TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 12, No. 8, August 201
4, pp. 5886 ~ 5896
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
12i8.604
4
5886
Re
cei
v
ed Ma
rch 8, 2
014;
Re
vised Ap
ril
17, 2014; Accepte
d
May 5
,
2014
Effect of Maximum V
o
ltage
Angle on Three-Level
Single Phase T
r
ansformerless Photovoltaic
Inverter Performance
M. Ir
w
a
nto*,
M.R. Mamat, N. Gomesh,
Y.M. Ir
w
a
n
Centre of E
x
ce
llenc
e for Ren
e
w
a
b
l
e
Ener
g
y
(
C
ERE), Schoo
l
of Electrical S
y
stem En
gin
e
e
r
ing,
Univers
i
ti Mal
a
ysi
a
Perlis, Ka
ngar 0
1
0
00 Pe
rlis, Mala
ysi
a
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: ir
w
a
nto@
un
i
m
ap.ed
u.m
y
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
h
is p
aper
pre
s
ented
a
new
topol
ogy
of thr
ee-l
e
vel
sin
g
l
e
ph
ase tra
n
sfo
r
mer
l
ess
ph
oto
v
oltaic
inverter (T
PVI)
.
It consisted
o
f
three
ma
in ci
rcuits; t
hey w
e
re a
puls
e
dr
iv
er circu
i
t, a full
brid
ge
inverte
r
circuit an
d a
p
o
w
e
r factor co
rrection (PF
C
)
circuit t
hat h
a
d
functio
n
s as
prod
uction
of puls
e
w
a
ves, to
deve
l
op
altern
ating curr
ent (AC) w
a
veform
and to stab
ili
z
e
voltage of p
h
o
t
ovoltaic (PV) a
rray, respectiv
e
ly.
T
he T
PVI w
a
s
install
ed i
n
fron
t of Centre of Excell
ent
for Renew
ab
le En
er
gy (CERE), Universiti Ma
lay
s
ia
Perlis, in
Nort
hern Ma
lays
ia.
Its main
ener
gy sourc
e
w
a
s a PV array that cons
isted
of three u
n
it PV
mo
du
les, e
a
ch
unit h
ad
81 V
,
60 W
.
In this
researc
h
, AC
three-l
e
vel w
a
veform sin
g
le
phas
e T
PVI w
a
s
deve
l
op
ed
a
n
d
create
d
by a micr
ocontr
o
ll
er
PIC16F
6
27A-I
/P w
i
th varie
d
max
i
mu
m v
o
lta
ge
an
gle
fro
m
20
0
to 180
0
an
d o
b
s
erved
on
28
th
F
ebruary
20
14
betw
een
9.0
0
a
m
to
17.
0
0
pm, an
d
a
l
so a
naly
z
e
d
effect
of
max
i
mu
m vo
ltage a
n
g
l
e o
n
the three-l
e
v
e
l sin
g
le
phas
e T
PVI performa
n
ce. T
he r
e
sult show
e
d
that
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
o
lt
age angles
of
the TPVI effec
t
ed on r
oot
mean sq
uare value of A
C
voltage, c
u
rrent and
pow
er. If
the maxi
mu
m volta
g
e
ang
le w
a
s increase
d
, ther
efore valu
e of the AC vo
ltage, c
u
rrent an
d pow
er
w
ould incre
a
se
.
T
he max
i
mu
m
v
o
lta
ge an
gl
e
w
oul
d effe
ct on th
e c
u
rrent t
o
tal
har
mo
nic
distortio
n
(CT
H
D),
the low
e
st CT
HD of 15.44
8%
w
a
s obtaine
d w
hen the maxi
mu
m vo
ltag
e a
ngl
e w
a
s 134
0
Ke
y
w
ords
: transformerless PV inverter, AC wave
form, sol
a
r irradia
n
ce, te
mp
eratur
e
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
The direct current (DC) electri
c
al e
n
e
rgy of PV module
can
be co
nverted
to AC
electri
c
al
ene
rgy u
s
ing i
n
verter. T
he 1.
5 kW inve
rter usin
g full b
r
i
dge top
o
logy
is de
sig
ned
and
tested by [1].
