TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 13, No. 3, March 2
015,
pp. 521 ~ 52
8
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
13i3.713
5
521
Re
cei
v
ed O
c
t
ober 5, 20
14;
Revi
se
d De
cem
ber 3, 201
4; Acce
pted
De
cem
ber 2
8
, 2014
Analysis and Design of Tag Antenna Based UHF RFID
for Libraries
Xue Jian-bin
*
1,3
He Fengjie
1
, Wang Do
ng
2
1
School of Co
mputer an
d Co
mmunicati
on, L
anzh
ou U
n
iver
sit
y
of T
e
chnol
og
y, Lanz
ho
u 730
05
0, Chin
a
2
Soft
w
a
r
e
Institute, Shan
gha
i Jiao T
ong Univ
ersit
y
, Sh
ang
h
a
i 20
02
40, Chi
n
a
3
Nation
al Mob
i
l
e
Commu
nicati
ons Res
earch
Lab
orat
or
y, So
utheast Un
iver
sit
y
, Nan
j
i
ng 2
100
96, Ch
ina
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, em
ail
:
27859
60
49@
qq.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
A
kind of UHF
RF
ID
tag a
n
tenn
a for library
man
a
g
e
m
ent is design
e
d
. T
he series
of desig
n
requ
ire
m
e
n
ts are pro
pos
ed t
h
rou
gh ric
h
an
alytics. Refer to the man
a
g
e
m
e
n
t mode
l of
intell
ige
n
t libr
a
ry
base
d
on U
H
F
RF
ID. F
o
r the
anten
na, the s
i
z
e
is
mm
mm
3
90
, adoptin
g T
-
shap
ed
ma
tching w
h
ich
g
ood
for adjusti
ng
o
f
antenn
a i
m
p
eda
nce
match
i
ng,
the cent
er freque
ncy by s
i
mulati
ons is
91
8 M
H
z
un
der
app
licati
on e
n
viro
nment, Return Loss
is less th
an
-
10d
B
in the frequency ban
d o
f
8
6
0
M
Hz
~
960
M
H
z
, the mi
ni
mu
m
valu
e of return
loss is
-
2
4.
4d
B
. Simul
a
tion resu
lts sho
w
that the
tag ante
nna h
a
s
a good
perfor
m
a
n
ce u
n
d
e
r a
pplic
atio
n env
ir
on
me
nt for libr
a
ry
.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
U
H
F
RF
ID, library tag, antenn
a, library
Copy
right
©
2015 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
At prese
n
t, the manag
eme
n
t model of libra
ry
has b
e
en tran
sform
ed from ma
n
ual mode
to semi-intelli
gent mana
ge
ment model
whi
c
h co
mbin
ed magn
etic
stripe a
nd ba
rco
de. But there
exist some probl
em
s, su
ch as intelli
gent in
sp
ecti
on, fast stock taki
ng a
nd so on.
The
advantag
es
of managem
ent in library
,
based o
n
ultra high freq
uen
cy (UHF) radio-f
r
eq
ue
ncy
identificatio
n
(RFID) technolo
g
y, are
mostly
em
bodie
d
in such a
s
p
e
ct
s as the se
lf-
che
c
k
、
intelli
gent inspe
c
tion
、
rak
i
ng
、
i
n
ventory che
ck a
nd safe
ty system of book. So the
appli
c
ation of
UHF
RFID in
library can solve the abov
e probl
em
s.
