Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
1
,
Jan
uar
y
201
9
,
pp.
2
35
~
2
42
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I:
10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
1
.pp
2
35
-
2
42
235
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
A fram
ewo
rk im
plement
atio
n
of
surveilla
nce trac
kin
g s
yst
em
based on
pir moti
on senso
rs
Bash
ar Ala
thari
, Mo
hamm
ed F
alih K
ad
h
im
, Salam
Al
-
Khamma
si,
N
ab
eel
S
alih
Ali
Inform
at
ion
T
echnolog
y
Rese
arch a
nd
D
eve
lopm
ent
C
ent
re
Univer
sit
y
of
Ku
fa,
Kuf
a, P.
O.
B
ox
(21), Naj
a
f
G
over
nora
t
e, I
raq
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
2
, 2
018
Re
vised N
ov 3
, 2018
Accepte
d Nov
17
, 201
8
A
m
oti
on
tra
cki
ng
sy
st
em
m
ad
e
from
aff
orda
ble
har
dware
co
m
ponent
s
is
implemente
d
to
be
used
insid
e
the
Univer
si
t
y
o
f
Kufa
(UoK
)
buil
dings
to
tra
ck
and
de
te
c
t
an
y
sus
picious
a
ct
ivitie
s
.
The
cur
ren
t
rese
arc
h
ob
j
ec
t
ive
s
ar
e
to
aut
om
at
i
ca
l
l
y
m
onit
or,
tra
ck
int
rude
rs
using
sensors
,
servo,
and
ca
m
er
a
tha
t
o
cc
urs
aro
u
nd
the
s
y
st
em
using
Arduino
m
ic
roc
ontro
ll
er
.
T
he
m
ounte
d
ca
m
era
tr
ac
k
,
capture
the
m
ovin
g
obje
ct
and
se
nding
a
li
ve
bro
adc
ast
to
a
rec
e
ivi
ng
host
which
coul
d
be
a
desktop
computer
,
la
ptop
,
ta
ble
t
or
a
sm
art
phone.
In
thi
s
stud
y
,
we
c
ons
ide
r
the
pro
ble
m
of
aut
om
at
ed
positi
on
esti
m
at
ion
using
the
el
ectroni
c
c
irc
uit
of
ine
xp
en
sive
bina
r
y
m
otion
sensors
.
W
e
pre
sent
simul
at
ion
and
exp
e
riments
with
Pass
ive
Infra
red
(PIR)
m
oti
on
sensors
tha
t
sug
gest
our
cur
ren
t
esti
m
at
or.
Frit
zing
software
simu
la
tor
is
used
to
t
est
and
dra
w
the
ci
r
cui
ts
o
f
the
s
y
st
em.
T
he
proposed
de
sign
worke
d
eff
icientl
y
dur
in
g
the
expe
rime
nts
and
show
n
high
per
form
anc
e
with
360
degr
ee
s o
f
de
tect
ion
for the
sensi
ng
envi
ronm
ent
s
.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
En
vironm
ental
sen
si
ng
Moti
on tracki
ng
PI
R m
otion
se
ns
or
Secu
rity
syst
em
s
Su
r
veill
ance
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Nab
eel
Sali
h A
li
,
Inform
at
ion
Te
chnolo
gy Rese
arch an
d De
velop
m
ent Centre
Un
i
ver
sit
y o
f Kufa,
K
uf
a
, P.
O.
B
ox (2
1), Najaf
Go
vernora
te
, I
ra
q
.
Em
a
il
:
nab
eel
@uo
kufa.e
du.iq
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Sens
i
ng
e
nvir
onm
ents
and
se
cur
it
y
syst
e
m
s
are
the
m
os
t
sign
ific
a
nt
te
chnolo
gies
to
ke
ep
valua
ble
things
safe
[
1].
Au
t
om
ation
of
sec
ur
it
y
syst
e
m
s
has
been
an
act
ive
area
of
resea
rch
f
or
pri
vacy
co
nc
ern
s
.
Ma
ny
of
te
ch
no
l
og
ie
s
f
or
autom
at
ed
secur
it
y,
wireless
netw
orks,
a
nd
sensing
ha
ve
e
m
erg
ed
sinc
e
th
e
pro
per
ti
es
bec
om
e
m
or
e
criti
cal
and
us
e
fu
l
for
(Com
pan
ie
s,
Labs,
Gove
r
nm
ent
of
fices,
et
c.)
[2
-
4
]
.
Over
the
past
fe
w
ye
a
r
s,
a
lot
of
s
urveil
la
nce
a
nd
trackin
g
syst
e
m
s
app
li
ed
in
the
e
nv
i
ronm
ents
that
nee
d
to
be
m
on
it
or
ed
a
nd co
nt
ro
ll
ed
rem
otely
base
d
on d
et
ect
ing
d
e
vic
es
[
5
].
Al
gorithm
s
are
al
so
in
vo
l
ved
in
im
prov
i
ng
and
e
nhanci
ng
the
operati
ons
to
be
a
uto
m
ated
[
6
]
[
7
]
.
To
m
ake
su
c
h
sys
tem
s,
el
ect
ro
ni
c
com
po
ne
nts
can
be
assem
bled
to
i
nd
i
vidual
form
at
ion
syst
e
m
based
on
the
pur
pose
that
de
sign
e
d
[
8]
.
Autom
a
ti
c
m
on
ito
ri
ng
syst
e
m
s
are
spe
ci
fic
dev
ic
es
create
d
to
resc
ue
li
ves
a
nd
sa
ve
the
valua
ble
s
from
theft,
dam
age,
et
c.
[
9
],
[
10
]
.
By
no
ti
fyi
ng
t
he
in
c
harge
pe
rson
th
rou
gh
a
n
onli
ne
a
pp
li
c
at
ion
,
cam
era,
al
arm
,
or
te
xt
m
essage
or
un
der
a
ny
ci
rcu
m
sta
nces.
