Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
9
, p
p.
1
294
~
1
3
0
2
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
3
.pp
1294
-
1
3
0
2
1294
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
M7 sub
type
l
eukemic
cell
edge d
etection t
echn
iqu
es
with
threshol
d valu
e c
ompa
rison and n
oise filt
ers
A.
S
.A.S
ala
m
1
,
M
.
N.M.
Isa
2
,
M.
I
.A
h
ma
d
3
1,2
School
of
Mi
c
roe
lectr
oni
c Eng
ine
er
ing,
Univer
siti
Mal
a
y
sia
Per
li
s,
Pauh
Putra
C
ampus
,
Malay
si
a
3
School
of
Com
pute
r and
Com
m
unic
a
ti
on
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Univer
si
ti
Malay
s
ia Perl
is
,
Malay
s
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
10
, 201
8
Re
vised Dec
7
,
2018
Accepte
d Dec
18
, 201
8
The
ai
m
of
thi
s
pape
r
is
to
stu
d
y
and
ide
n
ti
f
y
var
ious
thr
eshol
d
val
u
es
for
two
pre
valently
used
edge
de
tect
ion
technique
s,
which
are
Sobe
l
and
Can
n
y
.
The
purpose
is
to
det
ermine
which
val
ue
gi
ves
an
ac
cur
ate
result
for
ide
nti
f
y
i
ng
a
l
euke
m
ic
c
el
l
.
Moreove
r,
ev
aluati
ng
suit
abi
l
ity
of
edg
e
det
e
ct
ors
is
a
lso
essenti
a
l
as
f
eature
ex
tracti
on
of
ce
l
l
dep
ends
gre
atl
y
on
image
segm
ent
a
ti
on
(ed
ge
detec
ti
on).
Firstl
y
,
a
n
image
of
M7
subt
y
pe
of
Acute
M
y
e
locy
t
ic
Le
ukemia
(A
ML)
is
sel
ec
t
ed
due
to
it
s
d
ia
gn
osing
which
w
ere
found
la
ck
ing.
Nex
t,
apply
noise
fi
lt
ers
for
the
b
est
of
image
qua
l
i
t
y
.
Thus
b
y
compar
ing
image
with
no
fil
t
er,
m
edia
n
and
av
era
ge
fi
lt
ers,
use
ful
informati
on
ca
n
be
ac
quire
d
.
E
ac
h
edge
de
tect
ors
is
fixe
d
with
thre
shold
val
ue
of
0
-
0
.
5
but
for
Cann
edg
e
detec
t
ion
the
val
ue
ca
n
in
cre
a
se
unti
l
0.
9
.
From
the
rese
arc
h,
it
is
found
tha
t
Cann
y
edge
with
no
fil
te
r
an
d
a
thre
shold
val
ue
of
0
.
7
g
ives
a
c
leare
r
image
with le
ss
noise
r
educ
t
ion.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
AML
Ed
ge dete
ct
ion
Leu
kem
ia
cel
l
M7
No
ise
f
il
te
rs
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Mohd
Nazr
i
n b
in Md
I
sa
,
School
of Mi
cr
oelect
ronic E
nginee
rin
g,
Un
i
ver
sit
i M
al
ay
sia
Per
li
s,
Pauh P
utra
Cam
pu
s,
02
600,
Ar
a
u, Perlis,
Ma
la
ysi
a.
Em
a
il
:
nazr
in
@unim
ap.
edu.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Leu
kem
ia
cel
l
s
in
hu
m
ans
are
gro
wing
ra
pid
ly
each
ye
ar.
I
n
20
16,
sta
ti
sti
cs
sh
ow
s
that
24
,
40
0
people
ar
e
ex
pe
ct
ed
to
die
f
rom
this
disease
[1
]
Le
uk
em
ia
i
s
one
of
t
he
de
at
hly
diseases
a
m
on
gst
hum
a
ns
a
nd
it
is
al
so
known
a
s
a
bo
ne
m
arr
ow
disor
der.
This
dise
a
se
involve
s
a
bnorm
aliti
es
of
w
hite
bloo
d
cel
l
s
proliferati
on
th
at
disables
the cel
ls
to
fu
ncti
on
norm
al
ly
[2
]
.Th
e
disease
is gro
up
e
d
by h
ow
quic
kly
the
il
lness
dev
el
ops.
It
can
ei
ther
be
ac
ute
or
ch
r
on
ic
[3
]
.
Also,
Le
uk
em
ia
s
are
gr
ou
ped
by
af
fe
ct
ed
blood
c
el
l
ty
pe
(lym
ph
ocyt
es
or
m
yelocyt
es).
This
diseas
e
is
cat
ego
rized
into
f
our
m
ai
n
ty
pes
wh
ic
h
inclu
des
acute
lym
ph
ocyt
ic
le
uk
em
ia
(A
LL
),
ch
ronic
ly
m
ph
ocyt
ic
le
uke
m
ia
(CLL),
ac
ute
m
ye
locy
t
ic
le
ukem
ia
(A
ML)
a
nd
chro
nic
m
yelocyt
ic
le
uk
em
ia
(CML)
[4
]
.
Each
le
uk
em
i
a
ty
pe
has
it
s
par
ti
c
ular
prop
e
rtie
s
or
s
ha
pe
to
diff
e
re
ntiat
e
on
e
an
oth
e
r.
Ac
ute
Leu
kem
ia
grows
bri
sk
ly
wh
ic
h
can
in
va
de
the
bo
dy
within
a
fe
w
weeks
or
m
on
ths.
Ch
r
onic
Leukem
ia
o
n
the
o
t
her ha
nd, ta
kes
ti
m
e g
rowin
g b
ut progr
essi
vely
worse
ns
over
the y
e
ars
.
Acu
te
My
el
ogenous
Le
uk
em
ia
is
a
heterogeno
us
gro
up
of
cl
on
al
dis
orders,
w
hich
us
ually
no
t
detect
ed
unti
l
it
has
sp
rea
d
into
oth
er
orga
ns
.
