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pe of
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au
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t
t
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s
i
n an
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s
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s
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au
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on a
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oc
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ec
h
ni
q
ue t
h
at
ar
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v
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l
ab
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oget
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c
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be u
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i
l
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n t
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o
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w
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s
:
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r
an
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or
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r
av
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C
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t
©
2
01
7
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
.
A
l
l
r
i
g
h
t
s r
es
er
ved
.
1
.
I
n
tr
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
Man
y
as
pec
t
s
ne
ed
t
o
be
c
ons
i
der
e
d t
o pr
o
v
i
de
h
i
gh
qua
l
i
t
y
po
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
y
as
pec
t
s
need
t
o
be
c
ons
i
d
er
ed
.
T
her
e
ar
e
v
ar
i
o
us
t
y
pes
of
di
s
t
ur
ba
nc
e
m
a
y
oc
c
ur
es
pec
i
al
l
y
i
n
di
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
on l
i
n
e
w
hi
c
h
i
nc
r
eas
es
t
he
d
i
f
f
i
c
ul
t
y
i
n
i
d
ent
i
f
y
i
n
g and
l
oc
at
es
t
he f
aul
t
.
B
es
i
d
es
t
hat
,
po
w
er
q
ua
l
i
t
y
a
l
s
o c
au
ght
t
he at
t
ent
i
on
of
c
ons
um
er
w
her
eb
y
l
at
es
t
t
ec
hno
l
o
gi
e
s
and ga
dg
et
s
ar
e h
i
gh
l
y
s
ens
i
t
i
v
e t
o po
w
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s
our
c
e qu
a
l
it
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po
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s
t
em
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us
t
hav
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pr
ot
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t
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on s
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s
t
em
t
hat
c
an
pr
ot
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t
us
er
equ
i
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ent
or
dev
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es
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e
nc
e,
upgr
a
de
c
ur
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ent
po
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s
y
s
t
em
and
i
de
nt
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f
y
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h
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t
y
p
e of
po
t
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a
l
d
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s
t
ur
b
an
c
e i
s
t
h
e
pr
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y
t
as
k
.
D
i
s
t
ur
banc
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r
equ
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l
y
oc
c
u
r
s
i
n a
po
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
i
s
a f
aul
t
.
A
bo
ut
80
%
f
aul
t
c
aus
es
d
ue
i
nt
er
r
up
t
i
on
i
n t
he
po
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er
s
y
s
t
em
ar
e es
p
ec
i
a
l
l
y
i
n
t
he di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on
ar
ea
[
1,
2]
.
T
o enh
anc
e t
he
pr
o
t
ec
t
i
on of
t
h
e p
o
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
,
t
he
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
s
houl
d
abl
e
t
o
d
et
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c
t
t
he
f
au
l
t
l
oc
at
i
o
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i
n
or
de
r
per
f
or
m
t
o
i
s
o
l
at
e
t
h
e
z
on
e
w
h
i
c
h
f
au
l
t
s
s
hor
t
dur
at
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on
.
F
as
t
r
es
p
on
s
e of
pr
ot
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t
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
c
an
pr
e
v
e
nt
t
he
dam
age c
a
us
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b
y
t
h
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aul
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t
o s
pr
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t
o t
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w
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gr
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d.
F
aul
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s
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ant
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ba
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t
o f
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w
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oul
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dam
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he e
qu
i
p
m
ent
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n us
e
and c
a
us
e i
nt
er
r
upt
i
on
[
3
].
A
no
t
her
c
r
uc
i
al
as
pec
t
of
i
m
pr
ov
i
ng
t
h
e
po
w
er
pr
ot
e
c
t
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
f
r
o
m
a
f
aul
t
i
s
t
he
i
den
t
i
f
i
c
at
i
on
of
t
he
t
y
p
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of
f
aul
t
t
hat
o
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r
s.
A
s
t
he el
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t
r
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c
f
aul
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c
oul
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t
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v
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d i
n a
n
el
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t
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i
c
a
l
po
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s
y
s
t
em
,
s
om
e pr
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dev
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c
es
ar
e n
eed
ed t
o pr
ot
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t
t
h
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pe
ns
i
v
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ui
p
m
ent
i
n el
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t
r
i
c
p
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s
y
s
t
em
s
s
uc
h as
t
r
ans
f
or
m
er
s
and s
w
i
t
c
h
ge
ar
.
T
hi
s
paper
w
i
l
l
r
ev
i
e
w
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on d
ev
i
c
es
s
uc
h as
f
us
e,
r
el
a
y
,
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
e
ak
er
and l
i
gh
t
ni
ng
ar
r
es
t
er
.
2
.
R
ev
i
ew
o
f
E
l
ect
r
i
c P
o
w
er
S
y
st
em
E
l
ec
t
r
i
c
al
po
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
c
ons
i
s
t
s
of
t
hr
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m
ai
n s
t
r
uc
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ur
es
,
w
h
i
c
h ar
e gen
er
at
i
on s
y
s
t
em
,
t
r
ans
m
i
s
s
i
on s
y
s
t
em
,
and
di
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
on s
y
s
t
em
[
4]
.
G
ener
at
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
c
ons
i
s
t
s
of
a
m
ec
hani
c
al
m
a
c
hi
ne t
hat
c
on
v
er
t
s
m
ec
han
i
c
al
e
ner
g
y
i
nt
o
el
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
en
er
g
y
.
C
o
nv
ent
i
on
al
g
ener
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
em
s
i
n t
hi
s
c
ur
r
e
nt
t
e
c
hnol
og
y
ar
e
t
h
e h
y
dr
o p
o
w
er
p
l
a
nt
a
nd
t
her
m
al
p
o
w
er
p
l
a
nt
.
T
he
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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IS
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:
2
502
-
4
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F
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Loc
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(
H
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207
t
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m
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c
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s
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s
of
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on t
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hat
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d t
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om
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he el
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i
s
s
i
on l
i
n
e.
T
he
c
ons
um
er
s
uc
h
as
i
n
dus
t
r
y
,
c
om
m
er
c
i
al
b
ui
l
d
i
ng
and
r
es
i
dent
i
a
l
i
s
c
on
nec
t
e
d t
o
t
he d
i
s
t
r
i
bu
t
i
o
n s
y
s
t
em
.
I
n t
he e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
s
y
s
t
em
,
m
a
n
y
pr
o
t
ec
t
i
ons
dev
i
c
es
ar
e r
equ
i
r
ed t
o be i
ns
t
al
l
ed
i
n t
h
e s
y
s
t
em
t
o pr
ev
e
nt
i
nt
er
r
upt
i
o
n of
pow
er
s
uppl
y
on t
h
e
c
ons
um
er
s
i
de.
T
her
e
ar
e
v
ar
i
ous
t
y
pes
of
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on
de
v
i
c
e
c
a
n
be
us
ed
t
o
pr
ot
ec
t
t
he
el
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
po
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
s
u
c
h as
r
el
a
y
,
f
us
e a
nd c
i
r
c
u
i
t
br
eak
er
.
T
hes
e pr
ot
ec
t
i
v
e de
v
i
c
es
ar
e
us
ual
l
y
em
bedded
i
n
t
he
el
ec
t
r
i
c
al
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
.
2
.
1
.
I
m
p
o
r
ta
n
c
e
o
f
P
r
o
te
c
ti
o
n
S
y
st
em
i
n
E
l
ect
r
i
ca
l
P
o
w
er
S
y
st
e
m
P
r
ot
ec
t
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
i
s
a
s
y
s
t
em
t
hat
i
s
us
ed
t
o
pr
ot
ec
t
or
i
s
o
l
at
e
a
s
y
s
t
em
or
de
v
i
c
e f
r
o
m
f
aul
t
.
A
pr
ot
ec
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
em
i
s
r
equi
r
e
d
t
o
pr
ot
ec
t
t
he
ov
er
al
l
s
y
s
t
em
f
r
o
m
hav
i
ng
d
am
age
c
aus
ed
b
y
f
aul
t
or
di
s
t
ur
banc
e.
T
hi
s
di
s
t
ur
banc
e
c
an
i
nt
er
r
upt
t
he
el
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
po
w
er
bei
ng
t
r
ans
m
i
t
t
ed
t
o
t
he c
o
ns
um
er
s
i
de.