Based o
n
the
research
situ
ation and
co
mme
rciali
zati
on at home a
nd abroad, th
e study
of UHF
RFI
D
tag
ant
en
na m
a
inly h
a
s th
e follo
wing
a
s
pe
ct
s: ne
ar-field
anten
na
、
di
pole
antenn
a
、
circularly pol
ari
z
ed anten
na,
dual-ban
d an
t
enna. No
r t
he RFI
D
tag
on sal
e
in the
market, the cl
ient need to consi
der tag a
nd memo
ry
capa
city in ord
e
r to make the situation a
n
d
appli
c
ation o
b
ject
s matchi
ng with tag. So antenna
desi
gn in RF
ID tags is a probl
em urge
ntly
need
ed to
b
e
solved in
concrete i
ndu
stry. Refe
re
n
c
e [5]
sho
w
s that the maj
o
r fa
ctors
wh
ich
influen
ce the
RFID tag a
n
tenna, de
sig
n
ed a RFI
D
tag antenn
a on
pape
ry sub
s
t
r
ate which i
s
not
sen
s
itive to material
s of the contain
e
r. Referen
c
e [6] a
nalyze
s
the e
ffect of the distan
ce bet
we
en
antenn
a and
metal plates
and si
ze of metal pl
ane
s on antenna p
a
r
amete
r
s in d
e
tail, and a UHF
RFID tag
ant
enna u
s
e
d
in
contain
e
r i
s
prop
osed. Re
feren
c
e [7] u
s
e text as a
meand
er lin
e
to
desi
gn a
n
ten
nas, in
the
a
r
ticle th
e text ca
n be
u
s
e
d
a
s
a fu
ncti
on ele
m
ent
or m
anufa
c
tu
rer
logo
s. In [8],
a po
ssible
m
e
thod
of utilizing p
a
ra
ffin
wax as a
sub
s
trate m
a
teri
al
in devel
opin
g
a
threshold h
e
a
t sensi
ng RFID tag is discusse
d, ac
cordin
g to the sensitivity of paraffin wax
to
temperature i
t
can be used as sen
s
o
r
or RFI
D
tag. In [9], the
author u
s
e stand
ard met
a
l
pape
rcli
p bo
dies
as ante
nna
s which
can
still b
e
use
d
for it
s
prima
r
y pu
rp
ose
(me
c
h
a
n
i
cally
holdin
g
together sh
eets of
papers) whil
e acting as
an RFID tag storing data at the same time.
The main e
f
fect
for tag antenna
ca
use
d
by metal backg
rou
nd is
studi
ed in [10], the
author
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed an
a
n
ti-metal tag antenna de
sig
n
scheme u
s
ed
in cigarette ca
se
s and de
sign
of bow-tie di
pole antenna
whi
c
h wa
s practicability of the proposal.
Mos
t
of the UHF RFID Inlay tags
were
u
n
iversal tag, but
for some
pa
rticula
r
appli
c
ation
s
,
such a
s
library
、
doc
u
m
en
t
、
valu
able
s
, con
s
iderin
g the particula
rit
y
o
f
siz
e
、
sha
p
e
、
distan
ce i
n
ta
gs, we shoul
d
desi
gn the ta
gs a
c
cording
to the appli
c
a
t
ion obje
c
t an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 13, No. 3, March 2
015 : 521 – 5
2
8
522
environ
ment.
This p
ape
r analyzed the
application
e
n
vironm
ent e
f
fect on pe
rfo
r
man
c
e of ta
gs
and obtaine
d
the influence factors an
d
design re
q
u
i
r
eme
n
ts of ta
gs.
And then design a UHF
RFID tag antenna suita
b
le
for library
.
Whe
r
e, use
d
T
-
mat
c
hin
g
network whi
c
h
helpful to ad
just
the antenn
a impeda
nce, the
ce
ntre fre
quen
cy is
91
8 M
H
z
, the
S1
1
(t
he ch
ar
act
e
ri
st
ic
s of
return loss) a
r
e less than
-1
0
d
B
in the rang
e o
f
86
0
M
H
z
~
9
6
0
M
H
z
,
the minimi
zation of it is
-2
4
.
4
d
B
.
