Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
23
,
No.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
,
pp.
421
~
430
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I:
10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v
23
.i
1
.
pp
421
-
430
421
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
eecs.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
Log
i
stics
trackin
g sy
stem
based o
n decent
ra
li
ze
d
I
oT
and
blockch
ain
platform
Ma
r
ouane
E
l
M
ida
ou
i
,
El
Mehdi B
en
L
aoula
, Mo
ham
med Q
badou
, Khali
f
a M
an
s
ou
ri
Signal
s,
Distr
ibu
te
d
S
y
s
te
m
s a
nd
Artifi
c
ia
l
Int
el
l
ig
enc
e
ENSET
Moham
m
edi
a,
Uni
ver
sit
y
Hass
an
II
OF
Casabl
an
ca,
Morocc
o
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
r
3
, 2
021
Re
vised
Jun
9
,
2021
Accepte
d
J
un
1
7
, 202
1
Mos
t
of
suppl
y
cha
in
n
et
works
have
en
countere
d
diffi
cu
lt
i
es
when
tr
y
ing
to
int
egr
at
e
all
components
an
d
stake
hold
ers
(cu
stom
ers,
ware
house,
tra
nsporta
ti
on,
and
raw
m
at
erial
produc
t
ion),
which
m
ake
suppl
y
ch
ai
n
m
ana
gement
s
y
s
te
m
sufferi
ng
fro
m
a
la
ck
of
eff
i
c
ie
nc
y
and
tr
anspa
ren
c
y
that
m
ake
a
stea
d
y
in
crease
in
good’s
fal
sific
a
ti
on
and
consum
er’
s
disappoi
ntment
.
All
information
about
good’s
produc
ti
on,
storage
and
tra
nsporta
ti
on
s
hould
flow
cl
e
a
rl
y
during
all
st
age
s
of
the
sup
pl
y
ch
ai
n
b
y
tra
ck
ing
and
au
t
hen
ticating
to
av
oid
produc
t’s
co
nta
m
ina
ti
on
or
f
rau
d
in
th
e
net
work.
Curr
en
t
tracki
ng
Io
T
-
b
ase
d
s
y
st
ems
are
built
on
top
of
ce
ntr
al
i
ze
d
arc
hi
te
c
ture
and
thi
s
le
ave
s
a
gap
for
ta
m
per
ing
and
fal
se
i
nform
at
ion
espe
cially
in
ur
ban
area,
but
a
l
so
the
exsiting
sol
uti
ons
ca
nno
t
al
low
th
e
informati
on
to
b
e
share
d
wi
th
au
thori
t
y
or
consum
ers.
To
eff
ec
t
i
vely
assess
and
assure
trac
ea
bi
li
t
y
and
trans
par
ency
th
is
pape
r
proposes
an
appr
oa
ch
using
a
distri
bu
te
d
le
dg
er
(blo
ckc
ha
in)
besides
a
conf
igua
bl
e
IoT
-
base
d
s
y
stem
to
t
ake
i
nto
account
al
l
nee
ded
d
ata
in
cluding
spec
if
ic
c
ase
of
urba
n
are
a
,
with
an
open
dat
a
pl
at
for
m
at
the
dispos
al
of
stockhol
de
rs,
aut
hor
i
t
y
and
consum
ers.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Bl
ock
c
hain
In
te
r
net
of thin
gs
Lo
gisti
c tracea
bili
ty
Op
e
n data
Supp
ly
c
hain
t
r
ackin
g
Urba
n
lo
gisti
c
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ma
rouan
e
E
l
M
idao
ui
Sign
al
s
, Dist
ribu
te
d
Syst
em
s an
d A
rtific
ia
l I
ntell
igence E
N
SET
M
oh
am
m
edia
Un
i
ver
sit
y Ha
s
san II
O
F
Casa
blanca
Moh
am
m
edia, Morocco
Em
a
il
:
m
aro
ua
ne.
el
m
idaou
i@
gm
ail.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ov
e
r
the
la
st
de
cades,
s
upply
chain
a
nd
lo
gis
ti
cs
hav
e
great
ly
gr
ow
n,
rati
onal
iz
ed
an
d
be
com
e
a
key
factor
of
c
om
petit
iveness
a
nd
eco
no
m
ic
su
c
cess
f
or
al
m
os
t
al
l
com
pan
ie
s
(in
du
st
ry,
c
omm
erce,
co
ns
tr
u
ct
ion,
agr
ic
ultur
e
,
serv
ic
es
).
S
uppl
y
chain
has
not
on
ly
bee
n
placed
at
the
center
of
eco
nom
ist
s’
attentio
n,
but
com
pag
nies
spe
nd
m
or
e
an
d
m
or
e
a
m
ou
nts
of
their
tur
nove
r
on
lo
gisti
cs
and
es
pecial
ly
trans
portat
ion.
A
s
t
he
ph
a
se
of
deli
ver
y
of
pro
duct
s
and
/o
r
ser
vices
to
final
costum
ers,
t
he
supp
ly
cha
in
is
ho
w
no
wad
ay
s
com
pan
ie
s
tur
n
raw
m
at
erials
into
finishe
d
goods
an
d
ser
vi
ces
fo
r
the
cl
ie
nts.
I
n
fact,
sta
rting
with
ext
racti
ng
ressou
rces,
t
hroug
h
re
fini
ng
or
m
anufacturi
ng
t
hem
into
basic
pa
rts,
as
sem
bling
tho
s
e
par
ts
i
nto
finis
he
d
pro
du
ct
s,
unti
l
sel
li
ng
an
d
di
str
ibu
ti
ng
fi
nish
e
d
pro
duct
s
to
consum
er
,
su
pply
chain
is
at
the
center
of
econom
ic
acti
viti
es.
As
al
l
com
pan
ie
s,
lo
gisti
cs
on
es,
ha
ve
adap
te
d
their
processes
to
t
he
dy
nam
ic
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
m
ent
in
ord
er
to
survi
ve
in
a
ver
y
c
om
petit
ive
m
ark
et
.
In
f
act
,
it
is
not
o
nly
a
qu
est
i
on
of
inte
gr
at
i
ng
new
te
chnolo
gies,
bu
t
al
s
o
great
opport
un
it
ie
s
harness
when
op
ti
ng
for
di
gital
iz
at
ion
as
a
par
t
of
the
vi
sion
of
industry
4.0
[1]
.
This
fiel
d
is
lucky
to
s
uppo
rt
a
set
of
te
ch
nical
so
luti
ons
su
c
h
as
wireles
s
netw
orks,
i
ntern
e
t
of
thi
ng
s
(IoT),
big
data, b
loc
kch
ai
n
.
T
he
tra
ns
it
ion
f
r
om
tradit
ion
al
sup
ply
chain
to
a
s
m
art
su
pply
chain
will
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
:
421
-
430
422
pro
vid
e
bette
r
visibil
it
y
of
the
transpo
rtat
ion
an
d
flexi
ble
m
anag
em
ent.
Wh
e
n
a
doptin
g
these
ne
w
te
chn
i
qu
e
s,
su
pply
chain
can
m
eet
m
ar
ket
ex
pe
ct
at
ion
s,
face
ne
w
com
petit
or
s,
intr
oduce
ne
w
li
nk
s
bet
wee
n
bot
h
com
pan
ie
s and
p
art
ner
s
and t
hu
s
g
et
m
or
e a
nd m
or
e b
e
nef
i
ts.
Alon
g wit
h
,
the
wild r
a
nge
o
f
av
ai
la
ble c
hoic
es,
custom
ers
are
m
uch
m
or
e
dem
and
in
g
an
d
their
sat
isfact
io
n
blen
de
d
with
cost
re
du
ct
i
on
is
hard
to
achieve
.
Othe
rw
ise
,
s
up
ply
chain
is
te
nd
i
ng
t
o
reac
h
urba
n
cust
om
e
rs
w
hose
num
ber
s
are
i
ncr
easi
ng
ly
sig
nifican
t
du
e
to
urba
n
m
igr
at
ion
.