D
i
s
t
ur
b
anc
e
or
f
aul
t
c
an
be
oc
c
ur
r
ed
due
t
o
m
an
y
f
ac
t
or
s
s
uc
h as
a
l
i
g
ht
n
i
n
g
s
t
r
i
k
e,
ov
er
v
ol
t
ag
e,
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
c
o
m
po
nent
s
f
ai
l
ur
e
and
h
um
an f
aul
t
[
5
].
P
r
ot
ec
t
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
oper
at
es
as
t
o
pr
ev
ent
t
he
f
aul
t
f
r
o
m
f
l
ow
i
ng
t
hr
oug
h
t
he
s
y
s
t
em
b
y
d
i
s
c
onn
ec
t
i
n
g
t
he
el
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
s
y
s
t
em
f
r
o
m
t
he
f
aul
t
.
H
o
w
ev
er
,
t
he
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
c
annot
us
e
t
o
s
ol
v
e
t
he
f
a
ul
t
,
but
i
t
c
an
be
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
t
o
d
et
ec
t
and
p
a
r
t
i
al
l
y
s
ep
ar
at
e
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
em
f
r
o
m
f
aul
t
.
T
hus
,
i
t
c
a
n
pr
e
v
en
t
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
s
ys
t
e
m
equi
pm
ent
f
r
o
m
hav
i
ng
d
am
age
an
d
c
ons
um
er
does
n
ot
r
eq
ui
r
e
t
o
s
p
en
d
m
or
e
m
one
y
on r
ep
l
ac
i
n
g t
h
e dam
aged
equ
i
pm
ent
.
Mor
e
ov
er
,
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on s
y
s
t
em
al
s
o hel
ps
t
o
pr
ot
ec
t
us
er
at
f
aul
t
.
S
om
et
i
m
es
s
hor
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
c
a
n
oc
c
ur
o
n
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
equ
i
pm
ent
.
T
o
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
i
ns
t
al
l
ed
on t
he
equ
i
pm
ent
,
t
h
e s
hor
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
c
a
n b
e a
v
o
i
d
ed
b
y
g
i
v
i
ng
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
s
hoc
k
on t
h
e hum
an bo
d
y
or
t
he
w
or
s
t
c
as
e
m
a
y
c
a
u
s
e
f
at
al
.
B
es
i
d
e
of
pr
ot
ec
t
i
v
e
d
e
v
i
c
e,
t
her
e
ar
e
f
e
w
m
et
ho
ds
c
an
b
e
us
ed t
o det
ec
t
a f
aul
t
oc
c
ur
s
i
n a pow
er
s
y
s
t
em
.
T
h
i
s
m
et
hod i
s
k
now
n as
f
aul
t
l
oc
at
i
o
n
det
ec
t
i
on
t
ec
hn
i
qu
e
[6
]
.
T
hi
s
m
et
hod c
an
be
us
ed t
o i
d
ent
i
f
y
t
he
l
oc
at
i
o
n of
t
he f
a
ul
t
s
o t
hat
f
as
t
ac
t
i
on
c
an b
e t
ak
en t
o
f
i
x
t
h
e f
aul
t
.
2.
2.
T
y
p
e o
f
F
au
l
t
i
n
E
l
e
ct
r
i
cal
P
o
w
er
S
yst
em
F
aul
t
c
an
oc
c
ur
at
a
n
y
p
ar
t
of
t
he
el
ec
t
r
i
c
al
po
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
.
T
hes
e
f
aul
t
s
m
a
y
ca
u
se
b
y
nat
ur
e,
el
ec
t
r
i
c
al
eq
ui
pm
en
t
or
hum
an.
F
au
l
t
a
l
s
o
k
new
as
an
abn
or
m
al
c
ondi
t
i
o
n
i
n
a
s
y
s
t
em
,
w
hi
c
h c
a
us
es
f
ai
l
ur
e
i
n
an
el
ec
t
r
i
c
al
de
v
i
c
e.
P
o
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
f
aul
t
is
c
la
s
s
if
ie
d
i
nt
o f
our
t
y
p
es
w
hi
c
h
ar
e
s
hu
nt
f
aul
t
,
s
er
i
e
s
f
aul
t
,
s
y
m
m
et
r
i
c
al
f
aul
t
a
nd
u
ns
y
m
m
et
r
i
c
al
f
aul
t
[
7
-
9
]
.
T
hes
e
f
aul
t
s
c
o
m
m
onl
y
oc
c
ur
i
n t
h
e t
r
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on s
y
s
t
em
and di
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
o
n
s
ys
t
e
m
.
2.
3.
S
e
r
i
es
F
au
l
t
i
n
E
l
ect
r
i
cal
P
o
w
er
S
yst
em
S
er
i
es
f
aul
t
k
new
as
ope
n
c
i
r
c
ui
t
f
aul
t
i
s
a f
aul
t
t
hat
oc
c
ur
s
w
he
n t
her
e
i
s
a f
a
i
l
ur
e
of
one
or
m
or
e c
onduc
t
or
c
a
b
le
s
[
7,
8]
.
T
hi
s
f
aul
t
c
an
be
du
e
t
o t
h
e c
a
bl
e
j
oi
nt
i
ng f
ai
l
ur
e,
br
ok
en f
us
e or
c
onduc
t
or
s
.
T
hi
s
f
aul
t
i
s
al
s
o k
now
n as
un
ba
l
anc
e f
a
ul
t
w
h
i
c
h m
eans
t
her
e i
s
a
di
f
f
er
en
c
e
in
i
m
pedanc
e
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
t
he
i
m
pedanc
e bec
om
e v
er
y
l
a
r
ge v
al
u
e o
n eac
h
ph
as
e
or
c
onduc
t
or
s
.
T
her
e ar
e t
hr
ee t
y
p
es
of
s
er
i
es
f
aul
t
c
an be
oc
c
ur
r
i
n
g i
n t
h
e el
ec
t
r
i
c
al
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
w
hi
c
h
i
s
s
i
ngl
e
ph
as
e
ope
n
c
i
r
c
ui
t
f
aul
t
,
t
w
o
-
ph
as
e
op
en
c
i
r
c
ui
t
f
aul
t
and
t
hr
ee
ph
as
e
op
en
c
i
r
c
ui
t
f
aul
t
.
F
or
s
i
ngl
e
phas
e
f
au
l
t
c
ur
r
ent
,
on
l
y
on
e
phas
e
i
s
i
n
o
pen
c
i
r
c
ui
t
c
o
ndi
t
i
on
an
d
c
an
be
oc
c
ur
r
i
n
g
at
an
y
p
has
e.
F
or
t
w
o
-
ph
as
e ope
n c
i
r
c
ui
t
f
au
l
t
s
,
o
pen c
i
r
c
u
i
t
oc
c
ur
s
at
an
y
t
w
o
-
phas
e or
c
onduc
t
or
on
l
y
.
W
hi
l
e f
or
t
hr
ee
-
ph
as
e op
e
ns
c
i
r
c
ui
t
f
aul
t
s
,
al
l
t
he t
hr
e
e phas
e
s
ar
e i
n open
c
i
r
c
ui
t
c
ond
i
t
i
on.
I
n
a
t
r
ans
m
i
s
s
i
on
l
i
ne
s
y
s
t
em
,
c
ondu
c
t
or
s
c
an
be
i
n
op
en
c
i
r
c
ui
t
f
aul
t
c
ondi
t
i
o
n
w
hen
t
her
e
i
s
br
ok
en or
d
a
m
age on t
he c
ond
uc
t
or
s
.
2.
4.
S
h
u
n
t
F
au
l
t
i
n
E
l
ect
r
i
cal
P
o
w
er
S
yst
em
S
hu
nt
f
aul
t
al
s
o
k
now
n
as
s
hor
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
f
aul
t
i
s
a
t
y
pe
of
f
aul
t
t
hat
oc
c
ur
s
w
he
n
t
her
e
i
s
an
un
w
ant
ed
c
on
nec
t
i
on
b
et
w
ee
n
ph
as
e
an
d
ph
as
e
c
onduc
t
or
or
phas
e
and
gr
o
und
c
on
duc
t
or
(
s
hor
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
c
onn
ec
t
i
o
n)
i
n
an el
ec
t
r
i
c
al
po
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
[
7]
.
T
hi
s
t
y
p
e of
f
aul
t
c
an
c
aus
e dam
age
t
o t
h
e
el
ec
t
r
i
c
al
eq
ui
pm
ent
due
t
o
t
he
h
i
gh
c
ur
r
ent
pr
o
duc
ed
dur
i
ng
a f
au
l
t
.