2. Analy
s
is o
f
Applica
t
ion
En
v
i
ronment
Applicatio
n o
f
UHF
RFI
D
tags i
n
the
field of Boo
k
Ma
nag
eme
n
t can
sim
p
li
fies the
pro
c
e
s
s of lib
rary m
anag
e
m
ent can
coll
ect info
rmatio
n ra
pidly and
accu
ra
cy
, re
duce the la
b
o
r
intensity of workers and ef
fect
ively improve the ef
ficiency of library manageme
n
t, meanwhil
e
,
the tags is hi
dden in b
o
o
k
s is be
nefici
a
l
to the anti-theft of books.
2.1.
Applica
t
ion En
v
i
ronment of Librar
y
In prese
n
t, a RFID tag applied to library is base
d
on the original magneti
c
stripe. In
orde
r to make the mag
netic stri
pe
a
nd
UHF
RFI
D
tags which can ap
ply to the library
manag
eme
n
t system,
we
will keep t
he tag
s
in t
he cra
c
k of
boo
ks. Fi
gu
re 1
sh
ows
the
appli
c
ation e
n
vironm
ent a
nd stick way in boo
k tags.
Figure 1. Application e
n
viro
nment
of UHF RFID tag in library
2.2. Design
Requ
irement
Acco
rdi
ng to
the appli
c
atio
n of library
,
we nee
d to
co
nsid
er th
ree
asp
e
ct
s: dist
ance, tag
antenn
a (ba
c
king
s, si
ze, types) and
com
patib
ility whe
n
we are de
si
gning the tag
s
.
(1)
The re
quirem
ent of readin
g
distan
ce
In the aspect of distance, due to the books ar
ra
nged i
n
simple dou
ble row an
d close
d
to
the range, we
have small value
s
for rea
d
ing dist
a
n
ce
namely the small gain for antenn
a so that
seldom the collision
bet
ween reader and tags.
(2)
The re
quirem
ent of tag antenna
In the a
s
pe
ct
of tag ante
n
na, the tag
a
n
tenna
sh
oul
d sle
n
de
r a
n
d
thin. When
use
d
, we
can
stick it on the spi
ne o
r
ke
ep it in the cra
ck of
b
ooks that is
easy to re
ach the functio
n
of
RFID tag an
d
that keeps t
he tag can b
e
hided very
well. So the tag of books
sho
u
ld be me
t to
the following
limits: slend
er and thin, a good
pe
rfo
r
man
c
e of hiding.
Then the tag anten
na
mainly co
nsi
d
ered th
e ba
cking
s
of a
n
te
nna, the
si
ze
of antenn
a, the types
of a
n
tenna, in
he
re
,
the backin
g
s
of antenna u
s
ed PEL, the
type of antenn
a use
d
dipol
e
antenna.
(3)
The requirem
ent of compat
ibility
UHF RFID tag used far-fie
l
d couplin
g, the m
agneti
c stripe is met
a
l and stick it on th
e
spin
e of bo
o
ks.
Confli
ct will prod
uce b
e
twee
n
the UHF RFID system
and
m
a
g
netic strip
e
a
n
d
the phenom
e
non of misre
ading will ap
pear
when e
a
ch bo
ok be
placed many magneti
c
stri
pes
for security reason
s in library
, thus af
fecting
the succe
ss rate of read in whole
system, and the
performance of
UHF RFI
D
book
tag
based free space will beco
me unstabl
e. So we should
con
s
id
er this
probl
em in order to a
c
hiev
e
a
good co
mpatibility
between UHF RFID system
and
stripe.
W
e
n
eed to thin
k of that in term
s of
ou
r simulatio
n
desi
g
n, slig
h
t
ly adjusting
the
resona
nce po
int and optimi
z
e
s
the perfo
rmance of tag in pra
c
tice.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Analysis a
nd
De
sign of Ta
g Antenna Ba
sed
UHF
RFI
D
for Lib
r
ari
e
s (Xue
Jian
-bi
n
)
523
3. Ante
nna Design of Boo
k
3.1. La
y
out
Design o
f
An
tenn
a
In this article
we use dipo
le antenna a
s
t
ag antenn
a, and the polari
z
ation di
rection is
liner
pola
r
ize
d
. Both are m
eet the
requi
rements.