It gave an excelle
nt result for the
high p
o
we
r PV mod
u
le appli
c
atio
n. An alternat
ive
approa
ch of inverter i
s
propo
sed by [2] to r
eplace t
he co
nventio
nal method
with the use
of
microcontroll
er. The use
of the
microcontroller bri
ngs the flex
i
b
ility to change the real
-ti
m
e
control alg
o
rit
h
ms
witho
u
t furthe
r chan
g
e
s in
ha
rd
ware. It is also lo
w cost
and
h
a
s
small
si
ze
of
control ci
rcuit for the single
phase full bri
dge inverte
r
.
In grid
o
r
off
grid
co
nne
cte
d
in
stallation,
t
he inve
rter i
nput p
o
wer i
s
d
e
termi
ned
by the
sola
r irradi
an
ce o
n
the PV
module, th
at is, both
th
e
efficien
cy an
d the ele
c
tri
c
i
t
y supply qu
a
lity
depe
nd on th
e inverter
wo
rk p
o
int (o
bviously th
is
de
pend
s on th
e
sola
r irradia
n
ce in
cid
ent
on
the surf
ace of
the PV module) [3].
This
pape
r p
r
esents a n
e
w
topol
ogy o
f
thr
ee-l
e
vel
singl
e ph
ase
tran
sform
e
rl
ess PV
inverter. It co
nsi
s
ts of thre
e main ci
rcui
ts; they
are a pulse drive
r
circuit, a ful
l
bridge i
n
verter
circuit and a
power facto
r
corre
c
tion ci
rcuit.
The adv
antage of the
propo
se
d topology co
mp
ared
to the co
nven
tional inverte
r
is lo
w co
st, small
si
ze, hi
gh efficie
n
cy,
the pul
se wa
ves to drive t
h
e
full brid
ge i
n
verter ci
rcuit i
s
e
a
sy to
cre
a
te
us
in
g th
e micr
oc
o
n
t
ro
lle
r
PIC1
6
F
627
A-
I/P in
w
h
ic
h
maximum an
d ze
ro volta
ge angl
e of
AC wavefo
rm can
be created. Effect of the maximum
voltage an
gle
on thre
e-l
e
vel sin
g
le ph
a
s
e tra
n
sfo
r
m
e
rle
ss PV inv
e
rter
perfo
rm
ances
( rm
s v
a
lue
of the AC voltage, cu
rrent, power an
d
al
so CTHD) i
s
observed a
n
d
analyze
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Effect of Maxim
u
m Voltage Angle on Three-L
e
vel
Sing
le Phase T
r
a
n
sform
e
rl
ess… (M. Irwa
nto)
5887
2. Rese
arch
Metho
d
2.1. Solar Irradiance a
nd PV Arra
y
The tran
sformerle
s
s PV i
n
verter is installed
in P
e
rli
s
, Northe
rn
state of Malay
s
ia. Its
main e
n
e
r
gy
sou
r
ce i
s
a P
V
array that
consi
s
ts of th
ree u
n
it of 8
1
V
, 60W PV
module
s
. T
h
e
PV
array conve
r
t
s
sol
a
r e
nerg
y
(sola
r
irradi
ance) to
be
DC el
ect
r
icity
.
In this rese
arch, the sol
a
r
irra
dian
ce i
s
reco
rde
d
by a weath
e
r stati
on every min
u
te as sho
w
n
in Figure 1.
Figure 1. We
ather Station
and PV Array
2.2. Compon
enets of Pro
posed To
polog
y
The re
alized
system i
s
a typical sta
nd
alone
single
pha
se tran
sf
orme
rle
ss PV
inverter
that can feed
AC loads. T
he com
p
lete
system is
sh
own in Fig
u
re 2 that con
s
ists of three
main
circuits; th
ey
are
a p
u
lse d
r
iver
circuit, a
full br
i
dge
i
n
verter circuit and
a
po
we
r factor co
rrecti
on
circuit. Detail
circuit of the each circuit is explained b
e
l
ow.
A
'
A
B
'
B
C
'
C
I
'
I
Figure 2.
Rea
lized Singl
e Phase TPVI System
The pul
se
dri
v
er ci
rcuit is
use
d
to prod
uce
t
w
o pul
se wave
s that
need
ed to d
r
ive the full
bridg
e
inve
rte
r
circuit.