AML
is
cl
assifi
ed
by
a
s
yst
e
m
kn
own
as
Fr
e
nch
-
Am
erican
Brit
ish
(FAB)
cl
assifi
cat
ion
w
hich
cat
e
gorized
i
nto
ei
ght
subty
pes
M0
un
ti
l
M7
[5
]
.
Table
1
s
ho
ws
th
e
su
bty
pes
of
AML
cl
assifi
cat
ion.
Each s
ub
ty
pes
va
ries in p
r
op
e
rtie
s li
ke
the size
an
d
num
ber
of
leu
kem
i
a cel
ls.
The
us
a
ge
of
e
dg
e
de
te
ct
ion
bec
om
es
a
m
ajo
r
par
t
i
n
detect
ing
these
c
hang
es
of
cel
l
s
ha
pe
.
M7
s
ub
ty
pe
s
ha
ve
been
disti
nguis
hed
over
t
he
ye
ars
by
th
e
us
e
s
of
cy
toc
hem
i
cal
and
m
or
ph
ologica
l
crit
eria
wh
ic
h
we
re
f
ou
nd
la
cking
[6
]
.
M
or
e
over
it
has
been
fou
nd
tha
t
3
-
10%
of
pri
m
ary
childhood
AML
a
nd
c
hildr
e
n
m
a
y
con
sist
s
of
var
ie
ti
es
of
sy
m
pto
m
s
su
ch
as
low
-
grad
e
f
ever,
diar
rh
ea
and
easy
bruis
ing[7].
Stu
dies
hav
e
bee
n
co
nducte
d
that t
his ty
pe o
f
le
ukem
ia
is u
su
al
ly
abnorm
a
ll
y abu
nda
nt in
ch
il
dren
w
it
h
Dow
n
Sy
ndrom
e cases.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
M7
s
ubty
pe
le
uk
emic
cel
l ed
ge
d
et
ect
io
n
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s wi
th th
resh
old
v
a
lue
c
omp
ar
iso
n a
nd…
(
A.S
.A
.Sala
m
)
1295
Table
1.
F
renc
h
-
Am
erican
-
Br
it
ish Cla
ssific
at
ion
[6
]
FAB Su
b
ty
p
es
Na
m
e
M0
Un
d
iff
erentiated
a
cu
te
m
y
elo
b
lastic l
eu
k
e
m
i
a
M1
Acu
te
m
y
elo
b
lasti
c leuk
e
m
ia
with
m
in
i
m
al
m
atu
ration
M2
Acu
te
m
y
elo
b
lasti
c leuk
e
m
ia
with
m
atu
ration
M3
Acu
te pro
m
y
elo
c
y
tic leuk
e
m
ia
(
AP
L
)
M4
Acu
te
m
y
elo
m
o
n
o
cy
tic l
eu
k
e
m
ia
M4 eo
s
Acu
te
m
y
elo
m
o
n
o
cy
tic
l
eu
k
e
m
ia
wit
h
eos
in
o
p
h
ilia
M5
Acu
te
m
o
n
o
cy
tic
l
eu
k
e
m
i
a
M6
Acu
te eryth
roid
le
u
k
e
m
ia
M7
Acu
te
m
eg
ak
a
ry
o
b
lastic leu
k
e
m
ia
Im
age
segm
en
ta
ti
on
is
on
e
of
the
cr
ucial
ste
ps
in
an
a
uto
m
atic
le
uk
oc
yt
e
reco
gnit
ion
syst
e
m
[8
]
.
This
is
because
the
la
st
two
ste
ps
after
segm
entat
ion
dep
e
nds
great
ly
on
the
resul
t
of
segm
ent
at
ion
.
Ed
ge
detect
ion
is
pa
rt
of
im
a
ge
se
gm
entat
ion
.
E
dge
detect
ion
co
ntains
sig
nificant
i
nfor
m
at
ion
.
It
re
duce
s
the
i
m
age
siz
e
and
filt
ers
out
inform
ation
that
are
le
ss
conv
enient
[
9].
Ed
ges
ty
pical
ly
occu
r
on
the
bounda
ry
betwee
n
tw
o
diff
e
re
nt
re
gion
in
a
n
im
age
[10].F
reque
ntly
,
this
detect
ion
is
the
first
ste
p
in
recov
erin
g
inf
or
m
at
ion
f
r
om
i
m
ages.
D
et
ect
ing
e
dg
e
s
great
ly
rely
on
t
he
no
ise
,
in
te
ns
it
y,
bri
ghtness
an
d
blur.
Th
us,
by
w
orkin
g
with
dif
fer
e
nt
ed
ges
of
the
sa
m
e
i
m
age,
diff
ere
nces
ca
n
be
obser
ve
a
nd
the
sel
ect
ed
s
uitabl
e
al
go
rithm
will
b
e
ch
os
e
n
to
furthe
r
the
ne
xt
sta
ge
of
im
a
ge
proc
essin
g
(f
eat
ure
e
xtrac
ti
on
)
.
Ed
ge
detect
ion
can
c
om
e
with
a
thr
esh
old
va
lue
w
hich
f
unct
ions
to
dete
ct
edg
e
s.
Ty
pical
ly
the
lowe
r
the
thre
shold
valu
e
,
m
or
e
edg
es
ca
n
be
detect
ed
[
11
]
.
Howe
ver
,
it
is
no
t
necess
aril
y
the
m
any
edg
es
f
ound
can
m
ake
an
im
age
looks
gr
eat
.
Du
e to it’s a
dva
ntages, ed
ge dete
ct
ion
c
on
ti
nu
es
to be a
n
act
ive
r
esea
rch area
.
Au
t
hor
[10]
ha
d
c
onduct
ed
a
researc
h
st
udy
in
ide
ntify
ing
pr
a
w
n
s
pe
ci
es
us
in
g
va
rio
us
e
dg
e
detect
ion
w
hic
h
a
re
S
obel
,
C
ann
y,
P
rew
it
t
and
Ro
be
rt.
