi
s
pape
r, wi
nd
veloci
ty and
radiation
amo
unt are two
e
s
sential fa
cto
r
s th
at usi
ng
one
of photovolta
ic a
nd
win
d
system
s le
ad
s to
pr
o
b
lem
.
Reg
a
rdi
ng
figure
s
3
an
d 4,
wind
a
n
d
radiatio
n h
a
s great
cha
n
g
e
s
du
ring
on
e mo
nth
whi
c
h sh
ows ne
ce
ssity
of
u
s
ing sola
r-win
d
system
s.
In
this study, co
nne
ction of solar
hybr
id
sys
tem and
nec
e
ss
ity of us
ing solar
hy
br
id
s
y
s
t
em was
s
t
udied. It is
s
u
gges
ted that future s
t
udies leads to incr
ease
in
the efficie
n
cy
of
wind
-hyb
rid systems u
s
ing
power maxim
i
zing
system
s.
Referen
ces
[1]
M Cana
le, et al
. A revolution i
n
w
i
n
d
en
erg
y
gen
eratio
n.
En
ergy
. 200
8; 34(
3): 355-3
61.
[2]
SA Kalog
i
rou.
T
he potential
of sola
r in
dust
r
ial proc
ess he
at appl
icatio
ns.
Energy.
200
3; 76(4): 337-
361.
[3]
W
T
i
en, KC Kuo. An ana
l
y
si
s of po
w
e
r ge
nerat
i
on from munici
pa
l soli
d
w
a
ste (MSW
)
inciner
atio
n
plants in T
a
iw
an.
Energy
. 20
1
0
; 35(12): 4
824
-483
0.
[4]
JF
Mercure. S
a
las
PAn
ass
e
ssment
of
gl
oba
l e
ner
g
y
r
e
sourc
e
ec
on
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