Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
8
,
pp.
599
~
601
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
, DO
I: 10
.11
591/
ijeecs
.
v9.i
3
.
pp
599
-
601
599
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Path Op
timizati
on
Algorith
m in
Wireless
Sensor
Network
with
Obstacl
e
J.
S
.
Pr
aveen
1
, Mr.
M
ay
il
vah
anan
2
1
Resea
rc
h
Sc
hol
ar,
AM
E
T
Unive
rsit
y
,
Ch
enna
i
,
I
ndia
2
Profess
or,
Depa
rtment
of
Inform
at
ion
Techn
olog
y
,
AM
ET Univers
ity
,
Ch
enna
i
,
I
ndia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
N
ov
2
9
, 201
7
Re
vised
Jan
2
7
, 201
8
Accepte
d
Fe
b
1
9
, 201
8
Cluste
ring
is
used
for
prolong
i
ng
the
n
et
work
li
fe
t
ime
in
W
SN
.
It
groups
sensor
nodes
int
o
diffe
re
nt
grou
ps
and
sele
ct
s
a
single
node
as
a
cl
uster
he
ad
(CH)
for
al
l
the
groups.
CH
S
c
oll
e
ct
the
data
from
consona
nt
cl
usters
an
d
forward
the
da
ta
to
base
stati
on.
In
thi
s
pape
r
,
we
proposed
pat
h
o
pti
m
iz
ation
al
gorit
hm
in
W
i
re
le
ss
Sensor
Network
with
an
obstac
l
e
(PO
AW
SNO)
tha
t
per
iodicall
y
select
s
the
c
luste
r
h
ea
ds
accordi
ng
t
o
qual
ity
f
ac
to
r.
The
qua
l
i
t
y
fa
ct
or
is
esti
m
ated
b
y
three
crite
ria
in
cl
uding
qu
al
ity
of
the
li
nk,
re
m
ai
nin
g
ene
rg
y
and
degr
ee
of
the
node
.
Path
opti
m
iz
a
ti
o
n
te
chni
qu
e
dete
rm
ine
s
the
shortest
pat
h
dur
ing
obstacle
pre
sent
in
the
W
SN.
PO
T
is
used
to
re
duc
e
th
e
hop
count
and
pac
ke
t
dela
y
.
T
he
sim
ula
ti
on
r
esult
s
demons
tra
te
th
at
th
is
appr
oac
h
imp
rove
s
the
throughp
ut
and
r
educe
th
e
loss
of
pa
cke
ts
and
en
er
g
y
consum
pti
on
in t
he
ne
twork
usin
g
net
work sim
ul
at
or.
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ob
sta
cl
e
Cl
us
te
rin
g
Qu
al
it
y Fact
or
Lin
k R
obust
ne
ss
WSN
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
J.S.
Pr
a
vee
n
,
A
MET
Un
i
versi
ty
, Ch
en
nai,
India.
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
W
i
reless
se
nso
r
net
work
us
es
rad
i
o
f
reque
nc
ie
s
to
m
ake
distribu
te
d
sen
sin
g
ta
sk
s
.
WSN
s
hav
e
t
heir
app
li
cat
io
ns
in
plant
m
on
it
or
ing,
fire
detect
ion
a
nd
le
a
kag
e
of
chem
ic
al
,
battl
efiel
d
su
rve
il
la
nce,
automa
ti
on
in
trans
portat
ion,
healt
h,
radi
at
ion
s,
in
du
st
r
ia
l
us
e
and
ga
s
detect
ion
.
G
eogra
ph
ic
r
ou
t
ing
does
no
t
r
equ
i
re
global
topolo
gy
of
the
W
S
N
s.
A
sen
sor
no
de
m
akes
ro
uti
ng
reso
l
ution
base
d
on
the
ge
og
ra
ph
ic
posi
ti
on
of
it
sel
f
and
it
s
ne
ighbors.
T
he
sens
or
s
forw
a
r
d
the
data
to
t
he
nei
ghbor,
wh
ic
h
is
cl
os
e
st
to
the
sink
.
This
reduces
the
a
ve
rag
e
hop
c
ount.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
geog
raphic
r
outi
ng
ca
nnot
optim
iz
e
the
nu
m
ber
of
hops
wh
il
e
a
sens
or
has
no
neig
hbor
cl
os
e
r
to
the
base
sta
ti
on
.
T
he
inci
den
t
of
the
pro
blem
can
be
cause
d
by
m
any
factors
su
c
h
as s
pa
rse depl
oym
ent o
f sens
or
s
, obs
ta
c
le
s and se
nsors
f
ai
lure
s.