It
had
been
s
how
n
t
hat
Ca
nny
y
ie
lded
t
he
best
res
ult
as
it
is
able
to
detect
m
axi
m
um
nu
m
ber
of
e
dg
e
s
an
d
ed
ges
at
the
cor
ne
r.
Au
t
hor
al
so
s
ugge
ste
d
that
by
us
in
g
Ca
nn
y,
the
al
gorithm
s
can
be
m
od
ifie
d
by
adjustin
g
the
par
am
et
ers
w
hi
ch
are
able
to
adap
t
in
num
erou
s
env
i
ronm
ent.
Kh
ai
rudin
an
d
Ir
m
awati
[12]
perform
ed
anal
ysi
s
in
e
dg
e
de
te
ct
ion
c
om
par
ison
f
or
U
SG
i
m
ages
f
or
fetal
dev
el
opm
ent
in
the
w
om
b.
The
te
ch
ni
qu
es
i
nvolv
e
d
Sobel,
Ca
nny
and
Pr
e
witt
.
These
3
detect
or
s
a
re
analy
sed
w
it
h
m
ean
Sq
ua
re
Error
(M
SE)
a
nd
Pea
k
Sig
na
l
to
No
ise
Ra
tio
(P
S
NR)
.
Re
su
lt
sh
ows
that
Sobel
giv
es
perfect
ou
tc
om
e
co
m
par
ed
t
o
ot
her
s
du
e
t
o
it
s
sm
oo
t
h
m
or
phol
ogy
an
d
al
l
the
li
nes
are
c
onnected
in d
et
ai
ls.
Othe
r
than
tha
t
[1
3]
stud
ie
d
autom
at
ed
screening
s
yst
e
m
f
or
Ac
ute
My
el
og
e
nous
Leu
kem
ia
us
ing
Sobel
ope
rator
as
it
s
ed
ge
e
nhancem
ent.
S
obel
ables
to
e
nhance
the
bor
de
rs
of
the
m
em
br
anes
an
d
t
he
cel
ls
wh
ic
h
helps
t
o
segm
ent
gro
uped
cel
ls
an
d
su
bse
que
nt
ed
ge
detect
ion
.
Othe
r
tha
n
tha
t
auth
or
al
s
o
pe
rfor
m
s
Ca
nn
y e
dge
de
te
ct
ion
that
fun
ct
ion
s t
o ob
ta
i
n ou
t
pu
ts
w
it
h
con
ti
nu
ous e
dges. T
his is als
o agree
d wit
h [14].
A
rev
ie
w
of
A
ML
co
nducte
d
by
[15]
us
es
Ca
nn
y
e
dge
de
te
ct
or
for
e
xtra
ct
ion
of
nu
cl
e
us.
T
his
e
dge
detect
or
f
ollo
ws
by
[
16]
wh
ic
h
us
es
C
ann
y
f
or
sear
chin
g
nu
cl
e
us
boun
dar
y
a
nd
al
s
o
cy
to
plasm
fo
r
segm
entat
ion
in
ce
rv
ic
al
ca
nc
er
detect
ion
.
T
he
a
uthor
u
se
s
sensiti
vity
o
f
0.634.
Thr
e
shold
bas
ed
ed
ge
detect
ion
stu
died
by
[17]
cond
ucts
var
ie
ty
of
ed
ge
detect
or
s
whic
h
inclu
des
Sobel,
P
rew
it
t,
Ro
ber
t,
Ca
nny,
L
oG,
E
xpect
at
ion
-
Ma
xi
m
iz
at
ion
(EM
)
al
gorithm
,
OS
T
U
a
nd
G
eneti
c
Algorithm
.
Th
e
stud
y
al
s
o
c
om
par
es
dif
fere
nt
noise
filt
e
rs
a
nd
ha
rm
on
ic
filt
er
giv
es
ou
t
t
he
be
st
im
age
ou
t
pu
t.
A th
res
ho
l
d ran
ge of
0.62
-
0.8 is als
o com
par
ed
a
nd
a thr
es
hold
val
ue of
0.68 yi
el
ds
t
h
e
best r
es
ul
t.
Hen
ce
,
this
pa
per
will
be
a
bout
t
he
stu
dy
of
di
ff
e
ren
t
e
dg
e
detect
ion
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
(
Sobel
an
d
Ca
nny)
wh
ic
h
the
n
wi
ll
be
com
par
e
d
with
on
e
an
oth
e
r
to
sel
ect
w
hich
is
the
best
te
c
hn
i
ques
to
be
a
ppli
ed
on
detect
ing
ed
ge
s
on
a
n
M
7
s
ubty
pe
le
ukem
i
c
cel
l.
The
sys
tem
sh
ould
a
bl
e
to
recog
nize
the
cel
l
patte
r
n
a
nd
sh
a
pe.
A
th
res
ho
l
d
val
ue
of
0
unti
l
0.8
is
c
ho
s
en
.
The
thr
esh
old
value
will
determ
ine
how
m
any
ed
ges
ar
e
avail
able
to
be
detect
ed
in
an
i
m
age.
Fil
te
rs
(m
edian
and
a
ver
a
ging)
wh
ic
h
is
for
noise
r
e
m
ov
al
will
also
be
stud
ie
d
to
f
in
d wh
ic
h
is t
he
m
os
t s
uitable
f
il
te
r
to
m
ini
m
ise
/
rem
ov
e noise
f
il
te
rs.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
Figure
1
sho
w
s
a
flo
wch
a
rt
of
the
overall
pro
po
se
d
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
for
t
hi
s
stud
y.
T
his
sect
ion
will
exp
la
in
briefly
the pr
ocedur
e
fro
m
i
m
age acquisi
ti
on
t
o
the
new
ly
im
age obtai
ned.
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l.
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3
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
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:
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2
9
4
–
1
3
0
2
1296
Figure
1. Pro
pose
d
m
et
ho
dolog
y
flo
wc
har
t.
