Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
23
,
No.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
, p
p.
6
00
~
6
11
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v
23
.i
1
.
pp
600
-
6
11
600
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
eecs.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
Busway
distribu
tion syst
em
-
sizing
&
plann
ing aspe
cts for
automoti
ve weld s
hop
Sa
n
a
Z
ah
eer
, Ra
ja
Ma
s
ood
Larik
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al E
ngin
eering,
NED
Univ
ersity
of
Eng
ineeri
ng
and Te
chn
olog
y
,
Kar
ac
h
i,
75270,
Pakist
an
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
h
ist
or
y:
Re
cei
ved
Ja
n 1
8
, 2
021
Re
vised
Ma
y
1
9
, 2
021
Accepte
d
J
un
28
, 202
1
Resista
nc
e
spot
weldi
ng
with
i
ts
cha
ra
ct
e
ristic
“
dirty
el
e
ct
ri
cal
loa
d
”
is
a
disti
nctive
engi
n
ee
ring
prob
le
m
.
The
wide
ran
ge
of
it
s
industrial
appl
i
ca
t
ions
has
m
ade
the
subject
an
ex
c
iting
rese
arc
h
dom
ain.
Ow
ing
to
the
i
nte
rm
it
t
ence
of
a
weldi
ng
ope
rat
ion
,
ran
dom
over
la
pp
ing
of
weldi
ng
pulses
,
it
s
sensiti
v
i
t
y
to
voltage
var
i
a
ti
on,
and
appl
i
c
at
ion
-
spe
ci
fi
c
q
ual
ity
con
trol
r
e
quire
m
ent
s,
the
el
e
ct
ri
cal
dis
tri
buti
on
s
y
st
em
for
weld
ing
lo
a
d
s
nee
d
to
b
e
t
i
ed
strong
l
y
with
the
proc
ess
-
rel
ated
req
uire
m
ent
s.
One
of
the
m
o
st
important
appl
i
ca
t
ions
of
resista
nc
e
weldi
n
g
is
an
aut
om
oti
ve
bod
y
shop
,
al
so
ca
l
led
weld
shop.
Thi
s
is
where
var
iou
s
unit
s
of
a
ca
r
bod
y
a
re
weld
ed
toge
th
er
to
form
a
shell
tha
t
begi
ns
to
look
li
ke
a
ca
r
.
Thi
s
pape
r
foc
uses
on
expl
a
ini
ng
the
nat
ur
e
of
weldi
ng
loa
d
and
p
roc
ess
req
uire
m
ent
s
of
a
weld
shop,
le
ad
ing
towar
ds
the
des
ign
and
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
a
Micr
osoft
Exc
e
l
bas
ed
tool
for
opti
m
al
siz
ing
o
f
high
cur
r
ent
b
usw
a
y
distr
i
bution
s
y
stem
for
r
e
sistanc
e
spo
t
weldi
ng
m
ac
hin
es.
Thi
s
tool
ca
n
be
eff
e
ct
iv
ely
u
sed
as
a
desktop
appl
icati
o
n
for
eff
ic
i
ent
de
sign
deve
lopme
nt
and
comprehe
nsion
of
var
ious
design
cri
t
eri
a
.
Beside
s
,
num
eri
cal
bas
ed
ca
l
culati
ons
have
bee
n
pro
vide
d
with
soun
d
rea
soning
,
progre
ss
ive
l
y
d
eve
lop
ing
th
e
pr
oposed
design cr
it
eria
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Bus
way d
ist
ri
bu
ti
on
In
te
rm
it
te
nt load
Stoch
a
sti
c p
r
oble
m
Ther
m
al
eq
ui
va
le
nce
Vo
lt
age
dr
op
Weld q
ualit
y
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ra
j
a Ma
s
ood Larik
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng
NED U
nive
rsit
y of En
gin
ee
ri
ng and
Tech
no
log
y
Ma
in Unive
rsity
Rd,
Kar
ac
hi
Ci
ty
, S
indh
75270
Em
a
il
: r
m
la
rik
@n
e
duet
.edu.
pk
NOME
N
CLA
TURE
I
w
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l
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h
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l
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Busw
ay dist
rib
ution syst
em
-
si
zing
&
p
lannin
g aspec
ts f
or a
utomotive
wel
d sh
op
(
Sana
Zaheer
)
601
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
p
o
t
w
e
l
d
i
n
g
i
s
on
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
e
x
t
e
n
s
i
v
e
l
y
e
m
p
l
oy
e
d
m
e
t
ho
d
s
o
f
j
o
i
n
i
n
g
p
r
e
s
s
e
d
m
e
t
a
l
sh
e
e
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
a
ut
om
ot
i
v
e
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
[1]
.
T
h
e
w
e
l
d
i
n
g
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
t
a
k
e
s
pl
a
c
e
i
n
a
w
e
l
d
s
h
o
p
o
r
b
o
d
y
s
h
o
p
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
t
h
e
v
e
r
y
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
p
i
n
a
n
a
u
t
om
o
b
i
l
e
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
p
l
a
n
t
,
w
h
e
r
e
a
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
g
e
t
s
i
t
s
s
h
a
p
e
[2]
.
T
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
a
r
o
u
n
d
3
0
0
0
t
o
5
0
0
0
s
p
o
t
w
e
l
d
i
n
g
j
o
i
n
t
s
i
n
a
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
v
e
hi
c
l
e
[3
]
,
[
4]
.
W
h
e
n
e
v
e
r
a
n
e
w
c
a
r
m
o
d
e
l
i
s
t
o
b
e
l
a
u
n
c
h
e
d
,
t
h
e
r
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
i
s
a
n
e
w
b
o
d
y
s
h
o
p
o
r
c
om
p
l
e
t
e
r
e
v
a
m
p
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
s
h
o
p
t
o
c
a
t
e
r
t
o
t
h
e
n
e
w
u
n
i
q
u
e
n
e
e
d
s
[
5
]
.
The
fact
that
the
resist
anc
e
s
po
t
weldin
g
does
not
re
qu
i
re
any
add
it
io
nal
fill
er
m
at
erial
for
m
aking
the
joi
nt,
m
ak
es
it
inex
pe
ns
i
ve
a
nd
ef
fici
ent
[6
]
,
[
7]
.
Th
e
proces
s,
ho
wev
e
r,
is
a
m
ulti
facete
d
e
ngineerin
g
pro
blem
and
the
com
pr
ehe
nsi
on
of
va
rio
us
process
-
relat
ed
re
qu
irem
en
ts
is
a
pr
erequisi
te
fo
r
ef
fe
ct
ive
plan
ning
of
el
ect
rical
su
ppl
y
and
distri
buti
on
a
rch
it
ect
ur
e
[8]
.
The
we
lding
op
e
rati
on
is
interm
i
tt
e
nt.
It
der
i
ves
high
c
urren
t
for
dur
at
ion
s
as
sm
all
as
1
t
o10%
of
t
he
weldin
g
cy
cl
e
[9
]
,
[
10]
.
In
t
he
a
bs
e
nce
of
interl
oc
king
of
the
weldin
g
m
achines,
a
lot
of
weldin
g
m
ay
ta
ke
place
si
m
ultaneou
s
ly
[11]
.
No
t
only
the
su
pply
m
us
t
be
able
to
cat
er
to
the
loa
d
re
quirem
ent,
bu
t
t
he
distri
bu
ti
on
syst
e
m
m
us
t
a
lso
be
a
ble
to
s
us
ta
in
that cu
rr
e
nt. Y
et
the d
ist
ri
buti
on syst
em
cann
ot
be si
zed
for
that m
uch
high c
urren
t.
Howe
ver,
consi
der
in
g
m
anu
al
act
uations
with
rand
om
init
ia
ti
on
s,
a
ver
y
la
rg
e
pe
rcen
ta
ge
of
si
m
ultaneou
s
operati
ons
is
ha
rd
t
o
im
agine,
especial
ly
with
m
any
m
achines
co
nn
ect
e
d
to
a
li
ne.
T
his
i
ns
ta
te
s
the
nee
d
f
or
st
och
a
sti
c
ana
ly
sis
of
the
weld
ing
operati
on,
hin
ti
ng
to
w
a
rds
the
m
os
t
pro
bab
le
scena
rio
[12]
.
In
ad
diti
on
to
load
interm
it
ten
ce
a
nd
rand
om
ness
of
oper
at
ion
,
the
wel
ding
process
i
s
al
so
vulne
ra
ble
to
vo
lt
age
i
ns
ta
bi
li
ty
and
supp
ly
qu
al
it
y
deteri
or
at
io
n.
