I
ndo
ne
s
i
a
n J
o
ur
na
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
ng
i
ne
e
r
i
ng
a
nd C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
Sc
i
e
nc
e
V
o
l.
11
,
N
o.
1
,
J
ul
y
201
8
, p
p
.
400
~
40
8
I
SSN
:
2502
-
4752
,
D
O
I
:
10.
11
591/
i
j
eecs
.
v
11
.i
1
.p
p
400
-
4
08
400
Jou
r
n
al
h
om
e
p
age
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
c
or
e
.
c
om
/
j
our
nal
s
/
i
nde
x
.
php/
i
j
e
e
c
s
P
erf
o
r
m
a
nce
Cha
ra
ct
eris
t
ics
o
f
M
i
nia
t
ure
P
ho
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic F
a
r
m
under
Dy
na
m
ic
P
a
rt
ia
l Sha
ding
A
n
t
on
i
u
s
R
aj
agu
k
gu
k
1
,
De
d
e
t
Ca
n
d
r
a
Ri
a
wa
n
2
,
M
o
c
ha
m
a
d
A
s
ha
r
i
3
1
,
2
,
3
D
ep
ar
t
m
en
t
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
. E
n
g
.,
I
ns
t
i
t
ut
T
e
k
nol
og
i
S
e
pul
uh
N
o
pe
m
be
r
(
I
T
S
)
S
ur
a
ba
y
a
,
I
ndone
s
i
a
1
D
ep
ar
t
m
en
t
of
E
l
e
c
t
.
E
ng
.
,
U
ni
v
e
r
s
i
t
a
s
R
i
a
u,
P
e
k
a
nba
r
u,
I
nd
one
s
i
a
A
rt
i
cl
e I
n
f
o
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
tic
le
h
is
to
r
y
:
R
ecei
v
ed
N
ov
9
,
201
7
Re
v
i
se
d
J
an
2
0
,
2
01
8
A
ccep
t
ed
Ap
r
11
,
20
1
8
T
h
i
s
p
ap
er
p
r
es
en
t
s
i
n
v
es
t
i
g
at
i
o
n
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e ch
ar
act
er
i
s
t
i
c o
n
a
m
i
ni
a
t
ur
e
phot
ov
o
l
t
a
i
c
f
a
r
m
u
nde
r
dy
na
m
i
c
pa
r
t
i
a
l
l
y
s
ha
de
d c
ondi
t
i
on
.
E
f
f
e
c
t
s
of
a
ppl
y
i
ng
b
y
pa
s
s
di
ode
s
i
n e
a
c
h phot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
s
m
odul
a
nd t
he
tr
a
n
s
ie
n
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t o
f
th
e
d
io
d
e
is
a
ls
o
in
v
e
s
tig
at
ed
.
T
h
e
m
i
n
i
at
u
r
e o
f
P
V
F
ar
m
c
ons
i
s
t
i
ng
4
ph
ot
ov
o
l
t
a
i
c
pa
ne
l
s
,
c
onne
c
t
e
d i
n s
e
r
i
e
s
t
o f
or
m
one
s
t
r
i
ng
.
T
he
w
hol
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
om
pr
i
s
e
s
5 pho
t
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
s
t
r
i
ng
s
,
w
hi
c
h a
r
e
c
o
nne
c
t
e
d i
n
pa
r
a
l
l
e
l
pr
od
uc
i
ng
30 v
ol
t
a
nd 6
0 w
a
t
t
pe
ak
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
m
i
n
i
at
u
r
e P
V
f
ar
m
.
S
h
ad
i
ng
of
10%
,
2
0 %
up t
o 5
0 %
w
i
t
h dy
na
m
i
c
a
l
l
y
c
ha
ng
e
d
i
s
a
ppl
i
e
d
.
R
e
s
ul
t
f
r
om
bot
h l
a
bor
a
t
or
y
t
e
s
t
s
a
nd s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
o
ns
i
s
i
nv
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
e
d a
nd s
how
v
er
y
s
i
m
i
l
ar
.
Ke
y
wo
rd
s
:
B
y
pa
s
s
di
ode
s
,
D
y
n
a
m
i
c p
ar
t
i
al
l
y
s
h
ad
ed
,
M
in
ia
t
u
r
e
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
f
a
r
m
.
C
opy
r
i
g
ht
©
201
8
I
ns
t
i
t
ut
e
o
f
A
d
v
anc
e
d E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
an
d
Sc
i
e
nc
e
.
A
l
l
ri
g
h
t
s re
se
rv
e
d
.
Co
rre
sp
o
n
d
i
n
g
Au
t
h
o
r
:
A
n
t
oni
us
R
a
j
a
gu
kgu
k
,
D
ep
ar
t
m
en
t
o
f
E
l
ect
.
E
n
g
.
,
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
T
e
k
n
ol
ogi
S
e
pu
l
uh
N
ope
m
be
r
(
I
T
S
)
S
u
r
a
ba
y
a
,
I
n
done
s
i
a
.
E
m
a
il:
a
n
t
on
i
u
s
r
a
j
a
gu
kgu
k@
gm
a
i
l
.
c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e m
ai
n
p
r
o
b
l
em
o
f
t
h
e u
t
i
l
i
zat
i
o
n
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
ai
c (
P
V
)
as
o
n
e o
f
al
t
er
n
at
i
v
e e
n
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
at
i
o
n
i
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
P
V
h
a
s
l
o
w
a
n
d
c
h
an
g
eab
l
e p
o
w
er
a
s
t
h
e
w
eat
h
er
c
h
an
g
es
[1
],
[2
].
P
V
g
en
er
at
ed
p
o
w
er
opt
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
on
c
a
n b
e
d
o
ne
t
hr
o
ugh t
he
m
e
c
h
a
ni
s
m
o
f
n
on
-
p
h
ys
i
c
a
l
a
nd
p
hys
i
c
a
l
-
el
ect
r
i
cal
l
y
me
t
h
o
d
.
N
on
-
p
h
y
s
ic
a
l
me
t
h
o
d
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
M
ax
i
m
u
m
P
o
w
er
P
o
i
n
t
T
r
ack
i
n
g
(
MP
P
T
)
me
t
h
o
d
,
e
i
t
he
r
t
hr
o
u
g
h c
o
nve
nt
i
o
na
l
m
e
t
ho
d
s
a
n
d a
l
g
or
i
t
hm
-
m
e
t
h
od ba
s
e
d
on
A
r
ti
fic
ia
l I
n
te
llig
e
n
t
C
o
n
tr
o
l
(
AI
C
)
[1
]
, [
2
]
.