Au
t
om
at
ed
sy
stem
s
can
be
de
rive
d
to
be
s
m
art
to
do
the
trackin
g
j
ob
wi
thout
nee
d
a
ny
hu
m
an
interact
ions
[
11
]
,
[1
2
]
.
Sinc
e
env
ir
onm
ental
sensing
de
vic
es
need
se
nsor
s
to
pro
vid
e
in
form
ation
ab
out
the
m
ov
e
m
ents,
a
l
ot
of sen
si
ng device
s
a
re
a
vaila
ble
in
m
ark
et
s
can
be
[
1
3
]
.
Secu
rity
syst
em
s
deliver
the
h
ig
hest
le
vel
of
sec
ur
it
y
to
al
l
facil
it
at
es
wh
ic
h
is
al
ways
can
be
a
ccesse
d
by
the
public
[
1
4
-
1
5
]
.
F
or
t
hat
pu
rpose,
a
vid
e
o
s
urveil
la
nce
syst
em
is
s
uffici
ent
to
m
on
it
or
m
ov
em
ents
[1
6
]
.
T
he
pr
i
m
ary
fo
c
us
will
be
on
t
he
se
nsi
ng
dev
ic
e
(
sens
or
s,
detect
ors,
et
c.)
w
hich
giv
e
autom
at
ed
su
r
veill
ance
inste
ad
of
the
hum
an
surv
ei
ll
ance
wh
ic
h
pro
vid
e
broa
d
re
al
-
tim
e
suppo
rt
a
gainst
a
ny
threat
a
nd
helps
i
n
inv
e
sti
gatio
ns
[1
7
]
.
To
acc
om
plish
the
sensi
ng
f
un
ct
io
n,
sens
ors
nee
d
to
be
addresse
d
as
the
pri
m
ary
r
eso
ur
ces
.
Wh
e
re
the
ca
m
era
m
us
t
work
t
o
detect
any
m
ov
em
e
nts
with
hi
gh
reso
l
ution
for
the
intrude
rs
thr
ough
the
are
a
that
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry
201
9
:
2
3
5
–
2
4
2
236
requires
bei
ng
con
t
ro
ll
ed
an
d
m
on
it
or
ed
the
captu
re
d
pro
gress
s
houl
dn’t
pro
vid
e
a
ny
bio
m
et
ric
te
st
by
gait,
gestu
re,
or
im
age
rec
ogniti
on
proce
dures
[
1
8
]
.
Ne
w
r
obot
ic
ca
m
eras
ca
n
ser
ve
to
obs
erv
e
high
-
resol
ution
detai
le
d
im
ages of
act
ivit
y o
ve
r
a
fu
ll
fiel
d o
f view.
Cheap
se
nsor
s
are
avail
able
i
n
m
ark
et
s
espe
ci
al
ly
senso
rs
and
c
am
eras
becau
se
of
t
he
r
apid
a
dvanc
e
in
te
ch
no
l
og
y
[1
9
]
.
T
hat’s
le
d
to
m
ake
the
aim
of
m
on
it
or
in
g
is
ve
ry
po
werfu
l
si
nce
a
sing
le
se
nsor
with
a
sing
le
cam
era
can
be
us
e
d
to
an
ad
va
nced
su
r
veill
ance
sy
stem
or
de
ploy
ing
a
lot
of
c
heep
i
ng
s
ens
ors
and
ca
m
eras
to
se
nse
an
d
m
on
it
or
essenti
al
area
s.
Be
sides
,
m
os
t
of
the
la
rg
e
area
ca
nnot
be
tracke
d
ea
sil
y
so
it
requires
a
la
r
ge
nu
m
ber
of
vi
ewpoints
wh
ic
h
can
no
t
be
of
fer
e
d
by
the
m
os
t
of
t
he
rece
nt
te
chnolo
gie
s
[
20
]
.
Au
t
om
at
ed
su
rv
ei
ll
ance
syst
em
s
hav
e
been
known
are
a
for
ind
us
t
rial
and
sci
entifi
c
resea
rch
e
rs
since
it
play
s
a
sign
ific
a
nt
r
ol
e
in
trackin
g
m
ov
e
m
ents
visu
al
ly
[
21
]
.
Als
o,
Au
t
om
ation
of
sec
ur
it
y
syst
e
m
s
is
an
act
ive
area
of r
esea
rch tha
t al
so
r
ai
ses
fu
nd
am
ental
p
ri
va
cy
co
nce
r
ns
.
A
li
te
ratu
re
s
urvey
has
bee
n
m
ade
to
discu
s
s
the
rece
nt
te
chnolo
gies
i
n
t
he
fiel
d
of
the
m
on
it
or
ing
syst
e
m
s.
Ther
e
are
a
lot
of
de
sign
s
a
nd
pr
opos
e
d
m
et
ho
ds
bein
g
use
d
t
o
e
nh
a
nce
a
nd
im
pro
ve
the
m
on
it
or
in
g
syst
e
m
s,
espec
ia
ll
y t
he
on
es
that use
P
IR m
otion
se
nsors
.
By
unghun
Son
g
et
al
.
(20
08),
has
m
ade
analy
sis
fo
r
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
the
co
nducted
syst
e
m
and
pro
po
se
d
that
the
re
gion
of
the
hum
an
m
otion
im
ple
m
ent
ed
with
al
gori
thm
then
it
has
been
ac
hieve
d
wit
h
act
ual r
es
ults in r
eal
e
nv
i
ron
m
ents b
ased
on the
us
es
of
P
IR Moti
on sensor
s
[
1
4
]
. As
w
el
l, Ma
so
ud
V
at
anpour
Azgha
nd
i
et
al
.
(20
15),
dem
on
strat
e
a
sim
ul
at
or
to
em
bed
the
PI
R
m
otion
sen
sors
insi
de
a
hous
e
wit
h
RFID
ta
gs
to
ide
ntify
the
per
s
on
who
ente
rs
it
[
21
]
.