When
su
f
fici
ent
po
w
er
is
not
avail
a
ble
f
or
weldin
g,
bad
or
col
d
welds
resu
lt
,
le
adin
g
to
reduce
d
pro
du
ct
ivit
y
and
c
om
pr
om
is
ed
pro
fits.
In
order
to
qua
nt
ify
an
acce
ptable
am
ount
of
tr
ouble
,
a
li
m
it
is
set
to
the
num
ber
of
spoil
t
welds
cal
le
d
the
al
lo
wab
le
pro
portion
of
ba
d
welds
[12
]
-
[
14]
.
The
prevalent
use
of
high
cu
rr
e
nt
bu
s
ways
in
th
e
autom
otive
industry
prov
i
de
s
the
flexibili
ty
of
operati
on
a
nd
e
ase
of
e
xp
a
nda
bili
ty
[1
5
]
,
[
16]
.
The
res
ulti
ng
decen
t
rali
zed
distrib
ution
syst
e
m
enab
le
s
the
util
iz
at
ion
of t
he r
andom
ness
of
weldin
g o
per
at
ion
i
n desig
n
i
nterest.
This
researc
h
pro
vid
es
a
syst
e
m
at
ic
rev
ie
w
on
the
nat
ur
e
of
wel
ding
l
oa
d
a
nd
un
i
qu
e
r
ud
im
ents
of
autom
otive
we
ld
sho
p,
stream
li
nin
g
the
m
ulti
facete
d
de
sig
n
crit
eria
for
op
t
i
m
al
sizin
g
of
distrib
ution
bu
sway
for
a
uto
m
otive
weld
sho
p.
T
he
m
et
ho
dolo
gi
cal
nu
m
erical
analy
sis
prese
nts
a
ste
pw
ise
so
luti
on
cat
er
ing
t
o
each
de
sig
n
cri
te
rion.
A
ddit
ion
al
ly
,
a
Mi
cro
s
of
t
e
xcel
base
d
desig
n
to
ol
is
dev
el
op
e
d
easi
ng
t
he
cal
culat
ion
s
el
ucidated
.
Th
is
pap
e
r
ta
rg
e
ts
to
prov
i
de
a
on
e
wi
ndow
so
l
ution
t
o
a
novice
des
ign
e
r
of
the
bu
s
way
distrib
ution sy
s
tem
f
or
a
n
a
ut
om
ot
ive w
el
d
s
hop
.
2.
DISCU
SSI
ON
2
.
1.
Nature
of wel
ding
lo
ad
Use
of
sin
gle
phase
s
pot
w
el
di
ng
m
achines
i
s
prevale
nt
in
a
uto
m
otive
in
dustry.
O
n
a
400V
netw
ork,
these
spot
weldin
g
m
achines
are
supp
li
ed
th
rou
gh
tw
o
pha
ses.
The
refor
e
these
m
achines
are
of
te
n
re
ferred
to
as
two
ph
ase
m
achines
[
17
]
.
These
m
achines
w
ork
on
J
ou
le
ef
fect.
T
he
ene
rg
y
re
quire
d
f
or
weld
ing
is
su
ppli
ed by t
he
en
er
gy expre
s
sed
as
heat upon circ
ulati
on
of h
ig
h
m
agn
it
ude curren
t t
ho
ugh
the m
et
al
p
arts to
be
joine
d.
The
wo
r
k
-
pieces
are
held
to
get
her
un
der
pr
es
su
re
,
exer
te
d
by
el
ect
ro
des
.
The
a
m
ou
nt
of
heat
avail
able
f
or
weldin
g
de
pends
on
the
resis
ta
nce
bet
wee
n
the
el
ect
r
od
e
s
,
an
d
am
plit
ude
an
d
durati
on
of
the
cur
ren
t.
T
he
re
sist
ance
at
the
j
unct
io
n
of
the
m
et
al
pieces
op
poses
the
flo
w
of
c
urre
nt.
The
ene
rg
y
re
quired
t
o
ov
e
rc
om
e
the
jun
ct
io
n
resist
a
nce
is
e
xpresse
d
as
heat
a
nd
r
ai
ses
the
m
et
al
tem
per
at
ur
e
.
The
m
et
al
m
e
l
ts
and
form
s a w
el
ding
nugget
at the
interf
ac
e
[18
]
,
[
19]
.
2
.2
.
Wel
din
g o
per
at
i
on
The
weldin
g
op
e
rati
on
is
a
series
of
disc
rete
tim
e
event
s.
O
ne
com
plete
weldin
g
c
yc
le
fo
ll
ow
s
fo
ll
owin
g
se
qu
ence
:
Squeeze Ti
m
e
Weld
Tim
e
Ho
l
d
Tim
e
Off tim
e
The
wel
ding
proces
s
be
gin
s
with
the
m
et
al
pieces
bei
ng
held
to
gethe
r
unde
r
the
el
ec
tro
de
f
or
ce
unti
l
the
desire
d
f
orce
is
at
ta
ined.
T
hi
s
durati
on
is
cal
le
d
squeeze
tim
e.
Du
ri
ng
this
w
hile,
no
wel
ding
c
urren
t
i
s
app
li
ed
.
O
nce
su
f
fici
ent
force
is
attai
ned
,
th
e
weldin
g
cu
rrent
is
al
lowed
to
flow.
The
durati
on
f
or
w
hi
ch
the
weldin
g
c
urre
nt
flo
ws
th
r
ough
t
he
m
et
al
pieces,
is
cal
le
d
wel
d
ti
m
e.
It
is
ex
pr
esse
d
in
cy
cl
es
of
supp
ly
vo
lt
age
.
A
we
lding
durati
on
,
too
l
ong,
ca
us
es
e
xpulsio
n
of
m
olten
m
et
al
fr
om
the
el
ect
ro
de
s
ur
faces.
Conver
sel
y,
a
durati
on
too
s
hort
yi
e
lds
a
col
d
wel
d.
W
el
d
tim
e
is
fo
ll
ow
ed
by
hold
ti
m
e
,
when
the
el
ec
tro
de
force
is
co
ntin
ued
t
o
be
a
pp
li
ed
on
the
work
pieces,
to
al
lo
w
the
wel
d
nu
gg
et
to
s
olidify
befor
e
the
el
e
ct
rodes
are
ret
racted.
Wh
e
n
t
he
wel
ding
cy
cl
e
is
r
epeti
ti
ve,
a
n
off
ti
m
e
def
ines
the
durati
on
betwee
n
retrac
ti
on
of
el
ect
ro
des
fro
m
on
e
w
orkp
i
ece
and
thei
r
app
li
cat
io
n
on
oth
er
.
It
is
only
the
weld
tim
e,
wh
en
t
he
weldi
ng
current is
r
e
qu
i
red. F
or r
est
of
the
durati
on, t
he
s
upp
ly
needs to
not t
o be c
omm
itted
[
18
]
,
[
20]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
250
2
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
:
6
0
0
-
6
1
1
602
2
.3
.
Concep
t o
f
i
nt
ermi
t
ten
ce
To
furthe
r
cl
a
r
ify
the
natu
re
of
wel
ding
loa
d,
it
is
im
po
rta
nt
to
intr
oduce
he
re
a
te
rm
“du
ty
cy
cl
e”.
Du
ty
cy
cl
e
is
t
he
rati
o
of
the
tim
e
fo
r
w
hic
h
a
loa
d
is
a
ppli
ed
a
nd
the
“In
te
gr
at
io
n
pe
rio
d”
f
or
the
de
vice,
expresse
d
in
per
ce
ntage
.
A
n
i
nteg
rati
on
per
i
od
is
the
durati
on
su
m
m
ing
a
load
and
a
rest
pe
rio
d.
A
com
par
ison
of curren
ts
at
dif
f
eren
t d
uty
cy
cl
es
is
gi
ven
in F
igure 1
.
L
oa
d
a
t
5%
du
ty
cy
cl
e
de
rives
c
urre
nt
f
or
on
ly
5%
of
t
he
total
integrati
on
per
io
d
(20m
s)
ho
wev
e
r
th
e
load
at
50%
dut
y
cy
cl
e
condu
c
ts
current
f
or
10m
s
i.e.
half
the
i
ntegr
at
io
n
per
i
od.
Du
ty
cy
cl
e
for
w
el
ding
operati
on
ra
ng
e
s
from
1
to
10%
.
I
n
oth
er
w
ords,
t
he
weld
ti
m
e accou
nts
for o
nly 1
to 10%
of the
weldin
g o
per
at
ion
.