Th
e pulse wave
s are dev
elo
p
e
d
by a
mi
cro
c
ontrolle
r PIC16F62
8A-I/P
as
sho
w
n in Fi
g
u
re 3. A listin
g
pro
g
ra
m is
cre
a
ted to p
r
odu
ce the p
u
l
s
e waves
usi
ng C la
ngu
ag
e in
PIC C com
p
il
er and fo
rme
d
at pin 11 an
d 12 of the micro
c
o
n
troll
e
r.
The full bridg
e
inverter ci
rcuit is used to prod
uce an AC wavefo
rm that input sign
al is the
two pul
se
wa
ves. The
circuit is modifi
ca
tion re
su
lt of [4] as
sho
w
n i
n
Figu
re 3. T
he point
A
and
'
A
are p
u
lse
wa
ve input sign
al terminal
s t
hat need
ed to
drive the ci
rcuit, the point
C
and
'
C
are
AC outp
u
t wa
veform that it
s ma
gnitud
e
depe
nd
s on
DC input
at p
o
int
B
and
'
B
aro
und 2
00 V
– 240 V.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 8, August 2014: 588
6 –
5896
5888
k
3
F
2
.
2
k
3
F
2
.
2
k
10
k
47
k
10
k
47
8
.
1
B
'
B
C
'
C
A
'
A
Figure 3. Pulse Driver a
n
d
Full Bridge Inverter
Circui
t
The p
o
wer fa
ctor
co
rrectio
n
ci
rcuit is u
s
ed
to
stable
DC voltage th
at pro
d
u
c
ed
b
y
the PV
voltage. The
circuit is mo
dification result
of [5] as shown in Figu
re 4. The poi
nt
I
and
'
I
are
input voltag
e
terminal
which suppli
ed
by the PV
array
.
The
output
of this ci
rcuit
at point
B
an
d
'
B
is co
nne
cted
to the full bridge inverte
r
circuit.
1
20
x
W
M
1
1
k
330
V
F
30
01
.
0
k
12
V
F
50
68
.
0
V
F
30
00
1
.
0
330
k
22
k
100
V
F
50
01
.
0
V
F
50
100
k
1
W
M
1
5
1
k
100
k
10
V
F
450
470
V
F
63
0
,
1
.
0
B
'
B
I
'
I
Figure 4. Power F
a
cto
r
Correctio
n
Circuit
2.3.
Opera
t
ion Pr
inciple of Proposed T
o
p
o
log
y
The sim
p
le
st techniq
ue to
convert
DC
power into A
C
po
wer i
s
to gene
rate a
squa
re
wave. However, the h
a
rm
o
n
ic
conte
n
t of the sq
ua
re
wave is
relative
ly high, also the efficie
n
cy
of
this wavefo
rm is relatively
low [6-8]. Th
e three
-
level i
n
verter i
s
exp
l
ained a
nd an
alyzed by [8], its
efficien
cy is significa
ntly higher a
nd ha
rmoni
c
conte
n
t
s are le
ss than the sq
uare
wave [9].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Effect of Maxim
u
m Voltage Angle on Three-L
e
vel
Sing
le Phase T
r
a
n
sform
e
rl
ess… (M. Irwa
nto)
5889
Normally, the low freq
uen
cy (50Hz) i
n
ve
rter u
s
e
s
a transfo
rme
r
th
at it is big, he
avy and
expen
sive. To redu
cing
the man
u
facturi
ng
co
s
t
,
size,
a
n
d
weig
ht
of
t
he sy
st
em,
t
h
e
transfo
rme
r
le
ss i
n
verte
r
is suitabl
e [10-16]. It im
proves the
syste
m
efficien
cy. Tran
sfo
r
merl
e
ss
inverter co
ncept
is
a
d
vant
ageo
us be
ca
use of
thei
r
hi
gh efficie
n
ci
e
s
which can
be rea
c
hed
o
f
up
to 97-98% [12].
