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ia
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o
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l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
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nd
Co
m
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t
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Science
Vo
l.
24
,
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.
3
,
Dec
em
b
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2
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1571
J
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cs.ia
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r f
ull
-
duplex
DF
relay
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co
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wireless
power
trans
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sy
stems
H
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-
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Va
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H
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y
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T
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u
Da
u
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Un
iv
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rsity
,
Bin
h
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o
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P
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e
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Vie
tn
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Art
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I
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29
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2
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Acc
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v
3
,
2
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2
1
M
o
st
o
f
t
h
e
e
x
isti
n
g
stu
d
ies
o
n
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
stin
g
(EH)
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
re
lay
in
g
n
e
two
rk
s
a
re
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
fo
r
th
e
o
u
td
o
o
r
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
wh
ich
a
re
m
a
in
ly
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
e
d
b
y
Ra
y
leig
h
fa
d
in
g
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls.
Ho
we
v
e
r,
t
h
e
re
a
re
n
o
t
a
s
m
a
n
y
stu
d
ies
t
h
a
t
c
o
n
si
d
e
r
th
e
i
n
d
o
o
r
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
wh
e
re
a
s
th
e
sta
te
-
of
-
th
e
-
a
rt
in
tern
e
t
o
f
th
i
n
g
s
(I
o
T)
a
n
d
sm
a
rt
c
it
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
a
re
b
u
il
t
u
p
o
n
.
Th
u
s,
in
th
is
p
a
p
e
r,
we
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
a
n
a
m
e
ly
h
y
b
rid
ti
m
e
-
p
o
we
r
sp
l
it
ti
n
g
re
lay
i
n
g
(HTP
S
R)
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
in
a
fu
l
l
-
d
u
p
l
e
x
(F
D)
d
e
c
o
d
e
-
a
n
d
-
fo
rwa
rd
(D
F
)
b
a
tt
e
ry
-
e
n
e
rg
ize
d
re
lay
i
n
g
n
e
two
r
k
in
in
d
o
o
r
sc
e
n
a
rio
s
m
o
d
e
ll
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
u
n
p
o
p
u
lar
lo
g
-
n
o
rm
a
l
fa
d
in
g
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls.
F
irs
tl
y
,
we
fo
rm
u
late
th
e
a
n
a
ly
ti
c
a
l
e
x
p
re
ss
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tag
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
li
ty
(OP)
th
e
n
th
e
sy
ste
m
th
ro
u
g
h
p
u
t.
Ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
we
sim
u
late
th
e
d
e
riv
e
d
e
x
p
re
ss
io
n
s
with
th
e
M
o
n
te
Ca
rlo
m
e
th
o
d
.
It
is
wo
rth
m
e
n
ti
o
n
i
n
g
th
a
t
i
n
o
u
r
w
o
rk
,
th
e
sim
u
latio
n
a
n
d
th
e
t
h
e
o
r
y
a
g
re
e
we
ll
with
e
a
c
h
o
th
e
r.
F
r
o
m
th
e
sim
u
latio
n
r
e
su
lt
s,
we
k
n
o
w
h
o
w
t
o
c
o
m
p
r
o
m
ise
e
it
h
e
r
th
e
p
o
we
r
sp
li
tt
in
g
(
P
S
)
o
r
th
e
t
i
m
e
sp
li
tt
in
g
(
TS
)
fa
c
to
rs
fo
r
o
p
ti
m
izin
g
t
h
e
sy
ste
m
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Fu
ll
-
d
u
p
lex
DF r
elay
i
n
g
Hy
b
r
id
T
S
-
PS
L
o
g
-
n
o
r
m
al
f
a
d
in
g
Ou
tag
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
W
ir
eles
s
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC BY
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
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ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ho
an
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-
Sy
Ng
u
y
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I
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s
titu
te
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f
E
n
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ee
r
in
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d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
T
h
u
Dau
Mo
t U
n
iv
er
s
ity
B
in
h
Du
o
n
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Pr
o
v
in
ce
,
Vietn
a
m
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m
ail:
n
g
u
y
e
n
h
o
a
n
g
s
y
@
td
m
u
.
ed
u
.
v
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Fin
ite
-
ca
p
ac
ity
b
atter
ies
th
at
we
u
s
e
to
p
o
wer
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
r
elay
s
o
f
wir
eless
n
etwo
r
k
s
h
av
e
s
o
m
e
d
o
wn
s
id
e
o
f
b
ei
n
g
d
if
f
icu
lt
o
r
ev
en
im
p
r
ac
tical
to
r
ep
la
ce
o
r
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
[
1
]
-
[
3
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
we
ca
n
co
n
s
id
er
r
en
ewa
b
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
as
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
alter
n
ativ
es,
[
4
]
-
[
6
]
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
ey
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
h
ig
h
ly
r
eliab
le
s
y
s
tem
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
eir
u
n
s
tab
le
n
at
u
r
e
[
7
]
.