P
V
pow
e
r
o
pt
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n t
hr
o
u
gh
M
P
P
T
w
i
t
h
t
he
c
o
n
ve
nt
i
o
na
l
a
l
go
r
i
t
h
m
m
e
t
ho
d
c
a
n
b
e
d
o
ne
i
n
s
e
ve
r
a
l
w
a
ys
,
s
uc
h a
s
P
e
r
t
ur
bat
i
on and
O
bs
e
r
v
at
i
on
(P
&
O
),
H
ill
-
C
lim
b
in
g
(
H
C)
,
I
nc
r
e
m
e
nt
al
C
o
nduc
t
a
nc
e
(
I
nc
C
o
nd
)
[
3]
,
a
n
d P
S
O
A
l
g
or
i
t
hm
[4
]
.
A
l
l
o
f
t
he
s
e
m
e
t
ho
d
s
ha
ve
a
d
va
nt
a
ge
s
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
g
e
t
tin
g
th
e
ma
x
i
mu
m p
o
w
e
r
p
o
i
n
t
o
f
P
V
.
Man
y
s
t
u
d
i
es
d
i
s
c
us
s
t
he
m
o
d
e
l
i
ng a
nd
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
o
n o
f
P
V
s
ys
t
e
m
s
u
nd
e
r
s
ha
d
e
d
f
r
o
m
va
r
i
o
us
le
v
e
l o
f
r
a
d
ia
tio
n
in
te
n
s
it
y
[4
-
7
]
.
W
h
i
l
e s
o
m
e r
es
ear
c
h
er
s
h
a
v
e d
o
n
e
r
es
ear
ch
t
h
e
i
m
pa
c
t
o
f
pa
r
t
i
a
l
s
h
a
di
ng
pr
obl
e
m
i
n
v
e
s
tig
a
tio
n
,
b
u
t
th
e
ir
r
es
ear
ch
es
ar
e l
i
m
i
t
ed
t
o
t
h
e p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
ai
c
m
o
d
u
l
e an
d
t
h
e b
as
i
c co
n
f
i
g
u
r
at
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e P
V
ar
r
a
y
[8
-
13]
.
I
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
f
i
gu
r
a
t
i
on of
P
V
a
r
r
a
y
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
t
w
o t
y
pe
o
f
d
i
ode
s
u
s
e
d.
O
n
e
i
s
bl
oc
k
i
n
g
di
ode
a
n
d
a
n
ot
h
e
r
on
e
i
s
b
y
pa
s
s
di
ode
.
B
l
oc
k
i
ng
d
io
d
e
is
i
n
s
ta
lle
d
s
e
r
ie
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
tr
in
g
o
f
P
V
,
a
n
d
b
y
p
a
s
s
d
io
d
e
is
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
e
d pa
r
a
l
e
l
by
e
a
c
h
m
odu
l
of
P
V
.
B
y
pa
s
s
di
ode
us
e
d t
o pr
ot
e
c
t
i
on
of
P
V
w
h
e
n
pa
r
t
i
a
l
l
y
s
h
a
de
d of
P
V
ar
r
ay
o
ccu
r
.
T
h
i
s
r
es
ear
ch
w
i
l
l
d
i
s
cu
s
s
m
o
d
el
ch
ar
act
er
i
s
t
i
c
s
an
d
t
r
an
s
i
en
t
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
of
b
y
pa
s
s
di
ode
on
P
V
f
a
r
m
s
ys
t
e
m
u
nd
e
r
d
yna
m
i
c
a
l
l
y s
ha
d
i
n
g e
f
f
e
c
t
i
n i
m
p
l
e
m
e
nt
a
t
i
o
n o
f
P
V
f
a
r
m
m
i
ni
a
t
ur
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nd
o
ne
s
i
a
n J
E
l
e
c
E
ng
&
C
o
m
p
S
c
i
I
SSN
:
2502
-
4752
P
e
r
f
or
m
anc
e
C
har
ac
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
of
M
i
ni
at
ur
e
P
hot
ov
ol
t
ai
c
F
ar
m
U
nde
r
D
y
nam
i
c
…
(
A
nt
oni
u
s
R
aj
aguk
g
uk
)
401
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
ETH
O
D
2.
1.
P
V
M
o
de
l
A
s
i
n
g
l
e P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e co
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
a n
u
m
b
er
o
f
P
V
cel
l
s
i
n
s
er
i
es
an
d
a P
V
cel
l
i
s
m
o
d
el
ed
a
s
a cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce s
h
u
n
t
ed
w
i
t
h
a d
i
o
d
e an
d
r
ep
r
es
en
t
ed
b
y
a
n
eq
u
i
v
a
l
en
t
ci
r
c
u
i
t
[
1
]
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e 1
.
T
h
e eq
u
at
i
o
n
r
e
la
tin
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t a
n
d
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
a
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
c
a
n
b
e
w
r
itte
n
a
s
e
q
ua
t
i
o
n 1
.
+
−
−
+
−
=
sh
m
S
pv
m
s
pv
ph
m
R
I
R
V
A
I
R
V
I
I
I
1
ex
p
0
(1
)
I
PV
I
D
R
Shunt
R
S
+
-
V
PV
I
PV
Fi
g
ur
e
1
.
E
q
u
iv
a
le
n
t C
ir
c
u
it o
f
P
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
W
h
er
e I
m
i
s
t
h
e cu
r
r
en
t
g
e
n
er
at
ed
b
y
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
l
e,
I
ph
i
s
t
h
e
p
h
o
t
o
el
ect
r
i
c cu
r
r
en
t
,
I
o
is
th
e
s
a
tu
r
a
tio
n
c
ur
r
e
nt
,
V
p
v
i
s
t
he
P
V
vo
l
t
a
g
e
A
=
nkT
/
q
.
T
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
t
h
e
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
ur
e
o
f
t
he
m
o
d
u
l
e
i
n
K
e
l
vi
n,
k
i
s
t
he
B
o
l
t
zm
a
n
n
’
s
co
n
s
t
a
n
t
,
q
i
s
t
h
e el
ect
r
i
c ch
ar
g
e,
n
i
s
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cel
l
s
i
n
s
er
i
es
,
R
s
a
nd R
sh
ar
e
t
h
e
s
er
i
es
a
nd
s
h
un
t
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
nc
e r
es
p
ect
i
v
el
y
.
2.
2.
B
l
oc
k
D
i
agr
a
m
of
M
i
n
i
at
u
r
e
P
V
F
ar
m
T
h
e P
V
f
ar
m
i
s
c
o
m
b
i
na
t
i
o
n
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
es
t
h
at
co
n
n
ect
ed
i
n
s
er
i
es
a
n
d
p
ar
al
l
el
i
n
l
ar
g
e q
u
an
t
i
t
i
es
.
T
h
e m
o
d
el
o
f
m
i
n
i
at
u
r
e
P
V
f
ar
m
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e 2
,
i
s
a r
ep
r
es
en
t
at
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e act
u
al
P
V
f
ar
m
w
i
t
h
a
c
a
pa
c
i
t
y
of
60 W
p,
c
on
s
i
s
t
of
5
P
V
s
t
r
i
n
gs
i
n
pa
r
a
l
l
e
l
,
a
n
d e
a
c
h
P
V
s
t
r
i
n
g
i
s
c
o
m
pos
e
d of
4
P
V
m
odu
l
e
s
i
n
s
e
r
i
e
s
.