Ado
p
ted
T
-
type
matchin
g
a
n
d
PET
(pe
r
mittivity
is
3.
5
, loss angl
e tangent value
is
0.
0012
) a
s
the act
ualize mann
e
r
of impeda
nce matchin
g
a
nd
backin
g
s of antenn
a resp
ectively
.
The impeda
nce of chip is
201
-
27
j
in
the freque
ncy
of
91
5 M
H
z
.
The o
r
igin
al size of tag
a
n
tenna
wa
s
set as
mm
mm
3
100
.
The lay
out of ante
n
n
a
and the main
stru
cture par
ameters are shown in
T
a
ble
1 and Figu
re
2.
Table 1. Ori
g
i
nal si
ze of struct
ure pa
ram
e
ters of b
ook
tag antenn
a
主要
构
参
数
结
初始
尺
寸
(mm
)
L 100
W 3
w0
1
a1 24
b1 3
w
1
0.5
a2 10
w
2
0.5
a3 25
Figure 2. Layout of book a
n
tenna
3.2. Simulation
Analy
s
is
and
Optimiza
tion
Model an
d si
mulate the antenna in fre
e
spa
c
e an
d
practi
cal ap
plicatio
n re
sp
ectively
according to t
he ori
g
inal
si
ze of st
ru
cture par
amete
r
s in
T
abl
e 1 an
d antenn
a st
ructure in Fig
u
r
e
2. W
e
sho
u
ld
con
s
ide
r
the
backing
s of antenn
a,
environm
ent in practice. In here, the backi
n
g
s
of antenna i
s
PET
and the
magneti
c
stri
pes i
s
lo
cate
d in the upp
e
r
and lo
we
r o
f
tag, its size
is
mm
mm
mm
5
.
0
5
.
2
165
, the distance from the tag is
mm
6
(the th
ickne
ss is a
bout 40
page
s).
The origi
nal stru
cture param
eters of antenna were
simulate
d an
d the Figure 3 sho
w
n
the retu
rn lo
ss value of a
n
t
enna, the mi
nimum i
s
abo
ut
37.7dB
-
. Simulation re
sults
sh
o
w
that
the variou
s characte
rs of antenna
will
be af
fected
whe
n
the antenn
a backin
g
s
and
environ
menta
l
factors are adde
d to the
simu
latio
n
. Center-freq
uen
cy of antenna
is
0.908GHz
in simulation
results of return loss
.
The
center freq
u
ency shifted left
0.11GHz
. And
compare
d
with free sp
ace, the ba
ndwi
d
th is decrea
s
ed
si
g
n
ificantly un
der practi
cal
condition
s.
This
illustrate
s th
at the antenna sho
w
s the cha
r
a
c
teri
st
ic of narro
w-ban
d at the interfere
n
ce
of
environ
ment whi
c
h
contai
n
i
ng magn
etic
stripe.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 13, No. 3, March 2
015 : 521 – 5
2
8
524
Figure 3. Ret
u
rn lo
ss valu
e of antenna
Figure 4 sh
o
w
s the
simula
tion results of
antenna
imp
edan
c
e, in
clu
d
ing the re
al part and
the imagina
ry
part of impe
dan
ce.
The i
m
peda
nce is
87
.
57
1
57
.
5
j
and
46
.
210
66
.
5
j
in free sp
ace
and the appl
ication e
n
viro
nm
ent re
sp
ectively in the fr
eque
ncy of
MHz
915
. Been
comp
ared, the imagina
ry part of imped
ance cha
n
ge
significa
ntly
. Figure 5 an
d Figure 6 is the
gain p
a
ttern
in free
spa
c
e a
nd a
ppli
c
ation
enviro
n
ment respe
c
tively
.
The
antenn
a gai
n
is
redu
ce
d se
rio
u
sly com
p
a
r
e
d
to the former
.