T
her
e
ar
e f
e
w
f
ac
t
or
s
w
hi
c
h
l
e
ad
t
o
s
hunt
f
aul
t
s
s
uc
h as
br
ok
en i
ns
ul
a
t
i
o
n a
nd f
al
l
i
ng
t
r
ee.
T
her
e
ar
e f
our
f
aul
t
c
at
egor
i
es
of
s
hunt
f
au
l
t
w
hi
c
h ar
e s
i
n
gl
e
ph
as
e t
o
g
r
ound f
au
l
t
(
S
P
G
)
,
p
has
e t
o ph
as
e f
aul
t
(
P
P
)
,
d
oub
l
e
ph
as
e
t
o
gr
ou
nd
f
aul
t
(
D
P
G
)
a
nd
t
hr
ee
p
has
es
t
o
gr
oun
d
f
aul
t
(
T
P
G
)
.
T
hi
s
t
y
pe
of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
25
02
-
4
752
I
J
E
EC
S
V
o
l.
8
,
N
o.
1
,
O
c
t
o
ber
20
17
:
2
06
–
2
12
208
f
aul
t
f
r
equent
l
y
oc
c
ur
s
i
n
t
h
e di
s
t
r
i
but
i
o
n s
y
s
t
em
.
T
he hi
g
hes
t
p
er
c
ent
a
ge f
aul
t
i
s
a s
i
ng
l
e
phas
e
t
o
gr
ou
nd
f
aul
t
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
per
c
ent
ag
e
of
70%
of
t
ot
a
l
f
au
l
t
an
d
f
ol
l
o
w
b
y
p
has
e
t
o
p
has
e
f
aul
t
w
i
t
h
a per
c
ent
ag
e of
15%
of
t
ot
al
f
aul
t
[
1
0
]
.
2.
5.
S
y
m
m
et
r
i
c
al
an
d
U
n
s
y
m
m
et
r
i
cal
F
au
l
t
i
n
E
l
ect
r
i
cal
P
o
w
er
S
yst
em
S
er
i
es
f
aul
t
s
and
s
hun
t
f
aul
t
c
a
n
be
c
a
t
eg
or
i
z
ed
i
nt
o
s
y
m
m
et
r
i
c
al
f
aul
t
an
d
uns
y
m
m
et
r
i
c
al
f
aul
t
s
.
T
he
s
y
m
m
et
r
i
c
al
f
aul
t
i
s
a
l
s
o k
no
w
n
as
ba
l
a
nc
e f
aul
t
an
d
us
ual
l
y
oc
c
ur
w
hen
al
l
p
has
es
c
ond
uc
t
or
i
s
c
onnec
t
ed
t
oget
her
(
s
ho
r
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
)
w
i
t
h
or
w
i
t
h
out
gr
ound
.
U
s
ua
l
l
y
,
t
hi
s
t
y
p
e of
f
aul
t
t
ak
es
pl
ac
e i
n t
h
e t
hr
ee
-
p
has
e s
y
s
t
e
m
onl
y
[
1
1,
12
].
T
he uns
y
m
m
et
r
i
c
al
f
aul
t
i
s
t
he
m
os
t
c
om
m
on
f
aul
t
o
c
c
ur
s
i
n
t
he
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
.
T
hi
s
f
aul
t
a
l
s
o
k
now
n
as
unba
l
a
nc
e f
aul
t
.
T
hi
s
f
aul
t
oc
c
ur
s
w
he
n t
her
e
i
s
unb
a
l
anc
e c
ur
r
en
t
f
l
o
w
i
n t
he s
y
s
t
em
due t
o
hi
g
h c
ur
r
ent
f
l
ow
i
n an
y
p
ha
s
e c
on
duc
t
or
i
n t
he s
y
s
t
em
[
13
]
.
E
x
am
pl
es
of
uns
y
m
m
e
t
r
i
c
al
f
aul
t
ar
e
s
i
ngl
e p
has
e
l
i
ne t
o gr
ou
nd
f
aul
t
,
d
oub
l
e
phas
e
t
o gr
ou
nd f
a
ul
t
an
d ph
as
e t
o
ph
as
e f
aul
t
[
14
]
.
2.
6.
E
ffe
c
t o
f F
a
u
l
t o
n
E
l
e
c
tr
i
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
s
te
m
F
aul
t
us
ua
l
l
y
oc
c
ur
s
i
n
po
w
er
ge
ner
at
i
on
,
t
r
ans
m
i
s
s
i
on,
a
nd
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
.
I
t
m
a
y
af
f
ec
t
t
he per
f
or
m
anc
e of
t
he o
v
er
a
l
l
s
y
s
t
em
.
F
or
ex
am
pl
e,
a
s
hor
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
f
aul
t
or
s
hunt
f
aul
t
m
a
y
c
aus
e hi
gh c
ur
r
ent
f
l
o
w
i
n t
he s
y
s
t
em
.
T
hus
i
t
w
i
l
l
c
au
s
e dam
age t
o t
h
e e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
po
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
and t
he c
o
nnec
t
e
d e
qui
pm
ent
[
1
5
]
.
F
aul
t
a
l
s
o c
an c
a
u
s
e t
he o
v
er
al
l
op
er
at
i
on
t
o
m
i
s
s
oper
at
i
on.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e,
hi
gh c
ur
r
ent
o
r
v
ol
t
age pr
oduc
e
d b
y
t
he f
aul
t
m
a
y
c
a
us
e dam
age t
o
t
he c
ond
uc
t
or
i
ns
ul
at
i
on.
F
a
ul
t
a
l
s
o
c
an
b
e
har
m
f
ul
t
o
hum
an
and
m
a
y
c
aus
e
f
at
al
.
S
par
k
or
ar
c
pr
oduc
e
f
r
o
m
f
aul
t
m
a
y
l
ead
t
o
an
ex
pl
o
s
i
on or
f
i
r
e
i
n
el
ec
t
r
i
c
al
e
q
ui
pm
ent
[
16
]
.
F
or
ex
am
pl
e,
i
f
a
v
ol
t
age
i
s
f
l
ow
i
ng
t
hr
o
ugh
a
t
r
a
ns
f
or
m
er
m
or
e
t
han
t
he
t
r
a
ns
f
or
m
er
v
ol
t
age
r
at
i
ng,
t
he
t
r
an
s
f
or
m
e
r
c
an
be
ex
pl
o
ded and d
am
age.
A
s
a r
es
ul
t
,
t
he
equ
i
pm
ent
i
s
i
n m
ai
nt
en
anc
e s
t
a
t
us
or
ev
e
n dam
age.
N
ei
t
her
one
pos
s
i
bi
l
i
t
y
r
equ
i
r
es
a
hi
gh
c
os
t
t
o f
i
x
t
h
e
pr
obl
em
.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e,
t
he e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
al
po
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
equi
pm
ent
i
s
v
er
y
ex
pens
i
v
e,
a
nd
t
he
f
aul
t
m
a
y
c
a
us
e
f
i
n
anc
i
al
l
os
s
.
M
or
eov
er
,
a
f
aul
t
c
an c
aus
e
an
i
nt
er
r
upt
i
o
n i
n
t
r
ans
m
i
t
t
i
ng po
w
er
s
upp
l
y
t
o t
h
e
c
ons
um
er
and
m
ay
i
nt
er
r
upt
t
h
e
pr
oduc
t
i
on of
an i
ndus
t
r
y
.
T
her
ef
or
e,
ac
t
i
o
n s
hou
l
d b
e t
ak
en t
o pr
ev
e
nt
f
aul
t
s
f
r
o
m
oc
c
ur
r
i
ng an
d
i
s
ol
a
t
e
t
h
e
ex
i
s
t
i
ng
s
y
s
t
em
f
r
o
m
bei
ng
af
f
ec
t
ed
b
y
t
he
f
aul
t
.
A
p
pl
y
i
ng
a
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
uc
h
as
r
el
a
y
,
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
e
ak
er
and f
us
e
m
a
y
he
l
p
i
n
pr
e
v
e
n
t
i
ng
f
aul
t
s
f
r
om
dam
agi
ng t
he
c
on
nec
t
e
d
equ
i
pm
ent
.