T
h
e
P
V
pa
n
e
l
s
u
s
i
ng
G
H
003M
t
y
pe
,
w
i
t
h
m
a
xi
m
um
po
w
e
r
of
3 W
p,
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
of
0.
334 m
A
a
n
d v
ol
t
a
g
e
ope
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
of
11 V
ol
t
s
+
-
I
PVfarm
I
String
1
I
Diode
V
PVfarm
V
module
1
Blocking Diode
Bypass Diode
.
Fi
g
ur
e
2.
M
ode
l
of
P
h
ot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
F
a
r
m
F
o
r
im
p
le
m
e
n
ta
tio
n
,
w
e
u
s
e
d
th
e
s
o
la
r
m
o
d
u
le
(
m
o
n
o
-
c
r
y
s
t
al
l
i
n
e s
i
l
i
co
n
e t
y
p
e)
t
h
at
m
ad
e b
y
Z
he
j
i
a
ng G
a
n
gha
n
g
s
o
l
ar
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
w
i
t
h
s
p
eci
f
i
cat
i
o
n
s
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
l
e 1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
25
02
-
4752
I
nd
o
ne
s
i
a
n J
E
l
e
c
E
ng
&
C
o
m
p
Sc
i
,
Vo
l
.
11
, N
o
.
1
,
J
ul
y
201
8
:
4
00
–
408
402
T
ab
l
e 1
.
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
p
eci
f
i
cat
i
o
n
s
M
od
e
l
o
f
P
V
M
od
u
l
e
s
G
H
0
0
3
M
S
t
a
n
da
r
d
P
ow
e
r
W
p
(
W
a
t
t
s
)
3
B
r
e
a
k
W
o
r
k
i
n
g V
ol
t
a
g
e
V
m
p (
V
)
9
B
e
s
t
W
o
r
k
i
n
g
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
I
m
p
(
A
)
0
.
3
3
3
Op
e
n
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
Vo
l
t
a
g
e
Vo
c
(
V)
1
1
S
h
o
rt
C
i
rc
u
i
t
C
u
rre
n
t
I
s
c
(A
)
0
.
3
6
1
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
p
e
r
s
t
r
i
n
g
4
T
ot
a
l
o
f
P
V
s
t
r
i
n
g
F
a
r
m
5
By
p
a
s
s
di
ode
i
s
u
s
e
d t
o
pr
ot
e
c
t
P
V
M
odu
l
e
d
u
r
i
ng
r
e
v
e
r
s
e
bi
a
s
c
o
n
di
t
i
on
.
R
e
v
e
r
s
e
bi
a
s
on
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
ul
e
i
s
o
c
c
ur
w
he
n e
a
c
h
m
o
d
ul
e
i
n e
a
c
h
s
t
r
i
n
g
ha
ve
va
r
i
o
us
s
u
n
’
s
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n.
S
u
n
’
s
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
va
r
i
a
t
i
o
n o
n
t
h
e P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
’
s
s
u
r
f
aces
i
s
c
al
l
ed
s
h
ad
i
n
g
e
f
f
ect
.
T
o
av
o
i
d
d
am
a
g
e b
ecau
s
e o
f
s
h
ad
i
n
g
e
f
f
ect
,
s
o
each
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e i
s
p
ar
al
el
-
co
n
ect
ed
w
i
t
h
b
y
p
as
s
d
i
o
d
e.
2.
3.
D
a
t
a
C
o
lle
c
t
in
g
I
n
t
h
i
s
r
es
ear
c
h
,
d
at
a co
l
l
ect
i
n
g
i
s
b
y
obs
e
r
v
i
ng
t
he
m
a
gni
t
u
de
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
o
n t
he
b
y
pa
s
s
di
ode
s
,
m
a
g
ni
t
ud
e
vo
l
t
a
ge
a
nd
c
ur
r
e
n
t
o
f
each
P
V
m
odu
l
e
s
,
o
n
each
P
V
s
t
r
i
ng.
T
es
t
s
car
r
y
ou
t
by
us
i
ng
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
o
n a
nd
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
nt
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
i
n t
he
P
V
m
i
ni
a
t
ur
e
f
a
r
m
s
ys
t
e
m
.
I
t
a
l
s
o
o
b
s
e
r
vi
n
g t
he
ma
x
i
mu
m
p
o
w
er
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
at
i
o
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e ch
ar
act
er
i
s
t
i
c cu
r
v
e I
v
s
V
an
d
P
v
s
I
.
Start
De
velop
e Model Simulation of PV
Farm
De
velop
e Model Miniature of PV
Farm
Compare characteristic
curve of Model design
Testing under dinamically
shaded effect
Analysis performance of current bypass dioda
under dinamically shaded effect from
10
%
up to
50
%
Set Parameter of Model design PV
Farm
End
Fi
g
ur
e
3
.
F
l
o
w
c
ha
r
t
o
f
R
e
s
ear
ch
Met
h
o
d
V
o
lta
g
e
V
of
P
V
f
a
r
m
w
i
t
h
va
r
i
ou
s
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
s
s
h
a
de
d (
10%
,
u
p t
o 50%
dy
n
a
m
i
c
a
l
l
y
s
h
a
de
d e
f
f
e
c
t
)
.
T
h
i
s
w
a
s
d
o
n
e f
o
r
p
r
es
en
t
s
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
at
i
o
n
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce ch
ar
act
er
i
s
t
i
c o
n
a
m
i
n
i
at
u
r
e o
f
P
V
f
ar
m
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
a
r
tia
l
l
y
s
h
ad
ed
.
E
f
f
ect
s
o
f
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
b
y
p
as
s
d
i
o
d
es
i
n
each
P
V
p
an
el
a
n
d
t
h
e t
r
an
s
i
e
n
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
d
io
d
e
is
a
ls
o
in
v
e
s
tig
a
te
d
.
F
ig
u
r
e
3
,
d
e
s
c
r
ib
e
s
d
e
ta
ile
d
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
f
o
r
t
h
i
s
r
es
ear
ch
m
et
h
o
d
.
3.
RE
S
U
L
T
AND ANA
L
YS
I
S
3.
1.
I
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
t
i
o
n o
f
M
i
ni
a
t
ur
e
P
V
F
a
r
m
F
i
g
ur
e
4
s
ho
w
n
a
m
i
ni
a
t
ur
e
o
f
P
V
F
a
r
m
,
w
i
t
h a
t
ot
a
l
of
20 P
V
m
odul
e
s
,
w
i
t
h a
m
a
xi
m
um
po
w
e
r
o
f
60 w
a
t
t
s
a
t
r
a
di
a
t
i
on
o
f
1000
W
/
m
2,
s
t
r
i
ng
s
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
I
s
=
0.