Figure 5 sho
w
s two op
eration mod
e
s of t
he prop
ose
d
tran
sformerle
s
s PV inverter
(TPVI). It has a pha
se le
g includi
ng
1
S
and
2
S
ope
ratin
g
at the system perio
d of 20 ms, and
anothe
r ph
ase leg in
cludi
ng
3
S
and
4
S
com
m
utating at the switchi
ng
perio
d. Two
addition
al
swit
che
s
5
S
and
6
S
may com
m
utate eithe
r
at the syste
m
perio
d o
r
at the swit
chi
ng pe
riod to
achi
eve two
DC state
s
. A
c
cordi
n
g
to t
w
o
ope
rati
on
mod
e
s which ge
ne
rate th
e voltage
stat
e of
positive or n
e
gative polarit
y at point
C
or
'
C
.
k
3
F
2
.
2
k
3
F
2
.
2
k
10
k
47
k
10
k
47
8
.
1
B
'
B
C
'
C
A
'
A
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
S
(a) Mo
de 1
k
3
F
2
.
2
k
3
F
2
.
2
k
10
k
47
k
10
k
47
8
.
1
B
'
B
C
'
C
A
'
A
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
S
(b) Mo
de 2
Figure 5. Two
operatio
n mo
des of p
r
opo
sed TPVI
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 8, August 2014: 588
6 –
5896
5890
The PV o
u
tp
ut voltage
of
200V to
240V
is
fed to
inp
u
t of the PF
C circuit. T
he
o
u
t put of
the PFC circuit is fed to the full bridge
inverter circuit at point
B
and
'
B
. The full bridg
e
inverter
circui
t is drived
by two pul
se
waves at poi
nt
A
and
'
A
(as
sh
o
w
n in Fi
gure
6) that
cre
a
ted by the micro
c
o
n
troller PIC1
6F
627A-I/P
as shown in Figure 3. The ope
ration prin
cipl
es
of three-l
e
vel waveform tra
s
form
er
le
ss inverter b
e
lo
w are analy
z
ed
.
200V to
24
0
V
DC i
s
sup
p
lied to
the ful
l
bri
dge
inverter at
point
B
and
'
B
in
Figu
re
3.
Mode 1 in Fi
gure 5, the
capa
citors of 2.2
F
are charge
d by 12V thro
ugh dio
d
e
s
IN40
07. Thu
s
the MOSFET,
1
S
and
4
S
are
on. Op
eratio
n pri
n
ci
ple
of t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
orme
r
l
ess
PV in
ve
r
t
e
r
is
explained fo
r the time of 20 ms
that divided by four pa
rts.
a)
At the firs
t time of
ms
, point
A
has
a p
u
lse
wave
an
d point
'
A
is zero,
3
S
is on,
trans
is
tor,
5
S
gets on there
b
y grou
ndin
g
the
gate of
4
S
, turning
4
S
off. Thus
for
ms
1
S
,
3
S
are on an
d
current flo
w
s from
B
to
1
S
to
C
to
'
C
to
3
S
and to
'
B
. For this
c
y
cle,
point
C
ha
s
po
sitive pol
arity
and
'
C
ha
s
neg
ative pola
r
ity, thus
the i
n
ve
rter
output vol
t
age
has p
o
sitive value aroun
d +20
0
V to +2
40 V as shown in Figure 6.
b)
At the secon
d
time of
ms, point
A
and
'
A
hav
e ze
ro p
u
l
se w
a
v
e
,
t
r
a
n
si
st
or,
5
S
,
6
S
and MOSFE
T
,
1
S
,
3
S
are off. There i
s
no
current flow
through the load, thus the inverter
output voltag
e at point
C
and
'
C
is
z
e
r
o
as
s
h
ow
n
in
F
i
gu
r
e
6
.
c
)
At the third time of
ms,
m
ode
2 in
Figu
re 5,
point
'
A
h
a
s
a p
u
lse
wave an
d p
o
int
A
is
zer
o
,
2
S
is on, transi
s
to
r,
6
S
gets on thereb
y groundi
ng the gate of
1
S
, t
u
rning
1
S
of
f.
Thus fo
r
ms
2
S
,
4
S
are o
n
and
curre
n
t flows
from
B
to
4
S
to
'
C
to
C
t
o
2
S
and to
'
B
. For this
cycle, point
C
has ne
gative p
o
larity and
'
C
has
pos
i
tive polarity, thus
t
he
inverter o
u
tpu
t
voltage has
negative valu
e -
200 V to -2
40 V as shown in Figure 6.
d)
At the fourth time of
ms
, p
o
int
A
and
'
A
have zero pulse wave, tran
sist
or,
5
S
,
6
S
and
MOSFET,
1
S
,
3
S
are off. There i
s
no current fl
ow thro
ugh the load, thus t
he invert
er output
voltage at poi
nt
C
and
'
C
is ze
ro as sho
w
n in
Figure 6.