He
nce,
t
he
RFI
D
rea
din
gs
with
fi
gur
e
ou
t
the
oc
cu
pan
ts
.
In
a
nother
desi
gn,
A
nshika
C
hatu
rv
e
di
et
al
.
(20
16),
p
r
opose
d
a
sec
ur
it
y
s
yst
e
m
con
struc
te
d
from
PI
R
m
ot
ion
sens
or
t
o
re
du
ce
t
he
po
wer
c
onsu
m
ption
an
d
th
e
sp
ac
e
of
t
h
e
m
e
m
or
y
of
t
he
syst
em
it
sel
f.
As
a
resu
lt
of
this
proj
ect
,
th
e
syst
e
m
was
able
to
change
the
infr
are
d
ra
diati
on
an
d
det
ect
the
m
ov
e
m
ent
of
the
obj
ect
s
in
pr
act
ic
al
range
of
detect
ion.
Also
,
r
eco
rd
i
ng
when
the
ca
m
era
is
turn
e
d
on
[
2
2
]
.
W
hile
,
Serk
a
n
Akbas
1
et
al
.
(20
14),
de
plo
y
ed
th
e
P
IR
se
ns
ors
in
t
he
e
nv
i
ronm
ent
w
her
e
the
c
over
age
iss
ue
is
es
sentia
l.
They
prefe
rre
d
to
desi
gn
a
secu
rity
syst
em
with
a
Jav
a
si
m
ulator
ba
sed
on
a
de
pl
oym
ent
theor
y
[2
3
].
This
pro
j
ect
is
dif
fer
e
nt
from
the
a
bove
ot
he
r
o
nes
since
i
t
trie
d
to
c
hange
th
e
thi
nk
i
ng
of
m
aking
t
he
own
syst
e
m
instea
d
of
usi
ng
a
m
icr
oc
ontrolle
r
to
m
anag
e
the
tra
ckin
g
process
.
Be
sides,
Natha
vu
t
h
Kitbu
t
rawat
et
al
.
(
2017)
,
to
ok
th
e
sec
ur
it
y
from
ano
t
her
point
of
view
by
proposi
ng
a
local
iz
ed
sens
or
m
et
ho
d
w
hich
capab
le
to
aut
om
atical
ly
identify
the
locat
ion
of
the
hum
an
m
ov
e
m
ent
inside
a
hous
e
by
dep
loyi
ng
of
the
m
ul
ti
ple
PI
R
m
ot
ion
sens
ors
[2
4
]
.
T
he
pres
ented
syst
em
delivered
the
ac
cur
acy
of
the
pro
posed
a
pproach
in
to
(
80%)
a
fte
r
five
days
of
e
xp
e
rim
ents.
A
s
the
analy
sis
of
this
w
ork,
the
s
uggeste
d
m
et
ho
d
en
ha
nc
ed
t
he
detect
ion
acc
uracy
of
the
sec
uri
ty
syst
e
m
by
changin
g
the
posit
ion
of
t
he
s
ens
or
s
un
ti
l
he
go
t
this
re
su
lt
[2
4
]
.
Also
,
the study
introd
uced
by
Mi
nh
P
ham
et
al
. (
20
15),
fo
c
us
e
d
on a sy
ste
m
to
disco
ver
hu
m
ans
insid
e
cl
os
ed
env
i
ronm
ents
by
de
plo
yi
ng
P
IR
m
otion
sens
or
s
.
Th
e
inerti
a
l
m
easur
em
ent
un
it
is
us
e
d
to
determ
ine
the
body
act
ivit
y
of
the
ob
ta
ine
d
pe
r
so
n.
Partic
le
f
il
te
r
-
base
d
sen
so
r
fu
si
on
al
gorithm
pr
op
ose
d
to
inc
rease
the
accuracy
of
de
te
ct
ion
.
All
the
exp
e
rim
ent
of
this
stud
y
wa
s
te
ste
d
inside
an
apa
rtm
ent
a
nd
us
ed
th
e
groun
d
truth
data
t
o
ev
al
uate
the
final
res
ult
for
t
he
s
yst
e
m
[2
5
]
.
Li
kew
ise
,
A
utho
r
s
Jerem
y
Schif
f
an
d
Ke
n
Go
l
db
e
r
g
et
al
.
(
2006),
they
sug
gested
us
in
g
i
nexpe
nsi
ve
P
IR
m
otion
se
nsors
to
s
ol
ve
the
pro
ble
m
of
determ
ining
the
po
sit
io
n
of
a
n
intruder
by
usi
ng
t
he
wi
reless
netw
ork
te
ch
ni
qu
e.
They
pr
e
sented
a
m
od
el
of
e
xperim
ents
an
d
si
m
ulati
on
to
determ
ine
the
velocit
y
an
d
the
pr
ob
a
bili
ty
of
determ
ining
the
locat
io
n
f
or
a
ny
intr
ude
rs
wit
h
these
[
2
6
]
.
Furtherm
or
e,
H
usni
Teja
S
uk
m
ana
et
al
.
(
2008)
,
buil
t
a
su
r
veill
ance
syst
em
by
at
ta
ching
P
IR
m
ot
ion
sens
or
to
Ar
duin
o
U
NO
bo
a
rd.
Th
e
discuss
e
d
m
et
hod
ap
plies
In
te
r
net
of
Thi
ng
(
I
oT)
c
on
c
ept
by
sen
ding r
eal
-
ti
m
e n
otific
at
ions t
hr
ou
gh
twit
te
r.
From
this si
de,
m
entioned
that t
he
resu
lt
w
as sati
sfied
be
cause
the
m
otion
s
se
ns
ors
will
rea
d
the
in
put
sig
na
l
and
sen
d
it
to
the
m
ai
n
Mi
cro
c
on
tr
oller.
This
te
ch
nique
has
sh
ow
n
a
reli
ab
le
pr
oces
s.