As
a
b
etter
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
we
ca
n
e
x
p
lo
it
a
s
o
-
ca
lled
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
er
(
SW
I
PT)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
en
e
r
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
(
EH
)
f
r
o
m
r
a
d
io
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
(
R
F)
s
ig
n
als,
wh
ich
was
in
v
esti
g
ated
,
[
8
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
id
ea
b
eh
in
d
th
e
SW
I
PT
s
y
s
tem
is
th
at
a
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
am
e
R
F
s
ig
n
al
th
at
is
o
r
d
in
ar
il
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
etwe
en
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
h
a
r
v
ested
b
y
th
ein
-
b
etwe
en
r
elay
s
,
wh
ich
th
en
ca
n
b
e
s
to
r
ed
o
r
d
ir
ec
tly
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
to
s
e
lf
-
s
u
s
tain
th
eir
o
p
e
r
atio
n
.
As
a
m
atter
o
f
f
ac
t,
s
u
ch
E
H
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
r
ela
y
in
g
wir
eless
n
etwo
r
k
s
h
as
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
ex
te
n
s
iv
ely
an
d
t
h
eir
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
ev
alu
ated
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
o
u
ta
g
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
(
OP
)
an
d
th
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
la
r
,
th
e
OP
o
f
p
o
wer
-
s
p
litt
in
g
(
PS
)
SW
I
PT
n
etwo
r
k
s
was
in
v
esti
g
ated
with
[
1
1
]
an
d
with
-
o
u
t
[
1
2
]
-
[
1
4
]
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
lin
k
.
E
m
p
lo
y
i
n
g
Ma
r
k
o
v
m
o
d
el
,
L
i
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
co
n
s
id
er
ed
t
h
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
b
atter
ies
in
SW
I
PT
n
etwo
r
k
s
b
ef
o
r
e
attem
p
tin
g
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
O
P.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
p
o
wer
tim
e
s
p
litt
in
g
-
b
ased
(
PTS)
am
p
lif
y
-
an
d
-
f
o
r
war
d
(
AF)
r
elay
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
it
was
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
[
1
6
]
th
at
th
e
r
elay
p
o
s
itio
n
p
lay
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
L
ater
,
Ojo
an
d
Salleh
[
1
7
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
am
ely
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
wer
-
t
im
e
s
p
litt
in
g
b
ased
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
SN
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
24
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
5
7
1
-
1
5
7
7
1572
r
elay
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
(
HPTSR
)
an
d
an
aly
ze
d
its
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
AF
an
d
d
ec
o
d
e
-
an
d
-
f
o
r
war
d
(
DF)
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
o
f
two
-
way
AF
r
elay
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
in
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ch
em
es
n
am
ely
two
,
th
r
ee
,
f
o
u
r
-
tim
e
-
s
lo
t
(
2
T
S,
3
T
S,
4
T
S
)
was
in
v
esti
g
ated
in
[
1
8
]
.
Kh
an
et
a
l
.
[
1
9
]
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies,
two
r
elay
s
elec
tio
n
s
ch
em
es
s
o
-
ca
lled
jo
in
t
r
elay
p
o
wer
allo
c
at
io
n
an
d
s
elec
tio
n
s
ch
em
e
(
J
PASS
)
an
d
r
atio
s
elec
tio
n
s
ch
em
e
(
R
S
S)
wer
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
d
p
r
o
v
en
with
r
em
ar
k
ab
ly
b
etter
av
e
r
ag
e
s
u
m
-
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
s
ch
em
es.
W
e
ca
n
f
in
d
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
SW
I
PT
s
y
s
tem
s
in
o
u
td
o
o
r
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
wh
er
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
R
ay
leig
h
,
Nak
ag
am
i
-
m
a
n
d
R
ician
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
c
h
ar
ac
ter
izin
g
th
e
f
ad
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
in
d
o
o
r
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
lo
g
-
n
o
r
m
a
l
m
o
d
el
a
r
e
r
ar
e
.
As
p
r
o
v
en
in
s
o
m
e
o
ld
s
tu
d
ies,
w
e
c
o
u
l
d
u
s
e
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
t
o
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
e
t
h
e
f
a
d
i
n
g
v
a
r
i
at
i
o
n
i
n
d
o
o
r
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
m
o
v
i
n
g
o
b
je
c
ts
an
d
w
a
l
ls
,
[
22
]
-
[
2
4
]
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
f
o
r
in
d
o
o
r
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
,
we
ca
n
ex
p
ec
t
th
at
em
p
lo
y
in
g
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
r
elay
s
will
m
ak
e
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
b
e
t
t
e
r
.
