In
d
o
n
e
sian
Jou
r
n
al of
Ele
c
tr
i
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
erin
g
a
n
d
C
om
pu
ter S
c
ien
ce
Vol.
14, No.
1, April 2019,
pp.
311~318
ISSN: 2502-
4752,
DOI
:
10.115
91/ijeecs.
v
14.
i
1
.
pp311-318
311
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/
i
j
eec
s
Solar PV system with
p
ul
s
a
ting heat
pi
pe cooling
E
.
Roslan,
I.
Hassim
Dep
a
rtm
e
nt of Mech
ani
cal, Co
l
l
e
ge
o
f
En
g
i
neerin
g,
U
n
i
vers
iti Te
nag
a
Nas
ion
a
l, M
a
l
ays
i
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
ce
i
v
e
d
Jul 9,
2018
Re
vise
d S
e
p 30,
201
8
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
No
v
1
8
,
2
018
Malaysia
i
s
blessed
wi
th
h
igh
irradi
ance,
m
aki
ng
it
suitable
f
o
r
sol
a
r
ph
ot
ov
olt
a
ic
i
nstal
l
atio
n
f
o
r
electricity
g
en
eratio
n.
H
o
w
ev
e
r
,
du
e
t
o
t
he
b
road
wav
e
leng
th
o
f
the
s
o
l
a
r
i
rradian
ce,
n
ot
a
l
l
w
ave
l
engt
h
can
b
e
c
on
ve
rte
d
t
o
elect
ricit
y
due to
th
e lim
it
atio
n
o
f
t
he m
at
er
i
a
l
s
used
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
ho
t
o
v
o
l
t
ai
c.
T
h
e
inf
r
ared
r
adi
a
tio
n
ab
sorb
ed
p
ro
du
ces
h
e
a
t
,
a
nd
c
o
u
p
l
ed
w
it
h
hi
g
h
su
rrou
ndi
ng
t
emperatu
re,
increas
es
t
h
e
t
emp
e
rature
o
f
t
h
e
photo
v
o
lt
a
i
c
panel
th
us
d
ecreas
ing
i
t
e
ffi
cien
cy.
Th
i
s
p
ap
er
p
res
e
nts
t
h
e
stu
d
y
o
f
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
att
achi
ng
pu
ls
ating
heat
p
ip
e
at
t
he
b
a
c
k
of
s
o
l
ar
p
anel
a
s
a
m
e
a
n
s
o
f
passive
coo
l
i
ng.
P
ulsat
i
n
g
h
eat
p
ip
e
is
a
r
e
cent
di
sco
v
e
r
y
in
t
h
e
h
eat
pi
pe
i
nd
us
try,
in
tro
duced
i
n
1996
b
y
A
k
achi
bu
t
has
not
b
een
u
s
e
d
fo
r
th
e
p
u
rp
ose
of
coo
l
i
ng
solar
p
a
nel
s
.
This
s
t
udy
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
diff
erence
b
etw
een
5
Ce
lsiu
s
b
e
twe
e
n
t
he
p
ulsa
tin
g
h
e
a
t
pipe
c
oo
le
d
pa
n
e
l
a
n
d
the
re
f
e
rence
p
a
nel
with
ou
t
an
y
coo
l
i
ng,
r
esult
i
n
g
i
n
0
.
77%
i
nc
rease
i
n
e
l
ectrical
ou
tpu
t
ef
fici
ency.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Phot
o
v
o
lta
ic
P
u
lsa
t
i
n
g hea
t
p
i
p
es
PV
e
ffic
ienc
y
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
Scien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Mo
hd
Eqw
a
n
bin
M
ohd
Ros
l
an,
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
M
e
c
h
an
ica
l
, Col
le
ge
o
f En
g
i
nee
r
i
n
g
Uni
v
ersi
ti
T
e
n
aga
Na
si
o
n
a
l
,
Jala
n
IK
RA
M
-
U
N
I
TEN, 43
0
00 K
a
ja
ng,
S
e
l
a
n
g
o
r,
M
alay
si
a.
Em
ail:
eqw
a
n
@
u
n
ite
n.
ed
u.m
y
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
S
i
nce
t
h
e
in
trod
uc
ti
o
n
o
f
fe
ed-i
n
tar
i
ff
(
F
i
T)
i
n
Ma
la
ysia
,
a
t
ot
a
l
564
M
W
o
f
Re
ne
w
a
bl
e
E
n
erg
y
ca
paci
t
y
h
a
s
b
ee
n
in
sta
l
led
u
nde
r
the
F
i
T
s
c
he
me
,
wher
e
37
5
.
9
6
M
W
or
6
6.
7%
o
f
t
h
e
in
st
a
lle
d
ca
pac
i
t
y
i
s
from
s
olar
P
V
[1].
T
hi
s
ca
n
b
e
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
ed
t
o
the
a
bun
da
nce
of
s
o
l
a
r
i
rra
dia
n
ce
,
due
t
he
l
o
c
ati
o
n
o
f
M
ala
y
s
i
a
on the e
q
uat
o
r [2].
S
olar ph
o
t
o
v
o
lta
ic (P
V
)
pane
ls are
use
d
to
co
nv
ert
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
gy
f
ro
m t
h
e
su
n
i
n
to
e
l
ectri
c
i
t
y
.
Howeve
r,
o
n
l
y
sm
all
pe
rce
n
ta
ge
o
f
t
h
e
energ
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
u
n
ca
n
b
e
conv
e
r
t
e
d
int
o
e
l
e
c
t
ric
i
ty
a
nd
8
0
%
can
no
t
be
c
o
nve
r
t
ed
[
3].
This
e
ne
rg
y
n
o
t
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
d
int
o
e
lec
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
w
i
ll
hea
t
u
p
t
h
e
PV
p
ane
l
s,
w
hi
c
h
can
r
e
d
uce
t
h
e
efficie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
pane
l
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
es
t
i
ma
t
e
d
to
b
e
a
n
a
vera
g
e
d
e
cr
ea
se
o
f
0.
25-0.
5%
/
°
C
d
e
pen
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
t
y
p
e
of
c
e
l
l
m
a
ter
i
a
l
u
se
d
[4].
B
ase
d
on
a
s
t
u
dy
of
C
han
d
er
e
t.
a
l.
,
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
o
n
s
o
l
a
r
P
V
c
e
l
l
s
ca
n be
s
een
[
5]
.