Whoev
e
r,
the
design
e
d
syst
em
has
so
m
e
lim
it
ation
s
s
uch
the
li
m
it
ed
nu
m
ber
of
the
I/O
ports
i
ns
id
e
the A
r
duin
o
Boar
d
[1
4
]
. A
l
so
,
S
ur
es
h.S
et
al
.
(
2016
),
u
se
d
the
A
tM
ega mi
cro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
insi
de
the
Ard
uino
to
con
tr
ol
any
s
us
pici
ou
s
act
iv
it
y
inside
the
hous
e
by
cha
ngin
g
the
te
m
per
at
ur
e
a
nd
hu
m
idity
ins
ide
t
he
r
oo
m
instea
d
of
usi
ng
PI
R
sens
or
[
2
7
]
.
GS
M
m
od
ule
m
od
el
is
us
e
d
t
o
in
f
or
m
the
ow
ner
of
the
hous
e
by
se
nding
a
te
xt
m
essage
that
t
her
e
is
an
i
ntr
ud
e
r
i
ns
ide
the
hom
e.
From
m
y
po
int
of
view,
I'
m
su
re
that
this
ap
pro
ach
is
bri
ll
ia
nt
and
high
a
nd
c
ou
l
d
be
a
n
al
te
rn
at
ive
i
n
case
the
m
otion
sensor
is
not
ava
il
able.
Finall
y,
Ra
viteja
Up
a
drashta
et
al
.
(
2015),
t
hey
co
ns
tr
ucte
d
a
syst
e
m
that
has
t
he
s
hape
of
a
Senso
r
-
To
we
r
Plat
fo
rm
(S
T
P
)
a
nd
wa
s
el
a
borated
insi
de
the
house
[
2
8
]
.
T
hey
s
ugge
ste
d
that
this
ap
pr
oac
h
w
ould
be
ben
e
fici
al
an
d
us
ef
ul
in
case
we
distrib
ute
the
m
otion
se
nsors
am
on
g
th
e
hu
m
ans
an
d
a
nim
al
s
to
m
on
it
or
t
his
act
ivit
y.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
This
sect
ion
presents
the
m
et
hodo
l
og
y
ph
a
ses
that
us
ed
i
n
this
resea
rch,
exp
la
i
ning
th
e
par
ti
cular
m
et
ho
d
s
,
te
ch
ni
qu
es
,
an
d
to
ol
s
us
e
d
to
acc
om
pl
ish
the
res
earch
st
ud
y.
T
he
resea
rc
h
m
et
hodo
l
og
y
de
scribes
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
A fra
mework
imp
le
men
t
ation of s
ur
vei
ll
anc
e tracki
ng sy
ste
m ba
s
ed
on pi
r moti
on se
nso
rs
(
Bashar Al
at
ha
ri
)
237
the
pro
po
si
ng, d
esi
gn
an
d
im
p
lem
entat
ion
of
the
autom
at
ed
intruder
trac
ki
ng
syst
em
.
The
m
et
ho
d
that
w
il
l
be
us
e
d
in
this
researc
h
com
pr
ise
s
of
thre
e
ph
ases:
sof
tware
sim
ulati
on,
pro
gr
am
m
ing
,
a
nd
hard
war
e
com
po
ne
nts
phase, as
sho
wn in F
i
gure
1.
Figure
1
.
Th
re
e
phases
of the
r
esea
rch m
et
h
odology
2
.
1.
S
oftware
Simula
tion (P
ha
se
One
)
In
this
phase, a
Fr
it
zi
ng
to
ol used to
sim
ulate
the p
r
oposi
ng o
f
a
n
aut
om
at
e
d
intr
uder trac
king syst
em
via
dr
a
wing
a
schem
at
ic
diagr
am
of
the
ci
rcu
it
desig
n
a
nd
dra
wing
t
he
ci
rcu
it
blo
c
k
dia
gr
am
.
Ph
a
se
on
e
(softwa
re s
im
ulati
on
phase
), a
s sho
wn in Fi
gure
2
.
Figure
3
.
P
has
e
one
(softwa
r
e sim
ulatio
n p
hase)
2
.
1.
1
Fri
tz
ing S
oftw
are
Be
fore
w
e
im
ple
m
ent
the
ha
r
dw
a
re
desig
n,
we
need
to
si
m
ula
te
the
syst
e
m
and
m
ake
su
re
that
the
syst
e
m
is
wo
rki
ng
c
orrectl
y.
To
do
s
o,
F
ritz
ing
s
of
t
war
e
is
us
ed
t
o
accom
plish
the
dr
a
wing
of
t
he
sche
m
at
ic
diag
ram
an
d
th
e circuit
.
2
.
1.
2
Dr
awing S
c
hem
at
ic
D
iag
r
am (Fri
tz
ing
Softw
are)
Fr
it
zi
ng
is
a
n
op
e
n
source
,
de
vo
te
d
t
o
m
aking
creati
ve
use
of
a
n
el
ect
r
onic
s
acce
ssible
t
o
e
ver
y
on
e
.
Figure
3
an
d
4
sh
ow
al
l
detai
ls
about
the
prim
ary
con
necti
on
s
an
d
par
ts
t
hat
us
e
d
to
fin
al
iz
e
the
resea
rch.
In
the
sim
ulati
on
phase,
the
bl
ock
diag
ram
a
nd
t
he
ci
rcu
it
di
agr
am
are
dr
a
wn
a
fter
m
aking
sure
that
the
bloc
k
diag
ram
is w
orkin
g.
Figure
4
.