Figure
1
.
De
pi
ct
ion
of
5%
an
d
50%
du
ty
cy
cl
e
2
.
4
.
Ther
m
al
equiv
alence
-
t
he ke
y to o
ver
loa
din
g
w
it
hout
overhe
at
in
g
The
el
ect
rical
powe
r
sup
ply
and
distrib
ut
ion
syst
em
s
are
desi
gn
e
d
to
carry
t
he
r
at
ed
pow
e
r
con
ti
nu
ously
t
hro
ughout thei
r
rated life. T
he
f
act
that the w
el
ding l
oa
d
de
rives
the
weld
ing
curre
nt for
a s
m
all
per
i
od
of
ti
m
e,
insti
gates
that
a
supp
ly
or
dis
tribu
ti
on
e
qu
i
pm
ent
can
sup
port
m
or
e
tha
n
it
s
rated
loa
d
w
it
ho
ut
getti
ng
over
he
at
ed.
Ele
ct
rical
en
er
gy con
ver
t
i
bl
e
to the
rm
al
en
erg
y i
s
giv
e
n by:
=
2
(1)
W
it
h
co
ns
ta
nt
opposit
ion,
higher
the
m
agn
it
ud
e
of
cu
rr
e
nt
or
lo
nger
the
durati
on
of
co
nductio
n,
higher
will
be
the
el
ect
rical
energy
lost
as
heat.
It
is
this
heati
ng
of
t
he
equ
i
pm
ent
that
lim
i
ts
it
s
op
er
at
ion
at
loa
ds
hi
ghe
r
than
it
s
rati
ng.
Equ
al
iz
in
g
t
he
heat
pro
du
c
e
d
by
a
cu
rrent
“
I”
pa
ssin
g
f
or
“
t”
sec
onds
with
an
oth
e
r
current
“
I’”
pa
ssin
g for “
t’”
sec
onds
.
′
=
′
=
′
(2)
E
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
2
t
e
l
l
s
t
h
a
t
a
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
a
h
i
g
h
m
a
gn
i
t
u
d
e
o
f
1
0
0
0
A
f
l
o
w
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
r
m
i
t
t
e
n
t
l
y
w
i
t
h
a
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
o
f
5
%
i
s
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
l
y
e
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
t
o
2
2
4
A
f
l
o
w
i
n
g
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
.
T
h
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
e
q
u
i
pm
e
n
t
,
n
e
e
d
n
o
t
t
o
b
e
s
i
z
e
d
a
t
1
0
0
0
A
.
A
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
n
g
o
f
a
r
o
u
n
d
2
2
4
A
s
h
o
u
l
d
s
u
f
f
i
c
e
.
E
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
2
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
e
d
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
w
e
l
d
i
n
g
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
gi
v
e
s
t
h
e
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
e
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
i
n
g
t
o
a
n
y
w
e
l
d
i
n
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
[
2
1
]
:
ℎ
=
√
=
√
(3)
2
.
5
.
Vo
l
tage
Drop
Con
ce
rn
i
ng
th
e
desig
n
of
we
lding
net
works
,
an
oth
e
r
c
onsiderati
on
is
t
o
ha
nd
le
t
he
vo
lt
a
ge
dip
s
due
to
ra
ndom
ov
e
rlap
ping
of
we
lding
pulse
s.
I
n
m
os
t
app
li
ca
ti
on
s,
t
he
vo
lt
age
drop
is
li
m
it
ed
to
10%
of
t
he
su
pply
volt
age
.
10%
dro
p
doesn'
t
see
m
m
u
ch
of
a
hassle,
howe
ver,
as
th
e
powe
r
li
ne
volt
age
drops
by
10%
,
the
avail
able
el
ect
rical
energy
co
nverti
ble
to
the
rm
al
e
nergy,
require
d
f
or
wel
ding
,
dec
reases
by
19%.
Un
a
vaila
bili
ty
of suffici
ent e
n
erg
y
for wel
di
ng r
es
ults in
po
or quali
ty
w
el
ds
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Busw
ay dist
rib
ution syst
em
-
si
zing
&
p
lannin
g aspec
ts f
or a
utomotive
wel
d sh
op
(
Sana
Zaheer
)
603
Fo
r
a
group
of
welde
rs
co
nn
e
ct
ed
to
the
sam
e
bu
s
bar
,
the
c
ause
of
ba
d
we
ld
at
a
welding
gun
is
no
t
on
ly
the
volt
ag
e dro
p d
ue
to
the
welde
r
it
sel
f bu
t al
s
o du
e
to
the
o
t
her wel
der
s
w
el
ding at
the sam
e tim
e
[11]
.
The
volt
age
dro
p
li
m
i
t
is
app
li
cat
io
n
-
s
pec
ific
.
10%
lim
i
t
for
volt
age
dro
p
is
a
ge
ne
rali
zed
c
rite
rion
f
or
weldin
g
of
m
ild
ste
el
.
Fo
r
ot
her
m
at
erial
s
l
ike
al
umi
nu
m
for
w
hich
the
eff
ect
of
var
ia
t
ion
s
in
heat
m
ay
be
m
or
e
sever
e
, the
all
ow
a
ble
vo
l
ta
ge
dr
op m
ay
be
le
ss t
han 10
%
[
9]
.
2
.
6
.
Q
ua
li
t
y of
w
el
d
The q
ualit
y of
a w
el
d
can
b
e
expresse
d
i
n
th
ree
ways:
Ph
ysi
cal
or
ge
om
et
rical
f
e
at
ur
es li
ke
c
rac
ks
and po
ro
sit
y
.
Stren
gth o
r per
form
ance
.
Pr
oc
ess c
har
ac
te
risti
cs e.g
.
v
i
sible ex
pulsi
on of m
olten m
e
t
al
f
r
om
elec
trod
e s
urface
[8]
.
Du
e
t
o
a
var
ie
ty
of
reas
on
s
,
so
m
e
welds
do
not
pass
t
he
qu
al
it
y
te
st
a
nd
a
re
cal
le
d
"bad
or
c
old
weld".
Fo
ll
owin
g
a
re
so
m
e reasons f
or b
a
d
welds:
Def
ect
s i
n
m
ater
ia
l
.
W
ear
and tea
r of el
ect
rode tip
s
.
In
s
uffici
ent s
upply
vo
lt
ag
e
.
The
im
po
rta
nc
e
of
a
sta
ble
a
nd
s
uffici
ent
s
upply
vo
lt
age
has
al
read
y
be
en
est
a
blishe
d
in
pr
e
vious
se
ct
ion
,
howe
ver,
not
al
l
dr
ops
in
volt
age
are
due
to
the
weldin
g
cu
rr
e
nt.
Fo
ll
owin
g
are
so
m
e
non
-
weldi
ng
rea
s
on
s
of
vo
lt
age
dr
op
:
Othe
r
loa
ds
c
onnecte
d
to
sam
e sour
ce
.
Excessi
ve
le
ng
th of
feed
e
r fr
om
the transf
orm
er
.
Fault i
n
a
ny
fe
eder o
r
el
se
where in
the
netw
ork
.
Poor
volt
age
qual
it
y fr
om
u
ti
li
ty
.
Othe
r
in
dustria
l consum
ers
on
sam
e n
et
wo
r
k
.
Fo
r
the
purpos
e
of
re
gu
la
ti
ng
the
qu
al
it
y
of
welds
,
bo
t
h
we
lding
a
nd
non
-
weldin
g
reas
on
s
fo
r
bad
w
el
ds
nee
d
to b
e
contr
olled
[9]
.
2
.
7
.
Allowabl
e propor
tio
n
ba
d
wel
ds
As
est
ablishe
d,
the
nu
m
ber
of
sp
oilt
weld
s
is
no
t
eq
ual
to
th
e
nu
m
ber
of
w
el
ds
f
or
wh
ic
h
the
volt
ag
e
dro
ps
belo
w
th
e
assigne
d
lim
it
.
T
her
ef
or
e
,
the
al
lowa
ble
pro
portio
n
of
w
el
ds
for
w
hich
the
vo
lt
age
dr
op
is
al
lowed
to
dro
p
belo
w
the
as
sign
e
d
lim
it
mu
st
be
le
ss
than
the
act
ual
per
m
issi
ble
lim
i
t
of
bad
wel
ds.
The
lim
it
is
decided
in
c
on
s
ultat
ion
with
the
pla
nt
en
gin
ee
rs
an
d
ex
pr
e
ssed
i
n
p
erce
ntages
.