F
i
gure
1
s
h
ow
s
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
ar
i
s
on
o
f
t
h
e
pow
e
r
o
u
t
pu
t
of
s
ola
r
c
e
l
l
s
at
2
5,
4
0,
5
0
an
d
6
0
°
C
.
It
c
a
n
b
e
seen
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
c
e
ll
w
ith
t
he
l
o
w
est
tem
p
era
t
u
r
e
prod
uce
s
t
h
e
h
ig
h
e
st
o
utpu
t
po
wer
a
n
d
vi
c
e
v
ersa
.
Du
e
t
o
t
h
i
s
impa
ct,
n
u
m
e
r
ous
s
t
u
d
i
es
h
a
v
e
bee
n
d
one
t
o
l
o
w
e
r
the
o
p
e
rati
ng
tem
p
era
t
ur
e
o
f
P
V
ce
ll
s
t
o
h
ar
ness
i
t
s
f
u
ll
po
te
nt
i
a
l
.
T
here
a
r
e
s
ever
al
c
a
t
e
g
ories
of
c
ool
i
ng
me
t
hods
t
es
t
ed,
whic
h
was
re
viewed
by
S
i
ec
ke
r
et.
al.
[6]
.
The
me
th
ods
r
evie
we
d
were
w
a
t
er
s
prayi
n
g
,
h
ea
t
sin
k
,
forc
ed
w
at
er
c
irc
u
l
a
t
i
on,
p
ha
se
c
han
g
e
m
a
teria
l
,
w
a
ter
imm
e
r
s
ion
c
o
oli
n
g,
t
ra
ns
pare
nt
c
oa
t
i
n
g
,
for
ced
a
ir
c
ir
cu
la
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
erm
o
elec
t
r
i
c
c
o
o
l
i
ng.
A
s
t
u
dy
b
y
Tha
i
b
et
a
l.
s
how
s
t
h
at
u
s
i
ng
be
es
w
a
x
t
o
l
im
i
t
t
em
per
a
ture
r
i
s
e
o
f
b
u
i
l
d
i
ng
i
n
t
eg
ra
t
e
d
PV
i
n
c
re
as
es
i
t
el
ect
ri
c
a
l
ou
tpu
t
e
ffic
ien
c
y
by
a
p
pro
x
i
m
ately
1
%
[
7]
.
A
num
er
i
c
al
s
imu
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
P
V
c
ool
i
ng
w
a
s
do
ne
b
y
[
8
]
a
n
d
show
e
d
a
p
r
o
misi
ng
1
8%
i
mprove
me
n
t
i
n
e
l
e
c
t
rica
l
pow
er
g
e
n
era
t
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
a
si
ngl
e
t
u
rn
p
ul
sati
ng
h
e
a
t
p
ipe
[8].
A
n
ex
pe
ri
me
nt
a
l
s
tu
d
y
b
y
E
l
mi
nshaw
y
e
t
a
l
.
sh
ow
s
t
h
at
c
ou
p
l
i
n
g
PV
p
an
el
w
it
h
coo
l
ed
a
i
r
u
si
ng
e
a
r
t
h
-
to-a
ir
h
e
a
t
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
r
l
o
w
e
rs
t
he
p
a
n
el
t
e
m
pe
rat
u
re
by
up
t
o
2
4
.
5%
a
n
d
giv
i
n
g
up
to
22.
9
8
%
i
n
c
r
ea
se
o
f
elec
tr
ical
e
ff
ic
ienc
y
[9]
.
T
he
l
arge
s
c
a
le
a
pp
l
i
cat
i
o
n
p
o
t
e
ntia
l
w
a
s
sh
ow
n
b
y
C
asta
nhe
ir
a
et
a
l.,
by
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
250
2-
4
7
5
2
In
do
n
e
sia
n
J
Elec Eng
&
C
o
mp
S
ci,
Vo
l. 1
4
,
No
. 1
,
Ap
r
i
l
2
0
1
9
:
311
–
3
1
8
31
2
d
e
mo
nst
r
a
tion
p
r
oj
e
c
t
of
c
oo
li
ng
ex
i
s
t
i
n
g
P
V
p
o
w
er
p
la
nts
i
n
L
i
sb
o
n
P
o
r
tu
gal,
w
he
r
e
a
n
i
n
cr
e
a
se
o
f
up
t
o
12
%
of
a
n
nua
l
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
w
a
s
se
en
[
10]
.
Th
i
s
p
aper
p
r
e
sen
t
s
the
re
sul
t
o
f
tes
t
i
ng
a
co
ol
i
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
u
s
i
n
g
pulsa
ti
ng
h
e
a
t
p
i
p
e
(PH
P
)
.
A
pu
lsa
t
i
n
g
he
at
p
i
p
e,
a
ls
o
kn
ow
n
as
o
sc
i
l
l
a
t
i
ng
he
a
t
p
ipe
(
O
H
P
),
i
s
a
hea
t
p
ipe
par
tia
l
l
y
fi
l
l
e
d
w
ith
a
s
uita
ble
wo
rk
ing
fluid
n
a
tu
rally
d
i
s
trib
uted
i
n
th
e
form
o
f
a
liqu
id
-
v
a
po
r
sl
ug
-
p
l
u
g
sy
st
em[11
]
.
I
t
w
as
f
i
r
st
p
r
o
po
se
d
by
A
k
ac
hi
i
n
the
ea
r
l
y
1
9
9
0
s
[
1
2]
[
13]
.
F
i
gur
e
2
show
s
the
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
s
chem
at
ic
o
f
a
pu
lsa
t
ing
hea
t
p
ipe
.
A
P
H
P
ope
r
a
te
s
w
h
e
n
t
he
e
va
por
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
de
r
ece
ive
s
h
e
a
t,
t
he
f
l
u
i
d
i
n
t
h
e
ca
pi
llar
y
m
o
ve
s
d
u
e
to
t
he
une
ve
n
d
i
str
i
b
u
t
i
on
o
f
b
ub
b
l
e
a
n
d
s
l
ug
s
in
t
he
t
ube
a
n
d
t
hi
s
m
o
vem
e
nt
t
r
a
ns
por
ts
t
h
e
h
e
a
t
to
t
he
c
o
n
d
en
ser
[1
4]
.
H
ow
ever
,
t
h
e
dir
e
c
tio
n
o
f
m
ovem
e
nt
i
s
di
ff
i
c
ult
to
p
r
e
dic
t
an
d r
e
sea
r
ch
a
re
be
i
n
g
d
o
n
e in
t
h
i
s a
r
ea
[1
4
]
.