A
p
pl
i
c
at
i
on
of
f
aul
t
l
oc
at
i
on d
et
ec
t
i
on
m
e
t
hod
al
s
o c
a
n as
s
i
s
t
i
n f
i
n
di
n
g t
h
e f
aul
t
s
our
c
e l
oc
at
i
o
n an
d f
as
t
en t
he t
r
ou
bl
es
hoo
t
i
n
g pr
oc
es
s
.
3
.
C
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
F
a
u
l
t L
o
c
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
F
aul
t
c
om
m
onl
y
oc
c
ur
s
i
n
t
he d
i
s
t
r
i
bu
t
i
o
n par
t
of
t
he el
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
po
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
.
Mos
t
of
t
hem
ar
e
c
aus
ed
b
y
c
er
t
ai
n
nat
ur
al
ph
en
om
ena
s
uc
h
as
w
i
nd
or
t
h
und
er
s
t
or
m
w
hi
c
h
w
i
l
l
c
aus
e
i
nc
i
d
enc
e s
uc
h
as
t
r
ees
k
noc
k
i
ng do
w
n t
h
e
t
r
ans
m
i
s
s
i
on l
i
ne
af
t
er
s
t
r
ok
e b
y
l
i
g
ht
n
i
ng
[
17
].
T
her
ef
or
e,
t
o
m
ai
nt
ai
n
t
he
c
ont
i
n
ui
t
y
of
po
w
er
s
up
pl
y
t
he
z
one
af
f
ec
t
ed
b
y
t
he
f
aul
t
s
h
oul
d
be
i
s
ol
a
t
ed.
H
enc
e,
i
de
nt
i
t
y
f
aul
t
l
oc
at
i
on
i
s
t
he pr
i
or
i
t
y
t
as
k
.
T
he c
onv
ent
i
on
al
m
et
hod t
hat
i
s
av
a
i
l
ab
l
e a
nd
ap
pl
i
ed t
od
a
y
i
s
t
r
av
e
l
i
ng
w
a
v
e b
as
ed m
et
ho
d and
i
m
pedanc
e b
as
e
d m
et
hod.
T
he
r
ev
i
e
w
of
t
hes
e m
et
hods
i
s
pr
e
s
ent
e
d i
n t
h
e f
ol
l
o
w
i
ng s
ec
t
i
on
.
3.
1
.
T
r
av
el
i
n
g
W
av
e M
et
h
o
d
F
aul
t
l
oc
a
t
i
o
n
us
i
ng
t
r
av
e
l
i
n
g
w
a
v
e
t
ec
h
nol
og
y
i
s
app
l
i
e
d
i
n
t
he
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
l
i
ne
s
y
s
t
em
.
I
t
c
an
be
don
e
b
y
us
i
ng
t
h
e t
i
m
e t
ak
en f
or
a p
ul
s
e
w
a
v
e
t
o
t
r
av
el
t
o
an
d f
r
om
f
aul
t
p
oi
nt
t
o t
h
e f
i
x
r
ef
er
enc
e po
i
nt
w
h
er
e t
h
e m
eas
ur
em
ent
i
s
t
ak
en [
18
].
F
i
gur
e
1.
W
av
e t
r
av
e
l
i
ng m
et
ho
d [
1
9
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
EC
S
IS
S
N
:
2
502
-
4
752
F
aul
t
Loc
at
i
o
n T
ec
hn
i
q
ues
i
n E
l
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
P
ow
er
…
(
H
ui
H
w
ang G
oh
)
209
W
av
e t
r
av
el
i
n
g m
e
t
hod i
s
as
s
how
n i
n F
i
gur
e
1
. R
e
c
o
r
d nodes
t
h
e po
i
nt
w
h
er
e t
he
pul
s
e
w
a
v
e
i
s
goi
ng
t
o
be
t
r
ans
m
i
t
t
ed.
I
t
i
s
a
l
s
o
t
h
e
p
oi
nt
w
her
e
t
he
pu
l
s
e
w
i
l
l
b
e
r
ef
l
ec
t
ed
t
oo.
T
her
ef
or
e,
t
he s
um
of
t
he per
i
od f
or
t
h
e p
ul
s
e
w
a
v
e t
o
t
r
av
el
t
o
t
he
f
aul
t
an
d r
ef
l
ec
t
o
n t
h
e
r
ec
or
d
node
w
i
l
l
b
e
m
eas
ur
ed
t
o
i
d
ent
i
f
y
t
h
e
l
oc
at
i
o
n
o
f
t
he
f
aul
t
oc
c
ur
r
enc
e
of
t
he
t
r
ans
m
i
s
s
i
on
s
ys
t
e
m
.
T
he adv
a
nt
ag
e of
t
hi
s
m
et
hod i
s
t
ha
t
t
he
l
oa
d v
ar
i
a
nc
e
,
s
er
i
es
c
apac
i
t
or
bank
,
an
d hi
g
h
gr
oun
di
n
g r
es
i
s
t
a
nc
e
w
i
l
l
n
ot
af
f
ec
t
t
he l
oc
at
i
on t
ec
hni
que.
T
her
e
ar
e t
w
o t
y
pes
of
t
r
av
e
l
i
ng
w
a
v
e
bas
ed f
aul
t
l
oc
at
or
m
et
hod w
hi
c
h
i
s
t
he s
i
ngl
e t
er
m
i
nal
l
oc
at
i
ons
as
ex
p
l
a
i
n
ed ear
l
i
er
a
nd
anot
her
t
y
pe
w
h
i
c
h i
s
t
he d
oub
l
e t
er
m
i
nal
l
oc
at
i
on [
20
]
.
U
nl
i
k
e s
i
ngl
e t
er
m
i
nal
l
oc
at
i
on
t
ec
hn
i
qu
e
,
t
her
e ar
e no n
eeds
of
c
ons
i
der
i
ng t
h
e f
ol
l
o
w
-
up s
i
g
nal
.
B
ot
h s
i
des
of
t
he l
i
n
e
end m
us
t
be
i
ns
t
a
l
l
e
d
w
i
t
h t
he d
at
a ac
q
u
i
s
i
t
i
on
w
h
i
c
h m
us
t
be s
y
nc
h
r
oni
z
ed
w
i
t
h
t
h
e G
P
S
c
l
oc
k
t
o eac
h ot
h
er
[
21
].
T
he
di
s
ad
v
an
t
ag
e
of
w
av
e
t
r
av
e
l
i
ng
m
et
hod
i
s
t
hat
t
he
equ
i
pm
ent
and
de
v
i
c
es
us
ed
i
n
t
h
e
te
c
hni
que
ar
e
v
er
y
ex
p
ens
i
v
e s
uc
h
as
G
P
S
an
d t
r
a
ns
i
ent
w
av
ef
or
m
c
apt
ur
i
ng s
e
ns
or
s
.
3.
2.
I
m
p
ed
an
c
e B
a
sed
M
et
h
o
d
I
n an
el
ec
t
r
i
c
al
po
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
,
t
he appe
ar
anc
e
i
m
pedanc
e
i
s
s
ens
i
t
i
v
e t
o s
m
al
l
l
o
ad
v
ar
i
at
i
on.
A
s
t
he
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
o
n
gen
er
at
i
on
v
ar
i
es
,
t
he
i
m
peda
nc
e
v
ar
i
es
as
w
e
l
l
[
22
].
T
h
i
s
m
e
t
hod
pr
opos
e
d b
y
Mot
a
z
a
v
i
i
n [
23
]
f
or
r
ev
er
s
e po
w
er
f
l
ow
d
et
ec
t
i
on.
A
f
aul
t
c
an
b
e i
de
nt
i
f
i
e
d b
y
obs
er
v
i
ng
t
h
e r
ed
uc
t
i
o
n
i
n
v
o
l
t
a
ge
w
i
t
hi
n a
n o
per
at
i
on a
nd
t
he
n a
pp
l
i
e
d
i
n
t
h
e c
al
c
u
l
at
i
on
of
i
m
pedanc
e
of
t
he
el
ec
t
r
i
c
po
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
[
24
]
.
F
i
g
ur
e
3 s
ho
w
s
t
h
e s
i
m
pl
e
c
i
r
c
ui
t
of
i
m
pedanc
e
bas
ed
m
et
hod.
T
he
i
m
por
t
ant
m
eas
ur
em
ent
i
n
f
i
n
di
n
g
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
anc
e
of
t
he
f
aul
t
f
r
o
m
t
he
m
eas
ur
e
m
ent
node
,
i
s
t
h
e
v
a
l
ue
of
i
m
pedanc
e p
er
un
i
t
of
t
he l
i
n
e of
t
he
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
o
n s
y
s
t
em
.