Also
ca
ll
ed
“l
ast
-
m
il
e
log
ist
ic
s”,
t
his
ty
pe
ha
s
to
ta
ke
into
acco
un
t
t
he
c
onge
sti
on,
exter
nalit
ie
s,
em
iss
ion
s,
s
pac
e access
[2
]
.
This
resea
rch
is
con
side
re
d
with
the
pro
du
ct
sta
tus
durin
g
an
d
after
the
l
og
ist
ic
s
’
chain.
F
or
c
om
pa
nies’
pe
rfor
m
ance,
thi
s
sta
tus
is
ta
ke
n
as
qual
it
y
i
nd
ic
at
or
si
nce
sensiti
ve
or
vi
ta
l
pr
oducts
r
equ
i
re
sp
eci
al
treat
m
e
nt
an
d
detai
l
ed
m
on
it
or
in
g
(v
i
br
at
io
n,
te
m
per
a
ture,
lum
ino
sit
y,
locat
ion
).
O
n
the
one
ha
nd
,
the
visibil
it
y
of
pr
oduct
sta
tus
durin
g
tran
sporta
ti
on
hel
ps
in
ta
king
the
rig
ht
decisi
ons
in
ca
se
of
a
n
iss
ue.
On
t
he
oth
e
r,
tracea
bil
it
y
after
chain
is
ov
er
e
ns
uri
ng
com
plianc
e
with
sp
eci
fic
c
onditi
ons
nee
de
d
for
the
pro
duct
in
qu
e
sti
on.
Gi
ve
n
al
l
supp
ly
c
hain
le
vels,
th
e
inf
or
m
at
ion
about
pr
oduci
ng,
sto
rin
g,
tra
ns
po
rting,
an
d
sel
li
ng
goods
or
se
rv
i
ces
is
usual
ly
pro
vid
e
d
by
e
ach
sta
ge
orga
nizat
ion
.
He
nc
e,
the
reli
abili
ty
of
in
form
at
i
on
is
com
pr
om
ise
d.
In
order
t
o
increase
t
heir
prof
it
s,
m
anagers
of
tra
ns
po
rtat
ion
or
sto
r
age
ope
rati
on
s
m
ay
,
vo
l
un
ta
rily
or
involu
ntaril
y,
pro
vid
e
w
r
ong
or
falsi
fie
d
inf
or
m
at
ion
.
Du
e
to
con
s
um
er
beh
avi
our
an
d
su
pply
chain
dy
nam
ics,
log
ist
ic
s
net
work
is
faci
ng
sever
al
chall
e
ng
e
s.
K.
Wa
ng
[1
]
discusse
d
tho
se
c
halle
nges
and
opport
un
it
ie
s
r
el
at
ed
to
the
lo
gisti
cs
4.0
visi
on
s
an
d
the
s
upply
chai
n
di
gi
ta
li
zat
ion
.
H
oweve
r,
t
ho
se
dy
nam
ic
changes
a
nd
a
dap
ta
ti
ons
ca
n
expose
c
om
pan
ie
s
an
d
c
us
to
m
ers
to
the
ris
k
of
product
dam
aging
.
M
.
M.
A
ung
and
Y.
S.
Ch
a
ng
[3
]
ex
plain
ed
the
i
m
pact
of
th
os
e
ris
ks
on
the
c
us
tom
er
’s
c
onfide
nc
e
especial
ly
wh
en
i
t
com
es
to
food
industry
wh
ic
h
has
al
rea
dy
e
xperie
nced
pro
bl
e
m
s
in
the
pas
t
(food
sa
fety
scand
al
s
,
ge
neti
cal
l
y
m
od
ifie
d
fo
od
stuf
f
)
P
.
Olse
n
and
M.
B
or
it
[4
]
de
fine
d
tra
ceabil
it
y
in
the
food
sup
ply
chain
as
t
he
abi
li
ty
to
acce
ss
to
al
l
inf
or
m
at
ion
al
so
co
ns
i
der
e
d
a
s
a
recor
d
an
d
li
fe
cy
cl
e.
N.
Egels
-
Za
ndén
et
al
.
[
5]
show
ed
the
i
m
po
rtance
of
trans
par
e
ncy
and
t
he
dif
fere
nce
bet
ween
trans
par
e
ncy
and
tracea
bili
ty
in
the
supp
ly
chain
.
Accor
ding
to
them
,
there
are
sever
al
trac
king
so
l
utio
ns
su
ch
a
s
Ba
r
-
cod
i
ng
a
nd
R
FI
D
c
om
bin
ed
with
local
isa
ti
on
se
ns
ors
base
d
on
gl
ob
al
po
sit
ion
i
ng
syst
em
(G
P
S).
H.
K.
H.
Ch
ow
et
al
.
[6
]
prese
nted
th
e
integrate
d
lo
gisti
cs
inform
ati
on
m
anag
em
e
nt
syst
e
m
.
An
integrati
on
of
m
ulti
ple
tracking
te
ch
nolo
gies
in
a
com
m
on
log
ist
ic
s
platfo
rm
pr
esented
as
a
ge
ner
ic
web
-
ba
s
ed
m
od
el
with
a
process
visua
li
zi
ng
us
i
ng
RFI
D
.
Also
,
T
.
Kelep
ouris
et
al
.
[7
]
author
presen
te
d
a
syst
e
m
us
ing
RFI
D
to
identify
pac
ka
ge
with
GP
S
an
d
a
n
ov
e
rloa
ding
se
ns
or.
A
re
vie
w
m
ade
by
[
8]
di
scusse
d
se
veral
chall
en
ges
r
el
at
ed
to
tracki
ng
in
the
urba
n
fr
i
ght.
This
st
ud
y
re
ve
al
s
pos
sible
i
nterf
e
re
nces
t
ha
t
cou
l
d
c
om
pr
om
ise
the
qua
li
ty
of
the
GPS
sig
nal
es
peci
al
ly
in
urba
n
areas.
In
the
sa
m
e
con
te
xt,
a
de
ns
er
r
oad
netw
ork
due
to
traf
fic
m
anag
em
ent
can
al
so
m
ake
trackin
g
m
or
e
chall
eng
i
ng.
T
.
Yok
ota
and
D
.
Tam
agaw
a
[9
]
th
e
a
uth
or
fo
c
us
e
d
on
the
sam
e
issue
by
a
pp
ly
in
g
a
m
ap
-
m
at
ching
al
gorithm
us
in
g
dynam
ic
program
m
ing
to
reconstr
uct
the
r
ou
te
le
ngths
base
d
on
r
oute
identific
at
ion
and
GP
S
posit
ion
data
.
Re
centl
y,
the
rise
of
I
oT
te
ch
no
l
ogie
s
has
bro
ught
m
or
e
so
luti
on
s
t
o
t
hese
chall
en
ge
s.
M.
He
a
nd
J.
S
hi
[10]
a
nd
m
any
oth
e
r
relat
ed
pa
pe
r
s
discu
ssed
t
he
i
m
ple
m
entation
of
internet
-
of
-
t
hings
te
ch
nolo
gie
s
in
s
upply
c
ha
in,
with
se
nsor
s,
G
PS,
wirele
ss
co
nnect
ivit
y,
RFI
D
.
K.
Sa
r
i
[11]
dev
el
op
e
d
a
m
od
el
t
o
detect
the
co
ndit
ion
s
to
us
e
RFI
D
te
chnol
ogy
in
supp
ly
c
hain.
Th
e
m
od
el
sh
ow
ed
a
n
exam
ple
of
the
us
e
of
RF
ID
t
echnolo
gy
w
hich
has
c
om
es
with
a
lot
of
be
nef
it
s
to
the
fi
rm
especial
l
y
wh
e
n
it
is
accom
pan
ie
d
by
a
real
c
ol
la
borati
on
in
the
c
hain
.
Using
IoT
a
nd
RFI
D,
Z.
Pang
et
al
.