336 A
m
pe
r
e
,
a
n
d s
t
r
i
ng
s
v
ol
t
a
g
e
V
s
=
36 V
ol
t
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nd
o
ne
s
i
a
n J
E
l
e
c
E
ng
&
C
o
m
p
S
c
i
I
SSN
:
2502
-
4752
P
e
r
f
or
m
anc
e
C
har
ac
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
of
M
i
ni
at
ur
e
P
hot
ov
ol
t
ai
c
F
ar
m
U
nde
r
D
y
nam
i
c
…
(
A
nt
oni
u
s
R
aj
aguk
g
uk
)
403
D
yna
m
i
c
s
ha
d
i
n
g i
s
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
nt
e
d
b
y
c
o
ve
r
i
n
g t
he
s
ur
f
a
c
e
(
p
a
r
t
o
r
f
ul
l
s
ur
f
a
c
e
s
)
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
ul
e
s
o
n t
he
P
V
F
ar
m
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
cas
e s
t
u
d
y
,
t
h
e d
at
a o
b
t
ai
n
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
an
d
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e P
V
m
o
d
u
l
es
t
h
at
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
i
s
r
es
ear
ch
h
a
v
e s
a
m
e ch
a
r
act
er
i
s
t
i
c (
s
a
m
e I
v
s
.
V
an
d
P
v
s
.
V
cu
r
v
e,
r
el
at
i
v
e
l
y
)
.
Fi
g
ur
e
4
.
M
i
n
i
at
u
r
e
o
f P
V
Fa
r
m
3.
2.
C
as
e
of
s
t
r
i
n
g P
V
on
M
i
ni
a
t
ur
e
P
V
F
a
r
m
I
n t
e
s
t
i
n
g u
s
i
ng a
s
i
ngl
e
P
V
s
t
r
i
ng
m
o
d
ul
e
,
i
t
c
a
n b
e
o
b
t
a
i
ne
d
t
he
m
a
xi
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
a
s
P
ma
x
=
10W
p
,
t
he
m
a
xi
m
u
m
vo
l
t
a
ge
a
s
V
ma
x
=
3
0
V
o
l
t
,
a
nd
t
he
m
a
xi
m
u
m
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
s
I
ma
x
=
0.
355A
.
I
t
w
a
s
obt
a
i
n
e
d a
t
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
of
r
a
di
a
t
i
on
o
f
600 W
/
m
2,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
5.
Fi
g
ur
e
5
.
C
h
ar
act
er
i
s
t
i
c C
u
r
v
e
o
f
S
i
n
g
l
e M
i
n
i
at
u
r
e P
V
s
t
r
i
n
g
O
t
he
r
r
e
s
ul
t
s
c
a
n b
e
s
ho
w
n i
n F
i
g
ur
e
6
,
b
y a
p
p
l
y
i
n
g d
yna
m
i
c
s
ha
d
i
n
g (
f
o
r
2
5
%
,
5
0
%
,
a
n
d 75%
s
h
a
de
d
).
Fi
g
ur
e
6
.
C
h
ar
act
er
i
s
t
i
c C
u
r
v
e
o
f
S
i
n
g
l
e M
i
n
i
at
u
r
e P
V
S
tr
in
g
u
n
d
er
S
h
ad
ed
(
I
vs
V
a
nd
P
vs
V
)
3.
3.
C
as
e
of
M
i
ni
a
t
ur
e
P
V
F
ar
m
.
T
h
e
te
s
t r
e
s
u
lt a
n
d
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ta
tio
n
r
e
v
e
a
ls
a
p
a
tte
r
n
th
a
t r
e
la
ti
v
e
w
it
h
in
t
h
e
li
m
it
s
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ces
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
accep
t
a
b
l
e
w
h
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
t
h
e r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
at
i
o
n
on
s
of
t
w
a
r
e
.
S
i
g
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ces
o
ccu
r
r
ed
i
n
t
h
e cu
r
r
en
t
r
ead
i
n
g
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
r
es
ear
c
h
,
f
o
r
s
i
m
u
l
at
i
o
n
cas
e
w
e u
s
e 6
0
0
W
/
m
2
r
ad
i
at
i
o
n
.
T
he
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
nt
d
a
t
a
c
a
n b
e
s
ho
w
n
i
n F
i
g 7
a
a
nd
b
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
25
02
-
4752
I
nd
o
ne
s
i
a
n J
E
l
e
c
E
ng
&
C
o
m
p
Sc
i
,
Vo
l
.
11
, N
o
.
1
,
J
ul
y
201
8
:
4
00
–
408
404
(
a)
(b
)
Fi
g
ur
e
7.
(
a)
I
v
s
V
C
h
ar
act
er
i
s
t
i
c C
u
r
v
e o
f
M
in
ia
tu
r
e
P
V
F
a
r
m
un
de
r
S
h
a
de
d.
(
b
)
P
v
s
V
C
h
a
r
a
c
te
r
is
tic
C
ur
ve
o
f
M
i
n
i
at
u
r
e
P
V
F
ar
m
u
n
d
er
S
h
ad
ed
I
r
r
eg
u
l
ar
i
t
i
es
w
er
e v
er
y
s
t
r
o
n
g
at
t
h
e cu
r
r
en
t
r
ead
i
n
g
s
,
it c
o
u
ld
le
a
d
to
a
r
e
la
tiv
e
l
y
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t p
o
w
e
r
o
b
t
ai
n
ed
b
y
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
at
ed
i
n
t
h
e s
i
m
u
l
at
i
o
n
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
d
u
e t
o
t
h
e t
o
l
er
an
ce o
f
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
,
b
u
t
i
n
g
e
n
er
al
t
h
e r
es
u
l
t
i
n
g
d
at
a h
as
a p
at
t
er
n
,
t
h
e n
u
m
b
er
o
f
t
h
e l
o
cal
p
o
i
n
t
o
f
o
p
t
i
m
al
an
d
d
at
a t
r
e
n
d
s
i
s
r
el
at
i
v
el
y
as
s
a
m
e as
t
h
e s
i
m
u
l
at
i
o
n
.
3.
4.
V
a
nd I
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
o
f
by
p
a
s
s
di
o
de
un
de
r
s
ha
de
d.
T
h
e p
o
w
er
t
h
at
g
en
er
at
ed
b
y
t
h
e P
V
f
ar
m
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
s
h
ad
i
n
g
i
s
v
er
y
d
ep
en
d
en
t
t
o
t
h
e
pe
r
f
or
m
a
n
c
e
t
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
of
b
y
pa
s
s
di
ode
s
,
be
c
a
u
s
e
w
i
t
h
out
us
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
y
pa
s
s
di
ode
,
c
ur
r
e
nt
w
il
l f
lo
w
a
n
d
h
a
r
m
t
he
m
o
d
ul
e
s
o
f
P
V
w
he
n
P
V
f
ar
m
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
a
m
i
cs
s
h
ad
e ef
f
ect
.