I
n
d
e
e
d
,
f
e
w
r
e
c
e
n
t
s
t
u
d
i
es
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
d
o
o
r
l
o
g
-
n
o
r
m
a
l
f
a
d
i
n
g
p
r
o
v
e
d
t
h
i
s
p
o
i
n
t
[
2
5
]
-
[
2
8
]
,
w
h
ich
s
h
ed
s
lig
h
t o
n
th
e
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
s
u
ch
ch
a
n
n
el
in
t
h
e
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
as f
o
r
an
in
d
o
o
r
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
,
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
in
-
h
o
u
s
e
d
ev
ices
wo
u
ld
s
u
b
ject
to
th
e
s
h
ad
o
win
g
e
f
f
ec
t
th
at
ca
n
b
e
b
est
m
o
d
eled
with
l
o
g
-
n
o
r
m
al
f
a
d
in
g
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
g
r
o
wth
o
f
th
e
r
elay
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
5
G
d
ev
ices,
b
esid
e
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
r
ela
y
in
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
,
ass
es
s
in
g
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
ch
em
e
s
u
ch
as
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
ti
m
e
-
p
o
wer
s
p
litt
in
g
r
elay
in
g
(
HT
PS
R
)
i
s
o
f
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
.
I
n
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
s
tu
d
ies,
h
er
ein
,
we
ev
al
u
ate
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
HT
PS
R
s
ch
em
e
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
th
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
o
v
e
r
lo
g
-
n
o
r
m
al
f
ad
in
g
ch
a
n
n
els
in
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
an
in
d
o
o
r
f
u
ll
-
d
u
p
lex
(
FD)
d
ec
o
d
e
-
an
d
-
f
o
r
war
d
(
DF
)
r
elay
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
t
h
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
an
d
its
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
w
ith
th
e
two
p
r
im
ar
y
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
th
e
HT
PS
R
s
ch
em
e
was
an
aly
tically
ex
p
r
ess
ed
.
T
h
en
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
,
Mo
n
te
C
ar
lo
s
im
u
latio
n
s
wer
e
d
o
n
e
in
MA
T
L
AB
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
e
d
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
th
eo
r
y
.
A
f
t
e
r
t
h
is
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
r
e
a
d
er
s
c
a
n
f
i
n
d
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
m
o
d
el
i
n
s
e
c
ti
o
n
2
.
S
e
c
ti
o
n
3
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
s
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
H
T
PS
R
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
a
n
d
t
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
O
P
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
M
o
n
t
e
C
a
r
l
o
s
i
m
u
l
at
i
o
n
r
e
s
u
lt
s
a
n
d
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
i
n
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
4
.
Fi
n
a
l
l
y
,
s
e
c
ti
o
n
5
i
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
c
o
n
c
l
u
d
e
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
.
2.
SYST
E
M
M
O
D
E
L
W
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
a
d
u
al
-
h
o
p
n
etwo
r
k
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
o
n
e
s
o
u
r
ce
(
S),
o
n
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
(
D)
an
d
o
n
e
r
elay
(
R
)
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
o
n
l
y
v
ia
S
to
R
,
th
e
n
R
to
D.
W
e
d
en
o
te
th
e
two
d
is
tan
ce
s
with
an
d
,
an
d
ass
ig
n
th
em
with
ch
an
n
el
co
ef
f
icie
n
ts
an
d
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
R
o
p
e
r
ates
in
FD
m
o
d
e
a
n
d
s
u
b
ject
to
a
lo
o
p
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
o
f
ℎ
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
g
e
n
er
ally
u
s
ed
f
o
r
l
o
g
-
n
o
r
m
al
f
ad
in
g
c
h
an
n
el
s
tu
d
ies,
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
R
is
en
er
g
i
ze
d
en
tire
ly
with
th
e
E
H
m
o
d
u
le
wh
ich
co
llects
th
e
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ig
n
al
t
h
at
S tr
an
s
m
its
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
we
h
a
v
e
th
e
p
ath
-
lo
s
s
ex
p
o
n
e
n
t d
en
o
ted
as
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sy
s
tem
m
o
d
el
B
esid
es,
we
h
av
e
|
ℎ
|
2
an
d
|
ℎ
|
2
as
two
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
an
d
i
d
en
tically
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
(
i.i.