We
pro
po
se
E
nergy
-
E
ff
ic
ie
nt
Algorit
hm
in
W
i
reless
Sensor
Netw
ork
wi
th
an
obsta
cl
e.
The
el
ect
in
g
cl
us
te
r
hea
d
is
based
on
t
he
qu
al
it
y
factor
t
hat
is
evaluate
d
by
the
r
obust
ness
of
the
li
nk,
de
gree
of
th
e
node
and resi
du
al
e
ne
rg
y
[1
]
.
2.
RELATE
D
W
ORK
A
distri
bu
te
d
a
lgorit
hm
na
m
e
d
scal
able
ene
r
gy
eff
ic
ie
nt
cl
us
te
rin
g
hierarc
hy
(S
P
EECH
)
[1
]
schem
e
sel
ect
s
Cl
us
te
r
Head
(
CH
)
an
d
relay
s
separ
at
el
y
based
on nod
e
s
el
igibil
it
i
es.
I
n
this
way,
high
an
d
lo
w
degree
nodes
a
re
re
presenti
ng
as
CHS
a
nd
relay
s.
SPEECH
m
ain
ly
us
ed
t
o
m
i
ti
gation
of
CH
S
energy
bur
de
n.
Fa
n
-
Sh
a
ped
Cl
us
te
rin
g
(
FSC)
[
2]
schem
e
introd
uced
pa
rtit
ion
a
la
rg
e
-
scal
e
ne
twork
into
fa
n
-
s
ha
ped
cl
us
t
erin
g.
Re
li
able
Re
act
ive
Rou
ti
ng
En
han
cem
ent
(R3E)
[
3]
increases
t
he
resil
ie
nce
to
li
nk
dy
nam
i
cs
for
WSNs/I
WSNs.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vol
.
9
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
8
:
599
–
601
600
In
E
nergy
-
E
ff
i
ci
ent
Ti
m
er
-
ba
sed
O
ne
-
shot
m
ax
functi
on
com
pu
ta
ti
on
(
TMC
)
al
gorith
m
,
the
nodes
are
gro
u
ped
in
to
cl
us
te
rs
an
d
com
pu
ta
ti
on
oc
cur
s
over
tw
o
con
te
ntion
sta
ges.
Geogr
a
phi
c
R
ou
ti
ng
[
4]
is
for
prolo
ngin
g
the
netw
ork
li
feti
m
e
and
optim
i
zes
the
routin
g
path
am
on
g
obsta
cl
es
in
cl
ust
ered
WSN.
A
Virtual
Coordi
nate
-
Ba
sed
By
passi
ng
Vo
i
d
Ro
utin
g
protoc
ol
[
5]
is
us
e
d
to
tra
ns
f
orm
a
ran
do
m
struct
ur
e
c
om
po
sed
of
vo
i
d
ed
ges
i
nto
a
re
gula
r
on
e
by
m
app
ing
edg
e
node
s
co
ordinates
to
a
virtu
al
ci
rcle
Com
bin
e
te
chn
iq
ue
f
or
cl
assifi
cat
ion
of I
RS
P
6
L
IS
S
-
III satel
li
te
i
m
a
ges
al
s
o use
d
[
6].
Re
gional
Energy
Aw
a
re
Cl
ust
e
rin
g
with
I
so
la
te
d
N
odes
(REAC
-
IN)
s
chem
e
has
propose
d
f
or
prolo
ngin
g
the
li
fetim
e
of
WSN
.
In
this
sc
hem
e,
the
Cl
us
te
r
Hea
ds
(C
Hs)
sel
ect
ed
ba
sed
on
the
w
ei
gh
t.
REAC
-
IN
sch
e
m
e
i
m
pr
ov
e
s
li
fetim
e
and
st
abili
ty
of
t
he
netw
ork.
P
ow
e
r
c
on
tr
ol
st
rategy
[
7]
has
p
r
opose
d
transm
issi
on
powe
r
co
ntr
ol
f
or
cl
us
te
r
hea
d
base
d
on
m
ulti
-
pac
ket
rec
eption
in
cl
ust
erin
g
W
S
N.
Me
dia
Access
Delay
and
Th
r
oughput
A
naly
sis
of
V
oice
Co
dec
with
Sil
e
nce
Suppressi
on
on
W
i
reless
Ad
H
oc
Netw
ork
is
pre
sented
in
t
his paper
[8].