[12]
propos
ed
a
n
ap
pr
oach
f
or
f
ood
sup
ply
chain
base
d
on
a
va
lue
-
ce
ntric
fr
a
m
ewo
r
k,
A
.
Re
j
eb
et
al
.
[
13
]
d
isc
us
s
es
the
be
nef
it
of
IoT
inte
gr
at
ion
i
nto
the
lo
gisti
cs
netw
orks
a
nd
al
so
s
hows
exam
ples
that
this
integ
r
at
ion
is
sti
ll
suffe
r
ing
from
ineff
ic
ie
nc
y
du
e
to
im
m
at
ur
e i
n
syst
em
at
ic
, n
et
w
ork,
and colla
bo
rati
on p
e
rs
pecti
ve
s.
B
e
s
i
d
e
s
I
o
T
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
b
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
h
a
s
a
l
s
o
d
r
a
w
n
m
u
c
h
a
t
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
i
e
l
d
.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
w
e
l
l
-
k
n
o
w
n
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
b
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
i
s
i
n
d
e
e
d
b
i
t
c
o
i
n
.
S
i
n
c
e
i
t
s
i
n
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
,
b
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
i
n
m
a
n
y
d
o
m
a
i
n
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
a
i
n
.
S
.
A
b
e
y
r
a
t
n
e
a
n
d
R
.
M
o
n
f
a
r
e
d
[
1
4
]
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
d
t
h
e
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
o
f
b
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
i
n
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
a
i
n
.
T
h
e
y
p
o
i
n
t
e
d
o
u
t
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
b
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
h
a
s
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
r
e
s
o
l
v
e
d
t
h
e
l
a
c
k
o
f
t
r
u
s
t
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
s
t
a
k
e
h
o
l
d
e
r
s
b
u
t
a
l
s
o
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n
h
a
n
c
e
d
t
r
u
s
t
t
h
r
o
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g
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r
a
n
s
p
a
r
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n
c
y
a
n
d
t
r
a
c
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
i
n
d
a
t
a
s
h
a
r
i
n
g
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
,
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
/
s
h
a
r
e
d
d
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
t
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
i
n
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
a
i
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
A
l
s
o
,
N
.
H
a
c
k
i
u
s
a
n
d
M
.
P
e
t
e
r
s
e
n
[
1
5
]
p
o
i
n
t
e
d
o
n
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
b
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
i
n
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
a
i
n
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
r
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
p
a
p
e
r
-
w
o
r
k
,
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
i
n
g
c
o
u
n
t
e
r
f
e
i
t
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
,
a
n
d
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
r
i
g
i
n
o
f
e
a
c
h
g
o
o
d
.
M
.
K
h
a
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
6
]
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
s
t
h
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
I
o
T
b
a
s
e
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
b
e
s
i
d
e
s
b
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
t
o
e
a
r
n
p
e
o
p
l
e
’
s
t
r
u
s
t
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
i
n
h
u
m
a
n
i
t
a
r
i
a
n
l
o
g
i
s
t
i
c
s
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
M
.
B
a
l
a
j
i
a
n
d
K
.
A
r
s
h
i
n
d
e
r
[
1
7
]
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
a
n
o
p
e
n
d
a
t
a
b
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
b
a
s
e
d
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
c
a
p
a
b
l
e
o
f
l
o
n
g
-
t
i
m
e
o
p
e
n
d
a
t
a
(
B
a
L
O
D
)
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
b
e
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
e
d
b
y
a
n
y
o
n
e
.
T
o
d
e
a
l
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
a
b
o
v
e
i
s
s
u
e
s
,
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
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p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
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p
a
r
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t
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p
p
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a
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d
o
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n
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p
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r
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d
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t
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)
.
T
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r
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r
v
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c
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Logist
ic
s track
ing
syste
m b
ase
d on dece
ntr
al
ize
d
I
oT
and
bl
ockchain
pl
atform
(
Mar
ouan
e E
l
M
id
aoui
)
423
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2.1.
L
og
is
tics a
n
d t
r
ace
ab
il
ity
Since
the
ro
le
of
t
he
sup
ply
chain
beg
i
ns
with
the
pu
rch
as
e
of
raw
m
at
erial
s
un
ti
l
the
di
stribu
ti
on
of
finish
e
d
pro
du
ct
s,
the
fu
ll
product
tra
nsport
at
ion
li
fes
pan
diff
e
rs
de
pendi
ng
on
t
he
nu
m
ber
of
interm
ediaries
in
the
s
upply
c
hain.
The
m
ore
interm
ediaries
the
chai
n
has
,
the
gr
eat
er
t
he
risk
of
l
os
in
g
pro
du
ct
qu
al
it
y
wil
l
be,
al
ong
with
car
bon
em
issi
on
s
du
e
to
tra
ns
po
rtat
ion
[
2],
delay
of
paym
ents
an
d
high
tra
ns
act
io
n
wait
in
g
tim
e
[1
8
]
.
When
the
c
ontract
is
sign
e
d,
c
on
su
m
ers
ob
li
ge
com
pan
ie
s
to
justi
fy
tim
e,
pla
ce,
an
d
ca
us
es
of
a
ny
issues.
If
the
l
at
te
r
happe
ns
,
com
pan
ie
s
can
receive
sa
nctions,
bet
ray
the
trust
of
their
par
t
ner
s
,
lose
m
ark
et
sh
are
a
nd
e
ve
n
har
m
their
ow
n
dev
el
op
m
ent.
He
nce
the
necessit
y
to
ado
pt
tracea
bili
ty
syst
e
m
s
in
or
der
t
o
m
ini
m
iz
e risk
s
fo
r
cl
ie
nts
and
en
s
ur
e
at be
st,
at w
or
st
,
v
e
rifi
cat
ion
of
qual
it
y and safety
of goods
sup
plied
[3
]
.
Pr
od
uct
tracea
bili
ty
so
luti
ons
com
e
with
m
any
ben
e
fits
to
busine
sses
by
hel
ping
them
identify
crit
ic
al
po
ints
in
the
sup
ply
chain,
res
olv
e
incidents
without
d
el
ay
,
ga
in
pro
du
ct
i
vity
,
an
d
pro
vid
e
to
the
com
pan
y
a
so
luti
on
for
the
s
hortage
of
data
about
pro
du
ct
m
anu
factu
re
a
nd
raw
m
at
eria
ls
us
ed
[
14
]
.
Indeed,
com
pan
ie
s
can
handle
the
qu
al
it
y
red
uction
of
the
c
on
ta
m
inati
on
of
goods
an
d
inc
reas
e
the
qu
al
it
y
of
the
serv
ic
e
they
offer
to
t
heir
co
nsum
ers.
On
t
he
oth
er
ha
nd,
th
e
so
luti
ons
al
low
c
onsu
m
ers
to
i
m
pr
ove
the
le
vel
of
their
c
onfiden
ce
wh
e
n
purc
hasin
g
a
product
or
se
rv
i
ce.
An
ap
pro
pri
at
e
so
luti
on
m
us
t
enco
m
pass
al
l
featur
e
s
of
a
su
pply
chain
,
tr
ansits
m
ade
in
d
iffe
ren
t
c
ount
ries
is
al
so
include
d
.
T
his
is
the
reason
why
the
act
or
s
i
n
the
s
upply
chai
n
a
r
e
obli
ged
to
sha
re
the
sam
e
data
structu
re
a
nd
that
the
pr
oducts
are
ref
e
r
enced
us
in
g
i
den
ti
fic
at
ion
for
e
xter
nal use.
O
n
e
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
g
o
e
s
a
l
o
n
g
w
i
t
h
t
r
a
c
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
s
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
.
U
n
l
i
k
e
t
r
a
c
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
h
a
t
c
o
n
v
e
y
s
g
r
a
n
u
l
a
r
a
n
d
b
a
t
c
h
-
l
o
t
d
a
t
a
a
n
d
e
v
e
n
u
n
v
e
r
i
f
i
e
d
a
n
d
f
a
l
s
i
f
i
e
d
c
l
a
i
m
s
,
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
r
e
f
e
r
s
t
o
r
e
c
e
i
v
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
-
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
a
n
d
t
o
s
t
a
k
e
h
o
l
d
e
r
s
[
5
]
(
c
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
e
x
p
i
r
a
t
i
o
n
d
a
t
e
,
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
,
)
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
a
r
i
s
k
o
f
l
o
s
s
o
r
d
i
s
t
o
r
t
i
o
n
[
1
9
]
.