It
is
us
er
’s
prer
ogat
ive
to
decide
,
base
d
on
the
le
ngth
an
d
cost
of
the
recti
ficat
ion
process,
the
num
ber
of
bad
welds
per
m
issib
le
.
A
lim
it
of
1%
m
eans
t
hat
it
is
acce
ptable
if
on
e
out
of
a
hu
nd
red
wel
ds
is
of
p
oor
qua
li
ty
[9]
.
As
f
ol
lows
log
ic
al
ly
,
there
require
d
is
a
way
to
cal
culat
e
the
odds
of
s
upply
volt
age
dro
pp
i
ng
belo
w
the
al
lo
wab
l
e
lim
it
.
If
the
possi
bili
ty
of
su
ch
occ
urren
ce
tu
r
ns
out
to
be
le
ss
than
the
al
lowe
d
lim
it
of
ba
d
w
el
ds
,
th
e
n
the
de
sig
n
tur
ns
ou
t t
o be
acce
ptable.
2
.
8
.
Wel
din
g oper
at
i
on
as
a bern
ou
ll
i tria
l
T
h
e
w
e
l
d
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
b
y
n
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
s
t
o
c
h
a
s
t
i
c
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
a
ny
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
w
e
l
d
e
r
s
w
e
l
di
n
g
a
t
a
n
i
n
s
t
a
n
t
c
a
n
b
e
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
e
d
a
s
a
b
i
n
om
i
a
l
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
[10]
.
A
B
i
n
om
i
a
l
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
d
e
p
i
c
t
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
o
u
t
c
om
e
o
f
a
t
r
i
a
l
c
a
n
o
n
l
y
a
s
s
um
e
o
ne
o
f
t
w
o
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
l
u
e
s
u
n
d
e
r
a
s
s
um
p
t
i
o
n
s
,
l
i
s
t
e
d
b
e
l
o
w
:
Ther
e
’s o
nly o
ne ou
tc
om
e fo
r
each
t
rial
.
Each trial
has s
a
m
e p
r
ob
a
bili
ty
o
f
su
cce
ss
.
Each trial
is i
ndepe
ndent
of
previ
ou
s
trial
s
.
Bi
no
m
ia
l
distribu
ti
on
can
al
s
o
be
re
garde
d
as
the
su
m
of
a
series
of
m
ulti
ple
ind
epe
ndent
and
i
den
ti
cal
l
y
distrib
uted
Be
r
noulli
tria
ls.
A
Be
rno
ulli
tria
l
is
an
e
xp
e
rim
ent
w
hich
is
ra
ndom
and
c
ou
l
d
ge
ne
rate
onl
y
on
e
of
the
tw
o
poss
ible
ou
tc
om
es:
su
ccess or
fail
ur
e
.
In
o
the
r
w
ords,
t
he
Be
rnou
ll
i
distrib
ution
is
a
sp
eci
al
case
of
the b
i
no
m
ia
l distri
bu
ti
on
w
here t
he nu
m
ber
of trial
s
n
=
1
[22]
.
Fo
r
weldin
g
operati
on
there
are
on
ly
two
po
ssi
ble
sta
tes;
weldin
g
an
d
rest,
both
th
e
sta
te
s
are
ind
e
pende
nt
of
each
oth
e
r
an
d
m
utu
al
ly
exclusive
i.e.
ei
ther
a
wel
der
welds
or
wel
ds
no
t,
the
re’
s
no
thi
rd
po
s
sibil
it
y
and
no
c
han
ce
of
ov
e
rlap
of
t
he
two
sta
te
s.
Co
ns
e
qu
e
ntly
,
the
evaluati
on
of
weldin
g
op
e
rat
ion
at
any
instant
is
a
Be
rnou
ll
i
tria
l.
The
pro
bab
il
i
ty
of
su
cce
ss
i.
e.
weldi
ng
f
or
ever
y
insta
nt
is
sam
e
and
eq
ual
to
dut
y
cy
cl
e
of
t
he
operati
on.
T
he
outc
om
e
of
on
e
tria
l
does
n’t
in
any
way
h
ave
an
e
ff
ect
on
ot
her
tria
ls.
The
n,
P
k
i.e.
pro
bab
il
it
y of
k welder
s out
of
“
n”
t
otal welde
rs,
wel
ding
at
a tim
e
i
s g
i
ven b
y
fo
ll
ow
i
ng r
el
at
io
n
[10]
:
=
(
)
(
1
−
)
−
(4)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
250
2
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
:
6
0
0
-
6
1
1
604
3.
NUMER
IC
A
L ANAL
YS
IS
Ba
sed
on
Be
r
noulli
eq
uatio
n,
co
ns
ide
r
a
n
e
xam
ple
of
20
weldin
g
m
achines
c
onnecte
d
to
a
group
(L1
-
L
2/L2
-
L
3/L3
-
L1
)
,
weldi
ng
interm
it
te
nt
ly
fo
r
tw
o
different
processe
s
with
dif
fer
e
nt
du
ty
cy
cl
es;
6%
a
nd
10%. Fo
llo
wing
resu
lt
s ca
n b
e obtai
ned
in
F
igure
2.
Figure
2.
Pro
ba
bili
ty
o
f
sim
ultaneo
us
weldi
ng
op
e
rati
on
s as
g
ive
n by Be
r
noulli
’s
e
quat
io
n
It
can
be
ob
s
er
ved
f
r
om
Figure
2
th
at
s
im
ul
ta
neity
curve
f
ollows
binom
i
al
distrib
utio
n.
Wh
e
n
the
du
t
y
cy
cl
e
of
a
n
ope
rati
on
incr
ease
s,
th
er
e is m
or
e possi
bili
ty
o
f
sim
ult
aneous
operati
on
s
.
F
or a
ny pr
act
ic
al
v
al
ue
of
duty
cy
cl
e
,
there
is abs
olu
te
ly
m
ini
m
al
chan
ce
of
al
l
the
welde
rs
weldi
ng
t
oget
her.
F
or
6
% du
ty
cy
cl
e
there’
s
a
fair
chan
ce
(
66%)
t
hat
no
ne
or
on
l
y
1
wel
der
w
ould
weld
at
a
ti
m
e.
Fo
r
10%
duty
cy
cl
e
su
ch
a
possibil
it
y
is
sti
l
l
apprecia
ble
(
39%)
.
3
.
1
.
Ther
m
al
equiv
alenc
y f
or a
group
of
w
el
ders
Co
ns
i
der
i
ng fo
ll
ow
in
g
a
bs
trac
t pro
blem
, as
sh
ow
n
in
Ta
ble
1.
Table
1.
A
bs
tr
act
p
r
oble
m
'
s s
yst
e
m
sp
eci
ficat
ion
s
for n
ume
rical
an
al
ysi
s
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
welder
s p
er
g
rou
p
20
k
VA de
m
an
d
of
ind
iv
id
u
al welder
1
5
0
k
VA
Du
ty
C
y
cle of
Ope
ration
6%
Sy
ste
m
Voltag
e
400V
The
RM
S
d
em
and cu
rr
e
nt ca
n be calc
ulate
d as f
ollo
ws:
=
3
∗
(5)
Fo
r
the
m
entioned p
a
ram
et
ers,
the RMS
d
em
and cu
rr
e
nt is
216A.
Ha
d
the
con
ce
pt
of inte
rm
i
tt
ence
no
t
be
en
dev
el
op
e
d, the
strai
gh
t
forw
a
r
d
cal
culat
io
n w
ou
l
d hav
e
r
es
ul
te
d
in
f
ollow
i
ng am
pacit
y req
ui
rem
ent f
or
distrib
ution n
et
work
:
=
216
∗
20
=
4320
(6)
3
.
1.1.
Op
timi
stic
case
: no
ov
erl
ap
pin
g
Wh
e
n
only
one
welde
r
welds
at
a
tim
e
there’s
no o
ve
rlap
pi
ng
of w
e
ldin
g
durati
ons.
A
ny
ne
w
welder
sta
rts
weldin
g
on
ly
w
hen
no
oth
e
r
welde
r
is
weldin
g.
Fi
gure
3
de
picts
th
at
t
he
condu
ct
i
ng
ti
m
e
is
“n”
tim
es
the
wel
ding ti
m
e.
In (
3
)
can
be rew
orde
d
as
(7)
[
10
]
:
ℎ
=
(
)
(7)
Fo
r
the
consid
ered exam
ple, the op
ti
m
istic value of
t
her
m
al
eq
uiv
al
ent
cur
ren
t
(I
th
)
tu
rn
s
ou
t t
o be
237A
.