Figure 4. Simulation an
alysis of impeda
n
c
e
Figure 5. Gai
n
pattern in free sp
ace
Figure 6. Gai
n
pattern in a
p
plication
environ
ment
Therefore, the perform
ance
of antenna will change much
when we consi
der the
appli
c
ation
condition a
nd
antenn
a ba
cking
s
.
Thi
s
is
the sam
e
a
nalysi
s
re
sult
s that the lib
rary
impact of ant
enna.
The re
aso
n
for this is t
he appli
c
at
ion con
d
ition
and anten
na
backin
g
s cau
s
e
the reso
nant freque
ncy shi
ft.
The following are scan
ning analysi
s
on the main
paramete
r
s
of
antenn
a in ap
plicatio
n, the
para
m
eters is antenna le
ng
th
L
and cente
r
loop length
a1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Analysis a
nd
De
sign of Ta
g Antenna Ba
sed
UHF
RFI
D
for Lib
r
ari
e
s (Xue
Jian
-bi
n
)
525
Cha
nge the l
ength
L
of antenna, the ran
ge is
mm
120
~
mm
80
with st
ep of
5m
m
.
Figure 7 is th
e result
s of return loss.
T
he results sho
w
ed that with the chan
ge of
L
, the
value o
f
return loss sli
ghtly reduced
and the center fr
equ
en
cy shifted left and chan
ged si
gnifica
ntly
.
Thus
the cha
nge
s
of the antenn
a length main
ly
af
fect the reso
nant freq
u
ency of anten
na.
Figure 7. Influence of anten
na length o
n
return lo
ss
Figure 8 a
n
d
Figu
re 9
sho
w
s the
real pa
rt an
d
the imagi
n
a
ry pa
rt of
antenna
impeda
nce. From
th
e sim
u
lation re
sult
s we can
se
e that a
s
a
n
tenna l
ength
cha
nge
s the
real
and imagi
nary part of impedan
ce in
cre
a
s
e obvio
usly
.
Figure 8. Influence of anten
na length o
n
the
imagina
ry part of impedance
Figure 9. Influence of anten
na length o
n
the
real pa
rt of impeda
nce
Cha
nge th
e center lo
op le
ngth
a1
, the ran
ge is
mm
26
~
mm
22
with ste
p
of
0.5
m
m
.
The simul
a
tion result
s of return loss is pre
s
ente
d
in figure 10, from it we can see that with the
cha
nge of
a1
the cente
r
fre
quen
cy shifte
d left and change
d clea
rly
,
the return loss nea
rly
unchan
ged.
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TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 13, No. 3, March 2
015 : 521 – 5
2
8
526
Figure 10. Influen
ce of ce
nter loop le
ngth
on the return
loss
Figure 1
1
a
n
d
Figu
re
12
shows that
wh
en we
chan
g
e
the
cente
r
l
oop of
anten
na from
22
m
m
to
26
m
m
, the real part of imped
ance almo
st no ch
ang
e and the imagin
a
ry part ro
se
slightly
.
Figure 11. Influen
ce of ce
nter loop le
ngth
on
the imagina
ry
part of imped
ance
Figure 12. Influen
ce of ce
nter loop le
ngth
on
the real pa
rt of impedan
ce
As a result, the main
stru
cture
pa
rame
ters
of the a
n
tenna
are
si
mulated in
tu
rn.
The
n
optimize the
antenn
a.
The
optimizat
ion i
s
pre
s
e
n
ted i
n
T
abl
e 2.