S
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
a
i
n
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
l
l
o
w
t
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
t
r
a
i
n
t
s
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
t
h
e
r
i
g
h
t
p
a
t
h
t
o
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
.
Ther
e
a
re
se
ve
ral
ty
pes
of
pro
du
ct
tracea
bili
ty
su
ch
as
trackin
g,
w
hich
m
eans
the
possibil
it
y
of
ho
l
ding
the
da
ta
of
routes
travell
ed
by
a
load
un
it
or
a
batch
of
good
s
us
in
g
uniqu
e
I
Ds
or
re
cord
e
d
identific
at
ions
su
c
h
as
RF
I
D
[
20
]
.
It
hel
ps
to
know
the
ro
utin
g
path
of
a
pro
du
ct
a
nd
to
bette
r
cal
culat
e
delivery
ti
m
es.
Trac
king
is
th
e
m
os
t
us
ed
ty
pe
of
tracea
bili
ty
fo
r
on
-
li
ne
sh
op
ping.
It
al
lows
us
to
kn
ow
al
l
the
sta
ges
done
by
a
product
unti
l
it
s
final
de
sti
nation.
To
m
ake
s
ur
e
al
l
sta
ges
of
sup
ply
chain
a
re
ca
rr
ie
d
ou
t
unde
r
the
best
po
s
sible
c
onditi
on
s
,
ge
ogra
ph
ic
coord
i
nates
pro
vid
e
d
by
a
GP
S
a
re
no
t
th
e
on
ly
in
form
a
ti
on
need
e
d.
Tracea
bili
ty
can
be
e
xten
ded
to
c
over
ot
her
par
am
et
ers
as
well
.
Fo
r
exam
ple,
s
pecial
pro
du
ct
s
su
c
h
as
dru
gs,
bloo
d
un
it
s,
chem
i
cal
pro
du
ct
s,
a
nd
al
so
f
ood,
ne
ed
to
be
protect
ed
f
ro
m
de
gradati
on
in
eac
h
sta
ge
of the s
upply c
hain, es
pecial
ly
f
r
om
te
m
per
at
ur
e,
li
gh
t a
nd
hum
idity [21
]
.
In
recent
ye
ar
s
,
the
am
ou
nt
of
urba
n
popula
ti
on
ha
s
inc
rea
sed
al
on
g
with
the
dem
and
for
go
od
s
a
nd
p
r
oducts.
T
hu
s
,
the
hom
e
delivery
se
rv
ic
es
return
goods
a
nd
s
upplied
pr
oducts
has
co
nsi
der
a
bly
ex
pa
nd
e
d
and
c
reated
te
ns
e
fl
ow
m
anag
em
ent
and
co
ntribute
d
t
o
th
e
increase
of
num
ber
of
t
ru
c
k
traff
ic
in
ci
ti
es.
Thi
s
ty
pe
of
tr
ans
portat
io
n
de
pe
nds
on
se
ve
ral
as
pects
an
d
ha
s
require
d
m
uch
at
te
ntio
n.
I
n
fact,
urba
n
fr
ei
gh
t
is
m
or
e
qu
est
iona
ble
in
te
r
m
s
of
tracea
bili
ty
and
tran
sp
a
re
ncy
du
e
to
s
hort
trips,
c
omplex
r
oads,
stop
s
a
nd
congesti
ons
that
e
nh
a
nce
fu
el
c
ons
um
ption
up
to
140%
[
2
2
]
,
delay
tran
spo
rtat
ion
a
nd
i
n
crease
trans
portat
ion’
s
budg
et
.
Also
,
the
weakness
of
G
PS
sig
nal
s
du
e
to
ta
ll
bu
il
dings
an
d
na
rrow
e
r
street
s
in
urba
n
env
i
ronm
ents
[8
]
.
I
n
this
case
and
t
o
m
on
it
or
those
aspects
,
the
G
PS
data
,
tem
per
at
ur
e
a
nd
vibrat
io
n
ca
n
be
consi
der
e
d
as
an
expos
ur
e
du
e
to
se
ver
al
natur
es
of
supp
li
ed
pro
du
ct
s.
For
exam
ple
,
the
la
st
tw
o
are
i
m
po
rtant
pa
ra
m
et
ers
for
trac
king
pro
du
ct
s l
ike froze
n f
ood, dr
ug
s
, blo
od, a
nd v
acci
nes [
2
3
].
2.2
.
Tr
aceabi
li
ty
via
blockc
ha
in
and I
oT
In
te
r
net
of
t
hi
ng
s
t
he
pro
pos
ed
trac
king
sy
stem
reli
es
on
the
c
om
bin
at
ion
of
se
ve
ral
instr
um
ents.
The
m
ai
n
te
c
hnolog
y
to
c
onside
r
is
I
nter
net
of
Thi
ng
s
.
Theses
dev
ic
es,
m
ass
-
pr
od
uced
a
nd
util
ise
d
in
industry
since
2012,
pro
vid
e
new
ways
to
a
ppr
oach
well
-
known
c
halle
nges
of
t
he
s
upply
chain
,
the
m
os
t
i
m
po
rtant
of
w
hich
is
c
ollec
tin
g
real
-
tim
e
da
ta
.
Like
in
m
any
oth
er
syst
e
m
s
[2
4
]
,
IoT
is
he
re
i
ntegr
at
e
d
as
a
connecte
d
m
ea
n of t
rack
i
ng prod
ucts w
it
h t
he
purp
os
e
of r
e
new
i
ng cust
ome
rs’ co
nf
i
den
ce
in pr
oducts
[
2
5
].
Also
,
this
syst
e
m
is
equ
i
pp
e
d
with
r
adi
o
f
reque
ncy
ide
ntific
at
ion
(RFID).
Along
wit
h
Io
T
,
RF
I
D
helps
to
i
den
ti
fy
pac
ka
ges
by
us
in
g
el
ect
r
om
agn
et
ic
fiel
ds
to
ide
ntify
ta
gs
at
ta
che
d
t
o
a
ny
pac
ka
ge
w
hich
con
ta
in
s
store
d
data.
This
ty
pe
of
ide
ntific
at
ion
is
m
or
e
effe
ct
ive
for
pa
rts
that
us
e
pall
et
s,
truc
ks
,
fork
li
fts
or
boxes
le
vel
st
or
a
ge
a
nd
delivery.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
it
will
be
le
s
s
us
e
fu
l
f
or
t
he
final
c
onsum
er,
especial
l
y
if
the
pack
a
ges
c
onta
in
seve
ral
pro
du
ct
s
t
o
be
dis
patche
d
to
othe
r
final
c
onsum
ers
it
e
m
by
i
tem
.
In
this
ca
se,
a
n
add
it
io
nal li
nk
ed
ide
ntifie
r
is
need
e
d
i
n
e
very
p
r
oduct a
nd
no
t t
he whole
pack
a
ge.
Re
searche
rs,
i
ndus
tria
ls
a
nd
m
anag
ers
ha
ve
ta
ke
n
a
ve
ry
strong
i
nterest
in
the
us
e
of
I
oT
te
chnolo
gies
to
gethe
r
with
RF
ID
for
pac
ka
ge
identific
at
ion
and
QRco
de
for
pro
duct
ident
ific
at
ion
.
Du
e
t
o
it
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
:
421
-
430
424
faster
rea
da
bili
ty
us
ing
a
cam
era
or
perso
nal
dig
it
al
assist
ant
(
P
DA
)
,
la
r
ge
r
stora
ge
capa
ci
ty
as
identifie
rs
an
d
reasona
ble exp
enses, QRc
ode
b
ec
om
es
m
or
e an
d
m
or
e a
ppr
ov
e
d
a
nd
popu
la
r
with
the s
upply c
hain [
2
6
].