Bl
oc
k
diag
ram
o
f
th
e syst
e
m
w
it
h
f
ritz
ing
s
oft
ware
So
f
t
w
are
Si
m
u
l
at
i
o
n
Fri
t
zi
n
g
D
raw
i
n
g
Sch
em
at
i
c
D
i
ag
r
am
D
raw
i
n
g
Ci
rc
u
i
t
Pro
g
ram
m
i
n
g
D
raw
Fl
o
w
c
h
ar
t
W
ri
t
i
n
g
C
o
d
e
Co
m
p
i
l
e &
U
p
l
o
a
d
Co
d
e
H
ard
w
are
Co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
H
ard
w
are
Sel
ec
t
i
n
g
H
ard
w
are
D
es
cr
i
p
t
i
o
n
A
p
p
l
y
Cod
e
t
o
t
h
e
H
ard
w
are
Ph
a
s
e O
n
e
Ph
a
s
e T
w
o
Ph
a
s
e T
h
re
e
So
f
t
w
are
Si
m
u
l
at
i
o
n
Fri
t
zi
n
g
D
raw
i
n
g
Sch
em
at
i
c
D
i
ag
r
am
D
raw
i
n
g
Ci
rc
u
i
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry
201
9
:
2
3
5
–
2
4
2
238
2
.
1.
3
Dr
awing
Circui
t Dia
gr
am (Fri
tz
ing
So
f
tware
)
Af
te
r
the
blo
c
k
diag
ram
is
p
e
rf
ect
ly
work
i
ng,
the
ne
xt
ste
p
was
to
im
ple
m
ent
the
real
ci
rcu
it
in
a
virtu
al
e
nviro
nm
ent.
Five
PIR
m
otion
se
nsors
us
e
d
t
o
detect
any
m
ov
em
ent
within
a
360
rad
i
us
.
Wh
en
th
e
PI
R
se
nsors
de
te
ct
a
m
ov
e
m
e
nt,
t
he
se
rvo
m
otor
will
ro
ta
te
to
t
he
directi
on
of
that
m
ov
e
m
ent.
Als
o,
t
he
re
a
re
five
L
EDs
, th
e
re LE
D’s in
dic
at
e w
hic
h
se
nsor
is wor
ki
ng
wh
e
n
it
go
e
s
hig
h.
Figure
5
.
Ci
rcui
t
diagr
am
o
f
the
pro
po
si
ng s
yst
e
m
u
sing
fr
i
tz
ing
s
of
t
war
e
2
.
2
.
Pr
ogram
mi
ng
(Phase
Tw
o)
This
is
the
cr
uc
ia
l
par
t
or
phase
of
the
rese
arch
beca
us
e
we
are
goin
g
t
o
c
onver
t
t
he
desig
n
from
a
du
m
m
y
dev
ic
e
to
an
aut
onom
ou
s d
e
vice
by w
riti
ng
a
pro
pose
d
al
gorithm
and
t
hen
c
onve
rt
that
al
gorithm
to
a
cod
e
that
wr
it
te
n by a
pro
gr
a
m
m
ing
langua
ge.
Ph
a
se T
wo
(P
r
ogram
m
ing
Ph
ase
),
a
s s
hown in Fi
gure
5.
Figure
6
.
P
has
e Tw
o (P
rogr
a
m
m
ing
Ph
ase
)
2
.
2
.
1
Flow
ch
ar
t
To
sim
plify
the
pro
gr
e
ss
of
wr
it
in
g
the
co
de,
we
re
qu
i
re
d
def
i
ning
a
pro
posed
al
gori
thm
wh
ic
h
consi
sts o
f
a
se
t of in
pu
ts a
nd
ou
t
pu
ts
b
esi
de a
loop
a
nd s
ome
cond
it
io
ns
.
Sensors
f
or
wi
reless
m
otion
su
bject
e
d
se
ve
ral
sig
nificant
lim
it
at
ion
s
su
c
h
as:
(
1)
they
are
bi
nar
y
and
(
2)
afte
r
be
ing
t
rig
ger
e
d
by
m
ov
em
ent
in
their
fiel
d
of
view.
They
s
uffer
f
ro
m
a
r
efr
act
ory
per
i
od
of
sever
al
sec
onds
durin
g
w
hic
h
they
are
unr
esp
on
si
ve.
Si
nc
e
these
sens
ors
an
d
relat
ed
te
chnolo
gies
pro
vid
e
on
ly
c
oar
se
in
f
or
m
at
ion
abo
ut the prese
nce
or a
bs
ence
of a
n i
ntr
ud
e
r.
Sensors
are
as
sign
e
d
as
i
nput
to
rea
d
the
si
gn
al
s
w
hen
t
he
m
ov
e
m
ents
are
detect
e
d.
T
he
LE
Ds
a
re
at
ta
ched
as
outpu
ts
to
giv
e
t
he
sta
tus
of
t
he
pa
rtic
ula
r
se
ns
or
wh
e
n
it
works.
T
he
n,
i
f
sta
tem
ent
is
us
e
d
to
determ
ine
the
sens
or
sta
tus.
I
f
the
sens
or
is
high,
the
le
d
will
be
on
;
othe
rw
ise
,
the
le
d
will
be
of
f,
a
nd
th
e
pr
e
vious
sta
tus
sens
or
will
be
off
to
o.
I
n
c
ase
the
sens
or
is
on
,
it
will
check
t
he
se
nsor
wh
et
her
it
detect
s
m
ot
ion
s
or
no
t,
if
it
detect
s,
the
sens
or
st
at
us
will
be
on,
an
d
the
pr
e
vious
sen
sor
will
be
on
as
well
.
If
the
se
nsor
re
ad
zer
o,
it
will
keep
t
he
la
st
sta
tus
sens
or
as
it
i
s
and
will
en
d
the
pr
ogram
.
All
the
process
will
rep
eat
it
sel
f fiv
e
-
tim
e b
ased
on th
e
num
ber
of the
PI
R
senso
rs wh
ic
h
is
five
.
Ardu
in
o
Uno
Servo
M
o
to
r
Breadb
o
ard
PIR Sens
o
rs
Res
istan
ces (22
0
oh
m
)
Cap
acitance (10
0
u
f
)
LE
Ds
Pro
g
ram
m
i
n
g
D
raw
Fl
o
w
c
h
ar
t
W
ri
t
i
n
g
C
o
d
e
Co
m
p
i
l
e &
U
p
l
o
a
d
Co
d
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
A fra
mework
imp
le
men
t
ation of s
ur
vei
ll
anc
e tracki
ng sy
ste
m ba
s
ed
on pi
r moti
on se
nso
rs
(
Bashar Al
at
ha
ri
)
239
Figure
7
.