Distrib
uted
cl
ust
er
head
sc
he
du
li
ng
schem
e
(D
CHS
)
sup
ports
f
or
tw
o
-
ti
er
W
S
N
arc
hitec
ture
an
d
el
ect
s
cl
us
te
r
he
ad
bas
ed
on
Re
cei
ved
Si
gnal
Stren
gth
(R
SS)
a
nd
resid
ua
l
energy
of
t
he
sens
or
node.
In
thi
s
pap
e
r
descr
i
be
d
that
the
Has
h
-
base
d
Tec
hniqu
e
to
I
den
ti
f
y
the
Self
ish
N
od
e
i
n
Mo
bile
Ad
-
hoc
Netw
ork
[9
]
.
En
han
ce
d
De
ve
lop
e
d
Distrib
uted
E
nergy
-
ef
fici
ent
Cl
us
te
ring
(
ED
DEEC
)
and
Ene
r
gy
Ef
fici
ent
and
Ba
la
nce
d
Cl
us
te
r
-
base
d
Data
A
ggreg
a
ti
on
al
gorithm
(EEBCD
A)
i
ntr
oduce
d
eff
i
ci
ent
CH
el
ect
ion
pro
ba
bili
ty
.
It
pro
vid
es
lo
ng
li
fetim
e
and
st
abili
ty
.
Power
ef
fici
ent
m
ult
ic
ast
opport
unist
ic
routing
prot
oco
l
t
o
opti
m
iz
e
li
fetim
e
of
MANE
T
is
pr
es
ented
i
n
this
pa
per
[
10
]
.
The
pro
posed
BP
F
has
lo
w
incl
us
io
n
m
isfor
tu
ne
a
nd
sm
a
ll
er
siz
e
du
e
to
the
m
od
erate
wav
e
im
pa
ct
.
Me
an
wh
il
e
,
sh
ar
p
dism
issal
gr
ou
ps
prom
pted
by
the
ne
arn
es
s
of tw
o
tra
ns
m
i
ssion zer
os
[
11]
.
3.
PROP
OSE
D SCHE
ME
In
this
paper,
we
pro
pose
an
E
nergy
-
Ef
f
ic
ie
nt
Algorith
m
in
W
irel
ess
Senso
r
Netw
ork
with
a
n
ob
sta
cl
e
(
POA
WSNO
)
is
a
cl
us
te
rin
g
prot
oc
ol
for
wi
reles
s
sens
or
netw
orks
.
The
se
nso
r
node
s
pe
rio
di
cal
l
y
m
on
it
or
the
e
nvir
on
m
ent
an
d
sen
d
in
f
or
m
ation
t
o
the
base
sta
ti
on
.
The
e
ntire
netw
ork
i
s
sp
li
t
into
cl
ust
ers,
and this
reduce
s the e
nergy
util
iz
at
ion
for dat
a transm
issi
on
.
Th
e
n
et
work a
ct
ivit
y i
s o
r
gani
zed v
a
rio
us
st
ages.
Figure
1. A
rch
i
te
ct
ur
e
of
POA
WSNO
3.1.
Par
titio
n
St
age
The
e
ntire
sen
so
r
node
t
ran
s
f
ers
the
data
of
it
s
locat
ion
,
li
nk
r
obus
tne
ss,
node
degree,
and
e
ne
rg
y
.
By
us
ing
Gl
obal
Po
sit
ion
in
g
Syst
e
m
(G
PS)
,
the
sensor
no
des
obta
in
thei
r
curre
nt
locat
i
on.
The
base
s
ta
ti
on
after
receivin
g t
he
data
cal
cul
at
es the
qu
al
it
y fact
or
of the s
ens
or
node
, a
nd the
cluster
he
ad
is t
hu
s
selec
te
d
.
3.2.
El
ecti
on
S
tage
Cl
us
te
r
Hea
d
i
s
res
pons
i
ble
f
or
receivi
ng
da
ta
from
senso
r
nodes
insi
de
the
cl
us
te
rs,
c
ol
le
ct
ing
t
hi
s
data
an
d
se
nds
the
colle
ct
da
ta
to
the
base
sta
ti
on
.
T
he
cl
us
te
r
hea
d
sel
e
ct
ion
by
Q
ualit
y
Fact
or
,
w
hich
is
est
i
m
at
e
dep
en
d
on
the
rob
ust
ness
of
t
he
li
nk,
degree
of
the
node
a
nd
e
nergy.