A
'
A
'
CC
Figure 6. Pulse an
d Three
-
level Output
Wavefo
rm of the TPVI
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TELKOM
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ISSN:
2302-4
046
Effect of Maxim
u
m Voltage Angle on Three-L
e
vel
Sing
le Phase T
r
a
n
sform
e
rl
ess… (M. Irwa
nto)
5891
Figure 6
sho
w
s that
wav
e
form
of the
th
re
e-level
singl
e p
h
a
s
e
tran
sformerl
ess PV
inverter outp
u
t voltage
ha
s a
system
freque
ncy
of
5
0
Hz or
syste
m
pe
riod
of
2
0
m
s
. Ze
ro
a
nd
maximum vo
ltage an
gle,
and
of the waveform
will effe
ct
on performances of the
transfo
rme
r
le
ss PV invert
er
(rm
s volta
ge,
rms
V
, peak vo
ltage,
p
V
, effic
i
enc
y,
i
, and
current
total harmo
ni
c disto
r
tion, CTHD). Rel
a
tio
n
shi
p
betwee
n
and
in ms
is derive
d
as
belo
w
:
2
20
2
20
2
2
10
(1)
2.4. Experimenta
l
Setup
Main experi
m
ental setu
p
equipme
n
ts of t
he single
phase TPVI
consi
s
t of PV array,
pulse drive
r
circuit, full bri
dge inverte
r
circui
t, po
wer factor corre
c
tion circuit, b
a
ttery, and two
load types, t
he first i
s
ind
u
ctive load
o
f
20W, 220V,
50Hz AC
water pum
p a
nd the secon
d
is
30W
re
sistiv
e lamp loa
d
. The mea
s
u
r
ement eq
uip
m
ents
con
s
i
s
t of Vantage Weathe
r Station
Pro2, voltage
logger, an
d PM 300 Anal
yzer. The exp
e
rime
ntal set
up is sho
w
n i
n
Figure 7.
Figure 7. Experime
n
tal Setup
As
sho
w
n
in
Figure 7,
the
TPVI input
i
s
con
n
e
c
ted
to the PV
array and
its ou
tput is
con
n
e
c
ted to
the load of 20W, 22
0V, 50Hz AC
water pum
p and
30W re
si
stive lamp load.
The
PV array out
put voltage
i
s
m
easured
by voltage l
ogge
r
whi
c
h
its valu
e d
e
pend
s
on
so
lar
radiatio
n a
n
d
tempe
r
ature. The
sola
r i
r
radian
ce
and
tempe
r
ature a
r
e me
asured
by the Vanta
g
e
Weath
e
r Station Pro2. Pe
rforman
c
e
s
of the l
oad
are
mea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
the PM
30
0 Analy
z
er.
T
he
measurement
s are
real tim
e
syst
em a
n
d
reco
rd
ed eve
r
y minute.
3. Results a
nd Analy
s
is
3.1. Solar Irradiance, Te
mperatu
r
e o
n
28
th
Febru
a
r
y
2014
In this research, AC sin
g
le
phase
wavef
o
rm
s of the TPVI are developed an
d cre
a
ted by
the microcont
rolle
r PIC16F
627A-I/P and
obse
r
ved on
28
th
February
2014 from 9.
00 am to 17.00
pm, and
also
analyzed th
eir p
e
rfo
r
man
c
e. Th
e sola
r irra
dian
ce
a
nd temp
eratu
r
e a
r
e
sh
own
in
Figure 8. Th
e average
solar i
rra
dian
ce is 6
91.2
W/m
3
, it indicates that th
e sky is
clea
r a
n
d
suitabl
e to ge
nerate the PV
powe
r
gen
eration [17].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 8, August 2014: 588
6 –
5896
5892
Figure 8. Solar Irradian
ce
and Tem
pera
t
ure on 28
th
F
ebru
a
ry 20
14
3.2. Effec
t
of Maximum Voltage Ang
l
e Chang
e
on AC Voltag
e and Curr
e
n
t Wav
e
for
m
of
Single Phase TPVI
The sol
a
r irradiance and temp
erature as shown in Figure 8
will effect on the PV array
output voltage. If
the sola
r irra
dian
ce i
n
crea
se
an
d assumin
g
the
temperatu
r
e
is con
s
tant will
cau
s
e th
e PV array o
u
tput voltage i
n
crea
se, ot
h
e
rwi
s
e if the
temperature
increa
se a
n
d
assumin
g
the
solar i
rra
dian
ce is
con
s
tant
will cau
s
e th
e PV array ou
tput voltage decrea
s
e [18].