Th
i
s
p
r
o
jec
t
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
s
t
h
e
pote
n
tia
l
o
f
ap
pl
yi
ng
P
H
P
f
o
r
sol
a
r
P
V
c
oolin
g,
w
it
h
t
h
e
assum
p
ti
on t
h
a
t
i
t
ca
n
h
e
l
p
in
c
rea
s
e
t
h
e e
ffi
ci
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e p
a
n
e
l
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ect
on
t
h
e
pane
l
ef
f
i
c
i
ency
w
i
l
l
be
o
b
s
er
ved.
F
i
gur
e
1.
P
-
V
cha
r
a
c
t
er
is
t
i
c
o
f
m
ono-
S
i
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
wi
th
t
emp
e
ra
ture
[
5
]
F
i
gur
e
2.
T
yp
i
cal
p
u
l
sa
t
i
n
g
h
ea
t
pi
pe
[
15]
2
.
R
ESEARCH
M
E
T
HO
D
S
t
ud
y
i
s
d
one
by
fir
s
t
de
s
i
g
n
i
n
g
t
he
p
r
o
t
o
t
y
pe
,
fo
llow
e
d
b
y
i
t
s
f
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
.
Then,
a
su
i
t
able
s
ite
i
s
sele
c
t
ed
t
o
co
n
duc
t
the
e
x
per
i
m
e
nt.
The
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
nt
w
as
t
h
e
n
se
t
u
p
a
nd
da
t
a
i
s
c
o
llec
t
e
d
,
fo
l
l
ow
e
d
b
y
da
ta
an
aly
s
is and
a rep
o
r
t is written
at th
e
end
of th
e
s
tudy
.
F
i
gur
e
1
s
how
s
the
o
u
t
line
o
f
t
he
m
eth
o
d
o
l
og
y
f
o
r
t
h
is
s
tud
y
,
f
oll
o
wed
b
y
t
h
e
ex
pl
an
a
t
ion
fo
r
ea
ch
st
ep
o
f th
e
p
r
oc
es
s.
Fi
g
u
r
e 1
.
M
e
t
ho
dol
ogy
o
f
stud
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Indonesia
n
J
Elec Eng
&
C
o
m
p
S
ci
ISSN:
2502-
4752
So
l
a
r PV
syste
m
wi
t
h
puls
a
ting he
a
t
pi
pe co
ol
ing (
E
.
Rosl
a
n
)
31
3
A
sketch o
f the
prot
o
t
y
p
e
was ma
de
u
si
ng C
R
EO P
arame
t
ric,
a
ddin
g
2
0
0
m
m
of
h
e
i
ght
f
r
o
m
the
top
of
t
he
pa
n
e
l.
T
his
a
d
d
i
t
i
ona
l
is
t
o
be
m
ade
a
consi
d
er
a
tion
w
h
e
n
a
pp
ly
i
n
g
th
is
c
o
o
l
i
ng
m
e
th
o
d
i
n
a
n
a
r
r
a
y,
w
he
r
e
m
o
r
e
s
pace
i
s ne
ede
d
f
or
i
ns
t
a
lla
t
i
on.
The
di
m
e
ns
io
ns
o
f
t
h
e
a
sse
m
ble
d
s
yste
m
i
s
a
s
in
F
igur
e
4
be
l
o
w
:
F
i
gur
e
2.
M
u
lti
view
d
r
a
w
i
ng
of
t
he
p
r
o
to
typ
e
d
esi
g
n
2
.
2
.
Fa
bri
c
a
t
io
n
o
f
Pro
to
ty
p
e
A
f
ter
t
h
e
pr
o
t
o
t
y
p
e
dr
aw
i
n
g
h
a
s be
e
n
c
on
fir
m
e
d
,
t
he
n,
t
he
s
ele
c
tio
n o
f
the
m
ateria
l
t
o
b
e
use
d
sh
o
u
l
d
be
s
e
l
ec
te
d.
S
o
m
e
of
t
he
k
e
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
t
ha
t
ne
e
d
t
o
be
i
nc
lu
de
d
i
n
the
sele
c
t
i
o
n
of
t
he
m
ater
ia
l
t
o
b
e
us
ed
f
or
p
r
ot
oty
p
e
p
rodu
c
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
we
at
h
e
r
re
si
st
a
n
t
ma
t
e
r
i
al
s,
h
eavy
-
du
t
y
m
a
te
r
i
a
l
s
a
nd
e
c
o
nomi
c
al
m
ate
r
ia
ls.
Tab
l
e
1
be
low
s
u
mm
ar
i
z
es the
c
ompo
nen
t
s,
m
ater
ia
l
t
ype
s
a
n
d
t
h
e descr
i
p
t
i
o
n
of t
he
s
e
l
ec
ted
m
a
ter
i
a
l
s of
t
he
c
oo
l
i
n
g
sys
t
em
.
Ta
b
l
e
1.
C
omp
one
n
t
s
a
n
d
m
a
ter
i
a
l
s
f
o
r
pr
oto
t
y
p
e
fa
br
ica
t
i
o
n
C
o
m
pone
nts
Ma
t
e
ri
a
l
T
yp
e
D
e
s
c
riptions
C
h
am
be
r
C
l
ea
r
Ac
r
y
lic
S
h
e
et
H
i
gh
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
tr
e
ngt
h
L
o
w
c
r
az
ing
ra
t
e
R
e
sist
s
un
l
i
ght
d
am
a
g
e
a
nd
wrinkle
s
T
r
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t
v
i
e
w
Suppo
rt
b
ra
c
k
e
t
S
te
el
R
i
gid
Good
we
lda
b
ilit
y
Good
fo
r
m
a
b
ilit
y
Strong
H
e
a
t
p
ip
e
C
oppe
r
T
u
b
e
C
o
rr
osi
on
re
sista
n
c
e
M
a
c
h
ina
b
ilit
y
Hi
gh l
e
v
e
l
of
h
e
a
t t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
A
f
ter
the
m
a
te
r
i
al
t
o
be
u
sed
has
b
e
e
n
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
ne
d,
t
he
n
e
x
t
s
t
e
p
i
s
t
h
e
f
a
b
ri
c
a
t
i
on
p
roces
s.
S
ev
e
r
al
t
ool
s
were
u
sed
su
ch
a
s
c
oppe
r
t
u
b
e
b
e
n
d
e
r,
c
u
t
t
e
r
a
n
d
we
ld
e
r
.