The
im
age
on
Figu
re
2
is
on
e
of
the
ty
pe
s
of
M7
im
ag
e
that
was
acqu
i
red
f
ro
m
clinical
flow.
The
m
ic
ro
sco
pi
c i
m
age co
ns
i
sts of
6
blast c
el
ls (p
ur
ple r
eg
ion) tha
t are m
egak
a
ryocyt
e.
It is b
la
st an
d M
7
due
to
the
dis
per
se
d
an
d
ecce
ntric
nu
cl
e
us
[
18]
.
I
n
ad
diti
on,
the
cy
top
la
sm
app
ears
to
be
non
-
gr
a
nula
r,
bas
ophili
c
and sim
i
la
r
ap
pear
a
nce t
o plat
el
et
s.
More
over, fr
a
gm
ents of m
egak
ario
bla
sts seen
in peri
ph
e
ral
blood.
.
Figure
2. M7
s
ub
ty
pe
of
A
ML
cel
l
The
RGB
i
m
a
ge
obta
ined
f
r
om
Figu
re
2
is
conve
rted
into
gray
scal
e
(F
igure
3)
to
re
duce
di
m
ension
of
im
age
[19].
Mo
re
ov
e
r,
proces
sin
g
bec
om
es
flexible
w
he
n
a
sin
gle
intensit
y
va
lue
of
each
pi
xel
is
sp
eci
fied
[2
0].
Figure
3.
G
ray
scal
e
i
m
age
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M7
s
ubty
pe
le
uk
emic
cel
l ed
ge
d
et
ect
io
n
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s wi
th th
resh
old
v
a
lue
c
omp
ar
iso
n a
nd…
(
A.S
.A
.Sala
m
)
1297
Fil
te
ring
is
re
m
ov
ing
so
m
e
fr
eq
ue
ncies
in
orde
r
to
su
pp
ress
inter
f
erin
g
sign
al
s
and
r
ed
uce
backg
rou
nd
no
ise
[
18]
.
I
n
oth
er
w
ords,
Fil
te
ring
is
a
de
vi
ce
or
process
that
rem
ov
es
sign
al
of
unw
anted
com
po
ne
nt
or
featur
e
.
Fil
te
rs
can
c
om
e
in
H
igh
Pass
or
L
ow
pass
de
pend
ing
on
t
he
am
ou
nt
of
no
ise
ne
eds
t
o
be fil
te
r.
T
his
pap
e
r
is a
bout
rem
ov
ing n
ois
e u
si
ng Low
pa
ss f
il
te
r of ave
r
agin
g fil
te
r
an
d m
edian
filt
er.
Av
e
ra
ge
filt
er
or
m
ean
fil
te
r
functi
ons
to
s
m
oo
th
the
i
m
age
into
non
-
noise
im
age
[21].
The
sm
oo
thi
ng f
il
te
rs
are
used
for
im
age b
l
urrin
g
a
nd noise
reducti
on in
spat
ia
l do
m
ai
n.
Me
dian
filt
er
is
a
no
nlinear
im
age
proces
sing
ope
rati
on
use
d
t
o
rem
ov
e
the
im
pu
lsi
ve
noise
f
ro
m
i
m
ages [
22]
. T
hey are
m
os
t pr
efe
rr
e
d
a
gains
t im
pu
lsi
ve no
i
se due t
o
thei
r rob
us
tness
and
d
e
no
isi
ng po
w
er.
Fo
r
m
or
e
accu
rate
analy
sis,
t
he
gr
ay
scal
e
i
m
age
is
co
nv
e
rted
to
blac
k
a
nd
w
hite
(Bina
r
y)
[
20]
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 4
.
T
he
m
at
lab
functi
on
us
e
d
is t
he
im
b2
w
fun
ct
io
n.
Figure
4. Bi
nary
conve
rsion
The
Functi
on
of
S
ob
el
e
dge
detect
or
is
f
or
detect
ing
ve
r
ti
cal
and
H
or
i
zon
ta
l
e
dges
i
n
a
n
im
age
known
as
G
x
and
Gy[23].
It
al
so
com
bin
es
inform
at
ion
into
a
sing
le
m
at
rix.
The
op
e
r
at
or
co
ns
ist
s
of
3x3
conv
olu
ti
on
ke
rn
el
s
by
wh
ic
h on
e
k
e
r
nel is si
m
pl
y ro
ta
te
d b
y 90
°
by t
he other
as s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
5 [10]
.
Figure
5. S
ob
el
m
asks
The
ke
rn
el
s
ca
n
be
joine
d
to
ge
ther
to
fin
d
th
e
abso
l
ute
m
agn
it
ud
e
a
nd
th
e
or
ie
ntati
o
n
of
the
gradie
nt
as sho
wn in
(
1).
y
x
G
G
2
2
G
|
(1)
wh
e
re :
|
G
| = Gr
a
die
nt
m
agn
it
ud
e
Gx
=
H
or
iz
on
t
al
co
nv
olu
ti
on
m
ask
Gy
=
Ve
rtic
al
co
nv
olu
ti
on m
ask
Ca
nn
y
ed
ge
de
te
ct
ion
is
al
s
o
know
n
as
the
op
ti
m
a
l
edg
e
detect
or
[
24]
wh
ic
h
sat
isfie
s
al
l
of
the
perform
ance cri
te
ria. Can
ny c
om
es in sev
e
ra
l st
eps
as
foll
ow [1
0
-
11]
[23
-
25
]
:
1)
Gau
s
sia
n fil
te
ring for
noise
re
m
ov
al
e
n
m
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
G
(2)
Wh
e
re :
Gσ
=
Gau
s
sia
n fil
te
ring
2)
Find
i
ng
t
he
in
te
ns
it
y
and
gr
adient
of
im
a
ge
w
her
e
by
it
us
es
f
our
filt
ers
to
fin
d
out
the
ver
ti
cal
,
horizo
ntal an
d diag
on
al
e
dges
to fin
d
the
b
l
urre
d
im
age.