Tech
nical
ly
,
by
read
in
g
ta
g/
cod
e
,
the
RFI
D
an
d
QRC
ode
identify
the
pack
a
ge
a
nd
t
he
pro
duct
.
RFID
a
nd
QR
Cod
e
ca
n
be
s
epar
at
e
d
f
ro
m
the
I
oT
arc
hitec
ture.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
the
c
urre
nt
arch
it
ect
ure
m
erg
e
s
tho
se
i
den
ti
fie
rs
with
I
oT
se
ns
in
g
dev
ic
es
to
m
ake
data
m
or
e
centrali
zed.
Ba
se
d
on
urba
n
f
reig
ht
sp
eci
fic
needs
as
disc
usse
d
i
n
the
pr
evio
us
sect
io
n,
tem
per
at
ure
s
ens
or
s,
vi
br
at
i
on
detect
or,
a
nd
G
PS
c
hip
can
be
add
e
d
t
o
the
I
oT
dev
ic
es
to
colle
ct
env
i
ron
m
ent
data
an
d
sen
d
it
to
a
thi
rd
pa
rt
ser
vice
via
a
gateway
.
The
syst
e
m
r
equ
ire
m
ent n
eed
s to
al
l
ow
the
fu
nctionalit
y t
o
m
ee
t t
he
cu
stom
er n
eed
s a
nd m
ain
te
na
nce
c
os
ts
.
Qu
al
it
y
evalua
ti
on
&
en
vir
onm
ent
chan
ge
con
tr
ol.
T
he
syst
e
m
colle
cts
env
ir
onm
ent
changes
f
ro
m
a
gro
up
of
se
nso
rs
li
nked
to
t
he
I
oT
dev
ic
e
that
can
ev
en
m
on
it
or
te
m
pe
ratur
e
an
d
vibr
at
ion
,
a
nd
GPS
to
evaluate t
he qua
li
ty
an
d
saf
et
y o
f
the
prod
ucts.
W
i
reless c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
. T
he
d
e
vice e
xch
a
ng
e
s
data with
a g
at
eway
via
wireless c
omm
un
ic
at
io
n
The de
vice se
nds ti
m
e/
senso
r i
nfor
m
at
ion
(
in
cl
ud
in
g u
nusu
a
l even
ts
) for a
gateway.
Inform
at
ion
serv
ic
e
s.
T
he
dat
a
need
s
to
be
presente
d
to
any
play
er
in
the
chain
via
ser
vic
es
to
be
us
e
d
f
or
strat
egic pu
rpo
ses or t
o
trac
k dow
n
the
s
ourc
es an
d
t
he
sto
r
age a
nd d
el
i
very
co
ndit
ions.
As
propose
d
i
n
Fig
ure
1
the
arch
it
ect
ure
is
base
d
on
te
m
per
at
ur
e
,
hu
m
idit
y,
l
igh
t,
an
d
vibrat
ion
sens
or
s
a
nd
GP
S
. T
his
dev
i
ce rec
ords para
m
et
ers
and d
et
ai
ls about the
tran
s
porte
d pac
kag
e
s at real
-
ti
m
e.
Figure
1. I
o
T
di
agr
am
o
f pr
i
nted
ci
rc
uit wit
h
al
l
m
od
ules
of
trackin
g
syst
e
m
The
dev
ic
e
is
plan
ned
to
be
in
a
bo
x
insi
de
the
tra
ns
po
rt
com
par
tm
ent
as
cl
os
e
as
po
ssible
to
th
e
trans
ported
p
ac
kag
e
, th
e
d
e
vic
e w
il
l ha
ve
t
he follo
wing c
ompone
n
ts:
Ra
sp
be
rr
y
Pi
4
Mo
del
B:
a
s
m
al
l
sing
le
-
bo
ard
com
pu
te
r
,
us
es
a
1.5
G
H
z
64
-
bit
qua
d
-
cor
e
ARM
C
ort
ex
-
A72 proces
sor
and en
ough c
onnecti
on
ports
to s
upport se
nsors
.
Tem
per
at
ur
e
S
ens
or
:
rec
ords
tem
per
at
ur
e
i
n
the
f
or
m
of
res
ist
ance
value
usi
ng
a
t
her
m
isto
r
.
The
Ard
uino
Uno
c
onve
rts
the
m
easur
e
d
volt
age
by
t
he
in
put
pin
t
o
the
real
val
ue
of
te
m
per
at
ur
e
i
n
°C
.
T
he
m
easur
em
ent is ex
pected
to v
ary
bet
ween
-
40 to
12
5
°C
w
it
h
a
n
a
ppr
ox
im
at
ed
er
ror of
1.
5
°C
.
Ligh
t
Se
nsor:
This
sen
sor
use
s
a
li
gh
t
-
de
pe
nd
e
nt
ph
oto
-
re
sist
or
that
dete
ct
s
li
gh
t
and
wh
ic
h
resist
an
ce
decr
ease
s
wh
e
n
li
ght i
nte
ns
it
y i
ncr
eases
.
Hu
m
idit
y
Sensor:
T
he
hum
idi
ty
sensor
us
es
capaci
ti
es
m
ea
su
rem
ent
to
de
te
rm
ine
the
am
ount
of
m
oistur
e
in the ai
r.
Vibrat
ion
Sens
or
:
T
o
detect
vibrat
ion,
the
dev
ic
e
us
es
a
n
Accele
r
om
et
e
r.
Also
,
a
piez
oelect
ric
sens
or
cou
l
d be a
dopt
ed fo
r
m
or
e ac
cur
acy
.
3G m
od
em
: E
nsure
con
necti
vi
ty
to
the se
rver
to
get th
e
co
nfi
gurati
on and s
end the
data.
RFID
: R
F
I
D
R
C522 ta
g wr
it
er a
nd
RFI
D
T
A
G.
In
the
pro
pose
d
a
rch
it
ect
ure,
each
t
ran
s
por
t
veh
ic
le
or
pa
ckag
e
will
ha
ve
a
pre
-
i
ns
ta
ll
ed
box
to
m
on
it
or
var
i
ou
s
m
et
rics
h
ig
hlig
hted
b
y
the logist
ic
s se
rv
ic
e a
gr
e
em
ent b
et
wee
n va
ri
ou
s
p
la
ye
r
s.
The
crit
ic
al
values
for
these
m
et
rics
chan
ge
dep
e
nd
i
ng
on
the
transpor
te
d
goods.
F
or
e
xam
ple,
for
trackin
g
fis
h
tr
ans
portat
ion
,
t
he
te
m
per
at
ur
e
is
cru
ci
al
,
bu
t
no
t
vi
br
at
io
n.
Also
,
f
or
dru
g
trans
portat
io
n,
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Logist
ic
s track
ing
syste
m b
ase
d on dece
ntr
al
ize
d
I
oT
and
bl
ockchain
pl
atform
(
Mar
ouan
e E
l
M
id
aoui
)
425
vibrat
ion
a
nd
the
te
m
per
at
ure
b
ot
h
ar
e
cr
uc
ia
l.
Those
co
nf
i
gurati
ons
ar
e
sel
ect
ed
an
d
highli
ghte
d
by
the
log
ist
ic
s
ser
vic
e
agr
eem
ent.
F
or
u
r
ba
n
are
as and
rur
al
a
reas
,
this
co
nfi
gura
ti
on
ca
n
ha
ve
a
tim
e
interval.
It
can
hav
e
ad
diti
ona
l
cases
s
uch
a
s
tim
e
interval
s
f
or
ocea
n
fr
e
igh
t
or
ai
r
fr
ei
gh
t.
O
nce
a
ve
hicle
is
assig
ned
to
carry
a
pac
ka
ge
,
the
Ra
spbe
rry
Pi
sh
ould
be
config
ur
e
d
a
ppropr
ia
te
ly
.Th
e
config
ur
at
io
n
s
et
s
the
identifi
er
in
the RFI
D
ta
g
a
nd ru
ns
the
se
nsor
. T
he
Ra
s
pb
err
y Pi
is
the
n pro
gr
am
m
ed
to p
e
rfor
m
the F
i
gure
2
al
gorith
m
.