F
i
gur
e
5
s
how
s
the
c
o
mp
lete
d
pr
ot
o
t
y
p
e
.
T
he
st
orage
tan
k
a
cts
as
a
c
ham
b
er
t
o
re
l
e
ase
h
e
a
t
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
dy,
the
hea
t
i
s
re
l
e
ased
p
as
si
v
e
l
y
b
ut
i
s
r
e
q
u
ire
d
,
w
a
t
e
r
c
a
n
be
f
low
e
d
t
h
r
o
ug
h
t
h
e
exp
o
se
d
p
i
p
e
i
n
the
ac
r
y
li
c
c
h
a
mb
e
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
250
2-
4
7
5
2
In
do
n
e
sia
n
J
Elec Eng
&
C
o
mp
S
ci,
Vo
l. 1
4
,
No
. 1
,
Ap
r
i
l
2
0
1
9
:
311
–
3
1
8
31
4
F
i
gur
e
3.
F
r
ont
v
ie
w
of
t
he
p
r
o
to
ty
pe
F
i
gur
e
5
a
b
ove
s
how
s
the
co
m
p
l
e
te
d
assem
b
ly
o
f
the
P
V
p
ane
l
t
o
g
e
t
her
w
i
t
h
t
he
p
u
l
sa
tin
g
hea
t
p
ipe
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
sys
t
em
.
2
.
3
Site
S
electio
n
T
h
e
ex
p
e
ri
me
nt
w
a
s
c
on
du
ct
ed
a
t
T
N
B
R
e
searc
h
K
a
j
ang
,
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
a
va
il
abi
l
i
t
y
o
f
a
n
o
pe
n
a
r
ea
a
n
d
m
e
a
s
ur
em
ent
d
e
vic
e
s
a
vai
l
a
b
le
.
2.
4
E
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
S
e
tu
p
F
i
gur
e
6
sh
ow
s
t
h
e
f
l
ow
p
r
o
ce
ss of
the
e
xper
i
m
e
nt.
To
r
un
t
h
is
e
x
p
e
r
i
me
nt,
t
h
re
e
ty
p
e
s of
m
e
a
su
ri
ng
de
vic
e
s
use
d
a
r
e
s
olar
i
r
r
ad
ia
nce
m
e
ter
,
m
ult
i
-
m
e
t
er
a
n
d
c
ur
r
e
n
t
c
l
a
m
p
me
t
e
r
.
A
s
t
h
e
so
lar
pane
l
pr
od
uce
s
dir
e
c
t
c
ur
r
e
nt
(
D
C
)
,
e
a
c
h
sola
r
pane
l
i
s
c
o
nnec
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
12
W
L
ED
b
u
l
b
a
s
a
l
oa
d.
S
ome
r
e
adi
ng
w
i
l
l
b
e
take
n
us
in
g
t
h
e
m
easur
i
n
g
de
vice
s.
R
e
a
d
i
n
gs
w
il
l
be
t
a
k
e
n
e
ver
y
5
m
inu
t
es
w
i
t
hi
n
1
hou
r
of
e
xp
e
r
i
m
en
t
.
T
h
e
read
in
g
s
a
re
t
e
m
p
e
ratu
re
o
f
s
o
lar
p
a
n
e
l
(C
)
,
so
lar
irrad
i
an
ce
(
W
/
m
2)
,
ou
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
f
or
b
o
t
h
so
la
r
pa
ne
l
(
V
)
and
outp
u
t
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
or
b
o
t
h
s
o
l
a
r
pa
nel
(
A
)
.
T
his
e
xpe
r
i
me
n
t
w
i
l
l
u
s
e
t
w
o
s
o
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
s
.
T
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
labe
lle
d
wi
th
b
l
u
e
ta
pe
i
s
a
s
o
lar
pa
nel
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
a
c
o
ol
in
g
sy
st
em
,
whil
e
a
s
o
l
a
r
pane
l
labe
lle
d
wi
t
h
a
r
ed
t
ape
is
a
s
olar
p
ane
l
w
i
t
h
a
pu
lsa
t
i
n
g
hea
t
p
i
p
e
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
sys
t
em
.
F
i
gur
e
4.
S
ystem
c
onnect
i
o
n
for
the
ex
per
i
m
e
nt
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
ones
i
a
n
J
E
lec
En
g & Co
mp
S
c
i
IS
S
N
: 2502-
47
52
Sol
ar PV
syste
m
wit
h
p
u
ls
ati
ng he
a
t
pipe
c
ool
i
ng (E
. Rosla
n
)
31
5
2.5
D
a
ta A
n
a
lysis
Usin
g
t
h
e
d
a
ta
o
b
t
ai
ne
d
from
the
m
e
ter
s
,
the
elec
t
r
i
c
a
l
p
o
w
er
o
utpu
t
is
c
alcu
la
te
d
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
for
m
ula
:
The
sys
t
em
e
ffic
i
e
nc
y,
w
hich
i
s t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
p
ow
er
outp
u
t
ove
r t
h
e
sol
a
r i
r
r
a
dianc
e
i
n
p
u
t
is ca
lcu
l
ate
d
u
si
ng
:
1
0
0
wher
e:
;
;
;
G
r
aphs
o
f
te
mpe
r
at
ure
vs.
t
i
m
e
a
nd
pow
er
o
u
t
pu
t
vs.
t
i
me
f
or
b
o
t
h
p
ane
l
s
a
r
e
pl
o
t
t
e
d
t
o
c
ompa
re
t
he
di
ffe
re
nce
s
o
f
t
h
e
pa
ne
l
w
i
t
h
a
nd
w
ith
ou
t
an
y
co
o
lin
g
m
e
th
od
a
p
pl
i
e
d.
T
h
e
e
ne
rgy
out
p
u
t
f
or
b
o
t
h
pa
ne
l
s
a
r
e
the
n
c
alc
u
late
d
a
nd
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
,
w
h
ich
is
t
he
s
um
o
f
ea
c
h
p
o
w
er
m
u
ltip
l
i
e
d
t
he
t
ime
d
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
h
ours
fo
r
e
a
c
h
t
i
me
i
nt
erv
a
l
,
o
r t
h
e f
o
rmu
l
a:
;
;
;
3
.
R
ESULT
S
A
N
D
ANALY
S
IS
Th
e
d
a
t
a
c
olle
ct
ed
i
s
su
m
m
ari
z
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
Tab
l
e
2
.