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l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
9
:
1
2
9
4
–
1
3
0
2
1298
)
,
(
)
,
(
)
,
(
2
2
n
m
n
g
n
m
m
g
n
m
M
(3)
and,
)
,
(
)
,
(
t
a
n
1
n
m
gm
n
m
gn
(4)
3)
Non
m
axi
m
u
m
suppressi
on fo
r
thi
nn
i
ng of th
e ed
ge
4)
Dou
ble
thre
shold
t
o
get
rid
of
spuri
ous
r
esp
on
ses
f
ro
m
bo
t
her
i
ng
fac
tors
s
uc
h
as
noise
an
d
c
olour
var
ia
ti
on.
5)
Track
ed
ge
by
hyste
resis
to
ac
hieve
acc
ur
at
e
resu
lt
by
getti
ng
rid
of
wea
k
ed
ge
s
cause
d
by
la
tt
er
reasons
.
The
ai
m
of
thr
esh
old
is
to
de
te
rm
ine
wh
ic
h
pix
el
s
fall
int
o
each
cat
e
gor
y
[26].
A
strai
gh
t
forw
a
r
d
thres
ho
l
ding
m
et
hod
us
es
a
sing
le
val
ue
of
i
ntensity
and
re
ly
ing
on
it
,
ev
ery
pix
el
can
be
long
to
one
of
two
cat
egories:
a.
Lo
w
inte
ns
it
y of pi
xel =
pix
e
l set
to blac
k
b.
High inte
ns
it
y of pi
xel =
pix
e
l set
to white
In
Ma
tl
ab
,
B
W
=
e
dg
e
(I,’e
dg
e
’,
t
hr
es
h)
is
one
of
the
e
asi
est
m
et
ho
d
to
detect
e
dge
by
us
i
ng
thres
ho
l
d.
The
thres
h
s
pecifie
s
the
se
ns
it
ivit
y
thres
ho
l
d
f
or
the
par
ti
cular
edg
e
m
et
ho
d[1
8].If
the
t
hr
es
h
is
not
sp
eci
fy
or
em
pty,
edg
e
c
hoos
es
the
val
ue
autom
atical
ly
.
In
this
pa
per
a
thresho
ld
va
lue
of
0
-
1
is
us
ed
to
com
par
e whic
h value
g
i
ves o
ut
the b
e
st ef
fect o
f
M7
subty
pe
s of
AM
L.
New
ly
e
dg
e d
e
te
ct
ion
im
age
are
s
how
n
in
t
he
ne
xt
sect
ion wh
e
re
by
Sobel
an
d
Ca
nny
c
om
par
ed
with
the
tw
o
m
edian
filt
ers,
m
ea
n
a
nd
ave
ra
ge
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
,
the
tw
o
detect
or
s
al
so
com
par
ed
w
he
n
the
re
is
no f
il
te
r.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
In
this
sect
io
n,
The
res
ults
from
bo
th
edg
e
detect
ion,
noise
filt
ers
and
th
reshold
value
a
re
com
par
ed
with
one
a
no
t
her
a
nd
f
ur
t
he
r
analy
sis
ar
e
done
in
sel
ect
ing
w
hic
h
thres
ho
l
d
val
ue
s
are
apt
for
M7
su
bty
pes
AM
L
.
3.1.
S
ob
el
Fo
r
m
or
e accu
r
at
e analy
sis
sobel
as s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
6
,
7
a
nd
8
.
Figure
6
.
(
a)
W
it
hout
filt
er
0
(
b)
W
it
hout
f
il
te
r
0.1
(
c)
W
it
hout
f
il
te
r
0.2
(
d)
W
it
hout
filt
er
0.3
(
e
)
W
it
hout
filt
er
0.4
(
f)
W
it
hout
filt
er 0.
5
Figure
7
.
(
a)
Me
dian fil
te
r
0
(
b)
Me
dian
filt
er
0.1
(
c
)
Me
dian
filt
er
0.2
(
d)
Me
dian 0.
3
(
e
)
Me
dian
filt
er
0.4
(
f)
Me
di
an fil
te
r
0.5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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02
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4752
M7
s
ubty
pe
le
uk
emic
cel
l ed
ge
d
et
ect
io
n
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s wi
th th
resh
old
v
a
lue
c
omp
ar
iso
n a
nd…
(
A.S
.A
.Sala
m
)
1299
Figure
8
.
(
a)
Av
era
ging
filt
er
0
(
b)
Av
e
ra
ging
filt
er 0
.
1
(
c)
Av
e
ra
ging f
il
te
r 0.
2
,
(
d)
A
veragin
g 0.3
(
e
)
Av
era
ging
filt
er 0
.
4
(
f)
Averag
i
ng f
il
te
r 0
.5
3.2.
C
anny
A
naly
sis
c
a
nn
y
as s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
9
,
1
0
a
nd
1
1
.
Figure
9
.
(
a)
W
it
hout
filt
er
0
(
b)
W
it
hout
f
il
te
r
0.1
(
c
)
W
it
hout
filt
er
0.2
(
d)
W
it
hout
filt
er 0.
3
(
e
)
W
it
hout
filt
er
0.4
(
f)
W
it
hout
filt
er 0.
5
(
g)
W
it
hout
filt
er
0.6
(
h)
W
it
hout
filt
er 0.
7
(
i
)
W
it
hout
filt
er
0.8
Figure
10.
(
a)
Me
dian fil
te
r
0
(
b)
Me
dian
filt
er
0.1
(
c
)
Me
dian
filt
er
0.2
(
d)
Me
dian fil
te
r
0.3
(
e
)
Me
dian
filt
er
0.4
(
f)
Me
di
an fil
te
r
0.5
(
g)
Me
dian
filt
er
0.6
(
h)
Me
dian fil
te
r
0.7
(
i
)
Me
dian
filt
er
0.8
Figure
11.
(
a)
Av
e
ra
ging f
il
te
r 0
(
b)
Av
e
rag
i
ng f
il
te
r 0.
1
(
c)
A
ver
a
ging
filt
er
0.2
(
d)
Av
e
r
agin
g 0.3
(
e)
Av
e
ra
ging f
il
te
r 0.