AC
singl
e p
h
a
se
waveforms
of the
TP
VI varying m
a
ximum voltag
e an
gle th
at
created
by
PIC16F6
27A-I/P were o
b
s
erve
d on
2
8
th
February
2014 fo
r condition of
solar i
rra
dian
ce,
temperature,
PV array voltage as
sh
own in Fig
u
re 9. Every
maximum voltage angle
wa
s
observed
through
5 min
u
t
es, an
d val
ue of
sola
r i
rra
dian
ce, te
mperature
were
re
co
rde
d
by
weath
e
r stati
on and PV array voltage b
y
voltage logger.
Figure 9. Con
d
ition of Solar Irradia
n
ce, Te
mpe
r
ature a
nd PV Array Voltage Varyi
ng Maximum
Voltage Angl
e
Figure 9
sho
w
that
ea
ch
maximum vol
t
age
a
ngle was ob
se
rved on sola
r irradi
ance wa
s
highe
r th
an
2
50W/m
2
, it i
n
dicate
s th
at it
wa
s suitable
to g
ene
rate
the PV
array
gene
ration.
T
h
e
PV array volt
age of e
a
ch
con
d
ition of
solar i
rra
dian
ce, temperature wa
s hi
ghe
r
than 23
0V. T
h
e
PV array voltage wa
s fed
to input of the pow
er fa
ctor co
rre
ction
circuit at point
I
and
'
I
as
sho
w
n in Fig
u
re 4 a
nd its
output wa
s fe
d to
the full bridge inve
rter circuit at poi
nt
B
and
'
B
as
sho
w
n in Fig
u
re 3 an
d 5, at point
C
and
'
C
produ
ce
d an
AC waveform. For the ea
ch conditio
n
of sol
a
r irradi
ance, temp
erature
an
d PV
array
vo
lta
g
e
as
s
h
ow
n in
F
i
gu
r
e
9 p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d a
n
AC
voltage and
current wavefo
rm of the TPVI as sho
w
n i
n
Figure 10.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
9:
00
A
M
9:
30
A
M
10:
00
A
M
10:
30
A
M
11:
00
A
M
11:
30
A
M
12:
00
P
M
12:
30
P
M
1:
00
P
M
1:
30
P
M
2:
00
P
M
2:
30
P
M
3:
00
P
M
3:
30
P
M
4:
00
P
M
4:
30
P
M
5:
00
P
M
Ti
m
e
S
o
la
r
irrad
i
a
n
ce (W
/m
.m
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Te
m
p
era
t
u
r
e (de
g
r
e
es
C)
S
o
l
a
r
i
r
ra
di
an
c
e
T
e
m
per
at
ur
e
20
40
60
80
100
120
12
5
130
133
13
4
135
140
16
0
180
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
o
l
t
age
angl
e (
degr
ee)
S
o
l
a
r
i
r
r
adi
anc
e
(W
/
m
.