T
he
bas
e
sta
ti
on
sel
ect
s
the
highest
qu
al
it
y fact
or
node
a
s
a clus
te
r hea
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Path O
ptimizat
ion
Alg
or
it
hm in Wirel
ess
Se
nsor Net
wo
rk wi
th Obst
acle
(
J.S
.
Pravee
n
)
601
3.3. Obs
ta
cl
e
Eva
lu
at
i
on
Stag
e
In
this
sta
ge,
t
he
sho
rtest
pat
h
f
ro
m
so
urce
is
at
ta
ined
to
ba
se
sta
ti
on
w
hi
ch
al
so
ac
hiev
es
m
ini
m
u
m
hop
c
ount
am
on
g
obsta
cl
es.
T
he
s
ource
befo
re
se
nd
i
ng
t
he
data
to
th
e
ba
s
e
sta
ti
on
a
nd
i
den
ti
fies
t
he
ba
rr
ie
rs
bet
wee
n
t
he
s
ource
a
nd
bas
e
sta
ti
on
s
.
I
f
t
her
e
is
no
obs
ta
cl
e,
for
ward
the
data
to
t
he
base
sta
ti
on
us
in
g
geog
raphical
rou
ti
ng.
O
t
herw
ise
, th
e s
ource
disco
vers the
s
hortest
p
at
h usi
ng D
i
j
ks
t
ra short
est
p
at
h al
gor
it
h
m
.
The
path
opti
m
iz
at
ion
te
chni
qu
e
re
du
ces
t
he
e
nergy
c
on
s
um
ption
w
hile
routin
g
a
nd
se
ns
ory
data
an
d
he
nc
e
,
prolo
ng the
li
f
et
i
m
e.
3.4.
Tr
an
s
mi
ssion
S
t
ag
e
The
data
tra
nsfer
sta
ge
co
nta
ins
th
ree
m
ai
n
act
ivit
ie
s:
Data
gat
her
in
g,
D
at
a
A
ggreg
at
io
n,
a
nd
Data
sen
ding. At se
ns
in
g peri
od, a
ll
sen
sor
nodes
s
en
d
the
d
at
a t
o
thei
r
cl
us
te
r head
s, whic
h
i
n
tu
rn r
ecei
ve
t
he data
from
c
luster
m
e
m
ber
s
instea
d
of
the
cl
us
te
r
heads
chec
k
th
e
redunda
nt
da
ta
and
el
i
m
inate
them
.
The
or
iginal
data
are
the
n
com
bin
ed
M
edia
Acce
ss
Delay
an
d
T
hro
ughp
ut
A
nal
ysi
s
of
V
oice
Cod
e
c
wit
h
Sil
ence
Suppressi
on
on
W
i
reless
A
d
Ho
c
Net
work
[9
]
.
T
he
cl
us
te
r
hea
ds
tra
nsm
it
the
agg
re
ga
te
data
to
the
bas
e
sta
ti
on
.
4.
SIMULATI
O
N ANALY
SIS
NS2
is
an
op
e
n
source
pr
ogr
a
m
m
ing
la
ngua
ge
wr
it
te
n
in
C+
+
and
OT
CL
(O
bject
O
r
ie
nted
To
ol
Com
m
and
La
ngua
ge
).
The
node
s
are
c
omm
un
ic
at
ed
with
eac
h
oth
e
r
by
us
in
g
t
he
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
prot
oco
l
User
Datag
ra
m
Pr
oto
c
ol
(UDP).
Th
e
traf
f
ic
is
han
dle
d
us
in
g
the
tra
ffi
c
m
od
el
CB
R
.
The
ra
dio
w
aves
are
pro
pag
at
e
d
by
us
in
g
th
e
pr
op
a
gatio
n
m
od
el
tw
o
-
ray
gro
und.
All
the
nodes
rec
ei
ve
the
sig
nal
f
ro
m
al
l
directi
on b
y
usi
ng
the
Om
ni d
irect
ion
al
an
te
nn
a
. T
he
pe
rfo
rm
ance o
f
the
pro
po
se
d
sc
he
m
e is evaluated b
y t
he
par
am
et
ers
pac
ket
delive
ry
rat
io,
pac
ket
los
s
rati
o,
a
ver
a
ge
delay
,
thr
ough
pu
t
a
nd
resi
du
a
l
energy
Has
h
-
base
d
Tech
nique to
I
den
ti
fy t
he
Sel
fish N
od
e
in
M
ob
il
e
Ad
-
ho
c
Netw
ork
e
xpla
ined he
re [1
0].