Table 2. Size
of book tag af
ter optimization
主要
构
参
数
结
化后尺
寸
优
(mm)
L 90
W 3
w0
1
a1 5
b1 3
w
1
0.5
a2 9
w
2
0.5
a3 27
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Analysis a
nd
De
sign of Ta
g Antenna Ba
sed
UHF
RFI
D
for Lib
r
ari
e
s (Xue
Jian
-bi
n
)
527
Figure 13 i
s
the retu
rn lo
ss of anten
na
after
optimiza
t
ion, from it we can
see t
hat the
cente
r-f
requ
e
n
cy of anten
na is
MHz
965
in free
spa
c
e, the minimum of return lo
ss at abou
t
26.7dB
-
. But in practice, the cente
r
-freq
uen
cy of antenna is
MHz
918
and the minimum of
return loss at
about
24.4dB
-
. W
e
could see that
the reso
nant
frequen
cy g
a
ins g
o
od re
sult in
pra
c
tice, or the cente
r-fre
quen
cy shifte
d left and reache
d
MHz
918
.
The return los
s
inc
r
e
a
se
d
slightly and
the ban
dwidt
h
ch
ang
e is not evi
dent
in free
spa
c
e
comp
ared
with practi
cal
appli
c
ation.
T
he results in
Figure 14
sh
ow that th
e i
m
peda
n
ce of
antenn
a
in p
r
actice is in
cre
a
se
and mu
ch
clo
s
er to the
co
njugatio
n of chip impe
dan
ce co
mpa
r
ed
with free
spa
c
e.
Th
at is, the
perfo
rman
ce
of tag is better in pra
c
tice.
Figure 13. Re
turn loss of a
n
tenna after
optimizatio
n
Figure 14. Impeda
nce of antenna after
optimizatio
n
4.
Test a
nd An
aly
s
is
Acco
rdi
ng to above simu
lation results, we adopte
d copp
er foil to manufacture the
antenn
a sam
p
le and po
st it on a
self-adhe
sive
pa
per
, then sol
d
er
Alien Hi
g
g
s-3 chi
p
.
The
finishe
d
ante
nna sample i
s
sh
own in Figure 1
5
.
Figure 15. Antenna sample
W
e
u
s
e p
e
rf
orma
nce test
ing inst
rume
nt V
o
y
antic
T
agform
a
n
c
e to test the tag at the
testing freq
u
ency ra
nge from
0.8G
H
z
to
1
GHz
within a radiation
shiel
ded envi
r
onm
e
nt.
Th
e
testing
re
sult
of rea
d
rang
e is
sh
own in
Figur
e 1
6
. Result
s sho
w
t
h
at the read
rang
e redu
ce
d
evidently und
er the i
n
terfe
r
en
ce
of
ma
gnetic stri
pe.
The
p
e
rfo
r
m
a
nce ga
p of
tag will
redu
ce
whe
n
the fre
quen
cy large
r
than
92
5M
Hz
in these dif
f
ere
n
t
two ca
se
s,
and the ta
g ca
n
achi
eving bet
ter perfo
rma
n
c
e at
925MH
z
~
920MH
z
.
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02-4
046
TELKOM
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KA
Vol. 13, No. 3, March 2
015 : 521 – 5
2
8
528
Figure 16. Re
ad ran
g
e
5. Conclu
sion
In this paper
, the
design
require
s of UHF RFID boo
k tag has been pro
p
o
se
d by
analyzi
ng the impact of tag
performa
n
ce
in library
.
A
UHF RFID tag antenna wit
h
the dimensi
on
of
3m
m
90m
m
whi
c
h
met
libra
ry re
quirements is
de
sign
ed. Simul
a
tion results
sho
w
that th
e
resona
nt freque
ncy is
91
8M
Hz
,
S11
are le
ss tha
n
-1
0
d
B
in the range of
86
0
M
H
z
~
9
6
0
M
H
z
, the minimization of
S11
is
-
24.
4dB
.
T
e
st re
sult
s sh
ow that the ta
g has
a better pe
rfo
r
man
c
e in lib
rary
.
Ackn
o
w
l
e
dg
ements
This work wa
s sup
port
ed by the
Nation
al Science Found
a
tion of China (No
.
1310
RJZA00
3); by the open re
se
arch fund of Na
tional Mobil
e
Comm
uni
cations
Re
se
arch
Labo
rato
ry
,
Southea
st Un
iversity
(
No.2
014
D13
)
Referen
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