d
)
l
o
g
-
n
o
r
m
al
r
an
d
o
m
v
ar
iab
les
(
R
Vs)
an
d
we
s
p
ec
if
y
th
em
with
p
ar
am
et
er
s
(
,
2
)
an
d
(
,
2
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
t
h
at
th
e
an
d
2
ar
e
th
e
m
ea
n
an
d
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
10
(
|
ℎ
|
2
)
,
∈
{
,
}
an
d
th
e
u
n
it
o
f
b
o
th
ar
e
(
d
B
)
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
we
d
en
o
te
t
h
e
lo
o
p
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
c
h
an
n
el
wi
th
|
ℎ
|
2
an
d
l
o
g
-
n
o
r
m
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
it with
p
ar
am
eter
s
(
,
2
)
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
th
is
p
ar
am
et
er
d
eter
m
in
es th
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
lo
o
p
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
,
t
h
u
s
,
is
ess
en
tial f
o
r
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
en
,
we
ca
n
f
o
r
m
u
late
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
d
e
n
s
ity
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
PDF)
an
d
cu
m
u
lativ
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
C
DF)
o
f
lo
g
-
n
o
r
m
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
R
V
|
ℎ
|
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
as
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
fo
r
f
u
ll
-
d
u
p
lex
DF
r
ela
yin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l in
h
yb
r
id
w
ir
eless
…
(
Ho
a
n
g
-
P
h
u
o
n
g
V
a
n
)
1573
|
ℎ
|
2
(
)
=
√
2
(
−
1
2
(
(
)
−
)
2
2
)
(
1
)
an
d
|
ℎ
|
2
(
)
=
1
−
(
(
)
−
2
2
)
,
(
2
)
wh
er
e
we
h
av
e
t
h
e
s
ca
lin
g
co
n
s
tan
t
=
10
ln
(
10
)
,
an
d
Gau
s
s
ian
Q
-
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
)
=
∫
1
√
2
∞
(
−
2
2
)
.
W
e
d
ep
ict
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
th
e
HT
PS
R
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
o
r
lo
g
-
n
o
r
m
al
s
y
s
tem
s
w
h
er
e
we
p
ar
titi
o
n
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
tim
e
b
lo
ck
to
t
wo
s
lo
ts
,
an
d
(
1
−
)
,
with
T
S
f
ac
to
r
,
(
∈
[
0
,
1
]
)
.
I
n
th
e
1
s
t
tim
e
s
lo
t
,
R
allo
ca
tes
√
f
o
r
E
H
a
n
d
√
1
−
to
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
S.
I
n
th
e
2
n
d
tim
e
s
lo
t
(
1
−
)
,
all
th
e
h
ar
v
ested
e
n
er
g
y
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
ec
o
d
in
g
an
d
f
o
r
wa
r
d
in
g
th
e
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
S
to
D.
W
e
ca
n
n
eg
lect
th
e
r
elay
'
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
p
o
wer
s
in
ce
it is
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
R
to
D.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
HPTSR
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
lo
g
-
n
o
r
m
al
f
ad
i
n
g
ch
a
n
n
el
3.
P
E
RF
O
RM
A
NCE A
NAL
YS
I
S O
F
T
H
E
H
T
P
SR P
RO
T
O
CO
L
I
n
th
e
1
st
time
s
lo
t,
R
h
ar
v
ests
th
e
en
er
g
y
am
o
u
n
t o
f
(
3
)
,
=
|
ℎ
|
2
,
(
3
)
wh
er
e
we
d
en
o
te
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
as
,
(
∈
(
0
,
1
)
).
T
h
en
,
we
ca
n
o
b
tain
th
e
b
ase
-
b
an
d
s
ig
n
al
at
R
in
FD m
o
d
e,
y
SR
,
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
E
H
p
h
ase
o
f
√
(
1
−
β
)
f
r
o
m
:
=
√
(
1
−
)
1
ℎ
+
√
(
1
−
)
ℎ
+
,
(
3
)
wh
er
e
we
h
av
e
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
s
ig
n
al
x
s
,
an
d
th
e
lo
o
p
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
x
r
,
n
o
r
m
alize
d
r
es
p
ec
tiv
ely
with
[
|
x
s
|
]
2
=
1
,
an
d
[
|
x
r
|
]
2
=
1
.
T
h
e
n
ar
r
o
w
-
b
a
n
d
Gau
s
s
ian
n
o
is
e
n
r
,
with
ze
r
o
m
ea
n
an
d
v
ar
ia
n
ce
N
0
,
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
R
'
s
r
ec
eiv
in
g
an
ten
n
a.