F
i
gur
e
3
. Im
pedanc
e
B
as
e
d Met
hod
Man
y
ot
her
a
ppr
o
ac
hes
c
a
n
be
us
ed
t
o
c
al
c
u
l
at
e
t
he
di
s
t
anc
e
s
uc
h
as
i
n
[
2
5
]
us
es
t
he
c
onv
er
s
i
on
of
t
he
es
t
i
m
at
e
d
ap
par
e
nt
r
e
ac
t
anc
e
of
l
i
n
e
t
o
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
anc
e
r
eq
ui
r
e
d
f
or
t
he
l
oc
at
i
on
es
t
i
m
at
i
on.
A
n
ot
her
t
ec
hn
i
que us
ed
T
he
v
en
i
n
equ
i
v
a
l
ent
m
et
hod t
o
c
al
c
u
l
at
e t
h
e f
aul
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
and
c
ur
r
ent
t
o
l
oc
at
e
t
he
f
aul
t
.
T
he
ad
v
a
nt
a
ge
of
i
m
pedanc
e
bas
e
d
m
et
hod
i
s
t
ha
t
i
t
i
s
c
h
ea
per
c
o
m
par
ed t
o
t
r
a
v
e
l
i
n
g
w
av
e m
et
hod as
i
t
on
l
y
r
equ
i
r
es
m
eas
ur
e
m
ent
dat
a
of
t
he d
i
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
on
l
i
n
e.
A
s
a
r
es
ul
t
,
t
h
e
ac
c
ur
ac
y
of
t
he
m
et
hod
i
s
bas
e
d
on
t
he
da
t
a
t
ak
en
f
r
o
m
t
he
s
y
s
t
em
.
T
he
dat
a
ne
eds
t
o b
e f
r
eque
nt
l
y
r
ec
or
d
ed
as
a
pur
p
os
e
of
m
oni
t
or
i
ng
t
he
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
po
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
t
her
e
ar
e s
om
e di
s
ad
v
a
nt
ag
es
of
us
i
n
g
i
m
peda
nc
e b
as
ed m
et
hod
.
T
he f
i
r
s
t
on
e i
s
t
ha
t
t
he
i
nac
c
ur
ac
y
of
t
he
f
aul
t
l
oc
at
i
on
det
ec
t
i
o
n m
i
gh
t
be
du
e t
o t
he c
h
ang
es
of
t
he t
r
ac
t
i
on
l
i
n
e
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e.
B
es
i
des
t
hat
,
ac
c
ur
ac
y
i
s
al
s
o
i
nf
l
u
enc
ed
b
y
t
he t
r
a
ns
i
t
i
on r
es
i
s
t
anc
e
an
d har
m
oni
c
.
3.
3
.
A
r
ti
fi
c
i
a
l
F
a
u
l
t L
o
c
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
T
o f
ul
f
i
l
l
t
h
e d
em
an
d of
c
on
s
u
m
er
,
m
or
e adv
anc
e
d
and
ac
c
ur
at
e
t
ec
hn
i
q
ues
ar
e
n
eede
d
t
o a
dapt
t
o
t
h
e n
e
w
c
om
pl
ex
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
.
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
el
l
i
g
enc
e
i
s
ap
pl
i
ed
t
o r
es
ol
v
e
c
o
m
pl
ex
t
y
pe
d
i
s
t
r
i
bu
t
i
o
n s
y
s
t
em
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
p
aper
,
t
h
er
e
w
i
l
l
be
t
w
o
t
y
pes
of
ar
t
i
f
i
c
i
al
i
nt
el
l
i
gen
ce
t
hat
i
s
r
ev
i
e
w
ed
w
hi
c
h
i
s
t
h
e f
u
z
z
y
l
og
i
c
an
d t
h
e n
eur
a
l
net
w
or
k
.
3.
3
.
1
.
F
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
I
n s
o
m
e el
ec
t
r
i
c
po
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
s
,
t
he c
onv
en
t
i
o
na
l
al
g
or
i
t
hm
i
s
not
s
ui
t
abl
e t
o pr
oduc
e
t
he i
nf
or
m
at
i
on and
l
oc
at
i
on f
or
t
he
m
ai
nt
ena
nc
e o
per
at
i
on.
I
t
w
i
l
l
be m
or
e
appr
o
pr
i
at
e t
o
i
m
pl
em
ent
t
he f
uz
z
y
-
ba
s
e
d appr
o
ac
hed
as
m
ent
i
on
i
n [
26
,
27
]
.
T
hi
s
m
et
hod c
onc
ept
i
s
t
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
25
02
-
4
752
I
J
E
EC
S
V
o
l.
8
,
N
o.
1
,
O
c
t
o
ber
20
17
:
2
06
–
2
12
210
pr
oduc
e n
um
ber
s
o
f
f
uz
z
y
r
ul
es
f
or
eac
h t
y
pe of
f
a
ul
t
a
v
a
i
l
a
bl
e.
T
hi
s
not
onl
y
ena
bl
es
t
he
s
y
s
t
em
t
o det
ec
t
and l
oc
a
t
e t
he f
aul
t
but
a
l
s
o i
d
ent
i
f
i
es
t
he t
y
p
e o
f
f
aul
t
t
hat
oc
c
ur
r
ed.
T
he
adv
ant
ages
of
f
u
z
z
y
-
bas
e
d
appr
oac
h
ar
e
t
h
at
i
t
i
s
f
l
e
x
i
bl
e
i
n
t
he
as
p
ec
t
of
t
he
i
nput
v
a
l
ue
and
m
eas
ur
e
m
ent
ac
c
ur
ac
y
.
T
hi
s
i
s
bec
a
us
e t
h
e m
eas
ur
em
ent
ac
c
ur
ac
y
de
pen
ds
on
t
he
r
ul
es
det
er
m
i
ned
i
n
t
he
d
es
i
g
ni
n
g
pr
oc
es
s
of
t
he
f
u
z
z
y
l
og
i
c
s
y
s
t
em
.
T
he
m
or
e
s
ol
i
d
t
he
m
e
m
ber
s
hi
p
f
unc
t
i
on
of
t
he
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
gi
c
s
y
s
t
em
,
t
he m
or
e ac
c
ur
at
e t
h
e s
y
s
t
em
.
I
n t
he
s
i
t
uat
i
on
w
h
er
e t
he
m
eas
ur
e
m
ent
i
s
i
n
ac
c
ur
at
e
,
t
he
f
u
z
z
y
s
et
s
pr
ov
i
d
e
m
or
e
i
nf
or
m
at
i
on
as
a
s
i
n
gl
e
i
n
put
c
an
us
e
m
ul
t
i
pl
e m
e
m
ber
s
hi
p de
gr
ee
s
t
o b
e us
ed
i
n t
he c
a
l
c
ul
at
i
o
n f
or
a hi
g
her
ac
c
ur
a
c
y
.
O
ne
of
an
ex
am
pl
e of
a
f
uz
z
y
l
o
gi
c
ap
pl
i
c
a
t
i
o
n w
i
t
h s
o
l
i
d m
e
m
ber
s
h
i
p
f
unc
t
i
on
w
as
s
i
m
ul
at
ed
i
n
[
2
8
]
w
her
e
t
he s
y
s
t
em
i
s
c
apab
l
e
of
de
t
ec
t
i
n
g a
nd
c
l
as
s
i
f
y
i
ng
al
l
t
y
pes
of
s
hu
nt
f
au
l
t
s
ac
c
ur
at
e
l
y
.
O
t
her
t
han
t
hat
,
t
he
s
y
s
t
em
i
s
i
m
m
une t
o
t
he
v
ar
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
n r
es
i
s
t
anc
e of
t
h
e f
au
l
t
,
i
nt
er
c
ept
i
on
an
gl
e
a
nd
l
oc
at
i
on
of
t
he f
aul
t
.
3.
3
.
2
.
N
eu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
S
y
s
t
em
f
aul
t
i
s
t
h
e gr
eat
es
t
t
hr
ea
t
t
o
t
h
e e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
po
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
,
es
pec
i
a
l
l
y
i
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
s
uppl
y
.
T
hi
s
i
s
bec
aus
e
f
a
ul
t
s
c
ons
i
s
t
of
m
an
y
t
y
p
es
and
ar
e
u
na
v
o
i
da
bl
e.