T
a
b
l
e
2
s
ho
ws
t
h
e
da
ta
r
ecor
d
ed
f
r
o
m
the
me
asure
m
e
n
t
dev
i
ces
f
or
b
ot
h
pa
ne
l
s
w
ith
a
n
d
w
it
ho
u
t
t
he
h
e
a
t
p
ip
e
coo
l
i
n
g
m
e
tho
d
.
The
irradia
n
c
e
ma
int
a
ine
d
b
e
l
ow
1
00
0
W/m
2
t
hro
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
me
asurem
ent.
T
he
d
a
t
a
w
as
r
ecorded
from
1205
at
noon
until
12
5
0
w
i
t
h
the
i
n
ter
v
a
l
o
f
5
mi
nu
tes.
T
he
l
ow
est
irrad
i
a
n
c
e
r
e
c
o
rde
d
w
a
s
8
86
W/m
2
o
c
c
u
r
r
in
g
at
1
2
25
a
nd
t
h
e
hi
ghe
s
t
w
as
9
92
W/m2
o
cc
u
r
r
i
ng
a
t
1
20
5
and
12
4
5
.
I
t
can
b
e
see
n
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
t
r
e
n
d
i
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
tem
p
era
t
ur
e of the
p
a
n
e
l
w
i
t
h he
at p
i
p
e
is
l
ow
er
c
om
pare
d to t
h
e
o
n
e wit
h
ou
t.
Ta
b
l
e
2.
Mea
sur
e
d da
t
a
Ti
me
S
o
lar Irr
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
T
e
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
C
u
rrent
Vo
lta
g
e
T
e
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
C
u
rrent
Vo
lta
g
e
W
ithout
H
ea
t
P
i
pe
W
ith
H
ea
t
Pi
p
e
(
H
o
u
r
)
(W
/m
2
)
(
°
C
)
(A
m
p
)
(V
)
(°
C
)
(
A
m
p)
(
V
)
1205
992
3
5
0.
6
16.
12
3
5
0.
6
16.
7
1210
957
4
0
0.
73
15.
59
3
9
0.
7
16.
8
1215
900
4
2
0.
77
15.
6
41
0
.
7
8
15.
7
1220
887
4
2
0.
89
15.
1
39
0
.
8
9
15.
8
1225
886
4
4
0.
79
15.
8
39
0
.
8
2
15.
7
1230
916
4
8
0.
82
14.
9
40
0
.
8
7
15.
7
1235
954
5
0
0.
87
14.
9
40
0
.
9
8
15.
8
1240
989
5
1
0.
92
14.
8
44
0
.
9
9
15.
9
1245
992
4
8
0.
98
14.
9
44
0
.
9
8
15.
8
1250
912
4
9
0.
97
14.
8
44
0
.
9
8
15.
9
Th
e
t
e
mp
era
t
ure
d
i
ff
ere
n
ce
b
e
t
we
en
t
he
t
wo
p
an
el
s
wa
s
c
a
l
cul
a
t
e
d
a
n
d
pl
o
tte
d
a
g
a
i
ns
t
t
h
e
o
u
t
put
curr
ent d
i
ffere
nce as sh
o
wn i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
.
It
c
a
n
b
e
seen
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
h
ig
h
e
r
t
h
e
t
e
mp
era
t
u
r
e
dif
f
e
r
en
c
e
b
et
ween
t
he
tw
o pa
ne
l
s
,
th
e
h
i
g
h
e
r
the
o
ut
pu
t
c
u
r
r
ent
d
i
ff
ere
n
ce.
U
sin
g
l
in
ea
r
r
e
gre
ssi
o
n
, i
t
ca
n
be see
n
tha
t t
h
er
e i
s
a
hig
h
corr
elat
i
o
n
be
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
tw
o p
a
ram
e
ter
s
,
w
h
i
c
h ha
s a
coe
ffi
cien
t
o
f
c
o
rre
l
at
ion
(R
)
o
f
0
.88
an
d
a
c
o
e
ffi
c
i
ent
of
deter
m
i
n
at
i
o
n
(
R
2)
o
f
0.
777
9
.
S
ince
the
i
n
p
u
t
irra
d
i
a
n
ce
is
t
he
s
a
m
e
for
bot
h
pa
ne
ls,
i
t
c
an
b
e
c
o
nc
lu
de
d
tha
t
the h
i
gher
t
h
e
te
mpe
r
ature
of
t
he
pa
n
e
l
s, the
h
i
ghe
r the
o
u
t
p
ut
c
u
r
re
nt
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2502-
4752
I
n
do
n
e
si
an
J
E
l
e
c
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
S
ci
, V
o
l
.
1
4
,
No. 1, April 2019 :
311 –
3
18
31
6
F
i
gure
5.
G
rap
h
o
f c
u
rre
n
t
d
i
f
fer
e
nce
vs.
tem
p
era
t
ur
e differe
nc
e
Tabl
e
3
sho
w
s
t
h
e
po
we
r
o
u
tp
ut
,
en
ergy
o
u
t
put
a
nd
p
an
el
e
ff
i
c
i
e
nc
y
c
a
l
cula
te
d
base
d
on
the
data
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
.
I
t
c
a
n
b
e
s
e
e
n
t
h
a
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
,
t
h
e
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
ur
e
of
t
he
p
a
n
el
w
i
t
h
hea
t
p
i
p
e
c
o
o
l
in
g
i
s
con
s
is
t
e
ntl
y
l
o
w
e
r
,
ha
vin
g
t
h
e
m
inimum
d
i
f
fer
e
nce
of
1
C
els
i
us
a
nd
the
ma
xi
m
u
m
di
ff
ere
n
ce
of
1
0.5
Ce
lsius
at
1
2
35
in
t
he
a
ft
e
r
n
o
on.
T
he
i
nit
i
al
t
e
m
pe
ra
ture
d
iffere
nce
is
0
C
e
l
si
us
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
p
a
n
e
l
i
s
e
xp
ose
d
i
n
th
e
sun
l
o
n
g
en
oug
h
to
b
e
aff
ect
e
d
.
It
c
an
a
l
s
o
b
e
s
e
e
n
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
ou
tpu
t
o
f
the
pa
nel
w
i
t
h
h
eat
p
ipe
co
ol
ing
con
s
is
t
e
ntl
y
l
o
w
e
r
,
w
ith
u
p
t
o
2
.51
2
5
W
m
or
e
pow
er
o
u
t
pu
t
or
19.