m
)
T
e
m
p
erat
ure
(
degree
s
C
)
P
V
arr
a
y
v
o
l
t
age
(
v
ol
t
)
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Effect of Maxim
u
m Voltage Angle on Three-L
e
vel
Sing
le Phase T
r
a
n
sform
e
rl
ess… (M. Irwa
nto)
5893
(a) Maxim
u
m voltage angl
e
at
20
0
(b) Maxim
u
m voltage angl
e
at
40
0
(c) Maximum
voltage angl
e
at
60
0
(d) Maxim
u
m voltage angl
e
at
80
0
(e) Maxim
u
m voltage angl
e
at
100
0
(f) Maximum
voltage angl
e
at
120
0
(g) Maxim
u
m voltage angl
e
at
125
0
(h) Maxim
u
m voltage angl
e
at
130
0
(i) Maximum
voltage angl
e
at
133
0
(j) Maximum
voltage angl
e
at
134
0
(k) Maximum
voltage angl
e
at
135
0
(l) Maximum
voltage angl
e
at
140
0
(m) Maximu
m
voltage angl
e at 160
0
(n) Maxim
u
m voltage angl
e
at 180
0
Figure 10. AC Voltage an
d Curre
n
t Wa
veform of the TPVI
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 8, August 2014: 588
6 –
5896
5894
Figure 1
0
sh
ows that
ch
a
nge
of maxi
mum volt
ag
e
angl
e of A
C
wavefo
rm
of the TPVI
will effect on value of the AC voltage and cu
rre
nt waveform. If th
e maximum voltage angl
e wa
s
increa
sed, th
erefo
r
e valu
e
of the AC vo
ltage an
d current
waveform woul
d in
crease a
s
sho
w
n in
Figure 11 and 12,
respecti
vely. They al
so
will
e
ffect
on the power, if t
he m
a
ximum voltage angle
wa
s in
crea
se
d, therefo
r
e
the a
c
tive, re
active
a
nd a
pparent p
o
wer
woul
d in
crease a
s
sho
w
n
i
n
Figure 13.
In the experimental set up
, the inductive load of 20W, 220V, 50
Hz AC water
pump an
d
the 30
W
re
si
stive lamp l
o
a
d
were
con
n
e
c
ted to
the
T
PVI, therefore AC current
flows through
the
load
s. The
r
e
wa
s n
o
si
gnifi
cant
effect o
n
the
different
angle
betwee
n
AC volta
ge
and
cu
rrent o
r
power fa
ctor
whe
n
the ma
ximum voltage angle
wa
s cha
nge
d. As sho
w
n in Fi
g
u
re 1
0
, the AC
waveforms le
aded the AC
curre
n
t wavef
o
rm
s by 20.1
6
0
or the po
wer facto
r
wa
s
0.94.
Figure 11. Effect of Maximum Voltage Angle
on the AC Vo
ltage
Figure 12. Effect of Maximum Voltage Angle
on the AC Cu
rre
nt
Figure 13. Effect of Maximum Voltage Angle on the A
C
Powe
r
3.3 Effec
t
o
f
Ma
ximum Voltage
Ang
l
e Cha
nge
on Cu
rren
t
Total
Harmo
n
ic Dis
t
ortio
n
(CT
H
D)
The indu
ctive
load of 20W, 220V, 50Hz AC
water p
u
m
p and the
30 W resi
stive lamp
load whi
c
h were co
nne
cte
d
to
poi
nt
C
an
d
'
C
of the full
b
r
idge
inverte
r
circuit p
r
od
uced current
harm
oni
c sp
e
c
trum a
nd CT
HD in
whi
c
h their value d
e
pend
ed on type of the AC waveform.
20
40
60
80
100
12
0
140
16
0
18
0
80
10
0
12
0
14
0
16
0
18
0
20
0
22
0
24
0
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
o
l
t
a
ge a
ngl
e (
d
egr
ee)
r
m
s
A
C
v
o
l
t
age
(
v
olt
)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
o
l
t
age an
gl
e (
degr
e
e
)
rm
s
A
C
C
u
rre
n
t
(m
A
)
20
40
60
80
100
120
14
0
160
18
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
o
l
t
age angl
e (
degr
ee)
Po
w
e
r
A
c
t
i
v
e
pow
er
(
W
)
R
eac
t
i
v
e
pow
er
(
V
A
R
)
A
ppar
ent
pow
er
(
V
A
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Effect of Maxim
u
m Voltage Angle on Three-L
e
vel
Sing
le Phase T
r
a
n
sform
e
rl
ess… (M. Irwa
nto)
5895
W
h
en
th
e ma
ximu
m vo
ltag
e
an
g
l
e w
a
s
20
0
, AC vo
ltage a
nd
cu
rrent
wavefo
rm of the
TPVI wa
s n
o
t pe
rfect
as sh
own
in
Figu
re
10
(a),
th
erefore
it produ
ce
d a
high
est
CTHD ofv10
8
.94
% as sho
w
n i
n
Figure 14.