3
.
1.2.
Pessi
mi
s
tic C
as
e
: All
M
ac
hines
Wel
d S
im
ult
an
e
ousl
y
Wh
e
n
al
l
of
t
he
welders
wel
d
at
the
sam
e
t
i
m
e
,
there’
s
ab
so
lu
te
ove
rlap
ping
of
wel
ding
durati
ons
.
Figure
4
de
pic
ts
the
overlap
pi
ng
wel
ding
pe
aks.
Th
e
the
rm
al
eff
ect
due
t
o
“n”
wel
der
s
is
“n”
tim
es
that
of
a
sing
le
welde
r,
giv
e
n by
[
10]
,
ℎ
=
(8)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Busw
ay dist
rib
ution syst
em
-
si
zing
&
p
lannin
g aspec
ts f
or a
utomotive
wel
d sh
op
(
Sana
Zaheer
)
605
The pessim
ist
i
c v
al
ue
of t
herm
al
eq
uiv
al
e
nt curre
nt for t
he
ex
am
ple in disc
us
sio
n
cal
c
ula
te
s to be
1058
A.
F
Figure
3
.
Opti
m
ist
ic
case o
f wel
d d
ur
at
io
ns o
ver
la
p
i.e. no
overla
ppin
g
Figure
4
.
Pessi
m
ist
ic
case o
f wel
d d
ur
at
io
ns o
ver
la
p
i.e. absol
ute ov
erlap
ping
Discusse
d
cal
culat
ion
s
li
m
it
t
he
value
of
the
rm
al
equ
ivale
nt
cur
re
nt
for
a
gro
up
of
20
we
lders,
weldin
g
at
6%
du
ty
cyc
le
, wit
hin
t
he ran
ge 2
37A<I
th
<
1058
A.
3
.
1.3.
E
xp
ec
te
d value
of the
rmal eq
uiv
alent
cu
rrent
Fo
r
a
bi
no
m
ia
l
distribu
ti
on
the
ex
pected
va
lue
is
def
ine
d
as
the
weigh
t
ed
ave
rag
e
of
al
l
po
ssible
ou
tc
om
es.
The
wei
gh
t
a
ssig
ne
d
t
o
a
ny
ou
tc
om
e
is
equ
al
t
o
it
s
pro
bab
il
it
y
of
oc
cu
rr
e
nc
e.
I
n
essen
ce,
e
xp
ect
e
d
value
of
any
di
stribu
ti
on
or
se
t
of
rand
om
var
ia
bles
is
t
he
m
os
t
exp
ect
ed
value
of
the
av
erag
e
or
m
ean
of
the
ou
tc
om
es
if
the
tria
l
is
rep
ea
te
d
infi
nite
tim
es.
It
is
us
e
d
a
s
a
m
eans
of
t
akin
g
unbiased
decisi
ons
bas
ed
o
n
avail
able in
for
m
at
ion
[
23
]
.
E
xp
ect
e
d value
for a
binom
ial d
ist
ribu
ti
on is
gi
ven b
y
:
µ
=
(9)
Fo
r
20
welde
rs
weldin
g
at
6%
du
ty
cy
cl
e
t
he
ex
pected
num
ber
of
welde
rs
weldi
ng
at
any
instant
of
tim
e equ
al
s 1.2.
Alth
ough
1.2 num
ber
of w
el
der
s
can
not be
giv
e
n
a
pr
act
ic
al
thought,
ho
wev
e
r,
it
ca
n
i
nd
ic
at
e
the
value
of
therm
al
equ
ivale
nt
curre
nt
on
e
sh
ould
ex
pe
ct
fo
r
a
feed
e
r
feed
in
g
20
w
el
der
s.
T
he
ex
pecte
d
value o
f
the
rm
al
eq
ui
v
al
ent c
urren
t ca
n be
e
qu
at
e
d
as:
=
(10)
The
a
bove
rel
at
ion
yi
el
ds
a
therm
al
equ
i
valency
of
25
9A
;
a
m
or
e
thou
gh
t
fu
l
a
nd
reas
on
a
ble
c
on
c
ord
com
par
ed
t
o
t
wo ex
t
rem
es;
2
37A &
1058A
.
3
.
1.4.
Stand
ar
d d
e
viation
a
s
a
c
ontinge
ncy
mar
gin
Th
ough
the
exp
ect
e
d
val
ue
of
a
set
of
data
giv
es
a
f
ai
r
idea
ab
ou
t
it
,
the
con
sid
erati
on
of
a
con
ti
nge
ncy
fa
ct
or
is
ap
pr
eci
able
f
or
m
os
t
pr
act
ic
al
pr
ob
l
e
m
s.
For
t
his,
it
’s
pru
de
nt
to
determ
ine
sta
nda
r
d
dev
ia
ti
on
of
the
bin
om
ia
l
dis
tribu
ti
on.
T
he
sta
nd
a
rd
dev
ia
ti
on
te
ll
s,
ho
w
m
uch
the
m
e
m
ber
s
of
a
data
set
diff
e
r
from
it
s
exp
ect
e
d
value
.
I
n
oth
e
r
wor
ds
,
it
m
easur
es
the
disp
e
rsion
of
values
of
a
data
set
a
r
ound
th
e
m
ean.
F
or a
bin
o
m
ia
l distri
buti
on
it
is
giv
e
n by
[
22]
, [2
3]
:
=
(
1
−
)
(11)
Fo
r
the
c
onsid
ered
e
xam
ple
the
sta
nda
rd
de
viati
on
c
om
pu
te
s
to
1.06.
W
it
h
the
sta
ndar
d
dev
ia
ti
on
at
hand,
the
“cl
assic
al
interval”
of
“
on
e
sta
nd
ard
de
viati
on
plu
s
the
e
xpec
te
d
val
ue”
ca
n
be
c
onside
re
d
a
fai
r
est
i
m
ation
[24]
.
It
is
ve
ry
pro
bab
le
t
hat
a
ny
value
ra
ndom
l
y
occurri
ng
wi
ll
li
e
within
th
e
ra
ng
e
µ
-
<µ
<µ+
.
Fo
r
this
,
the
ex
pected
val
ue
and
sta
nda
rd
de
viati
on
are
ge
om
et
rical
l
y
add
ed
yi
el
din
g
a
m
or
e
con
ti
ng
e
nt
valu
e
of num
ber
of si
m
ul
ta
neo
us
we
lding o
pe
rati
ons.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
250
2
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
:
6
0
0
-
6
1
1
606
=
(
µ
2
+
2
)
(12)
Si
m
il
arly
,
a
m
or
e
conti
ngent
value o
f
the
rm
al
eq
ui
valent c
urren
t
f
or
a
gr
oup o
f
welde
rs
c
an be
expresse
d
as:
=
(13)
W
it
h
C
=
1.6 fo
r
the
conside
re
d
case
, th
e
con
serv
at
ive
v
al
ue
of the
rm
al
eq
ui
valent c
urren
t
for
a
gro
up
of
20
welde
rs weldin
g
at
6% d
uty cy
cl
e com
es o
ut to be
345A.
3
.
1.5.
Ceil
ing
t
he n
o.
of simu
ltan
e
ou
s
wel
ding oper
ati
on
s
It
can
be
a
rgue
d
that
the
co
nting
e
nt
value
of
nu
m
ber
of
sim
ultaneo
us
weld
ing
operati
ons
determ
ined
in
the
above
se
ct
ion
i
s
no
t
a
whole
num
ber
.
Although
it
is
j
ust
a
m
ulti
plier
for
the
therm
al
equ
ivale
nt
c
urren
t
,
bu
t
t
he
m
otivati
on
to
wa
r
ds
t
he
determ
inati
on
of
a
n
op
ti
m
a
l
value
of
ther
m
al
equ
ivale
nt
curr
e
nt
is
al
so
to
be
able
to
pre
dict
the
num
ber
of
sim
ultaneou
s
weldin
g
operat
ion
s
at
a
ny
ins
ta
nt.
T
hus,
a
s
a
res
or
t,
the
co
ns
ta
nt
m
ul
ti
plier can be m
at
he
m
at
icall
y ce
il
ed
to gi
ve
it
a practi
c
al
sh
a
pe.
In
ad
diti
on,
it
can
be
a
reas
onable
upsiz
e,
c
on
si
der
i
ng
that
the
el
ect
rical
distrib
ution
sy
stem
is
no
t
us
ua
ll
y
desig
ned
at
it
s
e
xhau
sti
ng
capa
ci
ty
.