45
%
hi
gh
e
r
a
t
12
35
p
m.
T
h
e
e
n
e
rg
y
ou
tpu
t
thr
o
u
g
hou
t
t
h
e
m
e
a
s
urem
ent
pe
riod
i
s
1
0.
56
2W
h
for
t
h
e
pa
nel
w
i
t
h
out
h
e
a
t
p
i
pe
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
an
d
1
1
.4
09
Wh
f
or
the
pa
ne
l
w
i
t
h
h
ea
t
p
i
pe
c
oo
l
i
ng,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
8.02
5%
m
ore
.
H
ow
e
v
er
,
t
o
e
va
lua
t
e
the
overa
ll
im
pr
ovem
e
n
t
s
o
f
the pe
rform
anc
e
,
a
lon
g
er
p
eri
od o
f
e
x
p
e
r
ime
n
t
nee
d
s
to
b
e
con
d
ucte
d.
Tabl
e 3
.
Ca
l
cu
la
t
e
d
ou
t
put
Ti
me
Sola
r
Ir
radi
a
n
c
e
Pow
e
r
in
put
(
i
rr
a
d
i
a
n
ce)
P
o
wer
out
put
En
e
r
g
y
E
f
f
i
cie
n
cy
P
o
wer
out
put
En
e
r
g
y
E
f
f
i
cie
n
cy
P
a
n
e
l T
e
mp. Diff
e
r
e
n
c
e
P
o
wer
O
u
tp
ut
D
iffer
e
nce
E
n
e
r
gy
Output
D
i
ffer
e
n
c
e
W
ithout
H
ea
t
P
i
pe
W
ith
H
ea
t
Pip
e
(Hou
r)
(W/
m
2)
W
W
W
h
%
W
W
h
%
(
°C
)
W
Wh
1205
992
173
9
.
672
0
.
8
1
5.
584
10.
02
0
.
835
5
.
785
0
0
.
348
0.
029
1210
957
167
11.
381
0
.
9
5
6.
811
11.
76
0
.
980
7
.
038
-
1
0.
379
0.
032
1215
900
157
12.
012
1
7
.
644
12.
246
1
.
021
7
.
793
-
1
0.
234
0.
020
1220
887
155
13.
439
1
.
1
2
8.
678
14.
062
1
.
172
9
.
080
-
3
0.
623
0.
05
2
1225
886
155
12.
482
1
.
0
4
8.
069
12.
874
1
.
073
8
.
322
-
5
0.
392
0.
03
3
1230
916
160
12.
218
1
.
0
2
7.
639
13.
659
1
.
138
8
.
540
-
8
1.
441
0.
12
0
1235
954
167
12.
963
1
.
0
8
7.
782
15.
484
1
.
290
9
.
296
-
10.
5
2.
521
0
.
210
1240
989
173
13.
616
1
.
1
3
7.
885
15.
741
1
.
312
9
.
116
-
7
2.
125
0.
17
7
1245
992
173
14.
602
1
.
2
2
8.
431
15.
484
1
.
290
8
.
940
-
4.
5
0.
882
0.
074
1250
912
159
14.
356
1
.
2
9
.
016
15.
582
1
.
299
9
.
786
-
5
1.
226
0.
102
T
o
ta
l
E
n
e
r
gy
(
W
h
)
10.
562
11.
409
D
iffe
re
n
c
e
0.
848
F
i
gure
8
s
how
s
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
rical
pow
er
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
bo
th
p
a
n
e
l
s
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
tim
e.
I
t
c
a
n
be
s
ee
n
th
at
t
he
p
a
n
e
l
wi
t
h
h
e
a
t
p
ip
e
i
s
c
o
n
ti
nuo
us
ly
p
ro
du
c
i
ng
m
o
r
e
po
we
r
c
o
mp
a
r
ed
t
o
t
he
one
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
.
I
t
c
a
n
a
l
s
o
b
e
se
en
t
ha
t
the
h
i
ghes
t
d
iffe
renc
e
of
p
o
w
er
outp
u
t
oc
curs
a
t
1
2
3
5
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
a
lso
t
h
e
t
i
me
a
t
w
h
ic
h
the
tem
p
era
t
u
r
e
di
ffe
re
nce
i
s
t
h
e
h
ighe
st,
a
lth
o
u
g
h
t
he
t
e
m
pe
r
a
ture
i
s
not
t
he
highe
st
r
e
c
ord
e
d.
T
he
h
ig
he
st
p
a
n
e
l
t
em
pera
ture
re
co
rd
e
d
i
s
51
Cel
si
u
s
a
t
1240
, f
o
r t
h
e
p
a
n
e
l wi
t
h
o
u
t
h
e
a
t
pi
p
e
.
R
²
=
0
.
7779
‐0
.
0
4
‐0
.
0
2
0
0.
0
2
0.
0
4
0.
0
6
0.
0
8
0.
1
0.
1
2
0
246
8
1
0
1
2
Cu
rr
ne
t dif
f
e
r
en
ce
(
A
)
Te
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
diff
ere
n
ce
(
C
e
ls
i
u
s)
O
u
tput C
ur
r
e
nt
Dif
f
e
r
e
nce vs.
T
e
mper
atur
e
D
i
ffe
r
e
n
c
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
ones
i
a
n
J
E
lec
En
g & Co
mp
S
c
i
IS
S
N
: 2502-
47
52
Sol
ar PV
syste
m
wit
h
p
u
ls
ati
ng he
a
t
pipe
c
ool
i
ng (E
. Rosla
n
)
31
7
F
i
gure
6. G
rap
h
o
f p
o
w
e
r out
pu
t o
v
er
time
F
i
gure
9
sh
ow
s
t
h
e
grap
h
o
f
p
ane
l
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
a
g
a
i
ns
t
t
i
me
.
It
c
a
n
b
e
see
n
t
ha
t
the
pa
ne
l
w
ith
h
ea
t
pi
pe
i
s
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
nt
l
y
h
i
g
her
i
n
e
ffic
ie
nc
y
c
o
mpa
r
ed
t
o
t
h
e
one
w
ith
ou
t.
T
he
h
igh
e
st
d
iffer
e
nce
i
n
e
ff
i
c
ienc
y
als
o
o
c
c
u
rs
a
t
12
3
5
,
w
h
ic
h
is
t
he
t
i
m
e
at
w
hic
h
t
he
t
em
pe
ra
ture
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
i
s
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
t
w
o
pane
ls.