The
de
vice
is
pro
gr
am
m
ed
t
o
get
the
c
urr
ent
th
reshold
s
for
warnin
gs
and
al
erts
f
r
om
the
ser
ver
wh
il
e
m
on
it
or
i
ng
al
l
sens
ors
and
se
nd
s
thei
r
data
to
t
he
s
erv
e
r
base
d
on
a
tim
e
interva
l
(
urba
n
a
nd/o
r
r
ur
al
areas
)
.
Wh
en
a
sensor’
s
value
exceeds
the
c
onfig
ur
e
d
th
re
sh
ol
d,
a
m
essa
ge
(w
it
h
al
l
se
ns
in
g
data)
is
sent
to
the
ser
ver
with
the
co
rresp
on
ding
gr
a
vity
(info,
wa
rn
i
ng,
or
al
e
rt).
I
n
ca
se
of
wea
k/m
i
ssed
m
ob
il
e
ne
twork
connecti
vity
, IoT data
c
ol
le
ct
ed
a
re s
to
re
d
lo
cal
ly
to
be
se
nt
once the
d
e
vic
e co
nn
ect
e
d.
Bl
ock
c
hain
s
er
vice
is a transparent and sec
ure inform
at
ion
stor
a
ge
an
d
tran
sm
issi
on
technolo
gy. The
first
blo
c
kc
hain
ap
pear
e
d
in
2008
with
the
adv
e
nt
of
digi
ta
l
cur
ren
cy
“
bitcoin”,
de
velop
e
d
b
y
a
na
m
el
ess
pro
gr
am
m
er
kn
ow
n
as
Satos
hi
Nak
am
oto
.
Bl
ock
c
hain
op
erates
without
a
central
con
tr
ol
un
it
,
al
lowi
ng
eac
h
of
it
s
us
e
rs
to
check
the
valid
it
y
of
al
l
inf
orm
at
ion
inclu
di
ng
ne
w
ones.
Exc
hanges
a
re
recorde
d
a
nd
gro
uped
at
reg
ula
r
inter
vals
in
transa
ct
ion
bl
oc
ks
w
hich
are
li
nk
e
d
t
og
et
her
a
nd
form
un
iqu
e
an
d
tam
per
-
pro
of
chain
s
of
in
form
at
ion
.
It
consi
sts
of
a
database
sha
red
by
it
s
diff
ere
nt
us
e
rs,
w
hich
c
on
ta
ins
t
he
histo
ry
of
a
ll
the
exch
a
nges
m
a
de
be
twee
n
th
ese
us
e
rs
sinc
e
it
s
creati
on
.
The
data
in
each
blo
c
k
is
protect
ed
a
nd
cannot
,
therefo
re,
be
m
od
i
fied
or
al
te
r
ed
after
eac
h
f
act
,
un
le
ss
the
whole
net
work
agr
ees
.
The
le
dg
e
r
is
m
ade
up
of
a
set
of
bl
ock
s
.
Each
bl
ock
c
onta
ins
tw
o
pa
rts.
The
fir
st
part
rep
rese
nts
th
e
body
of
the
blo
c
k
an
d
co
nt
ai
ns
t
he
transacti
ons
t
ha
t
the
data
base
m
us
t
reco
r
d.
The
natu
re
of
the
tra
ns
act
ions
can
be
a
ny
use
fu
l
data,
it
c
an
be
m
on
et
ary
tran
sact
ion
s,
m
edical
data,
i
ndust
ri
al
inf
or
m
ation
,
syst
em
log
s,
.
T
he
sec
ond
pa
rt
is
t
he
blo
c
k
head
e
r.
It
c
onta
ins
in
f
or
m
at
io
n
c
oncer
ni
ng
t
he
blo
c
k
su
c
h
as
the
ti
m
e
stam
p,
the
tra
ns
a
ct
ion
has
h,
.
As
well
a
s
the
has
h
of
the
pr
e
vious
blo
c
k.
As
a
res
ult,
al
l
the
existi
ng
blo
c
ks
f
or
m
a
chain
of
li
nke
d
and
orde
red
bl
ocks.
The
lo
nger
t
he
chain
is,
t
he
m
or
e
dif
ficult
th
e
falsi
ficat
ion
can
ha
ppe
n.
I
f
a
m
al
ic
iou
s
use
r
wa
nts
to
m
od
ify
or
exch
a
nge
a
t
ra
ns
act
io
n
on
a
blo
c
k,
he
m
us
t
m
od
ify
al
l
the
fo
ll
ow
i
ng
bl
ocks,
si
nce
the
y
are
li
nked
by
their
has
hes.
B
ut
al
s
o,
it
m
us
t
cha
nge
t
he
ver
si
on
of
the
bl
ock
c
ha
in
that
eac
h
pa
rtic
ipati
ng
ob
je
ct
stores
.
Fig
ur
e
3
il
lustrate
s a si
m
pl
ifie
d
exam
ple of a
b
l
ock
c
hain.
Figure
2. Dia
gra
m
o
f
t
he
al
go
r
it
h
m
u
sed
in
t
he
IoT
dev
ic
es
Figure
3. Mo
de
li
zat
ion
of
data stru
ct
ur
e
in
t
he bloc
kch
ai
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
:
421
-
430
426
To
pro
ve
t
he
hone
st
validat
io
n
of
a
blo
c
k,
th
ere
ar
e
m
any
va
li
dation
m
echan
ism
s.
The
m
os
t
us
ed
ar
e
the
pro
of
of
w
ork
(
PoW
)
m
e
chan
ism
and
t
he
pr
oof
of
sta
ke
(
PoS)
m
echan
ism
.
Also
,
w
hen
t
he
validat
or
of
a
new
blo
c
k
nee
ds
to
be
a
real
entit
y
in
the
syst
e
m
.
pr
oo
f
of
auth
or
it
y
(PoA
).
proof
of
el
a
pse
d
ti
m
e
(P
oET)
ca
n
be use
d
f
or r
e
duci
ng ti
m
e and r
es
ource c
ons
um
ption
[2
7
].
R
e
c
e
n
t
l
y
,
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
,
f
r
e
s
h
f
o
o
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
s
,
u
s
e
B
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
d
a
t
a
t
r
u
s
t
a
n
d
d
a
t
a
i
m
m
u
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
I
n
e
v
e
r
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
h
a
t
c
a
r
r
i
e
s
B
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
,
i
t
g
u
a
r
a
n
t
e
e
s
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
a
l
l
p
l
a
y
e
r
s
(
b
y
r
o
l
e
)
a
n
d
a
u
t
h
o
r
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
c
e
s
c
o
s
t
s
o
f
c
r
e
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
s
p
e
c
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
c
c
i
d
e
n
t
s
l
i
k
e
f
o
o
d
c
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
[
2
8
]
.
W
h
e
n
B
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
i
s
u
s
e
d
i
n
l
o
g
i
s
t
i
c
s
,
i
t
h
e
l
p
s
t
o
t
r
a
c
k
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
o
r
i
g
i
n
,
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
w
h
o
m
a
y
b
e
c
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
a
t
e
d
,
a
n
d
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
t
h
e
p
a
p
e
r
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
[
1
5
]
.
B
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
c
a
n
a
l
s
o
b
e
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
t
r
a
c
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
h
i
s
t
o
r
y
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
r
s
a
n
d
r
e
t
a
i
l
e
r
s
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
w
a
y
,
t
h
e
o
r
i
g
i
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
c
a
n
b
e
v
e
r
i
f
i
e
d
[
2
9
]
.