So
m
e
br
eat
hing
sp
ac
e
is
al
ways
al
lowed
as
a
safety
consi
der
at
io
n.
Ba
sed on t
his,
the num
ber
of
si
m
ultaneou
s
weldin
g o
per
at
ion
s
at any i
ns
ta
nt
is
giv
e
n by:
=
(
)
(14)
Hen
ce
the
opti
m
al
v
al
ue of
t
he
rm
al
eq
uiv
al
ent curre
nt:
ℎ
=
(15)
F
o
r
2
0
w
e
l
d
e
r
s
w
e
l
d
i
n
g
a
t
6
%
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
,
4
3
2
A
i
s
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
e
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
.
T
h
i
s
v
a
l
u
e
c
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
s
t
o
2
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
o
f
s
i
m
u
l
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
w
e
l
d
i
n
g
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
A
b
o
v
e
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
a
r
e
l
i
n
e
t
o
l
i
n
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
g
r
o
u
p
(
L
1
-
L
2
,
L
2
-
L
3
o
r
L
3
-
L
1
)
,
f
o
r
f
e
e
d
e
r
s
i
z
i
n
g
h
o
w
e
v
e
r
i
t
i
s
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
t
o
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
t
o
w
h
i
c
h
e
a
c
h
l
i
n
e
i
s
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
.
F
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
s
l
i
n
e
t
o
l
i
n
e
o
r
g
r
o
u
p
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
t
o
l
i
n
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
.
3
.
1.6.
Summ
ar
y of ther
mal
equiv
alent
cur
rent c
alcula
tio
n for
a gr
ou
p
of we
lder
s
To
c
on
cl
ud
e
,
Table
2
pr
e
sen
ts
al
l
the
diff
er
ent
an
gles
to
l
ook
at
the
pro
blem
of
20
we
lders
weldin
g
at
6%
duty
cy
cl
e
with
no
inte
rloc
king
a
nd
ra
ndom
init
ia
ti
o
n
ti
m
es.
Table
2
al
s
o
c
om
par
es
the
feed
e
r
siz
es
as
per
sta
nd
a
r
d
r
at
ing
s
f
or
va
riou
s
c
urre
nts
c
al
culat
ed
ab
ov
e.
It
can
be
obser
ve
d
that
the
opti
m
a
l
value
of
therm
al
equ
iva
le
nt
cu
rr
e
nt
li
es
betwe
en
t
he
determ
ined
ext
rem
es
and
is
m
or
e
incli
ned
towa
rd
s
the
m
i
nim
u
m
wh
e
re
m
ajo
r
pro
portio
n
of
t
he
sim
ultanei
t
y
curve
li
es.
The
determ
ined
va
lue
of
nu
m
ber
of
sim
ultaneo
us
op
e
rati
ons
“2”
,
co
ver
s
88.
5%
of
t
he
sim
ultanei
ty
curv
e
(F
ig
ur
e
2).
In
esse
nc
e,
a
ny
distribu
ti
on
syst
e
m
desig
ne
d
f
or
2 no
s
. s
im
ultaneou
s
w
el
ding
op
erati
on
s
, wil
l effecti
vely
car
ry
the loa
d f
or
88
.5
%
instance
s.
Table
2
.
Su
m
m
ary o
f
the
rm
al
equ
i
valent c
urr
ent cal
culat
io
n for a
gro
up
of
welde
rs
Descripti
o
n
Line to
L
in
e Cu
r
re
n
t
Line Cu
rr
en
t
Feed
er
size
Peak
weld
in
g
c
u
rr
en
t
(witho
u
t ther
m
al equ
iv
alen
cy
)
4320A
7482A
2
Nos
.
4
0
0
0
A
Pess
i
m
istic v
alu
e o
f
ther
m
al equ
iv
ale
n
t curre
n
t
1058A
1832A
2000A
Op
ti
m
istic v
alu
e o
f
ther
m
al equ
iv
ale
n
t curre
n
t
237A
410A
500A
Ex
p
ected v
alu
e of
ther
m
al
equ
iv
alen
t curre
n
t
259A
448A
500A
Co
n
tin
g
en
t
v
al
u
e of
ther
m
al equ
iv
ale
n
t curre
n
t
346A
600A
630A
Op
ti
m
al
v
alu
e of
t
h
er
m
al
eq
u
iv
alen
t curre
n
t
432A
748A
800A
3
.
2.
Vo
l
tage
drop a
na
l
ys
is
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
d
r
o
p
i
s
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
t
o
t
h
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
.
F
o
r
a
c
a
b
l
e
,
f
o
r
i
n
s
t
a
n
c
e
,
t
h
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
f
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
o
f
p
r
i
m
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
e
c
a
b
l
e
l
a
i
d
i
n
a
t
r
e
n
c
h
w
i
l
l
h
a
v
e
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
a
m
p
a
c
i
t
y
i
n
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
t
o
w
h
e
n
i
t
i
s
l
a
i
d
i
n
a
c
a
b
l
e
t
r
a
y
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
f
o
r
b
u
s
b
a
r
t
r
u
n
k
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
t
a
k
e
s
o
v
e
r
o
t
h
e
r
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
.
O
f
p
r
i
m
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
,
t
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
i
s
t
o
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
t
h
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
.
Fo
r
a
uto
m
otive
ind
ust
ry
the
us
e
of
high
c
urre
nt
bus
bar
t
run
king
syst
em
s
hav
e
far
a
nd
wide
ta
ken
ov
e
r
the
cable
distribu
ti
on
s
yst
e
m
s
with
m
ai
n
and
sub
-
d
ist
rib
ution
ne
tworks
.
The
use
of
ta
p
-
off
ci
rcu
it
br
ea
kers
direct
ly
instal
le
d
on
the
bu
s
bar
tr
unking
al
lo
ws
decen
tral
iz
e
d
powe
r
distrib
ut
ion
.
It
re
duce
s
the
sp
ace
util
iz
at
i
on
by
s
ubsti
tuti
ng
the
flo
or
or
wall
-
m
ou
nt
ed
s
witc
hg
ea
r
wh
il
e
a
dd
it
io
na
ll
y
pr
ovidi
ng
m
or
e
flexibili
ty
in
op
erati
on.
W
it
h
the
us
e
of
bus
bar
s
,
the
facil
it
y’s
exp
a
ndabil
it
y
and
ref
ur
bish
m
ent
re
m
ai
n
to
the
creati
vity
of
t
he
el
ect
rical
des
ign
e
r.
W
it
h
sm
al
le
r
cost
a
nd
m
or
e
ease
of
i
ns
ta
ll
at
ion
a
nd
m
a
intenance,
the
bus
bar distri
bu
ti
on
takes t
h
e
unprece
den
te
d
le
a
d i
n
the
car
m
anu
fact
ur
in
g
i
ndust
ry
[
12
]
, [
15
]
, [1
6]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Busw
ay dist
rib
ution syst
em
-
si
zing
&
p
lannin
g aspec
ts f
or a
utomotive
wel
d sh
op
(
Sana
Zaheer
)
607
3
.
2.1.
V
olt
ag
e
dro
p
in
a
b
us
ba
r
trunki
ng
sy
ste
m
Vo
lt
age
dr
op for a t
hree
ph
a
s
e b
al
anc
ed
syst
e
m
is g
ive
n by
:
=
3
.
.
.
(
.
Ø
+
.
Ø
)
(17)
It
fo
ll
ows
di
re
ct
ly
fr
om
(
17
)
that
the
far
th
er
the
load
from
the
send
i
ng
en
d,
the
higher
the
vo
lt
ag
e
drop
su
pp
os
e
d
to
be
.
In
(
17
)
,
ho
wev
e
r
s
uffices
for
on
ly
a
bu
l
k
loa
d
at
the
e
nd
of
a
feed
e
r
’s
le
ngth
.
I
f
th
ere
are
m
ul
ti
ple
ta
ps
of
fs
al
on
g
the
le
ng
t
h
of
the
fe
eder,
w
hich
m
akes
the
case
f
or
bus
bar
dist
rib
ution’
s
su
it
a
bili
ty
,
there
require
d
i
s a m
od
ific
at
io
n.