F
i
g
u
r
e 9
s
h
o
w
s
r
a
d
ia
tio
n
s
ig
n
a
l a
s
in
p
u
t o
f
P
V
f
a
r
m
un
de
r
s
h
a
de
d
w
i
t
h
1 s
e
c
on
d of
t
i
m
e
.
R
a
di
a
t
i
on
c
h
a
ng
e
a
t
1
s
e
c
on
d
f
or
f
or
w
a
r
d
or
r
e
v
e
r
s
e
f
r
om
600w
a
t
t
/
m
2
to
0
w
a
tt/
m
2
a
n
d
v
i
ce v
er
s
a.
Fi
g
ur
e
9
.
I
np
ut
S
i
gna
l
o
f
M
o
d
u
l
e P
V
U
n
d
er
S
ha
d
i
ng E
f
f
e
c
t
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
es
en
t
s
o
f
P
V
f
ar
m
c
h
ar
act
er
i
s
t
i
c
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e b
y
p
as
s
d
i
o
d
e u
n
d
er
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
s
h
ad
i
n
g
.
T
es
t
s
c
on
du
c
t
e
d on
t
w
o c
o
n
di
t
i
ons
of
P
V
s
t
r
i
ng
1.
T
h
e
S
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on
of
m
odu
l
e
P
V
F
a
r
m
s
h
a
de
d 30 %
a
n
d 40
%.
2.
T
h
e
S
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on
of
m
odu
l
e
P
V
F
a
r
m
s
h
a
de
d 50 %
f
or
w
a
r
d
3.
T
h
e
S
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on
of
m
odu
l
e
P
V
F
a
r
m
s
h
a
de
d 50 %
r
e
v
e
r
s
e
4.
T
he
M
in
ia
tu
r
e
P
V
m
odu
l
e
s
s
ha
de
d 5
0%
f
or
w
a
r
d a
n
d r
e
v
e
r
s
e
.
3
.4
.
T
he
Si
m
ul
a
t
i
o
n o
f
m
o
d
ul
e
P
V
F
a
r
m
s
ha
de
d 3
0
%
In
th
is
c
a
s
e
s
ho
w
i
ng
on
F
i
g
ur
e
10,
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
s
of
mo
d
u
l
e
r
ef
er
to
F
i
g
ur
e
2,
P
ar
am
e
t
er
ill
u
s
t
r
a
te
d
ar
e:
I
P
V
farm
,
V
P
Vfar
n
,
I
P
V
,
a
nd
V
P
V
,
in
t
he
r
e
la
tio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
by
-
p
a
ss
di
ode
,
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
nd
vo
l
t
a
ge
of
PV
mo
d
u
l
e
.
T
he
PV
fa
r
m
c
ur
r
e
nt
l
y
und
e
r
s
h
ad
e,
t
he
m
a
g
ni
t
ud
e
of
cu
r
r
en
t
by
p
a
ss
di
ode
I
d
=
0
A,
in
t
he
e
ve
nt
of
d
yna
m
i
c
s
ha
d
e
30%
,
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
I
d
go
e
s
fr
o
m
zer
o
(i
d
=
0)
b
eco
m
e
s
I
d
=
0.
065
A,
a
nd
V
P
V
=
9.
5A
,
b
eca
m
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nd
o
ne
s
i
a
n J
E
l
e
c
E
ng
&
C
o
m
p
S
c
i
I
SSN
:
2502
-
4752
P
e
r
f
or
m
anc
e
C
har
ac
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
of
M
i
ni
at
ur
e
P
hot
ov
ol
t
ai
c
F
ar
m
U
nde
r
D
y
nam
i
c
…
(
A
nt
oni
u
s
R
aj
aguk
g
uk
)
405
V
P
V
=
0
.7
s
a
me
wi
t
h
Vd
s
ho
r
t
c
ir
c
u
it
s
.
It
s
h
o
ws
t
ha
t
t
he
by
pa
s
s
di
ode
ca
n
wo
r
k
we
l
l
in
c
on
di
t
i
on
s
un
de
r
d
yna
m
i
c
a
l
l
y
s
ha
d
e
ef
f
ect
.
F
i
g
ur
e
10.
T
r
a
ns
i
e
nt
,
I
p
v,
Vp
v
C
ur
ve
of
PV
M
odu
l
e
du
r
i
ng
s
ha
d
e
30
%
F
i
g
ur
e
11.
T
r
a
ns
i
e
nt
,
I
pvf
,
V
p
vf
C
ur
ve
of
A
rra
y
PV
Fa
r
m
d
ur
i
n
g
s
h
a
di
ng
30%
.
F
i
g
ur
e
11,
s
h
o
ws
t
he
m
a
g
ni
t
ud
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
nd
vo
l
t
a
ge
of
A
rra
y
PV
fa
r
m
und
e
r
d
yna
m
i
c
a
l
l
y
s
h
ad
ed
e
ffe
c
t
.
T
he
m
a
g
ni
t
ud
e
of
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
at
t
he
un
i
f
or
m
c
on
di
t
i
on
s
is
I
pv
_f
a
r
m
=
0.
075
A
a
nd
on
t
he
c
o
n
d
itio
n
of
s
ha
d
i
ng
4
0%
t
he
m
a
g
ni
t
ud
e
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
V
p
v
_
fa
r
m
=
36.
6
V
.
At
t
he
mo
me
n
t
of
d
yna
m
i
c
s
h
ad
ed
t
he
m
a
gn
i
t
ud
e
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
I
p
v_
A
rra
y
PV
F
ar
m
=
0.
758
A
wi
t
h
c
ur
r
e
nt
o
ve
r
s
ho
t
0.
2A
A.
L
ik
e
w
is
e
on
t
he
on
t
he
cas
e
of
vo
l
t
a
ge
Vp
p
Fa
r
m
fo
r
of
d
yna
m
i
c
s
ha
d
e
ov
e
r
s
h
oot
vo
l
t
a
ge
=
30
V
o
lts
be
f
or
e
s
t
ead
y
s
ta
te
c
o
n
d
itio
n
.
3
.5
.
Th
e
Si
m
ul
a
t
i
o
n
of
mo
d
u
l
e
P
V
F
a
r
m
s
ha
de
d
40
%
T
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
nd
vo
l
t
a
ge
of
PV
fa
r
m
un
de
r
d
yna
m
i
c
a
l
l
y
s
h
ad
ed
ef
f
ect
40
%
f
o
r
wa
r
d
c
o
n
d
itio
n
,
can
be
s
een
in
f
i
gur
e
12.
In
th
is
c
a
se
t
i
me
of
t
r
a
ns
i
e
nt
c
ur
r
e
nt
di
ode
I
d
,
a
nd
Vp
v
w
ith
s
h
ad
ed
40
%.
F
i
g
ur
e
1
2
.
T
r
a
ns
i
e
nt
,
I
p
v
,
V
p
v
C
ur
ve
of
PV
M
odu
l
e
d
ur
i
ng
S
ha
de
40
%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
25
02
-
4752
I
nd
o
ne
s
i
a
n J
E
l
e
c
E
ng
&
C
o
m
p
Sc
i
,
Vo
l
.