T
her
ef
or
e,
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
hat
c
a
n de
t
ec
t
a
nd c
l
as
s
i
f
i
ed
t
he f
au
l
t
oc
c
ur
r
enc
e i
s
nee
ded
t
o
pr
ot
ec
t
t
he
eq
ui
pm
ent
i
n t
h
e
el
ec
t
r
i
c
po
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
.
D
ue t
o a
n i
nc
r
eas
i
n
gl
y
s
o
phi
s
t
i
c
at
ed
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
,
t
he
pr
oc
edur
e
t
o
de
al
w
i
t
h
f
aul
t
and
t
he
pos
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
of
det
ec
t
i
ng
a
f
aul
t
i
s
t
he
s
y
s
t
em
bec
om
es
m
or
e
c
o
m
pl
i
c
at
e
d.
T
her
ef
or
e,
ar
t
i
f
i
c
i
al
n
eur
a
l
net
w
or
k
i
s
one of
t
he s
ol
ut
i
on
s
t
o s
o
l
v
e t
he pr
ot
ec
t
i
on
i
s
s
ues
as
i
t
c
an
b
e
t
r
ai
ned
es
pec
i
a
l
l
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e ab
i
l
i
t
y
t
o t
r
ai
n
w
i
t
h of
f
-
l
i
ne
dat
a [
2
9
]
.
T
o
det
ec
t
f
aul
t
l
oc
at
i
on,
t
he
ar
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
neur
a
l
ne
t
w
or
k
needs
t
o
b
e
t
r
ai
ned
w
i
t
h
par
am
et
er
s
or
i
np
ut
s
uc
h
as
v
o
l
t
ag
e ph
as
e (
)
and t
he
an
gl
e (
∅
)
f
r
o
m
t
he
m
eas
ur
e
m
e
nt
no
de.
S
i
m
i
l
ar
t
o
ot
h
er
f
aul
t
d
et
ec
t
i
o
n
and
l
oc
at
i
on m
et
hod
ar
t
i
f
i
c
i
al
n
eur
a
l
net
w
or
k
al
s
o us
e t
w
o a
ppr
oac
h
es
i
n f
i
ndi
ng t
h
e f
aul
t
l
oc
at
i
on
i
n t
he
t
r
ans
m
i
s
s
i
on l
i
ne
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
t
h
e
one
-
e
nd
m
eas
ur
e
m
ent
and
t
w
o
-
e
nd
m
eas
ur
e
m
ent
.
O
t
her
t
h
an
det
ec
t
i
n
g
t
he
f
aul
t
lo
c
a
t
io
n
in
t
he
t
r
ans
m
i
s
s
i
on
l
i
ne,
t
h
e
ar
t
i
f
i
c
i
al
n
eur
al
net
w
or
k
al
s
o
app
l
i
e
d i
n t
h
e l
oc
a
t
i
o
n or
det
ec
t
i
on
of
hi
gh
i
m
pedan
c
e f
aul
t
i
n
t
he
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
.
T
he
dr
a
w
bac
k
of
t
he app
l
i
c
at
i
o
n of
ar
t
i
f
i
c
i
al
ne
ur
al
net
w
o
r
k
i
n f
aul
t
l
oc
at
i
ng
i
s
t
hat
des
i
g
ni
n
g
t
he
s
y
s
t
em
i
s
t
i
m
e t
o c
ons
u
m
e as
t
he s
y
s
t
em
needed t
o be t
r
ai
ned us
i
ng l
ar
ge s
i
z
e of
dat
a t
o
ens
ur
e an ac
c
ur
at
e out
pu
t
of
t
he s
y
s
t
em
.
H
ow
ev
er
,
i
t
i
s
pr
ov
en i
n [
30
]
t
hat
t
he r
es
ul
t
of
s
i
m
ul
at
i
on
of
f
aul
t
det
ec
t
i
on
us
i
ng
t
he
ar
t
i
f
i
c
i
al
ne
u
r
al
n
et
w
or
k
i
s
r
e
l
i
ab
l
e
as
t
he
s
y
s
t
em
'
s
oper
at
i
n
g t
i
m
e i
s
13m
s
af
t
er
f
aul
t
oc
c
ur
r
enc
e.
3.
4
.
F
a
u
l
t
P
r
o
te
c
ti
o
n
D
e
v
i
c
e
i
n
E
l
e
c
tr
i
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
s
te
m
T
her
e ar
e f
our
c
onv
ent
i
on
al
t
y
p
es
of
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on de
v
i
c
e us
ed i
n t
h
e el
ec
t
r
i
c
al
po
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
w
hi
c
h i
s
f
us
e,
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
eak
er
,
r
el
a
y
a
nd l
i
g
ht
n
i
n
g ar
r
es
t
or
.
T
hi
s
pr
ot
ec
t
i
v
e
dev
i
c
e i
s
us
ed
t
o pr
ot
ec
t
t
he
el
ec
t
r
i
c
al
po
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
f
r
o
m
f
aul
t
.
3.
4
.1
. F
u
s
e
F
us
e
i
s
a
t
y
pe
of
pr
ot
ec
t
i
v
e
dev
i
c
e
us
e
d
t
o
d
i
s
c
onn
ec
t
t
he
f
aul
t
f
r
om
t
he
po
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
.
T
he s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e of
f
us
e c
ons
i
s
t
s
of
a t
hi
n c
op
per
w
i
r
e l
oc
at
ed
i
ns
i
de a
c
y
l
i
n
der
t
u
be
w
i
t
h t
w
o m
et
al
c
ont
ac
t
s
.
T
he c
opp
er
w
i
r
e
w
i
l
l
br
eak
do
w
n
w
he
n a
hi
g
h c
ur
r
ent
pr
od
uc
e f
r
o
m
f
aul
t
i
s
f
l
o
w
i
n
g
th
r
oug
h i
t
[
31
]
.
O
nc
e t
he
c
opper
w
i
r
e has
br
ok
en,
t
he po
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
w
i
l
l
be i
n ope
n c
i
r
c
ui
t
c
ondi
t
i
o
n a
nd
i
s
ol
at
ed
f
r
o
m
t
he f
au
l
t
.
F
us
e c
an
be
us
e
d f
or
m
an
y
a
pp
l
i
c
at
i
o
ns
s
uc
h as
e
l
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t
r
i
c
a
l
m
a
c
hi
ne pr
o
t
ec
t
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on,
c
o
ndu
c
t
or
w
i
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a
nd e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
e
qui
pm
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.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
f
us
e r
equ
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ed t
o b
e
r
epl
ac
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d
m
anual
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onc
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br
ok
en.
F
us
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c
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b
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d
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v
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d
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o
f
e
w
c
at
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or
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h
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c
h
a
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l
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w
v
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t
a
ge
f
us
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hi
g
h
v
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l
t
a
ge f
us
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L
o
w
v
o
l
t
ag
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us
e us
u
al
l
y
us
es
f
or
t
he
i
ndus
t
r
i
al
and
dom
es
t
i
c
app
l
i
c
at
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on
.
W
hi
l
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hi
gh
v
ol
t
age
f
us
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us
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s
f
or
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gh
v
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ap
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as
t
r
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m
i
s
s
i
on
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y
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or
s
ubs
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at
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on
.
3.
4
.2
. C
ir
c
u
it
B
r
eak
er
C
i
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c
ui
t
br
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s
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h
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hat
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up
t
t
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l
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w
of
c
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r
ent
i
n t
h
e e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
s
y
s
t
em
.
T
he c
ur
r
ent
f
l
o
w
i
s
i
nt
er
r
u
pt
e
d
w
h
en
t
he
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
eak
er
c
han
ges
t
h
e c
ond
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t
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on
of
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s
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s
t
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f
r
o
m
a c
l
os
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i
r
c
ui
t
i
nt
o
a
n ope
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i
r
c
ui
t
.
C
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c
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i
t
br
eak
er
us
ual
l
y
c
om
bi
ne
s
w
i
t
h a
r
e
l
a
y
w
hi
c
h r
el
a
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w
i
l
l
gi
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m
and t
o t
he c
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r
c
ui
t
br
eak
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t
o ope
n t
he c
i
r
c
ui
t
.