It
can
be
de
du
ced
int
uiti
vely
,
that
a
bu
l
k
loa
d
at
the
fa
rthes
t
end
of
a
distr
ibu
ti
on
netw
ork
will
caus
e
m
or
e
vo
lt
age
t
o
dr
op
al
ong
t
he
li
ne
in
com
par
is
on
to
a
grad
ually
ta
pp
e
d
off
loa
d
al
ong
t
he
le
ngth
of
t
he
distrib
ution
net
work. Figu
re 5 p
rese
nts v
a
rio
us
loa
d
distri
buti
on
ca
ses for eval
uatio
n
of a
co
m
pen
sat
ing
facto
r
for
the
volt
age
dro
p
Figure
5. Loa
d dist
rib
utio
n
ca
ses for
bus ba
r t
runk
i
ng syst
em
Neg
le
ct
in
g
rea
ct
ance
of
the
c
onduct
or
and
c
on
si
der
i
ng
re
sist
ive
load
f
or
the
pur
pose
of
si
m
plici
t
y,
the volt
age
drop
for
the
cases
il
lustrate
d
in
Fi
gure
5
ca
n be e
xpresse
d
as
g
i
ve
n
in
Ta
ble 3.
Table
3
.
V
oltage
dro
p
in
v
a
riou
s
l
oa
d dist
ri
bu
ti
on ca
ses
for bu
s
b
a
r
tr
unki
ng syst
em
Cas
e
I:
L
o
ad
at
en
d
of
the f
eeder
Δ
V
I
=
3
.
I
.
L
.
R
L
Cas
e I
I:
L
o
ad
d
istr
ib
u
ted
sy
m
m
e
tric
a
lly
ac
ros
s two
equ
ally
load
ed
tap o
f
f
s
Δ
V
II
=
3
.
(
I
.
L
2
.
R
L
+
I
2
.
L
2
.
R
L
)
Cas
e I
I
I:
Load
d
istrib
u
ted
sy
m
m
e
t
ric
ally
a
cros
s f
o
u
r
eq
u
ally
load
ed
tap o
f
f
s
Δ
V
III
=
3
.
(
I
.
L
4
.
R
L
+
3I
4
.
L
4
.
R
L
+
I
2
.
L
4
.
R
L
+
I
4
.
L
4
.
R
L
)
Gen
e
rali
zi
ng e
xpressi
on
s
for
above ca
ses,
f
or “
n” nu
m
ber
of tap
off
s
:
=
3
.
(
.
.
+
(
−
1
)
.
.
+
(
−
2
)
.
.
…
+
.
.
)
(18)
=
(
1
+
−
1
+
−
2
+
−
+
1
)
(19)
Su
m
m
ing
(
1
+
−
1
+
−
2
+
−
+
1
)
as a
n
a
rithm
etic series:
=
+
1
2
.
(20)
Re
pr
ese
nted
by
“K”,
+
1
2
is
design
at
e
d
as
l
oa
d
distri
buti
o
n
f
act
or
.
In
c
orp
orat
ing
loa
d
distribu
ti
on
fact
or,
in (
17
)
ca
n be
r
ewr
it
te
n
as
(
21
)
[
16]
:
=
.
3
.
.
.
(
.
Ø
+
.
Ø
)
(21)
3
.
2.2.
V
olt
ag
e
drop calcul
at
i
on
for t
he c
ase
of
20 wel
ders
Re
visit
ing
the
case
of
20
w
el
der
s
c
onnect
ed
to
a
gro
up,
weldin
g
at
6%
duty
cy
cl
e.
It
has
been
est
ablished
as
par
t
of
therm
al
cur
re
nt
cal
culat
ion
that
a
feed
er
wit
h
a
n
am
pacit
y
of
800A
sh
al
l
su
ff
ic
e
f
or
the
sai
d
distri
bu
ti
on.
F
urt
he
r,
in
(
14)
est
a
blishes
2
nu
m
ber
of
si
m
ul
ta
neo
us
op
erati
on
s
.
It
s
ho
uld
be
no
te
d
th
at
for
2
sim
ultaneou
s
op
e
rati
ons
pe
r
group,
th
ere
s
hall
be
4
sim
ultaneous
weldi
ng
pea
ks
f
or
e
ach
phase.
Fi
gure
6
detai
ls t
he
sam
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
250
2
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
:
6
0
0
-
6
1
1
608
Figu
re
6. De
pi
ct
ion
of tw
o phase
w
el
ding lo
ad on t
hree
ph
a
se n
et
work
Assum
ing
that
the
load
s
sim
ul
ta
neo
usl
y
op
e
rati
ng
sh
al
l
be
sym
m
et
ri
cal
ly
distribu
t
ed
al
ong
t
he
le
ng
th
of
the
feed
e
r,
the
loa
d
distrib
utio
n
factor
ca
n
be
cal
c
ulate
d
as
0.625
.
Fact
or
s
and
can
be
ob
ta
ine
d
f
or
t
he
sel
ect
ed
bus
bar
from
the
m
anu
fact
ur
e
r’
s
datashe
et
.
F
ollow
in
g
is
a
bri
ef
s
umm
ary
of
so
m
e
ty
pical
bu
s
ba
r
siz
es
and
the
resp
ect
ive
resi
sta
nce
an
d
rea
ct
ance
values
,
for
two
bus
ba
r
m
anu
fac
ture
r
s,
as
sh
ow
n
in
Ta
ble 4
.
Table
4
.
Im
pedance
ref
e
ren
ce
values
, fo
r
tw
o
bus
bar m
anu
f
act
ur
er
s
[
25]
, [26
]
I
m
p
ed
an
ce Ref
ere
n
ce Va
lu
es
(
m
Ω/
m
)
Feed
er
Ratin
g
Sie
m
en
s
Sch
n
eid
er
250A
BD2
A
0
.37
5
0
.12
8
I
-
Line
0
.39
0
.16
400A
0
.21
5
0
.12
2
0
.21
0
.14
630A
0
.13
4
0
.06
5
0
.13
0
.07
800A
0
.09
8
0
.05
7
0
.09
0
.06
1000A
0
.06
6
0
.05
7
0
.06
0
.06
V
a
l
u
e
s
f
o
r
b
o
t
h t
h
e
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
ur
e
r
s
a
r
e
l
a
r
g
e
l
y
i
d
e
n
t
i
c
a
l
,
a
n
d
a
s
a
s
i
m
p
l
e
r
r
e
s
ol
v
e
,
w
o
r
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
t
w
o
m
a
y
b
e
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
f
o
r
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
.
P
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
t
o
r
f
o
r
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
p
o
t
w
e
l
d
e
r
s
i
s
u
s
u
a
l
l
y
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
3
0
%
a
n
d
5
0
%
[
1
0
]
.
C
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
g
5
0
%
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
t
o
r
a
n
d
a
n
a
r
b
i
t
r
a
r
y
f
e
e
d
e
r
l
e
n
g
t
h
o
f
5
0
m
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
d
r
o
p
t
u
r
n
s
o
u
t
t
o
b
e
:
=
0
.
625
.
3
.
4
.
375
.
50
.
(
0
.
098
.
0
.
5
+
0
.
057
.
0
.
866
)
=
7
.
98
=
2%
(22)
It
sho
uld
be
note
d
t
hat
the
c
urren
t
us
e
d
for
cal
culat
io
n
i
s
the
nu
m
ber
of
sim
ultaneous
operati
ons
tim
es’
peak
w
el
din
g
c
urren
t
instea
d
of
t
he
cal
culat
ed
t
her
m
al
equ
iva
le
nt
cu
rr
e
nt
of
748A.
It
m
us
t
be
ackno
wled
ged
that
the
ther
m
al
equ
ivale
nt
current
is
no
t
a
ph
ysi
cal
entit
y
and
sh
al
l
no
t
be
m
easur
a
ble,
al
tho
ug
h
it
can
be
cal
culat
ed
thr
ough
ene
rg
y
analy
sis.
The
vo
lt
age
dro
ppe
d
al
ong
t
he
fee
der
im
ped
ance
will
be
due
to
the
c
urren
t
fl
ow
i
n
g
at
an
instant
w
hich
in
this
cas
e
is
the
peak
c
urren
t
f
or
4
we
lders.
At
2%
c
om
es
ou
t
to
be
t
he
volt
age
dro
p
f
or
the
bu
s
bar
fe
edin
g
the
wel
di
ng
loa
d,
howe
ver
the
re
can
be
an
el
aborate
syst
e
m
at
the
bac
k
e
nd
of
t
he
wel
din
g
bus
bar.
T
he
total
vo
lt
a
ge
dro
p
t
hat
needs
to
be
co
ntain
ed
within
th
e
weldin
g
lim
it
s,
need to
be
e
valuate
d b
y detai
le
d
syst
e
m
an
al
ysi
s and a
dd
e
d
t
o
this
cal
culat
ed valu
e.
3
.
3.