A
lth
ou
gh
the
tem
p
era
t
ur
e
is
h
i
g
her
at
t
he
tim
e,
i
t
can
als
o
b
e
note
d
t
ha
t
t
h
e
irr
a
dia
n
ce
i
s
als
o
h
i
gh,
rec
o
rded
t
o be
a
bo
ve
9
00
W/m2,
so a
hig
her
inpu
t
pow
er
i
s
avai
la
bl
e.
F
i
gure
7.
G
ra
p
h
of
pa
ne
l
eff
i
c
i
enc
y
ove
r
t
i
m
e
4
.
C
ONCL
U
S
ION
Th
is
p
ape
r
h
as
p
re
se
n
t
e
d
t
he
r
esul
t
of
i
ncor
pora
t
i
n
g
p
u
l
sa
t
i
n
g
he
a
t
p
ipe
o
n
t
he
b
ac
k
pla
t
e
of
a
s
ol
a
r
PV
p
a
n
e
l
.
The
a
d
d
iti
o
n
o
f
pu
lsa
tin
g
hea
t
d
oe
s
incr
ease
t
h
e
pe
rf
or
ma
nce
o
u
t
p
ut
o
f
t
h
e
so
lar
pa
ne
l,
w
ith
up
t
o
19.4
5
%
m
o
re
e
lectr
i
ca
l
p
o
w
e
r
out
put
a
n
d
8
.
0
2
5
%
e
n
er
gy
pr
oduc
e
d
.
T
he
t
e
m
pe
rat
u
re
o
f
t
h
e
pane
l
is
l
o
w
e
r
ed
up
to
1
0.5
Ce
l
s
ius.
I
f
t
h
e
c
o
st
c
an
b
e
ke
p
t
s
m
a
ll
com
p
ar
e
d
t
o
t
he
over
a
l
l
c
os
t
of
P
V
insta
l
la
t
i
on,
t
here
i
s
po
te
nt
i
a
l
of
l
o
w
ering
the
pa
ybac
k
p
eri
o
d
of
s
o
l
ar
P
V
projec
ts
a
nd
i
n
c
r
easin
g
t
h
e
r
e
tur
n
o
f
i
nves
t
m
e
nt.
H
o
w
e
ve
r,
a
l
ot
m
ore
de
si
gn
w
o
rk
n
e
e
d
s
t
o
be
d
one
a
n
d
a
lso
t
h
e
p
ro
duc
ti
on
me
t
hod
i
f
t
he
c
o
o
li
ng
m
e
t
h
o
d
i
s
to
b
e
a
p
plie
d
a
t
c
omm
e
r
c
ial
scale.
T
o
be
tte
r
st
u
d
y
t
h
e
i
m
pr
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
fer
e
d
b
y
t
he
p
u
l
sa
t
i
ng
he
at
p
i
p
e
,
a
con
t
ro
l
l
ed
e
nv
iro
n
m
e
nt
i
s
ne
eded,
w
h
ic
h
c
a
n
g
i
v
e
a
c
o
n
t
rol
l
ed
i
rra
d
i
a
nc
e,
a
mb
i
e
nt
t
emp
e
rat
u
re
a
n
d
wi
nd
spee
d,
a
t
w
h
i
c
h
one
p
ara
m
e
t
e
r
c
a
n
b
e
ma
ni
pu
la
te
d
a
t
o
ne
tim
e
w
h
i
l
e
the
ot
he
rs
a
re
k
e
p
t
c
onstan
t
.
Th
is
s
t
u
d
y
lo
oks
a
t
t
h
e
o
u
t
put
i
n
the
r
eal-
life
e
n
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
t
.
U
si
n
g
p
ul
sat
i
ng
hea
t
p
ipe
r
e
q
u
i
res
n
o
pum
ps
f
or
m
ov
in
g
fl
u
i
d, so
i
t
r
eq
u
i
res
no e
x
te
rna
l
e
nerg
y.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
We
w
oul
d
like
to
a
c
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
ge
T
N
B
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
S
dn.
B
h
d
.
for
pro
v
i
d
i
ng
the
tes
t
ing
eq
u
i
pme
n
t
a
nd
space
.
0.
0
0
0
5.
0
0
0
10
.
0
00
15
.
0
00
20
.
0
00
12
05
12
10
1
2
1
5
12
20
1
2
25
1
2
3
0
1
2
35
12
40
1
2
4
5
12
50
Power
Output
(
W)
Ti
me (ho
ur)
P
o
w
e
r
Output v
s. Tim
e
Wi
th
o
u
t H
e
a
t
P
i
p
e
W
i
t
h
H
e
a
t
Pi
pe
0.
0
0
0
2.
0
0
0
4.
0
0
0
6.
0
0
0
8.
0
0
0
10
.
0
0
0
12
.
0
0
0
1
2
05
12
1
0
12
15
1
2
20
12
2
5
1
2
30
1
2
3
5
1
2
40
1
2
45
1
2
5
0
Ef
fic
i
enc
y
(
%
)
Ti
m
e
(h
o
ur)
E
f
fi
ciency
v
s. Ti
m
e
With
o
u
t
H
e
a
t
P
i
p
e
Wi
t
h
H
e
a
t
P
i
p
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2502-
4752
I
n
do
n
e
si
an
J
E
l
e
c
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
S
ci
, V
o
l
.
1
4
,
No. 1, April 2019 :
311 –
3
18
31
8
REFE
RENCES
[1]
Offici
al W
ebsit
e
,
“
S
ustain
ab
le
E
ne
rg
y De
ve
lo
pm
e
n
t Au
tho
r
i
t
y
M
a
l
aysia.” [On
line]
.
Ava
i
l
a
ble: ht
t
p
://seda.gov.my
.
[2
]
T.
H
.
Oh,
S
.
Y
.
Pang
,
an
d
S.
C
.
Ch
ua
,
“E
n
e
rg
y
p
o
l
icy
an
d
al
tern
ativ
e
en
ergy
i
n
M
a
l
a
ys
ia:
Is
sues
a
n
d
c
hal
l
eng
e
s
f
o
r
su
sta
i
n
a
ble
gro
w
th
,
”
Ren
e
w.
Su
stai
n. E
n
er
gy
R
ev.
,
v
o
l
.
14
,
n
o
.
4,
p
p.
1
2
4
1
–12
52
,
201
0.
[
3
]
W
.
G
.
J
.
V
a
n
H
e
l
d
e
n
,
R
.