4
(
f)
Av
era
ging
filt
er 0.5
(
g)
Av
era
ging
f
il
te
r
0.6
(
h)
Averag
i
ng f
il
te
r 0
.7
(
i)
Av
era
ging
filt
er 0
.
8
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m
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l.
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3
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o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
9
:
1
2
9
4
–
1
3
0
2
1300
3.3.
Ta
bula
te
d
Res
ults
Table
2
a
nd
T
able
3
s
how
t
he
overall
a
naly
sis
of
this
pa
pe
r.
Le
ukocyt
e
are
ide
ntifie
d
by
it
s
sh
a
pe.
It
re
pr
ese
nts
a
regular
sh
a
pe
an
d
a
c
om
pact
nu
cl
e
us
with
regular
an
d
c
on
ti
nu
ous
e
dges.
I
n
te
rm
s
of
i
m
age
processi
ng,
the
nu
cl
ei
app
ea
r
darker
tha
n
the
backgro
und
[
27
]
.
T
his
is
how
blast
cel
ls
a
re
identifie
d
th
us
by
app
ly
in
g
di
ff
e
r
ent
thres
hold
,
it
is
easi
e
r
to
pick
ou
t
w
hich
val
ues
giv
es
the
best
e
ff
ec
t
on
t
he
M7
s
ub
ty
pe
s
of A
ML.
The
resu
lt
of
Sobel
ed
ge
det
ect
ion
pro
ves
t
hat
noise
will
decr
ease
as
th
r
esh
old
inc
reas
e.
H
oweve
r,
the
ed
ge
li
nes
will
gr
a
du
al
ly
disap
pear
as
th
reshold
incre
as
e
.
Ba
sed
on
th
e
anal
ysi
s,
f
or
non
-
filt
erin
g
c
ases
of
Ca
nn
y usin
g
t
hresh
old
0.7;
t
he
cel
l
app
ea
rs
m
uch
cl
earer
with o
nly
a fe
w
no
ise
s
le
ft
a
nd
tw
o
cel
ls
ov
erlap but
are
a
ble
to
i
de
ntify
that
they
are
dif
fer
e
nt
because
the
overla
pp
i
ng
cas
e
does
not
m
a
ke
m
uch
diff
e
ren
ces
.
Ov
e
ral
l,
with a
ver
a
ge fil
te
r
w
hen the
re is
no
thres
ho
l
d,
t
he
i
m
age w
il
l p
rod
uce a b
order b
ut gra
du
al
ly
fad
es
as
th
res
ho
l
d
increase
.
Othe
r
than
tha
t,
So
bel
ed
ge
’
s
li
ne
fad
es
as
threshold
inc
r
ease
bu
t
f
or
C
ann
y,
the
e
dg
e
sti
ll
m
ai
ntains
with
an
inc
rease
s
ha
rpnes
s
of
li
ne
.
T
his
is
due
t
o
Ca
nny
e
dg
e
de
te
ct
ion
hav
i
ng
t
o
do
double
th
resho
ld and
fin
ding i
ntensity
and
gradient
of im
ag
e.
Sobel
ed
ge
thr
esh
old
ca
n
only
be
ap
ply
up
to
0.5.
Value
s
gr
eat
e
r
tha
n
that
will
produce
a
bl
a
c
k
backg
rou
nd. For C
an
ny, it ca
n go up t
o 0.9
bu
t a
s th
res
ho
l
d gets to
0.8 i
t wil
l gr
a
dual
ly
f
ades
.
Table
2.
O
ver
a
ll
Re
su
lt
s
for S
ob
el
Table
3.
O
ver
a
ll
Re
su
lt
s
for
C
ann
y
Th
Filter
No
Filter
Median
Av
eragin
g
0
.0
-
b
ackg
rou
n
d
n
o
ise
-
Two
cells o
v
erla
p
-
Ov
erlap
cells
-
Ha
rdly
b
ackg
rou
n
d
n
o
ise
-
Ha
rdly
b
ackg
rou
n
d
n
o
ise
-
Bo
rder
sh
o
wn
-
Ov
erlapp
in
g
cells
0
.1
-
Si
m
ilar
to 0
.0
Si
m
ila
r
to
0.0
Si
m
ila
r
to
0.0
0
.2
-
No
t
m
u
ch
dif
f
erent
with
0.0
and
0.1
-
No
t
m
u
ch
dif
f
erent
with
0.0
and
0.1
-
No
t
m
u
ch
dif
f
erent
with
0.0
and
0.1
0
.3
-
Back
g
rou
n
d
no
ise
g
radu
ally
f
ad
es
-
Dec
rease
of
no
is
e
-
No
ise less
en
s
0
.4
-
Less b
ackg
rou
n
d
no
ise
-
Blas
t edg
es are
st
arting
to
f
ad
e
-
Less n
o
ise co
m
p
are
to
Th 0
.3
-
Bits
of
no
ises
ar
e
go
n
e
0
.5
-
Blas
t edg
es g
rad
u
ally
d
i
m
in
ish
es
-
Back
g
rou
n
d
no
ise
redu
ces exp
o
n
en
ti
ally
-
Blas
t edg
es f
ad
es
g
radu
ally
-
Cells
still o
v
erlap
-
Back
g
rou
n
d
f
ad
e
s
-
Blas
t edg
es d
i
m
in
ish
es
Th
Filter
No
Filter
Median
Av
eragin
g
0
.0
-
Back
g
rou
n
d
no
is
e
-
Mixed
black
and
wh
ite
b
ackg
rou
n
d
-
Fiv
e ov
erlap c
ell
s
Mixed
black
and
white
b
ackg
rou
n
d
-
Fo
u
r
o
v
erlap cells
-
Mixed
black
and
wh
ite
b
ackg
rou
n
d
-
Black
bo
rder
0
.1
-
Fu
lly
black
back
g
rou
n
d
-
Fu
lly
black
back
g
rou
n
d
-
Fu
lly
black
back
g
rou
n
d
-
Par
ts o
f
back
g
round
ar
e
still lef
t
0
.2
-
No
ise
redu
ces
ex
p
o
n
en
tially
-
No
ise co
u
n
t is les
ser
co
m
p
a
re
to
0.1
-
No
ise co
u
n
t is les
ser
co
m
p
a
re
to
0.1
0
.3
-
Back
g
rou
n
d
no
ise
g
radu
ally
f
ad
es
-
No
ise co
u
n
t is les
ser
co
m
p
a
re
to
0.2
-
No
ise co
u
n
t is les
ser
co
m
p
a
re
to
0.2
0
.4
-
No
ise co
u
n
t is les
ser
co
m
p
a
re
to
0.3
-
Si
m
il
ar
with
T
h
0.