A
s
m
e
n
t
i
o
n
e
d
b
e
f
o
r
e
,
u
n
v
e
r
i
f
i
e
d
c
l
a
i
m
s
,
d
e
l
i
b
e
r
a
t
e
f
r
a
u
d
,
o
r
f
a
l
s
e
d
a
t
a
a
r
e
,
a
m
o
n
g
o
t
h
e
r
s
,
i
s
s
u
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
l
o
g
i
s
t
i
c
s
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
w
h
e
n
i
t
c
o
m
e
s
t
o
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
f
e
t
y
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
o
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
a
n
y
k
i
n
d
o
f
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
d
a
t
a
,
a
b
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
c
a
n
a
s
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
i
n
t
e
g
r
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
o
d
u
l
e
i
s
a
m
u
l
t
i
-
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
t
r
a
c
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
b
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
a
n
d
I
O
T
.
I
t
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
5
l
a
y
e
r
s
.
Config
ur
at
io
n
la
ye
r:
It
ref
e
rs
to
c
orrespo
nding
IoT
dev
ic
e
s.
W
it
h
the
IoT
Gateway
se
nd
i
ng
data
.
This
la
ye
r
pro
vid
es
in
f
or
m
at
i
on
a
bout
w
hic
h
sens
ors
to
be
enab
le
d
an
d
a
lso
to
set
RFI
D
data
f
or
the
dev
ic
e.
The
IoT
Gateway
on
the
ot
her
ha
nd
ca
n
keep
a
hear
t
be
at
tok
e
n
relat
ed
to
the
de
vic
e
(
with
a
kee
p
-
al
ive
interval
an
d
di
ff
e
ren
t
tim
e
in
te
rv
al
betwee
n
the
ur
ba
n
are
a
and
r
ur
al
ar
ea
to
detect
if
there
is
any
so
rt
of
connecti
on l
oss, s
pecifica
ll
y ou
t
of c
ov
e
rage area.
Ta
ble 1
resu
m
e a sam
ple o
f
d
at
a se
nt t
o
the
I
o
T
sens
or.
Table
1.
C
onfi
gurati
on to
d
es
cribe t
he
se
nso
rs
a
nd inter
vals
to
set
for
t
he d
evice
Co
n
f
i
g
u
ration
data
exa
m
p
le
{
t
a
g
:
"
M
A
0
0
0
0
3
1
"
,
t
i
m
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
:
1
0
,
/
/
m
i
n
u
t
e
s
u
r
b
a
n
_
t
i
m
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
:
2
,
/
/
m
i
n
u
t
e
s
d
a
t
a
:
{
v
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n
:
t
r
u
e
,
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
:
t
r
u
e
,
h
u
m
i
d
i
t
y
:
t
r
u
e
,
l
i
g
h
t
:
f
a
l
s
e
,
g
e
o
d
a
t
a
:
t
r
u
e
}
}}
Data
la
ye
r:
This
par
t
prov
i
de
s
the
data
to
sh
are
with
oth
e
r
par
ti
es.
T
he
RFID
a
nd
the
QR
cod
e
a
re
us
e
d
f
or
physi
cal
exam
inati
on
.
T
hey
giv
e
a
ta
g
that
i
den
ti
fies
the
pac
kage.
H
oweve
r,
t
he
data
prov
i
de
d
with
Io
T
de
vices
a
r
e
m
or
e
com
plex.
It
c
on
sist
s
of
m
easu
rem
ents
a
nd
unit
s
f
or
eac
h
sen
s
or.
Ta
ble
2
present
a
sam
ple o
f
the
json da
ta
r
ecei
ve
f
r
om
the Iot to th
e
g
at
e
way
with the
d
et
ai
ls
capture
d by th
e senso
rs.
Table
2.
Data t
o be se
nt
by th
e I
oT
to
g
at
e
w
ay
Data prov
id
ed
by
t
h
e dev
ice
{ d
ev
ice: 13
2
,
ti
m
e
sta
m
p
: 15
8
8
2
6
5
1
4
6
,
tag
: "
M
A0
0
0
0
3
1
",
d
ata: {
v
ib
ration
: "
1
2
4
Hz",
te
m
p
er
atu
re:
"33
C",
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
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esi
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Co
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p
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IS
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N:
25
02
-
4752
Logist
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ase
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4. Syst
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
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23
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con
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[
24]
.
This
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AIoT
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r QRC
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Is
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ent
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ta
4.
CONCL
US
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O
N
Re
al
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tim
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m
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rack
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g
are im
po
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to
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ake su
pply
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eff
ect
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t
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so
to
ens
ure
pack
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sa
fety
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qual
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y.
This
paper
has
propo
sed
a
dece
ntr
al
iz
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IO
T/
blo
c
kch
ai
n
-
base
d
platf
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RFID
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plif
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pac
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hile
in
transit.
Data
rela
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per
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e,
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ght,
hu
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idit
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vibrat
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geo
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sit
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ai
n
data
to
be
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xch
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ng
ed
in
the
platf
or
m
.
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ver,
the
pla
tfo
rm
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an
be
exten
ded
to
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arr
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oth
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r
data
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ddin
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se
nsors
to
I
oT
de
vices
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c
h
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gile
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ges
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A
n
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data
API
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op
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as
well
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giv
e
to
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d
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stom
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to
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of
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e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Logist
ic
s track
ing
syste
m b
ase
d on dece
ntr
al
ize
d
I
oT
and
bl
ockchain
pl
atform
(
Mar
ouan
e E
l
M
id
aoui
)
429
pro
du
ct
us
i
ng
the
QRc
ode.
T
his
platfo
r
m
can
be
us
e
d
by
any
ty
pe
of
l
og
ist
ic
s
s
uc
h
a
s
hos
pital
s
an
d
c
old
log
ist
ic
s
to
pre
ven
t
falsi
fied
a
nd
w
ron
g
data.
It
can
hel
p
im
pro
ve
the
qual
it
y
of
ser
vice
a
nd
detect
dam
aged
pro
du
ct
s.
T
he
current
m
od
el
can
be
im
pr
oved
by
ens
ur
i
ng
a
bette
r
identific
at
ion
b
et
wee
n
the
IoT
de
vices
an
d
the
Io
T
-
g
at
ew
ay
.
The
valida
ti
on
in
the
bloc
kch
ai
n
la
ye
r
can
be
cha
nge
d
base
d
on
the
need
or
the
pro
duct
ty
pe.
Also,
sec
ur
i
ng
the
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
between
th
e
IoT
and
c
hangi
ng
th
e
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
protoc
ol
ca
n
be
a
su
bject
to
im
pr
ove,
b
esi
de
s
m
erg
in
g
the
node
t
o
a
cl
oud
so
luti
on.
Howev
e
r,
t
he
sa
m
e
arch
it
ect
ure
can
be
rem
ai
nin
g.
Som
e
l
i
m
it
at
ion
s
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
tracea
bili
ty
m
od
el
sh
ou
l
d
be
ke
pt
in
m
ind
su
c
h
as
the
po
s
sible
la
ck
of
netw
or
k
co
ver
a
ge
part
ic
ularly
with
long
s
upply
ch
ai
ns
(in
ai
r
pla
nes
an
d
s
hip
s
)
This
lim
it
a
ti
on
m
us
t
delay
the
data
transf
e
r
unti
l
the
network
i
s
restor
e
d.
Also
,
bl
ock
c
hain
is
no
t
su
it
able
fo
r
sto
ra
ge
of
vast
a
m
ou
nt
of
dat
a
and
m
os
t
Bl
ock
c
hain
bas
ed
m
od
el
s
suf
fer
from
la
ck
of
scal
a
bili
ty.
I
n
ad
diti
on,
each
com
po
n
e
nts in
her
e
nt
s
om
e lim
it
a
ti
on
s,
s
uc
h as I
oT
r
el
ia
bili
ty
o
n batt
ery
or o
the
r p
ow
e
r
s
ource.
REFERE
NCE
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K.
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"
Log
i
stic
s
4.
0
Solu
ti
o
n
-
N
ew
Chal
l
eng
es
and
Opportun
it
ie
s
,
"
in
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th
Int
ernati
onal
Work
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ced
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a
n
g
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"
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
b
a
s
e
d
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
r
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
a
i
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
"
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
c
l
e
a
n
e
r
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
7
,
n
o
.