11
, N
o
.
1
,
J
ul
y
201
8
:
4
00
–
408
406
F
i
g
ur
e
13,
s
h
o
ws
a
l
a
r
ge
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
nd
vo
l
t
a
ge
of
A
rra
y
PV
fa
r
m
un
de
r
d
yna
m
i
c
a
l
l
y
s
h
ad
ed
ef
f
ect
.
T
he
m
a
g
ni
t
ud
e
of
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
at
t
he
PV
fa
r
m
uni
f
o
r
m
c
o
nd
i
t
i
o
ns
is
I
pv_far
m
=
0.
075
A
a
nd
on
t
he
c
o
n
d
itio
n
of
s
ha
d
i
ng
5
0%
t
he
m
a
g
ni
t
ud
e
of
cu
r
r
en
t
V
p
v
_far
m
=
36.
6
V
.
At
t
he
mo
m
e
n
t
of
d
yna
m
i
c
s
ha
d
e
d
t
he
m
a
gn
i
t
ud
e
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
I
p
v
_
A
rray
PV
F
ar
m
c
ha
n
ge
fr
o
m
I
p
v
_
Array
=
0
.2
A
to
I
pv
a
rra
y
=
1
.9
A
.
L
ik
e
w
is
e
on
t
he
on
t
he
cas
e
of
vo
l
t
a
ge
V
pp
Fa
r
m
fo
r
of
d
yna
m
i
c
s
ha
d
e
ov
e
r
s
h
oot
vo
l
t
a
ge
=
30
V
be
f
or
e
st
a
d
y
s
ta
te
c
ondi
t
i
on
wi
t
h
c
ha
n
ge
V
pv
=
36.
6
V
to
V
pv
=
20.
5
V
F
i
g
ur
e
13.
T
r
a
ns
i
e
nt
,
I
pvf
,
V
p
vf
C
ur
ve
of
A
rra
y
PV
Fa
r
m
d
ur
i
n
g
S
h
a
di
ng
40%
.
3.
6.
Th
e
Si
m
ul
a
t
i
o
n
of
mo
d
u
l
e
P
V
F
a
r
m
s
ha
de
d
50
%
F
i
g
ur
e
14.
,
s
h
o
ws
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
nd
vo
l
t
a
ge
of
PV
fa
r
m
u
nd
e
r
d
yna
m
i
c
a
l
l
y
s
h
ad
ed
ef
f
ect
50%
fr
o
m
und
e
r
s
h
ad
ed
to
w
i
t
ho
ut
s
h
ad
ed
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
In
cas
es
s
ha
d
e
50
%
V
pv
a
rra
y
c
ha
nge
fr
o
m
20
V
to
36.
6
V
a
nd
I
pv
a
rra
y
fr
o
m
0
.2
A
to
I
ppv
0.
075
A.
Fo
r
a
ll
cas
e
ha
ve
s
e
ttli
n
g
t
i
me
(t
s
)
fo
r
a
ll
cas
es
eq
u
al
l
y
wi
t
h
0.
02
s
eco
n
d
.
F
i
g
ur
e
15
S
h
o
ws
t
ha
t
t
he
t
he
m
a
g
ni
t
ud
e
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
o
ve
r
s
ho
o
t
i
n
cr
eas
ed
s
ha
r
p
l
y
to
0
.3
2
A,
as
we
l
l
as
vo
l
t
a
ge
s
ov
e
r
s
h
oot
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
fr
o
m
25
vo
l
t
up
to
32
V
o
lt.
It
ca
n
be
p
o
te
n
tia
l
i
nt
o
a
pr
obl
e
m
on
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
p
r
o
ces
s
by
p
a
ss
di
ode
.
F
i
g
ur
e
14.
T
r
a
ns
i
e
nt
,
I
p
v
,
V
p
v
C
ur
ve
of
PV
M
odu
l
e
du
r
i
ng
s
ha
d
e
50
%
F
i
g
ur
e
1
5
.
T
r
a
ns
i
e
nt
,
I
p
v
f
,
V
p
v
f
C
ur
ve
of
A
rra
y
PV
Fa
r
m
d
ur
i
ng
s
ha
d
i
ng
50%
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nd
o
ne
s
i
a
n J
E
l
e
c
E
ng
&
C
o
m
p
S
c
i
I
SSN
:
2502
-
4752
P
e
r
f
or
m
anc
e
C
har
ac
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
of
M
i
ni
at
ur
e
P
hot
ov
ol
t
ai
c
F
ar
m
U
nde
r
D
y
nam
i
c
…
(
A
nt
oni
u
s
R
aj
aguk
g
uk
)
407
3
.7
.
Th
e
M
i
ni
a
t
ur
e
P
V
F
a
r
m
m
o
dul
e
s
s
ha
de
d
50%
f
o
rw
a
rd
an
d
rev
ers
e
T
e
s
tin
g
cas
e
m
i
ni
a
t
ur
e
PV
m
odu
l
e
,
u
s
i
ng
a
m
e
a
s
ur
i
ng
i
ns
t
r
um
e
n
t
os
c
i
l
l
os
c
ope
T
e
kt
r
o
ni
x
T
P
S
201
4B
.
V
a
r
ia
tio
n
s
s
h
ad
ed
us
e
d
ar
e
u
ni
f
or
m
to
50%
a
nd
T
he
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
r
e
s
ul
t
s
s
h
o
wn
in
F
i
gur
e
16.
a
a
nd
16.
b.
W
hi
c
h
is
a
t
e
st
cas
e
C
fo
r
t
he
f
o
r
wa
r
d
a
nd
r
ev
er
s
e
c
on
di
t
i
ons
on
m
in
ia
tu
r
e
PV
m
odu
l
e
.
C
ha
ne
l
2
s
h
o
ws
t
he
o
ut
p
ut
s
tr
in
g
c
ur
r
e
nt
I
s
,
ch
an
n
el
3
s
h
o
ws
t
he
vo
l
t
a
ge
m
odul
e
PV
(V
pv
),
a
nd
ch
an
n
el
4
s
h
o
ws
t
he
di
od
es
c
ur
r
e
nt
Id
.
T
he
me
a
s
u
r
e
me
n
t
r
e
s
ul
t
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
fi
g
u
r
e
16.
a
a
nd
16.
b,
wh
e
n
pr
os
e
m
i
ni
a
t
ur
e
s
r
ecei
v
ed
a
nd
r
eg
ar
d
l
es
s
of
t
he
s
ha
d
e
(f
o
r
w
a
rd
a
nd
r
ev
er
s
e
s
ha
d
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
)
,
on
c
h
an
n
el
2
is
se
e
n
g
oi
ng
s
pr
i
n
g
boa
r
d
c
ur
r
e
nt
(
ov
e
r
s
h
oot
c
ur
r
e
nt
)
up
to
250%
,
bot
h
fo
r
t
he
c
o
n
d
itio
n
f
o
r
wa
r
d
a
nd
r
ev
er
s
e
s
h
ad
ed
.