Flo
w
char
t
of the
res
earch
syst
em
2
.
2
.
2
Wri
tin
g Code
Wr
it
in
g
c
od
e
from
scratch
is
ve
ry
ha
rd
es
pecial
ly
if
the
re
is
no
flo
wc
har
t
t
o
f
ollo
w.
Af
te
r
the
diag
ram
is
com
ple
te
d,
the
code is
read
y t
o b
e wri
tt
en.
C la
ngua
ge
is
us
e
d t
o
co
nvert t
he f
lowc
har
t.
2
.
2
.
3
C
omp
il
at
i
on
an
d
Upl
oading
Code
This
is
t
he
fin
al
ste
p
of
the
pro
gr
am
m
ing
phase.
I
n
t
his
st
ep,
A
rduin
o
pl
at
fo
rm
is
us
e
d
to
a
pp
ly
th
e
cod
e
on
t
he
ha
rdwar
e
sim
ul
ation
.
Ard
uino
is
ver
y
us
e
f
ul
pro
gr
am
m
ing
too
l
to
le
arn
how
to
pro
gram
and
t
o
dev
el
op
el
ect
r
on
ic
ci
r
cuits.
The
descr
i
be
d
flo
wch
a
rt
tha
t
m
entioned
(
see
Fig
ur
e
6)
are
c
onve
rted
to
C
pro
gr
am
m
ing
l
angua
ge.
T
he
nex
t
ste
p
is
to
com
pile
the
co
de
a
nd
fig
ure
out
if
the
re
a
ny
com
pilat
ion
issues.
If
no
t,
t
he
co
de
is
read
y
to b
e
up
loade
d
to
the
c
entral
m
ic
ro
con
tr
oller
to
see
the
final r
esult. All
the
detai
ls
about
the pr
ogram
m
i
ng and c
om
pilin
g wil
l be
expl
ai
ned
i
n
th
e
ha
rdwar
e
p
a
rt in
m
or
e inf
orm
at
i
on (
S
ect
ion 2
.3).
2
.
3
.
H
ardw
ar
e Comp
on
e
nts (Ph
as
e
Thre
e)
The
la
st
phas
e
wh
e
re
ha
rdwar
e
require
m
ents
are
asse
m
bled
sel
ect
ed
an
d
de
scri
bed
cl
ea
rly
.
Ph
ase
thr
ee
(ha
rdwar
e
selec
ti
ng
ph
a
se), as s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
7.
Figure
8
.
P
has
e
three
(har
dw
are select
in
g p
hase)
2
.
3
.
1
Ha
r
dwa
re Sele
ctin
g
The
pro
posed
syst
e
m
con
sist
s
of
ARD
UIN
O
UNO
B
oard,
five
LE
Ds,
five
PI
R
m
otion
se
nsor
s
,
five
Re
sist
or
s,
one
Ca
pacit
or,
wi
res,
B
rea
d
Boar
ds,
Se
rvo
m
oto
r,
an
d
W
i
reless
Ca
m
era
as
we
see
in
ne
xt
Sect
ion
2.3.2.
(See
Ta
ble 1).
2
.
3
.
2
Ha
r
dwa
re
Descrip
tion
Ardu
i
no
platf
orm
is
us
ed
to
wr
it
e,
com
pile,
an
d
uploa
d
c
od
e
.
The
syst
e
m
us
es
m
otion
sensors
to
detect
and
trac
k
a
ny
m
ov
e
m
e
nt
occurs
ar
ound
the
s
yst
em
us
in
g
A
rduin
o
Uno
boar
d.
HC
-
SR5
01
m
odel
PI
R
H
ard
w
are
Co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
H
ard
w
are
Sel
ec
t
i
n
g
H
ard
w
are
D
es
cr
i
p
t
i
o
n
A
p
p
l
y
Cod
e
t
o
t
h
e
H
ard
w
are
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry
201
9
:
2
3
5
–
2
4
2
240
sens
or
s
are
us
e
d
in
t
his
syst
e
m
detection
.
T
he
total
nu
m
ber
of
se
nsors
in
the
stu
dy
are
fi
ve.
Ea
ch
PI
R
s
ens
or
is at
ta
ched
t
o
a
d
igit
al
in
pu
t
(
2
-
6) on t
he
A
r
du
i
no, 5V
po
w
er,
a
n
d g
r
ound.
Each
LED
r
e
quire
d
to
be
c
on
nected
to the corre
spo
nd
i
ng
sens
or.
Each PIR sen
s
or
li
nks to
t
he c
orres
pondin
g LED lig
ht in
th
e cod
e
uploa
de
d
la
te
r.
Figure
8
s
hows
the m
echan
is
m
o
f
PI
R se
nso
r.
Table
1
.
Hard
war
e
Com
po
ne
nt of
t
he Desi
gn
Figure
9
.
PI
R
m
ot
ion
se
nsor
detect
ion f
ro
m
o
bse
r
ver
'
s v
ie
w po
i
nt
A
bread
boar
d
is
us
ed
t
o
co
nnect
the
LEDs.
Each
one
of
th
e
m
is
assigned
to
a
PI
R
sens
or
to
giv
e
a
high
sta
tus
w
he
n
the
PI
R
m
ot
ion
se
ns
or
dete
ct
s
m
o
ti
on
.
Dir
ect
ly
con
nect
each
LED
to
a
s
epar
at
e
di
gital
input
(9
-
13
) on t
he Ar
du
i
no, a
nd
gro
und t
hem
thr
ough a
220
-
ohm
r
esi
stor.
The
cam
era
at
ta
ched
t
o
the
servo
m
oto
r
w
hich
ta
kes
it
s
sign
al
from
the
Passive
I
nfr
ared
Se
ns
or.