3
-
Si
m
il
ar
with
T
h
0.
3
0
.5
-
No
ise co
u
n
t is les
ser
co
m
p
a
re
to
0.4
-
No
ise redu
ce
-
No
ise Red
u
ce
0
.6
-
No
ise al
m
o
st g
o
n
e
co
m
p
let
ely
-
Two
cells o
v
erla
p
-
Salt
an
d
pep
p
er
n
o
ise are
gone
-
Salt and
pep
p
er
n
o
ise are
gone
-
Ther
e a
re
still d
o
t
ted
b
ackg
rou
n
d
lef
t
0
.7
-
Salt and
pep
p
er
n
o
ise are
gone
-
Two
cells o
v
erla
p
-
Si
m
ilar
r
esu
lt wi
t
h
T
h
0.6
-
Si
m
ilar
r
esu
lt wi
t
h
T
h
0.6
0
.8
-
Blas
t edg
es g
rad
u
ally
f
ad
es
-
Si
m
il
ar
resu
lt wit
h
T
h
0.7
-
Edg
es g
radu
ally
f
ad
es
-
Si
m
il
ar
resu
lt wit
h
T
h
0.7
-
Edg
es g
radu
ally
f
ad
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
M7
s
ubty
pe
le
uk
emic
cel
l ed
ge
d
et
ect
io
n
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s wi
th th
resh
old
v
a
lue
c
omp
ar
iso
n a
nd…
(
A.S
.A
.Sala
m
)
1301
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Con
ci
sel
y,
this
pap
e
r
is
ab
ou
t
find
i
ng
s
uitab
le
edg
e
detect
ion
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
(S
obel
an
d
Ca
nn
y
)
f
or
M
7
su
bty
pe
AML
to
furthe
r
on
the
ne
xt
ste
p
of
im
age
pr
oc
essing
a
fter
se
gm
entat
ion
ste
p,
w
hic
h
is
fe
at
ur
e
extracti
on.
T
he
i
m
age
te
sts
with
diff
e
re
nt
th
reshold
value
s
(0
.
0
-
0.8
)
a
nd
filt
ers
(av
e
ra
gin
g
filt
er
an
d
m
edian
filt
er)
to
gi
ve
ou
t
t
he
best
re
su
lt
.
It
seem
s
t
hat
wit
h
no
filt
er
a
nd
a
th
res
hold
of
0.7,
ca
nny
ed
ge
detect
ion
is
su
it
able
to
be
picke
d
since
noise
dec
reases
gr
eat
ly
com
par
e
to
Sobel.
T
his
resu
lt
ag
rees
with
[
16
]
an
d
[
17
]
as
the
best
thres
ho
l
d
picke
d
f
or
their
im
age
is
0.
634
a
nd
0.68
re
spe
ct
ively
,
wh
ic
h
is
cl
os
er
to
0.7
.
Also
a
f
or
em
entioned
with
it
s
abili
ty
to
giv
e
bette
r
detect
ion
in
te
rm
s
of
noise
detect
io
n,
Ca
nn
y
al
s
o
filt
ers
no
ise
ea
rlie
r
in
on
e
of
it
ste
ps
hen
ce
it
does
no
t
re
quire
a
ddit
ion
al
filt
er
to
rem
ov
e
the
noise
.
Albeit
that
there
are
sti
ll
on
e
or
two
bac
kgr
ound
noise
s
le
ft,
Ca
nn
y
m
anag
ed
to
produce
a
cl
earer
ed
ge
li
ne
com
par
e
to
So
bel.
Fo
r
fu
t
ur
e
re
fe
ren
ce
it
is
go
od
to
try
on
di
fferent
lo
w
pass
filt
er
so
that
the
backgro
und
no
ise
will
com
plete
ly
be rem
ov
ed
a
nd s
olv
e
the
pro
blem
o
f
overla
pp
i
ng cel
l case
s.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
L.
R
.
A
.
,
“
Fact
s
and
St
at
isti
cs,
”
LaRuss
aA
,
03
-
Mar
-
2015.
[
Online
]
.
Available:
htt
ps://
ww
w.l
ls
.
org/ht
tp%3A/llsorg.pro
d.
ac
q
uia
-
sit
es.
com/fa
c
ts
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and
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statistic
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fac
ts
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and
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st
at
ist
i
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vie
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2017]
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S.
Mohapa
tra,
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at
pa
th
y
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An
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emble
cl
assifi
er
s
y
stem
for
ea
rl
y
dia
gnosis
of
ac
u
te
l
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m
phobl
astic
le
ukemia
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Neur
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[3]
M.
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öpple
r,
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Le
uke
m
ia
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y
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ptoms
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at
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gnosis,
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Medic
in
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te
rl
ea
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Two
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Le
v
e
l
Volta
g
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Sourc
e
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wit
h
Disconti
nuous
Space
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Vec
tor
Modulat
ion
,
"
2009
IEE
E
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r
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rs
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[4]
A.Bo
y
l
e,
“
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y
p
es
Of
Le
ukemia,
”
EmpowHER
,
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8
-
Oct
-
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[Onli
ne]
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Avail
ab
le
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htt
p://ww
w.e
m
powher.