C
,
p
p
.
2
9
-
3
9
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
c
l
e
p
r
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2
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T
rac
e
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Safe
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T
rad
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anspa
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:
Th
e
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ase
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te
gra
ti
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w
eb
-
base
d
and
RF
I
D
te
chnol
og
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in
visual
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logi
s
ti
cs
oper
a
ti
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A
ca
se
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Suppl
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n
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R
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d
Tr
ac
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abi
l
ity
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e
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v
i
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e
r
o
u
g
e
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a
n
d
M
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G
a
r
d
r
a
t
,
"
GPS
-
b
a
s
e
d
d
a
t
a
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
u
r
b
a
n
f
r
e
i
g
h
t
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
,"
G
l
o
b
a
l
P
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
i
n
g
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
:
S
i
g
n
a
l
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
,
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
S
o
u
r
c
e
s
o
f
E
r
r
o
r
a
n
d
B
i
a
s
e
s
,
p
p
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1
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2
0
,
2
0
1
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T.
Yokota
and
D.
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m
aga
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"
Route
Ide
nti
f
icati
on
of
Freight
Vehic
le
’s
Tour
Us
ing
GP
S
Pr
obe
Data
and
its
Applic
a
ti
on
to
E
val
ua
ti
on
of
on
and
off
R
amp
Us
age
of
Expre
ss
wa
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s,
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Cir
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bi
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y
st
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Chine
se
her
bal
m
edi
ci
n
e
suppl
y
chain
b
ase
d
on
in
te
rn
et
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agr
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io
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id
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if
icati
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RF
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te
chnol
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y
on
suppl
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ain
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ric
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-
of
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thi
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soluti
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for
food
supp
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y
cha
in
:
Valu
e
cr
ea
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sensor
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i
e
r
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n
d
S
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Z
a
i
l
a
n
i
,
"
I
n
t
e
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n
e
t
o
f
T
h
i
n
g
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
a
i
n
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
l
o
g
i
s
t
i
c
s
:
A
b
i
b
l
i
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
,
"
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
o
f
T
h
i
n
g
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
p
.
1
0
0
3
1
8
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
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.
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0
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0
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S.
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y
Manu
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Suppl
y
Chai
n
Us
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Distribut
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L
edge
r
,
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Inte
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n
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B
l
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k
c
h
a
i
n
i
n
L
o
g
i
s
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
S
u
p
p
l
y
C
h
a
i
n
:
T
r
i
c
k
o
r
T
r
e
a
t
?
,
"
i
n
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
S
u
p
p
l
y
C
h
a
i
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
L
o
g
i
s
t
i
c
s
:
S
m
a
r
t
a
n
d
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
a
n
I
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
4
.
0
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
H
a
m
b
u
r
g
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
f
L
o
g
i
s
t
i
c
s
(
H
I
C
L
)
,
2
0
1
7
,
v
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.
2
3
,
p
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.
3
-
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
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e
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of
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Th
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W
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Bloc
kch
ain
Te
chno
log
y
to
Enha
nc
e
Hum
ani
ta
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an
Logi
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ain
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D
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renc
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ks
,
"
Env
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l
Af
fai
rs
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BESTU
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o
n
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
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I
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v
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ai
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Tr
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ce
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i
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wit
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chi
t
ec
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ase
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on
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t
e
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t
o
f
t
h
i
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g
s
:
g
l
o
b
a
l
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
s
o
c
i
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t
a
l
t
r
e
n
d
s
,
D
e
n
m
a
r
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C
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a
r
p
e
n
t
i
e
r
,
a
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d
D
.
-
S
.
K
i
m
,
"
T
h
e
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
o
f
T
h
i
n
g
s
f
o
r
L
o
g
i
s
t
i
c
s
:
P
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
,
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
v
i
e
w
,
a
n
d
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
,
"
I
E
T
E
T
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
R
e
v
i
e
w
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
9
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
2
5
6
4
6
0
2
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
8
2
7
3
0
8
.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Mar
ouan
e
E
l
M
idaou
i
is
from
Casabl
an
ca,
Morocc
o,
and
h
e
att
ende
d
Hass
an
II
Univer
sit
y
of
Casabl
an
ca
wh
er
e
he
gra
dua
te
d
i
n
2017
with a
m
aste
r
d
egr
e
e
in
d
istri
bute
d
inform
at
ion
s
y
stem
at
ENSET
Moha
m
m
edi
a.
He
is
al
so
conc
ern
ed
ab
out
computer
sci
enc
e
,
IA,
progra
m
m
ing
and
software
design.
For
his
Ph.D
the
sis,
he
is
wor
king
on
Intelli
g
ent
Tr
ansport
Sy
stems
and
Logi
stic
s
at
SS
DIA
la
bora
tor
y
i
n
the
sam
e
univ
ersity
,
His
r
ese
a
rch
es
ar
e
foc
use
d
on
art
if
ic
i
al
int
ellige
n
ce, logi
stic
s,
Io
T and
b
l
ockc
ha
in.
El
Me
hd
i
B
en
L
aoula
was
born
in
1988
in
Méknè
s,
Morocc
o
.
PhD
student
at
t
he
unive
rs
i
t
y
Hass
an
II
Casab
la
nc
a,
SS
DIA
la
bora
tor
y
.
His
re
sea
rch
es
are
foc
used
on
ar
ti
fi
cia
l
intel
li
gen
c
e
and
sm
art
roa
d
s
ec
uri
t
y
.
M
aste
r’
s
degr
ee
a
t
ENS
ET
Moham
m
edia
on
Distr
ibut
ed
Inform
at
ion
S
y
stem
in
2017
and
PhD
c
andi
d
at
e
since 2019
at SS
DIA
La
bora
t
or
y
.
Mohame
d
Q
bad
ou
was
born
in
1970
in
Kala
aSra
ghna,
Moroc
c
o.
Since
1997,
h
e
has
bee
n
a
te
a
che
r
of
comp
ute
r
sci
enc
e
and
rese
arc
h
er
a
t
th
e
Univer
sit
y
Ha
ss
an
II
Casabl
an
ca
,
ENSET
Instit
ute.
His
r
e
sea
rch
es
ar
e
f
ocuse
d
on
sem
ant
i
c
W
eb,
Dis
tri
bute
d
comput
ing
s
y
st
em,
Know
le
dge
da
t
aba
se
s
y
s
te
m
,
educ
a
ti
ona
l
inf
orm
at
ion
s
y
st
e
m
and
e
-
l
ea
rni
ng,
As
sistive
roboti
cs
and
Nat
ura
l
La
ngu
age
p
roc
essing.
He
was
gra
duat
ed
fro
m
ENSET
Moh
amm
edi
a
in
1992,
CEA
in
19
93
an
d
Ph
.
D. in
1998
at t
h
e
Moh
amm
ed
V Univers
ity
of
R
abat,
Morocc
o.
Khali
fa
M
ans
ouri
was
born
in
1968
in
AZIL
A
L,
Moroc
co.
He
is
now
a
teac
h
er
of
computer
scie
nc
e
and
res
ea
rch
er
at
Hass
an
II
Univer
sit
y
of
Casablanc
a
and
ENSET
Instit
ute.
His
rese
arc
h
es
are
foc
used
on
Real
-
ti
m
e
m
odel
l
in
g
s
y
stems
,
the
gover
nance
of
informati
on
s
y
stems
,
e
-
Lear
ning
s
y
stems
and
the
ca
l
culation
and
opti
m
izati
on
of
struct
u
res.
He
was
gra
duated
from
ENSET
Mohammedia
in
1991,
had
CEA
in
1992
and
first
Ph.D
.
in
1994
to
Moham
m
ed
V
Uni
ver
sit
y
of
Ra
bat
,
HD
R
in
201
1
and
se
cond
Ph
.
D
from
Hass
an
II
Univer
sit
y
of
Casablanc
a,
Morocc
o.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.