T
he
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ces
l
ie
in
t
he
f
o
r
wa
r
d
g
oi
ng
1
o
s
c
illa
tio
n
c
o
n
d
itio
n
b
ut
t
he
re
v
e
rs
e
is
no
o
s
c
il
la
ti
o
n
.
I
n
t
he
s
a
me
cas
e
ch
an
n
el
p
ad
3,
l
ook
s
g
r
eat
Vp
v
vo
l
t
a
ge
of
5
vo
l
t
s
to
0
.7
vo
l
t
s
to
c
ha
n
ge
,
or
eq
u
al
to
t
he
b
re
ak
o
ve
r
vo
l
t
a
ge
of
t
he
di
ode
s
.
O
th
e
r
w
is
e
t
he
i
ma
g
e
15.
b,
c
ha
nge
d
fr
o
m
0
.7
v
o
lts
to
5
v
o
lts
.
fo
r
bot
h
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
se
e
m
to
o
ccu
r
r
e
la
tiv
e
l
y
s
ma
l
l
vo
l
t
a
ge
o
s
c
ill
a
tio
n
s
.
At
c
ha
n
ne
l
4
l
ook
s
"
d
i
ode
c
ur
r
e
nt
"
Id
,
wh
e
n
t
he
c
o
n
d
itio
n
of
f
or
w
a
r
d,
t
he
r
e
is
a
cu
r
r
en
t
ov
e
r
s
h
oot
a
nd
s
e
ttli
n
g
t
i
me
b
ut
in
a
r
e
la
tiv
e
l
y
s
ma
l
l
s
cal
e.
B
ut
fo
r
t
he
r
ev
er
s
e
cas
e
it
is
no
t
v
is
ib
le
.
F
i
g
ur
e
16.
M
eas
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
r
e
s
ul
t
,
(
a)
F
o
rw
a
rd
B
ia
s
T
e
st
Ca
s
e
,
(b
)
Re
v
e
r
s
e
B
ia
s
T
e
st
Ca
s
e
4.
CO
NCL
U
S
I
O
N
B
as
ed
on
t
he
e
xa
m
i
na
t
i
o
n
of
t
he
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ta
tio
n
of
m
in
ia
tu
r
e
PV
Fa
r
m
a
nd
t
he
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
,
it
can
be
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
:
T
he
de
s
i
gn
of
di
ode
s
in
PV
fa
r
m
m
in
ia
tu
r
e
,
ca
n
be
wo
r
k
pr
ope
r
l
y
pe
r
f
or
m
bl
oc
k
i
ng
of
mo
d
u
l
e
PV
fr
o
m
r
ev
er
s
e
b
ia
s
e
ffe
c
t
.
T
he
r
ev
er
s
e
b
ia
s
on
m
odu
l
e
P
V,
is
as
of
d
yn
a
m
i
c
s
h
ad
ed
ef
f
ect
.
B
as
ed
on
te
s
ti
ng
fr
o
m
bot
h
l
a
bor
a
t
or
y
t
e
s
t
a
nd
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
s
s
h
o
w,
fo
r
a
ll
ca
s
e,
ha
ve
eq
u
al
l
y
s
e
ttli
n
g
t
i
me
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
b
yp
a
s
s
di
ode
I
d_ts
=
0.
02
s
eco
n
d
.
B
as
e
d
on
te
s
tin
g
of
s
i
m
u
la
t
io
n
m
ode
l
s
a
nd
m
i
ni
a
t
ur
e
s
of
PV
f
a
r
m,
t
he
g
r
eat
er
d
yna
m
i
c
s
s
ha
d
e
fr
o
m
c
a
se
m
i
ni
a
t
ur
e
PV
Fa
r
m
,
c
o
ul
d
p
o
te
n
t
ia
ll
y
c
a
us
e
g
r
eat
er
ov
e
r
s
h
oot
on
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
t
r
i
ng
pv
(I
s
)
up
to
250
%.
T
o
a
vo
i
d
f
a
ilu
r
e
by
p
a
ss
di
ode
fr
o
m
ov
e
r
s
h
oot
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
nd
vo
l
t
a
ge
,
t
he
n
T
he
PV
Fa
r
m
m
i
ni
a
t
ur
e
s
ys
t
e
m
re
q
u
i
re
c
o
m
p
o
ne
nt
s
t
ha
t
ca
n
to
r
ed
u
ce
t
he
ov
e
r
s
h
oot
.
Re
su
l
t
fr
o
m
bot
h
l
a
bor
a
t
or
y
t
e
st
a
nd
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
o
ns
s
ho
w
ve
r
y
s
im
il
a
r
.
R
EF
ER
EN
C
E
[
1]
Q
i
a
ng
,
F
u a
nd T
o
ng
N
a
n
,
“
A
S
t
r
a
t
e
gy
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h on M
P
P
T
T
e
c
hni
que
i
n
P
hot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
P
ow
e
r
G
e
ne
r
a
t
i
on
S
y
s
t
e
m
”,
T
E
L
K
O
M
N
I
K
A
I
nd
one
s
i
an J
our
n
al
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
E
n
gi
ne
e
r
i
n
g
,
V
o
l
.
11,
N
o.
1
2,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
2013
,
p
p.
762
7~
76
33
.
[
2]
A
nt
oni
us
R
.
,
A
s
ha
r
i
M
.
,
D
e
de
t
C
.
R
i
a
w
a
n,
“
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
pow
e
r
p
oi
nt
c
o
nt
r
ol
f
or
s
t
a
nda
l
o
ne
P
h
ot
o
v
ol
t
a
i
c
s
y
s
t
e
m
us
i
ng
f
uz
z
y
s
l
i
di
ng
m
ode
c
ont
r
o
l
”
,
b
y
pr
oc
e
e
di
ng of
I
C
I
T
A
C
E
E
,
I
E
E
E
E
x
pl
or
e
,
N
o
v 8
th
20
14,
pp.
3
77
-
38
2,
201
4,
[
3]
A
nt
oni
us
R
.
,
D
e
de
t
C
.
R
i
aw
an
,
M
.
A
s
h
ar
i
,
“
O
p
tim
iz
a
tio
n
o
f
P
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
F
a
r
m
u
n
d
e
r
P
a
r
tia
l S
h
a
d
in
g
Ef
f
e
c
ts
u
s
in
g
A
r
tif
i
c
ia
l I
n
te
llig
e
n
t B
a
s
e
d
M
a
tr
ix
S
w
itc
h
K
o
n
tr
o
lle
r
”
,
p
r
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
o
f
I
C
I
T
A
C
E
E
, I
E
E
E
E
x
p
l
o
r
e
, I
E
E
E
E
x
pl
or
e
,
O
c
t
18
th
2
01
5,
pp
.
1
87
-
19
2
.