A three
-
level
AC wavefo
rm
starte
d to be
develop
ed
when the
maximum voltage
angle
wa
s 40
0
a
s
shown in Figu
re 10 (b). It produ
ce
d a lo
wer
CT
HD of
74.33 % as
sho
w
n in Fi
g
u
re
14. It wa
s lo
wer CTHD
co
mpared to th
e CT
HD t
hat
prod
uced
by the maximu
m
voltage an
gle
of
20
0
.
Whe
n
the
ma
ximum voltag
e angl
e
wa
s i
n
crea
sed
fro
m
60
0
to
133
0
, the AC volta
ge an
d
curre
n
t wave
forms
we
re
more
perfo
rm as
sho
w
n
in Figure 10
(c) to (i), the
y
produ
ce
d lowe
r
CTH
D
.
A CT
HD was obtain
ed
wh
en the
maxi
mum voltag
e
angl
e
wa
s 1
3
4
0
. Its
A
C
t
h
ree-level
waveform is shown in Figurer
10 (j
), its CTHD of 15.4
4
8
% is
shown
in Figure 14.
The maximu
m
voltage angl
e
was a o
p
timal angle to ob
tain a lowe
st CTHD.
If the maximum voltage an
gle wa
s in
cre
a
se
d agai
n from135
0
to 180
0
as sho
w
n i
n
Figure
10
(k) to
(n
), t
herefo
r
e
the
curre
n
t ha
rm
onic spe
c
tru
m
and
CTHD
woul
d in
crea
se ba
ck a
s
sh
own
in Figure 14.
Figure 14. Effect of Maximum Voltage Angle on
Curre
n
t Total Harm
onic
Disto
r
tio
n
(CT
H
D)
4. Conclusio
n
Acco
rdi
ng to
result sho
w
n, the prop
o
s
ed top
o
logy
can b
e
appl
ied to the three
-
level
singl
e pha
se
TPVI, from th
e results
can
be sum
m
ari
z
ed as b
e
lo
w:
a)
Perform
a
n
c
e
of the three-level sin
g
le
pha
se TPVI depe
nd
s on the sola
r irra
dian
ce and
temperature.
The sola
r irradian
ce of 2
50 W/m
2
an
d
above, it wa
s en
ough to
develop A
C
waveform of the s
i
ngle phas
e TPVI.
b)
Maximum voltage angle
s
o
f
the TPVI effect
on value of AC voltage, current and power. If the
maximum voltage angle
was in
cre
a
sed,
therefore
the
value of AC voltage, curre
n
t and power
woul
d increa
se.
c)
The maxim
u
m voltage a
n
g
le would
effect on
the
CTHD, th
e lo
west CTHD of
15.448%
was
obtaine
d wh
e
n
the maximu
m voltage an
gle wa
s 13
4
0
.
Referen
ces
[1]
T
a
ib S, Sutanto Y, Razak A
R
A.
Devel
o
p
m
ent of Si
mpl
e
PW
M Inverter Using P
hotov
o
l
taic Ce
lss
.
Student Co
nfer
ence o
n
Res
e
a
r
ch and
D
e
vel
o
pment Proce
e
d
i
ng. 20
02.
[
2
]
I
s
m
a
i
l
B
,
T
o
i
b
S
,
S
a
a
d
A
R
M
,
I
s
a
M
,
H
a
d
z
a
r
C
M
.
Dev
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t of a
Si
ngl
e
Phase
SPW
M
Microcontr
o
ll
er
-Based Inverte
r
.
F
i
rst
Internati
ona
l Po
w
e
r
an
d Energ
y
C
onf
erenc
e PECo
n
. 2006.
[3]
Card
ona MS,
Carreter
o
J.
An
alysis
of the C
u
rrent T
o
tal
Ha
rmo
n
ic D
i
storti
on for D
i
fferent
Sing
le-Ph
a
s
e
Inverters for Grid-C
on
ne
cte
d
PV
System
s
. S
c
ienc
e D
i
rect,
Solar
Ener
g
y
Materials
& S
o
l
a
r C
e
lls.
20
05;
87: 529-
54
0.
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
o
l
t
age a
ngl
e (
d
e
g
r
ee)
CT
HD (
%
)
134
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.