C
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r
c
ui
t
b
r
eak
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i
s
v
er
y
i
m
por
t
ant
i
n
t
he
el
ec
t
r
i
c
al
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
w
h
i
c
h
h
el
ps
i
n
pr
ot
ec
t
i
ng
t
he
el
ec
t
r
i
c
al
e
qui
pm
ent
f
r
o
m
a
f
f
ec
t
ed b
y
t
he
f
aul
t
c
ur
r
ent
[
3
2
]
.
T
her
e
ar
e
a f
e
w
e
x
am
pl
es
of
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
e
ak
er
us
ed
i
n
t
he
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
EC
S
IS
S
N
:
2
502
-
4
752
F
aul
t
Loc
at
i
o
n T
ec
hn
i
q
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i
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l
ec
t
r
i
c
a
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P
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…
(
H
ui
H
w
ang G
oh
)
211
el
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
po
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
w
hi
c
h i
s
ai
r
c
i
r
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ui
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br
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v
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c
i
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,
oi
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c
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t
br
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and s
u
l
f
ur
hex
af
l
uor
i
de (
S
F
6)
c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
e
ak
er
.
3.
4
.
3
.
P
r
o
t
ect
i
v
e
R
el
a
y
P
r
ot
ec
t
i
on r
e
l
a
y
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s
t
y
p
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f
pr
ot
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i
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ha
t
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age
or
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ur
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as
t
h
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put
s
our
c
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f
or
m
t
r
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p
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t
h
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aul
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s
m
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t
h
e c
har
ac
t
er
i
s
t
i
c
of
t
he r
el
a
y
.
R
el
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s
t
r
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t
ur
e c
ons
i
s
t
s
of
a
m
a
gnet
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c
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a
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ont
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.
T
hi
s
c
ont
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t
w
o c
on
d
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t
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on
w
h
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s
nor
m
al
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N
O
)
and no
r
m
al
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c
l
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N
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)
c
ondi
t
i
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.
W
hen
f
aul
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oc
c
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s
,
f
aul
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c
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w
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f
l
o
w
t
hr
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h t
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a
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t
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w
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a
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at
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T
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e
a
v
ar
i
o
us
t
y
p
e
of
r
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a
y
us
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d
i
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l
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t
r
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c
a
l
po
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s
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s
t
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s
s
uc
h
as
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c
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r
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a
y
,
d
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f
f
er
e
nt
i
a
l
r
el
a
y
an
d
di
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
al
r
el
a
y
[
33
].
3.
4
.
4
.
L
i
g
h
tn
i
n
g
A
r
r
est
o
r
Li
g
ht
n
i
ng
ar
r
es
t
or
i
s
a
pr
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t
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t
i
o
n de
v
i
c
e us
ed
t
o pr
o
t
ec
t
el
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t
r
i
c
al
equ
i
pm
ent
f
r
om
a
lig
h
t
n
in
g
s
t
r
ik
e
[
34]
.
U
s
ua
l
l
y
,
t
he
l
i
g
ht
n
i
n
g
ar
r
es
t
or
i
s
m
ade
of
m
et
al
r
od
i
ns
t
a
l
l
e
d
on
t
he
t
o
p
of
a
bui
l
d
i
ng.
T
he r
od i
s
c
on
ne
c
t
ed di
r
ec
t
l
y
t
o t
he gr
oun
d
t
hr
oug
h t
h
e
w
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r
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t
o g
i
v
e
a s
af
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h f
or
l
i
g
ht
n
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t
o
be
d
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s
c
har
ge
d
di
r
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t
l
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t
o
t
he
gr
o
und
w
i
t
h
o
ut
af
f
ec
t
i
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t
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s
y
s
t
em
or
an
y
e
qui
pm
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.
Li
g
ht
n
i
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ar
r
es
t
or
i
s
us
ed
at
t
he
s
ubs
t
at
i
on s
y
s
t
em
.
Li
gh
t
ni
ng
i
s
v
er
y
da
nger
o
us
bec
aus
e i
t
c
ar
r
i
es
a
v
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y
hi
gh
v
ol
t
ag
e
and
c
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w
hi
c
h
c
an
c
a
u
s
e
s
ev
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e
d
am
age
t
o
t
he
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l
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t
r
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equi
pm
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and
i
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e
r
r
upt
t
he
pr
oc
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s
of
t
r
ans
m
i
t
t
i
n
g po
w
er
t
o
t
he c
ons
um
er
.
4
.
C
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
T
h
is
p
aper
di
s
c
us
s
es
t
y
p
e
of
f
aul
t
oc
c
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s
i
n
t
he
e
l
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t
r
i
c
al
po
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er
s
y
s
t
em
and
t
ec
h
ni
q
ue
us
ed t
o
l
oc
at
e t
he f
au
l
t
a
nd a
l
s
o t
he
gen
er
al
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on
de
v
i
c
e
us
ed t
o
i
s
ol
at
e
t
he e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
s
y
s
t
em
at
f
aul
t
.
I
n
g
ener
a
l
,
t
her
e
ar
e
a
f
e
w
t
y
pes
of
f
aul
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t
hat
f
r
equent
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r
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t
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s
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w
h
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s
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f
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,
s
h
unt
f
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m
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t
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c
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f
au
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a
nd
uns
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m
et
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f
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t
.
S
hu
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f
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s
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s
ev
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al
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p
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w
h
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c
h i
s
a s
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l
e
pha
s
e t
o
gr
oun
d f
aul
t
(
S
P
G
)
,
p
has
e t
o p
has
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f
aul
t
(
P
P
)
,
do
ub
l
e ph
as
e t
o gr
oun
d f
aul
t
(
D
P
G
)
and
t
hr
ee ph
as
es
t
o gr
oun
d f
aul
t
(
T
P
G
)
.
T
hi
s
t
y
p
e
of
f
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t
f
r
eque
nt
l
y
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c
c
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s
i
n
t
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t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
and
di
s
t
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but
i
on
s
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s
t
em
,
and
i
t
happ
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b
ec
aus
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of
w
i
nd,
l
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ght
ni
ng,
f
al
l
t
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e
e an
d p
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c
ondi
t
i
o
n of
t
he
i
ns
u
l
at
or
.
F
aul
t
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s
a
v
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s
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ous
m
at
t
er
i
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t
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t
r
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s
t
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w
hi
c
h
i
t
c
a
n
d
am
a
ge t
h
e
el
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
eq
ui
pm
ent
and
i
nt
er
r
u
pt
t
he
ent
i
r
e
po
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s
y
s
t
em
.
F
aul
t
l
oc
at
i
on
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hni
que
a
n
d
pr
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t
i
on de
v
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e ar
e a m
et
ho
d t
hat
c
an b
e us
ed i
n el
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t
r
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c
a
l
po
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y
s
t
em
t
o
det
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m
i
ne t
he
l
oc
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on
of
t
h
e f
au
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t
a
nd
pr
ev
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nt
f
au
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t
s
f
r
om
da
m
agi
n
g t
h
e
el
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t
r
i
c
al
eq
ui
pm
ent
.
F
au
l
t
l
oc
at
i
o
n
t
ec
hni
que
c
an
be
c
l
as
s
i
f
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ed
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nt
o
t
w
o
w
h
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c
h
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s
c
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nv
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ona
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f
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l
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t
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h
ni
qu
e
an
d
ar
t
i
f
i
c
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al
f
aul
t
l
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t
i
o
n t
ec
h
ni
q
ue.
T
her
e ar
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w
o m
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hods
us
e
d i
n c
on
v
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f
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ni
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c
h
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v
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m
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i
m
pedanc
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b
as
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F
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f
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l
f
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t
w
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hi
c
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s
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uz
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l
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c
m
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a neur
a
l
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m
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T
he c
onv
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i
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m
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hod i
s
s
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m
pl
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and
m
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06
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12
212
R
ef
er
en
ces
[1
]
U
S
C
anada
P
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er
S
y
s
t
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m
O
ut
age
T
as
k
F
or
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04.
[2
]
S
w
apni
l
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ohod
,
V
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s
N
G
hat
e.
T
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q
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R
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s
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put
er
S
y
s
t
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s
.
201
2
: 8
(2
)
.
[3
]
P
aul
M
A
nder
s
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A
n
al
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s
i
s
of
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ul
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P
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y
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.
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P
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S
P
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S
y
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E
ngi
ne
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i
n
g S
er
i
es
,
197
3.
[4
]
K
undur
P
,
B
al
u
N
J
,
Lauby
M
G
.
P
ow
er
s
y
s
t
em
s
t
a
bi
l
i
t
y
and
c
ont
r
ol
.