[
4]
Z
h
ao
,
Y
uh
on
g e
t
a
l
.
“
M
P
P
T
fo
r
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lta
ic
S
y
s
te
m
U
s
in
g
M
u
lti
-
o
b
j
ect
i
v
eI
m
p
r
o
v
ed
P
ar
t
i
cl
e S
w
ar
m
O
p
tim
iz
a
tio
n
A
lg
o
r
ith
m
”
,
T
E
L
K
O
M
N
I
K
A
I
nd
one
s
i
a
n J
o
ur
n
al
of
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
E
ng
i
ne
e
r
i
ng
,
V
ol
.
12
,
N
o.
1,
J
a
nua
r
y
201
4,
pp
.
2
61
~
26
8
[
5]
A
nt
oni
us
R
.
,
D
e
de
t
C
.
R
i
a
w
a
n,
M
.
A
s
ha
r
i
,
“
O
p
tim
iz
a
tio
n
o
f
P
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
F
a
r
m
U
n
d
e
r
P
a
r
tia
l S
h
a
d
in
g
Ef
f
e
c
ts
U
s
in
g
S
m
a
r
t K
o
n
tr
o
lle
r
”
,
Th
e
1
0
th
I
n
t
e
r
nat
i
on
al
St
ude
nt
C
o
nf
e
r
e
nc
e
on A
dv
a
nc
e
d Sc
i
e
nc
e
an
d
T
e
c
hn
ol
o
gy
,
I
ns
t
i
t
ut
T
e
k
nol
og
i
S
e
p
ul
u
h N
o
pe
m
be
r
S
ur
a
ba
y
a
,
S
ur
a
ba
y
a
,
S
e
pt
1
9
th
201
5.
[
6]
B.
In
d
u
Ra
n
i
,
G
.
S
ar
av
an
a I
l
an
g
o
,
an
d
C
h
i
l
ak
ap
at
i
N
ag
a
m
an
i
,
“
E
nha
nc
e
d
P
ow
e
r
G
e
ne
r
a
t
i
on F
r
om
P
V
A
r
r
a
y
U
nde
r
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
S
ha
di
ng
C
on
di
t
i
on
s
b
y
S
ha
de
D
i
s
pe
r
s
i
on
U
s
i
ng
S
u
D
o
K
u
C
onfi
g
ur
a
t
i
on
”,
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
on o
n
Sus
t
a
i
n
abl
e
E
ne
r
gi
,
V
ol
4 N
o
3.
2
013
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
25
02
-
4752
I
nd
o
ne
s
i
a
n J
E
l
e
c
E
ng
&
C
o
m
p
Sc
i
,
Vo
l
.
11
, N
o
.
1
,
J
ul
y
201
8
:
4
00
–
408
408
[
7]
G
ua
ngy
u,
L
S
i
ng
K
i
ong
,
N
.
A
.,
“
G
en
er
a
l
M
ode
l
i
ng
M
e
th
o
d
th
a
t
S
i
mu
l
a
t
e
s
P
h
o
to
v
o
l
ta
ic
A
rra
y
s f
o
r
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
n
t
al
an
d
E
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
V
a
r
ia
b
il
ity
”
,
In
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
IE
E
E
(ICIA
)
,
;
pp.
19
5
-
20
0
,
20
10
[
8]
M
a
h
m
o
d
i
a
n
, M
.S
.,
R
a
h
m
a
n
i
, R
.,
T
a
s
l
i
m
i
, E
., M
e
k
h
i
l
e
f
, S
.
,
“
S
t
ep
b
y
S
t
ep
A
n
al
y
zi
n
g
,
M
ode
l
i
ng
a
n
d
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
on of
S
i
ng
l
e
a
nd
D
ou
bl
e
A
rra
y
P
V
S
y
s
te
m
in
D
i
f
f
er
en
t
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
V
a
r
ia
b
ility
”
.
In
P
r
oc
e
e
di
ngs
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
o
na
l
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
o
n F
u
t
ur
e
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
a
nd
E
ne
r
gy
;
p
p.
37
–
4
2,
20
12
.
[
9]
Z
h
e
n
g
, H
., L
i
, S
., &
P
r
o
a
n
o
, J
.
,
“
P
V
E
ne
r
g
y
E
x
t
r
a
c
t
i
on C
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
S
t
udy
unde
r
S
ha
di
ng
C
ond
i
t
i
o
ns
f
or
D
i
ff
e
r
e
n
t
Co
n
v
e
rt
e
r Co
n
f
i
g
u
ra
t
i
o
n
”
.
I
E
E
E
.
20
12
.
[
1
0]
A
nt
oni
us
R
a
j
a
g
uk
g
uk
,
C
i
pt
i
a
n
W
.
P
.
,
D
e
de
t
C
a
n
dr
a
R
i
a
w
a
n,
M
oc
ha
m
a
d
A
s
ha
r
i
,
“
P
r
ot
ot
y
pe
of
P
ow
e
r
O
pt
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
on B
a
s
e
d on C
onv
e
r
t
e
r
T
opol
og
i
e
s
R
e
c
onf
i
g
ur
a
t
i
on U
s
i
ng
P
V
S
tr
i
n
g
S
m
a
r
t C
lu
s
te
r
in
g
M
e
th
o
d
fo
r
S
ta
tic
M
in
ia
t
u
r
e
P
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
F
a
r
m
U
n
d
e
r
P
a
r
tia
lly
S
h
a
d
e
d
C
o
n
d
itio
n
”
,
I
n
te
r
n
a
t
io
n
a
l Re
v
ie
w
o
f Au
to
m
a
tic
C
ont
r
o
l
(
I
.R
E
.A
.C
O
.)
,V
o
l
.1
0
, N
.
4
, I
S
S
N
1
9
7
4
-
60
59
.
J
ul
y
20
17
[
1
1]
A
.
R
a
j
a
g
ukg
uk
,
C
i
pt
i
a
n W
e
r
i
e
d
P
r
i
a
na
nda
,
M
oc
ha
m
a
d A
s
ha
r
i
D
ed
et
C
an
d
r
a R
i
aw
an
,
S
o
ed
i
b
y
o
,
“
N
o
ve
l
D
e
r
i
v
a
t
i
ve
C
l
us
t
e
r
A
r
e
a
M
e
t
hod
s
(
D
C
A
M
)
f
or
P
ow
e
r
O
pt
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
on
of
P
V
F
a
r
m
U
nde
r
D
i
na
m
i
c
a
l
l
y
S
ha
di
ng
E
f
f
ect
”
,
Q
ual
i
t
y
i
n
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h (
Q
i
R
)
,
I
nt
e
r
n
at
i
on
al
Sy
m
pos
i
um
o
n E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
an
d C
om
put
e
r
E
ng
i
ne
e
r
i
ng
,
20
17
15
t
h
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
o
nal
C
on
f
e
r
e
nc
e
on
I
EEE
X
pl
or
e
:
07
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
201
7
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.