E
va
lu
at
i
on
of
qu
alit
y o
f
w
el
d
Ca
lc
ulati
on
of
vo
lt
age
dro
p
a
nd
t
he
sam
e
be
ing
within
al
lo
wab
le
li
m
it
fo
r
say
10
%
,
does
no
t
suffice
the
w
el
ding
qu
al
it
y
crit
eria.
The
vo
lt
a
ge
dro
p
li
m
i
t
is
to
be
seen
in
co
njun
ct
ion
with
t
he
al
lowab
le
pro
portio
n
of
bad
welds
.
Let
the
exam
ple
of
20
wel
de
rs
al
low
on
e
i
n
10,
000
bad
welds
i.e.
P
b
=
0.
01%
.
Wh
ic
h
m
eans
that
on
c
e
in
10,000
we
ldi
ng
operati
ons
th
e
volt
age
is
al
lowe
d
to
dro
p
bel
ow
10%.
As
e
xp
la
ine
d
ea
rlie
r
thi
s
lim
it
is
su
bj
ect
ive
of
the
w
el
ding
ap
plica
ti
on
an
d
m
us
t
be
decide
d
by
operati
ons
te
am
at
sit
e.
The
cost
of
recti
ficat
ion
a
nd
the
proces
s
cessat
io
n
in
due
c
ourse
ne
ed
to
be
ta
ke
n
in
acco
unt.
Since
volt
ag
e
dro
p
cal
culat
ion
m
e
thod
is
al
read
y
est
ablished
in
pr
e
vious
sect
io
n,
if
w
orked
out
in
rev
er
se
sequ
e
nce,
the
num
ber
of
welde
rs
f
or
wh
ic
h
the
vo
lt
age
dr
op
s
belo
w
10%
ca
n
al
s
o
be
determ
ined.
Co
ns
e
quentl
y
the
pro
bab
il
it
y
of
that
m
any
welder
s
wel
ding
a
t
a
tim
e
can
be
determ
ined
usi
ng
(
4
)
.
I
f
th
e
c
al
culat
ed
probabil
it
y
turn
s
ou
t
to
be
sm
a
ll
er th
an
t
he
all
ow
a
ble
propo
rtion o
f ba
d welds
, th
e
syst
e
m
can
be
se
en
as
opti
m
a
ll
y
desi
gn
e
d.
In
or
der
to
w
ork
out
rev
e
rs
e
so
luti
on,
it
is
sign
if
ic
ant
to
identify
the
factor
s
in
volt
age
drop
cal
culat
ion
tha
t
sh
al
l
change
as
the
num
ber
of
sim
ultaneous
op
e
rati
ons
c
hanges
.
I
n
(
21
)
it
can
be
ob
s
erve
d
that
facto
rs
e
xc
ept
K
&
I
a
re
ind
e
pe
nd
e
nt
of
num
ber
of
w
el
der
s
a
nd
f
or
m
the
desi
gn
e
d
syst
em
’s
pro
per
ty
.
If
W’
be
the
num
ber
of
welde
rs
for
w
hich
t
he
vo
lt
age
dro
p
va
luate
s
the
vol
ta
ge
dro
p
li
m
it,
K
’
an
d
I’
re
present
the
load
distribu
ti
on
fact
or
and
pea
k
wel
ding
cu
rr
e
nt
corres
pondin
g
W’
wel
der
s
r
e
sp
ect
ively
,
f
ollow
i
ng
relat
ion
ca
n be
wr
it
te
n
:
′
=
.
.
′
.
′
(23)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Busw
ay dist
rib
ution syst
em
-
si
zing
&
p
lannin
g aspec
ts f
or a
utomotive
wel
d sh
op
(
Sana
Zaheer
)
609
Re
-
w
riti
ng
at
(
23
)
i
n
te
rm
s o
f
num
ber
of
welder
s
:
′
=
′
.
.
.
′
(24)
Since
the
num
ber
of
wel
der
s
W’
is
no
t
kn
own,
it
is
no
t
po
s
sible
to
cal
culat
e
the
load
distribu
ti
on
f
act
or,
howe
ver
it
can
be
th
oughtf
ully
gener
al
iz
ed.
In
orde
r
t
o
der
i
ve
a
ny
valua
ble
co
nclusi
on
re
gardin
g
t
he
val
ue
of
K’
,
it
is
pru
de
nt
to
ha
ve
s
om
e
values
at
hand.
Fig
ur
e
7
sh
ows
th
e
lo
ad
distri
bu
ti
on
factor
for
up
to
100
equ
al
ly
loa
de
d and sy
m
m
et
ric
al
ly
d
ist
ribu
te
d t
ap of
fs
.
Figure
7.
Loa
d
di
strib
utio
n fa
ct
or
"K
"
vs
no.
of wel
ders/
ta
p
-
offs
Fr
om
Figure
7,
it
’s
in
dubitab
le
that
the
lo
a
d
distrib
ution
factor
ap
proac
hes
a
val
ue
of
0.5.
F
ur
the
r
T
able
5
est
ablish th
at
a
v
al
ue
less th
an
0
.
5
is
ine
vitab
le
in
a
pr
act
ic
al
scena
rio
.
Table
5
.
L
oa
d dist
rib
ution fac
tor for
ver
y
high
nu
m
ber
of tap
-
offs
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
t
ap
of
f
s
Load
dis
tribu
tio
n
f
acto
r
“
K”
500
0
.50
1
1000
0
.50
0
5
It
shou
l
d
al
so
be
un
der
sta
nd
a
ble
that
highe
r
the
sel
ect
ed
va
lue
of
K
’,
sm
al
le
r
will
be
th
e
nu
m
ber
of
si
m
ulta
neo
us
welde
rs.
A
val
ue
of
0.5
5
sta
nd
s
a
n
a
pt
ch
oi
ce
after
m
u
lti
ple
it
erati
ve
cal
culat
ion
s.
For
1
to
8
nu
m
ber
of
ta
p
-
offs,
howe
ver
a
load
distri
bu
t
ion
fact
or
of
0.
55
will
giv
e
a
value
hi
gher
th
an
act
ual,
w
hi
ch
is
wh
y a
n
it
erati
ve
volt
age
dro
p ca
lc
ulati
on
is
ne
cessary i
f
t
he c
al
culat
ed nu
m
ber o
f wel
de
rs l
ie
in
the
range
1
-
8.
Hav
i
ng
determ
ined
K’
,
we
e
va
luate
ΔV’.
As
earli
er
disc
us
s
ed,
le
t
10%
be
the
lim
i
t
of
volt
age
dr
op
corres
pondin
g
to
the
al
lowa
bl
e
pr
op
or
ti
on
of
bad
weld
s.
Let
the
vo
lt
a
ge
drop
i
n
upstr
ea
m
network
be
2%
.
Ther
e
f
or
e
8%
of 40
0V
(refe
r
ence
vo
lt
a
ge)
s
hall be
us
e
d
i
n ca
lc
ulati
on
.
Th
e cal
culat
ion f
ollows as
(
25)
:
′
=
32
.
0
.
62
5
.
4
7
.
98
.
0
.
55
(25)
W’
=
18.2
2
18
welde
rs
Since
18
does
no
t
li
e
betwee
n
1
a
nd
8,
the
r
e’s
no
nee
d
to
re
-
cal
culat
e
vo
lt
age
drop
us
in
g
18
no.
of
we
lders.
Nex
t
to
t
he
c
al
culat
ion
of
nu
m
ber
of
we
lders
for
w
hic
h
volt
age
dro
ps
bel
ow
t
he
lim
it
of
10%,
is
the
evaluati
on
of
the
pro
ba
bili
ty
of
this
m
any
welde
rs
weldi
ng
at
a
tim
e.
Em
plo
yi
ng
Be
rno
ulli
’s
equ
at
ion
t
o
determ
ine the
s
i
m
ultaneou
s
wel
din
g p
r
ob
a
bili
ty
o
f 18 o
ut
of 40
welde
rs
c
onnecte
d
to
a lin
e (L
1/L2
/L
3).
18
=
(
40
18
)
(
0
.
06
)
18
(
1
−
0
.
06
)
40
−
18
(26)
18
=
2
.
95
10
−
10
Since
P
18
<
Pb,
the
crit
eria
of
vo
lt
age
dro
p
a
nd
weld
qu
al
it
y
are
du
ly
m
e
t
.
It
can
be
c
on
cl
ud
e
d
that
the
800A
rated
distrib
ution b
us
ba
r
is a
n op
ti
m
al
selection
for
the
d
is
cusse
d
sys
te
m
.
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