J
.
C
.
V
a
n
Z
o
l
i
n
g
e
n
,
a
n
d
H
.
A
.
Z
o
n
d
a
g
,
“
P
V
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
:
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
s
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
renewab
l
e el
ectricity
and
heat
,”
Pr
o
g
.
Ph
ot
ov
o
l
t
a
ic
s
Re
s
.
A
p
p
l
.
,
vo
l.
1
2
,
n
o.
6
,
p
p
.
415
–4
26
,
2
004
.
[4]
F
.
G
ru
bisi
c-Ca
b
o
,
S.
N
izetic,
and T. G.
Marco
,
“
P
h
oto
volt
a
i
c
Panels
:
a
R
eview
o
f
t
he
C
ooling
,
”
T
r
an
s.
Fa
me
na
X
L
,
vol
.
1
,
n
o.
1
,
p
p
.
63
–7
4,
2
01
6.
[5]
S
.
C
h
a
nder,
A
.
P
u
rohi
t,
A
.
S
h
a
r
ma,
S
.
P
.
N
e
hra,
a
nd
M
.
S
.
D
h
a
ka
,
“Impa
c
t
of
t
e
m
p
e
ra
ture
on
p
e
rfo
r
ma
nc
e
of
s
e
r
ie
s
and
parall
el co
n
n
ected
m
ono
-crys
t
allin
e s
i
li
con
s
o
lar cel
ls
,”
Ene
r
gy
Re
po
rt
s
, v
ol
. 1
,
p
p
. 1
75
–1
8
0
,
2
0
1
5
.
[6]
J.
S
ieck
er,
K.
K
usak
ana,
a
n
d
B.
P
.
Numb
i,
“
A
review
o
f
sola
r
ph
ot
ovo
lt
aic
sy
s
t
em
s
coo
l
i
n
g
t
echn
o
lo
gi
es,”
Re
n
e
w
.
Sustain.
E
n
ergy
Rev.
,
vol.
7
9
,
n
o
.
J
u
l
y
2
0
1
6
,
pp
.
1
9
2–
203
,
2
01
7.
[7
]
R.
T
haib
,
S.
R
i
zal, Hamd
a
ni
, T
.
M.
I
.
Mah
lia,
an
d
N. A. P
am
bu
d
i
, “
Ex
pe
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
a
na
lysis
o
f
u
sing
b
e
e
s
wa
x
a
s
p
hase
chang
e
m
ateri
a
ls f
or
l
imi
t
in
g temperat
ure ri
se i
n bui
ldin
g
i
n
t
e
grate
d
p
hot
ov
oltaics,”
Case
Stud
.
T
h
e
r
m.
En
g.
,
v
o
l
.
12,
no.
J
uly
20
17
,
pp.
2
23
–2
27,
2
0
1
8
.
[
8
]
H
.
A
l
i
z
a
d
e
h
,
R
.
G
h
a
s
e
m
p
o
u
r
,
M
.
B
.
S
h
a
f
i
i
,
M
.
H.
A
h
m
a
d
i
,
W
.
M
.
Y
an
,
an
d
M.
A
.
Nazari
,
“
N
u
m
e
rical
s
im
u
l
atio
n o
f
P
V
c
oo
li
ng
by
u
sin
g
s
in
gl
e tu
rn p
ul
sating
h
e
a
t
p
ip
e
,
”
In
t.
J
.
He
a
t
Mas
s
Tran
sf
.
,
vol.
127
,
p
p
.
203
–208
,
2
018
.
[
9
]
N
.
A
.
S
.
E
l
m
i
n
s
h
a
w
y
,
A
.
M
.
I
.
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
,
K
.
M
o
r
a
d
,
Y
.
E
l
h
e
n
a
w
y,
a
nd
A
.
A
.
A
lro
b
aian
,
“P
erf
o
rm
ance
o
f
P
V
pa
n
e
l
coup
led
wi
th
g
eo
th
ermal
ai
r
coo
l
i
ng
syst
e
m
s
u
b
je
ct
ed
t
o
ho
t
cl
i
matic,”
Ap
pl
.
T
h
e
r
m
.
En
g
.
,
vo
l.
1
4
8
,
no
.
Octob
e
r
2
0
1
8
,
p
p.
1
–9
, 2
01
9.
[1
0]
A
.
F.
A
.
Castanh
e
ira,
J
.
F
.
P
.
F
e
rn
an
des,
a
nd
P
.
J
.
C
.
Bra
nco
,
“
Dem
onst
r
ati
o
n
p
r
oj
ect
o
f
a
coolin
g
s
y
s
t
em
f
o
r
exis
ti
ng
P
V
p
o
wer pl
ant
s
i
n
P
o
rtu
g
al,
”
App
l
. Energy
, v
o
l
. 21
1
,
no. Decem
b
e
r
20
1
7
,
pp
. 1
297
–1
307,
201
8.
[11]
S
.
K
h
andekar
and
M.
G
rol
l
,
“On
the
Defi
n
i
t
i
on
o
f
Pulsating
H
eat
P
ip
es:
A
n
o
v
e
rv
iew
,
”
Proc
.
5th
Minsk
In
t
.
Se
m
i
n
.
(
H
e
a
t P
i
p
e
s
,
He
a
t
P
u
mp
s
R
e
fr
ig
.
,
vol.
3,
p
.
1
2
,
2003.
[12
]
A
kach
i, “
Struct
u
r
e o
f
Mic
o
-
heat
P
ipe,
”
52
190
20,
1
99
3.
[13
]
A
kach
i, “
Struct
u
r
e o
f
Heat
P
ip
e,”
4
921
04
1,
199
0
.
[14
]
X
.
Tan
g
,
L.
S
h
a
,
H.
Z
h
a
ng
,
an
d
Y.
J
u,
“
A
revi
e
w
o
f
recent
ex
peri
mental
i
nv
estiga
t
io
ns
a
n
d
t
h
e
oret
ical
a
nal
y
s
e
s
for
pul
satin
g
h
eat
p
ip
es,
”
Frontiers in E
n
ergy
,
v
o
l.
7
,
no
.
2
.
p
p
.
1
61
–173
,
2
0
1
3
.
[15
]
S
. Kh
and
e
kar, “T
h
erm
o
-h
yd
rod
y
nam
i
cs of Clo
s
ed
Lo
op P
u
lsati
n
g
H
eat
P
ip
es,
”
p
.
1
5
4
,
2
004.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.