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emias/c
ont
e
nt/t
ypes
-
le
ukemia
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[
Acc
essed:
14
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Mar
-
2017]
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[5]
“
How
Is
Acute
M
y
e
loi
d
Le
uk
emia
Cla
ss
ifi
ed
?
,
”
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eric
an
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ce
r
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nli
ne]
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il
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ps://
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y
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il
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te
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2017]
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ol
l
et
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l
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,
“
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no
nra
ndom
and
re
stric
t
ed
to
infa
n
ts
with
a
cute
m
ega
kar
y
ob
la
st
i
c
le
ukemia
.
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P.
D.
Mue
ll
er
an
d
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.
S
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Kore
y
,
“
A c
ase
rep
ort
:
A
cut
e
m
y
e
loi
d
le
uka
emia,”
IranJ.
Pa
edi
atr
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,
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no.
4
,
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.
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–
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1998
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[8]
G.Gu
and
D.Cui
,
“
Polar
angle
de
te
c
ti
on
and
imag
e
combination
b
ase
d
le
uko
c
y
t
e
segm
ent
ation
for
over
la
pp
ing
c
ell
images,
”
Comput.
In
formatic
s
,
v
ol.
30
,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
189
–
199,
2011
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[9]
Y.
Zhe
ng
,
J.
Ra
o,
and
L
.
W
u,
“
Edge
d
et
e
ct
ion
m
et
hods
in
dig
ital
image
pro
ce
ss
ing,
”
Com
put.
S
ci
.
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t. Co
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,
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–
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.
[10]
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Suchar
it
a
,
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J
y
othi,
and
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M.
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at
ha,
“
A
Com
par
at
ive
Stud
y
on
Vari
ou
s
Edge
Dete
ctio
n
Te
chni
qu
es
used
for
the Ide
n
ti
fi
cation
of
Pena
ei
d
Prawn Spec
ie
s
,
” vol.
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,
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.
6
,
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.
1
–
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,
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.
[11]
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.
Shrivaksh
a
n
and
C
.
Ch
andr
ase
kar
,
“
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par
ison o
f
v
ari
ous
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hn
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s used
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age
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ss
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”
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J. Comput. S
ci
.
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ues
,
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.
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,
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–
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.
[12]
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Khair
udin
,
“
Com
par
ison Me
t
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Edg
e
De
te
c
ti
on
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Im
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s,”
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.
85
–
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2016
.
[13]
S.
Agaia
n,
M.
Madhuka
r,
and
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T.
Chronopoulos,
“
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at
ed
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eni
ng
s
y
st
em
for
ac
ute
m
y
el
ogenous
le
uk
e
m
ia
det
e
ct
ion
in
blood
m
ic
roscop
ic
images,
”
IE
E
E
Syst
.
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,
vo
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–
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004,
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.
[14]
F.
Kaz
emi,
T
.
A.
Naja
fab
adi
,
and
B.
N.
Araa
bi,
“
Autom
at
ic
Rec
o
gnit
ion
of
Acute
M
y
el
og
enous
Leukem
ia
in
Blood
Microsc
opic
Im
age
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“
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uke
m
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”
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J
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U.
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“
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y
m
pho
c
y
tic
Le
ukemia
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et
e
c
ti
on
b
y
Im
age
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”
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BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Ms
.
Afifa
h
Sal
m
i
Abdul
Sala
m
is
a
Master
b
y
Resea
rch
stud
en
t
in
Univer
si
ti
Malay
s
ia
Per
li
s
under
the
Scho
ol
of
Microe
lectr
oni
cs.
Her
fi
el
d
of
int
er
est
is
Medic
al
Im
a
ge
proc
essing
spec
ifica
l
l
y
in
Acute
M
y
el
oid
Le
ukemia
de
tec
ti
on.
She
gra
du
at
ed
from
Univer
siti
Mal
a
y
s
ia
Te
re
ngg
anu,
in
2016
with
a
B
ac
he
lor
Degre
e
of
Applie
d
Sc
ie
nc
e
(Ph
y
si
cs,
El
e
ct
roni
c
and
Instrum
ent
at
ion)
.
Dr.
Mohd
Naz
ri
n
Md
Isa
is
a
senior
le
c
ture
r
in
the
Schoo
l
of
Microe
l
ec
tron
ic
Engi
ne
eri
ng
a
t
Univer
siti
Malays
ia
Perli
s
(Uni
MA
P).
Curre
ntly
,
he
is
a
m
ember
of
In
te
gra
ted
Circ
ui
ts
and
S
y
stems
Design
(ICAS
e)
group
.
His
rese
arc
h
i
nte
rests
in
cl
ude
rec
onfigur
abl
e
arc
hi
te
c
ture
s,
bioi
nform
at
i
cs
a
nd
computat
ion
al
bio
log
y
,
f
ield
p
rogra
m
m
abl
e
gat
e
arr
a
y
(FP
GA
)
and
AS
IC
design.
He
gra
d
uat
ed
his
doc
tor
at
e
stud
y
from
t
he
Univer
si
t
y
o
f
Edi
nburgh
,
Sc
otl
and
,
UK
in
2013.
His
PhD
the
sis
ent
itled
"
High
Perform
anc
e
Re
conf
igur
ab
le
Archi
te
c
ture
s
for
Biol
ogical
Sequenc
e
Align
m
ent
s"
Dr
Muh
amm
ad
Im
ran
Ahm
ad
recei
ved
his
P
hD
in
Com
puter
Engi
n
ee
ring
f
rom
Newca
stle
Univer
sit
y
,
Uni
t
ed
Kingdom
in
2
014.
Curre
nt
l
y
h
e
is a
sen
ior
l
ec
t
ure
r
at School
of
Com
pute
r
and
Com
m
unic
at
ion
Engi
ne
eri
ng
,
Univer
siti
Ma
l
a
y
si
a
Perl
is.
His
rese
arc
h
i
nte
rests
in
cl
ud
e
biometri
c
,
sign
al a
na
l
y
s
is a
nd
image
pro
ce
ss
ing
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.