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
An
Ene
rg
y
E
ffi
ci
ent
Cl
us
te
ring
Schem
e
a
m
ong
obsta
cl
es
in
WSN
f
or
sel
ect
ing
cl
us
te
r
head
al
on
g
with
W
i
reless
Sensor
Netw
orks.
T
he
el
ect
io
n
of
cl
us
te
r
he
ad
is
eval
uated
by
li
nk
r
obust
ness,
node
de
gr
ee
,
and
e
nergy.
Pa
th
op
ti
m
iz
a
ti
on
te
ch
nique
est
i
m
at
es
the
sho
rtest
path
wh
il
e
an
obsta
cl
e
is
pr
ese
nt
i
n
the
WSN.
PO
T
is
us
e
d
t
o
re
du
ce
t
he
hop
c
ount
an
d
pack
et
delay
.
Si
m
ulati
on
re
su
lt
s
show
tha
t
the
EE
W
S
N
O
has
exten
ded the
net
wor
k l
ifet
i
m
e
and
reduce t
he
en
e
rg
y c
onsum
pt
ion
a
nd tra
ns
m
issi
on
d
el
a
y.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
M
Tha
ni,
Y
S
Kavia
n,
S
Siavo
shi.
SPE
ECH:
S
ca
l
abl
e
ene
rg
y
e
ffic
i
ent
c
luste
rin
g
hie
ra
r
ch
y
pro
t
ocol
in
wire
le
ss
sensor ne
tworks,
IEEE
S
ensors
.
Nov.
2014;
14(1
1);
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–
3954.
[2]
J
Niu,
L
Cheng
,
Y
Gu,
L
Shu
,
S
K
Das.
R3E:
Re
li
able
r
eact
iv
e
ro
uti
ng
e
nhancem
ent
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ess
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.
2014;
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Anand,
Arjun,
Nee
le
sh,
B
Meh
ta
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Quick
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Dec
e
ntra
lized
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Ene
rg
y
-
Ef
ficie
nt
One
-
Shot
Max
Functi
on
Com
puta
ti
o
n
Us
ing
Ti
m
er
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Ba
sed
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om
m
unic
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ansacti
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[4]
Gupta,
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P
Rao,
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V
Yada
v,
A
K
Dutta
T.
Ge
ogra
phic
Rout
in
g
in
Cluste
re
d
W
ire
le
ss
Sensor
Networks
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ng
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ta
cl
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Senso
rs
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EE
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Deji
ng
Zha
ng
,
E
nqing
Dong,
A
V
irtual
Coordinat
e
-
Based
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pass
i
ng
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d
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ing
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ess
Sensor
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[6]
Le
u
J
S,
Chia
n
g
T
H,
Yu
M
C,
Su
K
W
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Ene
rgy
Efficient
Cluste
ring
Schem
e
for
Prolonging
the
Lifetime
of
Wirel
ess Se
nsor
Net
work
w
it
h
Is
olat
ed
Nodes
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C
om
m
unic
at
ions
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tters,
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[7]
Hai
Li
n,
Lushen
g
W
ang,
Ruoshan
Kong.
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rg
y
Eff
ic
i
ent
Clust
eri
ng
Protocol
f
or
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rge
-
Sc
al
e
Sensor
Networks,
IEE
E
Sensors
Jo
urnal
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2015.
[8]
Shah
R
D,
Singh
S
K.
Me
dia
Ac
ce
ss
Delay
and
Thr
oughput
An
aly
sis
of
Voi
ce
Codec
wit
h
Sile
nce
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ion
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ess A
d
Hoc
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e
dia
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pute
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ie
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a
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az
hag
an
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Hash
base
d
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chn
iq
ue
to
Id
entif
y
th
e
Selfi
sh
Nod
e
i
n
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-
ho
c
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an
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of
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ce
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lo
gy
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[10]
V
D
Kee
rthi
Ana
nd,
Pow
er
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ic
i
ent
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c
ast
Opportunisti
c
Rou
ti
ng
Protocol
(Pem
or)
To
Optim
iz
e
Li
f
etim
e
Of
Mane
t,
IJ
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.
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[11]
Ahm
ed
Boute
jd
ar,
Moham
ed
A
m
zi
,
Saad
Dos
se
Benna
ni
.
Desig
n
and
Im
prove
m
ent
of
a
Com
pact
Bandpa
ss
Filt
e
r
using
DG
S
Te
chni
que
for
W
LAN
and
W
iM
A
X
Applic
at
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ti
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g
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e
ct
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