N
ew
Y
or
k
:
M
c
G
r
aw
-
h
ill
.
1994
;
1.
[5
]
S
S
G
ur
ur
aj
ap
at
hy
,
H
M
ok
hl
i
s
,
H
A
I
l
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a
s
.
F
aul
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l
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on an
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det
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c
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on
:
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.
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us
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E
n
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ev
.
2
016;
74:
949
–
958.
[6
]
I
s
er
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ann
R
.
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2
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):
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[7
]
A
nder
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A
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s
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M
.
A
nal
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s
i
s
of
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s
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s
.
N
ew
Y
or
k
:
I
E
E
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pr
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s
;
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995 J
un 26.
[8
]
L
C
C
am
p
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.
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l
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P
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ans
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s
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E
ngi
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er
i
ng A
nal
y
s
i
s
and D
e
s
i
gn.
P
ow
er
E
ng.
J
.
1989;
3(
2)
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[9
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D
W
P
a
t
r
i
c
k
.
A
nal
y
s
i
s
o
f
F
a
ul
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s
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n O
v
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r
ans
m
i
s
s
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o
n L
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es
.
C
a
l
i
f
or
ni
a S
t
at
e U
ni
v
er
s
i
t
y
.
2012.
[
10]
P
K
Li
m
,
D
S
Do
r
r
.
U
nd
er
s
t
and
i
ng a
nd r
e
s
ol
v
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t
age
s
ag
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obl
em
s
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nd
us
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r
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a
l
c
us
t
om
er
s
.
I
E
E
E
P
ow
er
E
ng.
S
oc
.
C
on
f
.
P
r
o
c
.
2
000;
4:
2
886
–
2890
.
[
11]
T
G
önen.
T
r
ans
m
i
s
s
i
on
S
y
s
t
e
m
E
ng
i
neer
i
ng
A
nal
y
s
i
s
and D
es
i
g
n.
2
009.
[
12]
S
R
Na
m
,
S
H
K
a
ng,
S
J
A
h
n,
J
H
C
h
o
i.
S
in
g
le
lin
e
-
to
-
gr
oun
d f
au
l
t
l
oc
a
t
i
on
ba
s
ed
on
uns
y
nc
hr
oni
z
e
d
phas
or
s
i
n a
ut
o
m
at
e
d un
gr
ou
n
ded d
i
s
t
r
i
but
i
on
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
El
e
c
t
r.
Po
w
e
r Sy
s
t
.
R
e
s
.
2012
;
86:
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–
1
57.
[
13]
E
.
K
hak
i
m
z
y
anov
,
R
.
M
us
t
af
i
n
,
and P
.
P
l
at
o
nov
.
M
et
hod of
f
aul
t
l
oc
at
i
o
n f
or
d
oub
l
e l
i
n
e
-
to
-
ear
t
h f
aul
t
s
i
n
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on net
w
or
k
s
.
E
ng.
S
c
i
.
T
ec
h
nol
.
an I
nt
.
J
.
2
016;
1
9(
4)
:
1
668
–
167
1.
[
14]
J
.
D
.
S
a
k
al
a
an
d
J
.
S
.
J
.
D
a
k
a.
G
ener
a
l
f
a
ul
t
ad
m
i
t
t
a
nc
e
m
et
hod
s
o
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o
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a
bal
anc
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i
ne
t
o
l
i
n
e
t
o
l
i
ne
t
o gr
ound
f
au
l
t
.
I
n
t
.
J
.
El
e
c
t
r.
Po
w
e
r
En
e
rg
y
S
y
s
t.
201
6;
80:
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–
51.
[
15]
S
.
S
aha,
M
.
A
l
dee
n,
an
d
C
.
P
.
T
an.
U
ns
y
m
m
et
r
i
c
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l
f
a
ul
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i
agn
os
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s
i
n
t
r
a
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m
i
s
s
i
on
/
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s
t
r
i
bu
t
i
on
net
w
or
k
s
.
I
n
t
.
J
.
El
e
c
t
r.
Po
w
e
r
En
e
rg
y
Sy
s
t
.
2
013;
45(
1)
:
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–
263.
[
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C
.
F
.
J
e
ns
en.
O
nl
i
ne
Lo
c
at
i
on
of
F
au
l
t
s
on A
C
C
a
bl
e
s
i
n U
nd
er
gr
oun
d T
r
ans
m
i
s
s
i
on
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
2014
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[
17]
P
.
S
.
A
.
S
o
m
an,
D
i
gi
t
al
P
r
ot
e
c
t
i
on o
f
P
ow
er
S
y
s
t
em
s
.
I
I
T
B
o
m
bay
.
20
12.
[
18]
D
.
J
i
ng
-
j
i
n
g
, X
. U
. E
. Y
o
n
g
-
du
an,
X
.
U
.
B
i
ng
-
y
i
n,
and S
.
U
.
N
.
B
o.
S
t
udy
o
n T
ec
hno
l
ogy
of
T
r
av
el
i
ng
W
a
v
e M
et
hod
F
au
l
t
Lo
c
at
i
on
i
n T
r
ac
t
i
o
n P
ow
er
S
uppl
y
S
y
s
t
em
.
1
2:
3
–
7
.
[
19]
Z
.
Z
he
ng.
F
aul
t
Lo
c
at
i
on a
nd
T
y
pe
I
den
t
i
f
i
c
at
i
on
on T
r
ans
m
i
s
s
i
on L
i
ne U
s
i
n
g a N
o
v
el
T
r
a
v
el
i
n
g
W
a
v
e
M
et
hod.
I
nt
.
C
on
f
.
H
i
g
h V
ol
t
.
E
ng.
A
pp
l
.
2
012;
0
–
3.
[
20]
M
.
N
.
H
a
s
h
i
m
,
M
.
K
.
O
s
m
a
n
,
M
.
N
.
Ib
r
a
h
i
m
,
A
.
F.
A
b
i
d
i
n
,
M
.
N
.
M
ahm
ud.
S
i
ngl
e
-
E
nde
d
F
a
ul
t
Lo
c
at
i
on
f
or
T
r
ans
m
i
s
s
i
o
n Li
ne
s
us
i
ng
T
r
av
el
i
ng
W
av
e an
d M
ul
t
i
l
ay
er
P
er
c
ep
t
r
on N
e
t
w
or
k
.
201
6;
2
5
–
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[
21]
J
.
Z
.
B
ao,
T
.
Z
hong,
and Y
.
M
ao.
A
f
aul
t
l
oc
at
i
o
n and r
ea
l
i
z
at
i
on m
et
hod f
or
ov
er
head
hi
gh v
ol
t
a
ge
pow
er
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on.
P
r
o
c
e
di
a E
ng.
20
11;
15:
964
–
968.
[
22]
H
.
M
or
t
az
av
i
,
H
.
M
ehr
j
er
di
,
M
.
S
aad,
S
.
Lef
e
bv
r
e,
D
.
A
s
ber
,
and
L.
Len
oi
r
.
A
n I
m
pe
d
anc
e
-
B
as
e
d
M
et
hod f
or
D
i
s
t
r
i
bu
t
i
on
S
y
s
t
e
m
M
oni
t
or
i
ng
.
I
EEE T
ra
n
s
.
Sm
a
rt
G
ri
d
.
2016
.
[
23]
H
.
M
or
t
az
av
i
,
H
.
M
ehr
j
er
di
,
M
.
S
aad,
S
.
Lef
ebv
r
e,
D
.
A
s
b
er
,
and
L.
L
enoi
r
.
A
M
oni
t
or
i
ng
T
ec
hni
que
f
or
R
ev
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s
ed
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ow
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l
ow
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et
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t
i
on
W
i
t
h
H
i
gh
P
V
P
en
et
r
at
i
on
L
ev
el
.
I
EEE
T
ra
n
s
.
Sm
a
rt
G
ri
d
.
2015;
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5)
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–
223
2.
[
24]
N
. B
o
ttr
e
l
l
,
T
. C
. G
r
e
e
n
.
A
n i
m
pedan
c
e
-
bas
ed m
et
ho
d f
or
t
he
det
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t
i
on
of
ov
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o
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w
or
k
f
au
l
t
s
i
n i
n
v
er
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er
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n
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a
c
ed
di
s
t
r
i
but
e
d gen
er
a
t
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n
.
15t
h E
ur
.
C
on
f
.
P
ow
er
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l
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on
.
A
pp
l
.
E
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