Since
the
cam
era
is
connect
ed
to
the
se
rvo
m
oto
r,
the
servo
will
m
a
ke
the
cam
era
to
ta
ke
a
ro
t
at
ion
m
ov
e
m
ent
to
t
he
directi
on
of
the
act
ive
sen
so
r
.
The
se
r
vo
m
oto
r
will
be
connecte
d
t
o
the
Ard
uino
boa
r
d
thr
ough
the
I
nput
pin
7
to
re
cei
ve
the
di
gital
sign
al
.
T
he
oth
e
r
seco
nd
one
will
be
c
o
nnect
ed
to
t
he
powe
r
,
wh
il
e
the
la
st
pin
will
be
gr
ounde
d
thr
ough
the
sa
m
e
bo
ar
d.
It'
s
crit
ic
al
t
o
ens
ur
e
t
hat
the
capaci
to
r
100µ
F
is
connecte
d
bet
ween
th
e
gro
und
a
nd
powe
r
befor
e
t
urn
on
the
Ardu
i
no.
This
co
nnect
io
n
will
save
the
bo
a
rd
from
any
m
ass
ive
po
wer
occ
ur
w
hile
the
s
ervo
m
oto
r
is
m
ov
ing
.
The
re
is
ad
diti
on
al
m
at
te
r
m
us
t
be
note
d
about
se
rvo
m
otor
wh
ic
h
is
t
hat
it
does
n’
t
hav
e
f
ull
36
0
m
ot
ion
range.
Af
te
r
s
om
e
te
s
ti
ng
,
we
fig
ure
d
ou
ts
that
m
ine
on
ly
m
ov
ed,
so
m
od
ify
the
co
de
accor
dingly
if
your
m
oto
r
dif
fer
s
.
Wh
e
n
t
he
ser
vo
m
oto
r
m
akes
m
ashing
no
ise
,
it
will
try
to
m
ov
e
away
from
the
PI
R
sensor
posit
io
n.
The
syst
em
us
es
m
otion
sen
s
or
s
t
o
detect
an
d
tra
ck
a
ny
m
ov
em
ent
occurs
a
rou
nd
t
he
syst
e
m
us
ing
A
r
duin
o.
T
he
m
ou
nte
d
cam
era
track
,
captu
re
the
m
ov
in
g
ob
j
ect
an
d
sen
d
a
li
ve
broa
dcast
to
a
r
ecei
vin
g
host
wh
ic
h
co
uld
be
a
desk
to
p
c
om
pu
te
r,
la
pto
p,
ta
blet
o
r
a
sm
artpho
ne
(see
Fi
gure
5).
T
he
wiri
ng
f
or
this
syst
e
m
is
si
m
ple
and
strai
ghtf
orward,
howe
ver,
beca
us
e
the
re
are
f
ive
of
e
ve
ryt
hin
g
e
xce
pt
the
serv
o
m
oto
r,
t
he
num
ber
of
wires
sta
rts
to
add
up
qu
it
e
a
bit.
T
he
structu
re
is
de
sign
e
d
in
a
w
ay
that
con
sist
s
of
uppe
r
an
d
lowe
r
la
ye
rs
a
nd
se
pa
rated
be
tween
the
pa
nels
of
t
he
fiber
cl
ass
desig
ne
d
f
or
e
ach
se
nsor
an
d
al
so
se
pa
rated
betwee
n
each
sens
or
a
nd
th
e
oth
e
r
fiber
cl
ass
is
use
d
to
not
occ
ur
betwee
n
the
interfe
ren
ce
.
The
diam
e
te
r
of
the
ci
rcle
wa
s
31.5
centi
m
e
te
rs
the
le
ng
th
of t
he b
oard
was 1
0
ce
nti
m
et
ers,
and
the w
i
dth
was
15 centim
et
ers.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
A fra
mework
imp
le
men
t
ation of s
ur
vei
ll
anc
e tracki
ng sy
ste
m ba
s
ed
on pi
r moti
on se
nso
rs
(
Bashar Al
at
ha
ri
)
241
3.
E
X
PERI
MEN
TAL SET
UP
OF THE
A
UTOM
ATED
IN
TRU
DER
TR
ACKIN
G S
Y
STE
M
Figure
3
a
nd
F
igure
4
a
re
sho
wn
t
he
bl
ock
a
nd
sc
hem
at
ic
diagr
am
of
the
pro
po
se
d
detect
ion
syst
em
resp
ect
ively
an
d
Fig
ur
e
6
s
how
the
i
m
ple
m
e
ntati
on
ste
ps
of
the
final
trackin
g
syst
e
m
.
Wh
e
re
the
syst
e
m
us
es
five
PI
R
m
otion
se
nsors
t
o
detect
and
trac
k
any
m
ov
em
ent
occ
ur
s
a
round
the
syst
e
m
within
a
360
ra
diu
s
us
in
g
A
rdui
no
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
er
boar
d.
Wh
e
ther,
if
the
PIR
sensors
dete
ct
a
m
ov
em
ent
any,
the
ser
vo
m
oto
r
will
ro
ta
te
to
the
di
recti
on
of
that
m
ov
em
ent.
Also,
the
re
ar
e
five
LE
Ds,
t
her
e
L
ED
’s
in
dicat
e
wh
ic
h
s
ens
or
is
work
i
ng
w
hen
it
go
es
hi
gh.
T
he
m
ou
nted
ca
m
era
track,
ca
pture
the
m
ov
ing
obj
ect
an
d
sen
d
a
li
ve
bro
adcast
to a
receivin
g ho
st
which
cou
ld b
e
a
des
ktop
co
m
pu
te
r, l
apt
op, tablet
or a s
m
artphon
e
.
4.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
As
a
res
ult
f
or
this
syst
e
m
,
a
s
urveil
la
nc
e
m
otion
trac
king
syst
em
i
s
desi
gn
e
d
a
nd
m
ade
f
ro
m
afforda
ble h
ar
dware c
om
po
ne
nts,
is im
ple
m
e
nted
to b
e
us
e
d i
ns
ide the Univer
sit
y of
Kufa
(
UoK
)
buil
dings to
track
an
d
de
te
ct
any
su
sp
ic
io
us
act
ivit
ie
s.
The
syst
e
m
us
es
m
ot
ion
sen
sors
to
detect
and
t
rack
a
ny
m
ov
e
m
ent
occurs
a
rou
nd
the
syst
e
m
us
ing
Ard
uino
U
no
boar
d.
T
he
m
ou
nted
cam
e
ra
track
,
capt
ure
the
m
ov
in
g
obj
ect
and
sen
d
a
li
ve
broad
ca
st
to
a
r
ecei
ving
ho
st
w
hich
c
ould
be
a
des
kt
op
c
om
pu
te
r,
la
ptop,
ta
blet
or
a
sm
artph
on
e
. Fr
it
zi
ng
is u
se
d
t
o
dra
w
the c
irc
uit and sim
ulate
the syst
em
.
All t
he
pro
gres
s o
f
t
he
e
ntire
work is
pr
e
viously
ex
pl
ai
ned
in
the
s
i
m
ulati
on
,
pro
gr
am
m
ing
,
an
d
ha
rdwa
re
ph
ases.
Th
e
pro
pose
d
desi
gn
w
orke
d
ver
y
ef
fici
ently
durin
g
the
e
xp
e
rim
ents
and
s
how
n
ve
ry
high
pe
rfo
rm
a
nce
with
36
0
de
gr
ees
of
detec
ti
on
f
or
the
sensi
ng
e
nvir
on
m
ents.
T
he
m
at
he
m
atic
al
cal
culat
ion
s
and
e
quat
io
ns
wer
e
n’
t
that
i
m
po
rtant
due
to
the
us
er
of
th
e
PIR
sensors.
T
he
on
ly
sign
i
ficant
thin
gs
are
th
e
sensing
ha
r
dware
besides
t
he
us
i
ng
t
he
ri
gh
t
a
nd
exact
pr
ogram
m
ing
(S
ee
Fig
ur
e
6).
A
nothe
r
featu
re
a
dd
e
d
to
the
syst
em
by
us
i
ng
buil
t
-
in
ap
plica
ti
on
com
es
with
t
he
cam
e
ra
s
o,
the
us
e
r
can
instal
l
to
the
sm
artphones
an
d
ta
blets
wh
ic
h
helps
th
e
m
to
m
on
it
or
their
places
wh
il
e th
ey
are
a
way re
m
ote
ly
.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
NS
A
ND FUT
UR
E
RESE
A
RCH
DIR
E
C
TIONS
In
this
st
ud
y,
we
hav
e
im
ple
m
ented
a
fr
am
ewor
k
with
P
I
R
m
otion
sens
or
s
to
detect
a
nd
dete
rm
ine
any
m
ov
em
ent
fo
r
int
rude
rs.
W
it
h
sim
ple
too
ls
we
we
re
a
ble
to
track
th
e
act
ivit
y
of
any
per
s
on,
the
refor
e;
it
will
con
trol
essenti
al
place
s
and
is
olate
d.
We
sta
rted
t
his
proj
e
ct
by
sta
ti
ng
the
m
ajor
par
ts
that
we
ne
ed
to
i
m
ple
m
ent
the
fr
am
ewo
r
k
su
ch
as
Se
nsor
s,
Boar
ds
,
Algorithm
s,
et
c.
Also
,
we
de
velo
ped
a
pro
po
s
e
d
al
gorithm
to
process
t
he
data
wh
ic
h
it
com
es
from
the
sens
or
s
to
be
s
e
nt
t
o
the
m
oto
r".
"
We
e
xam
ined
6
P
IR
m
ot
ion
Se
nsor
to
im
ple
m
ent
our
fr
am
ework
i
n
a
sim
ul
at
or
.
Af
te
r
the
resu
lt
s
a
re
pa
ssed
the
sim
ulator
,
we
de
pl
oyed
t
he
ph
ysi
cal
se
ns
ors
t
o
ou
r
fi
nal
im
ple
m
entat
ion
in
t
he
UoK
la
borat
or
y.
I
n
the
f
utu
re
,
w
e
aim
to
dev
el
op
t
he
propose
d
detect
ion
syst
e
m
via
us
in
g
diff
e
ren
t
sens
or
m
od
el
s
and
dif
fer
e
nt
sp
at
ia
l
arr
a
ng
e
m
ents
of
sens
ors
a
nd
set
up
th
e
ca
m
era
syst
e
m
t
o
r
un
ov
e
r
t
he
exten
ded
du
rati
on
i
n
UoK
la
b
(
A
n
inte
resti
ng
op
e
n
pro
blem
op
tim
al
senso
r
s
place
m
ent,
wh
ic
h
can
be
co
ns
ide
red
a
var
ia
nt
of
the
art
galle
ry
pr
oble
m
).
As
well
,
we
inten
d
to
i
nvest
igate
m
et
h
od
s
t
hat
can
si
m
ul
ta
neo
usl
y
track
m
ulti
ple
i
ntr
ud
e
rs.
As
al
ongs
i
de,
we
a
r
e
al
so
interest
ed
in
ways
to
dece
ntrali
ze
the
al
gorithm
by
mo
vi
ng
processi
ng
in
a
netw
ork
of
sm
ar
t
sens
or
s
.
Additi
on
al
ly
,
we
pla
n
to
in
vestigat
e
ho
w
al
te
ring
pa
ra
m
et
ers,
su
c
h
as
the
num
ber
of
sam
ples,
or
data
processi
ng
f
re
qu
e
ncy
affe
ct
s
per
f
orm
ance.
Last
ly
,
we
can
us
e
visio
n
processin
g
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
to
ut
il
iz
e
inf
or
m
at
ion
g
a
there
d
f
r
om
the cam
era to
en
h
ance
the
pro
pose
d
trac
king s
yst
e
m
.
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