Sin
ce
th
e
FD
R
ca
n
r
ec
o
g
n
i
ze
th
e
s
ig
n
al
o
f
its
elf
,
it
ca
n
ap
p
ly
th
e
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
ca
n
ce
llatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
m
in
im
ize
its
lo
o
p
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
.
Hen
ce
,
we
ca
n
o
b
tain
th
e
s
ig
n
al
at
R
,
af
ter
ca
n
ce
llatio
n
a
s
(
5
)
.
=
√
(
1
−
)
1
ℎ
+
√
(
1
−
)
ℎ
̄
̄
+
,
(
5
)
W
h
er
e
ℎ
̄
is
th
e
r
esid
u
al
lo
o
p
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
ch
a
n
n
el
o
win
g
t
o
th
e
im
p
er
f
ec
t
in
ter
f
e
r
en
ce
ca
n
ce
llatio
n
an
d
[
|
̄
|
]
2
=
1
.
Un
d
er
DF
r
elay
in
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
,
R
will
d
ec
o
d
e
an
d
f
o
r
war
d
th
e
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
S
to
D.
He
n
ce
,
D
r
ec
eiv
es si
g
n
al
o
f
(
6
)
,
=
√
ℎ
+
,
(
4
)
wh
er
e
th
e
n
a
r
r
o
w
-
b
a
n
d
Gau
s
s
ian
n
o
is
e
at
D
n
o
d
e
,
with
ze
r
o
m
ea
n
an
d
v
ar
ian
ce
0
.
B
esid
es,
R
tr
an
s
m
its
p
o
wer
to
D
in
th
e
2
n
d
tim
e
s
lo
t,
(
1
−
)
.
T
h
is
p
o
wer
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as (
7
)
.
=
(
1
−
)
=
(
1
−
)
|
ℎ
|
2
.
(
7
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
SN
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
24
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
5
7
1
-
1
5
7
7
1574
No
w,
we
an
aly
tically
ex
p
r
ess
im
p
o
r
tan
t
m
et
r
ics
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
B
y
s
u
b
s
titu
tin
g
(
4
)
in
to
(
5
)
an
d
(
7
)
,
we
ca
n
o
b
tain
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
(
SNR
)
at
R
d
en
o
ted
as
,
an
d
D
as
,
in
th
e
HT
PS
R
s
ch
em
e,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
as
:
≈
(
1
−
)
|
ℎ
|
2
(
1
−
)
|
ℎ
|
2
=
(
1
−
)
|
ℎ
|
2
,
(
8
)
an
d
=
|
ℎ
|
2
|
ℎ
|
2
(
1
−
)
0
.
(
9
)
W
ith
r
eg
ar
d
to
(
8
)
a
n
d
(
9
)
,
we
ca
n
f
o
r
m
u
late
th
e
ac
h
ie
v
ab
le
d
ata
r
ate
at
R
an
d
D,
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
ly
,
as
:
=
2
(
1
+
(
1
−
)
|
ℎ
|
2
)
,
(1
0)
an
d
=
(
1
−
)
2
(
1
+
|
ℎ
|
2
|
ℎ
|
2
(
1
−
)
0
)
.
(
1
1
)
wh
er
e
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
b
a
n
d
wid
th
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
o
u
tag
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
,
out
at
th
e
D
n
o
d
e
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
th
at
th
e
ac
h
iev
ab
le
d
ata
r
ate
at
R
an
d
D
d
escen
d
s
b
elo
w
th
e
tar
g
et
d
ata
r
ate.
T
h
u
s
,
we
h
av
e
out
=
(
(
SR
,
RD
)
<
0
)
,
wh
er
e
0
=
lo
g
2
(
1
+
0
)
,
with
th
e
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
ed
th
r
es
h
o
ld
v
alu
e
o
f
SNR
,
0
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
t
h
e
|
ℎ
|
2
,
|
ℎ
|
2
an
d
|
ℎ
|
2
ar
e
th
r
ee
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
r
an
d
o
m
v
ar
iab
les
(
R
Vs).
E
x
p
lo
itin
g
th
e
lo
g
-
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
r
o
p
er
ty
,
we
ca
n
f
o
r
m
u
late
th
e
OP a
s
:
out
=
1
−
̄
|
ℎ
|
2
(
1
−
(
2
0
−
1
)
)
⏟
1
×
̄
|
ℎ
|
2
|
ℎ
|
2
(
(
1
−
)
0
(
2
0
(
1
−
)
−
1
)
)
⏟
2
,
(
1
2
)
wh
er
e
̄
(
.
)
is
th
e
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
c
u
m
u
lativ
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
C
C
DF)
o
f
R
V
X
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t p
ar
t,
1
P
in
(
1
2
)
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
:
1
=
(
(
1
1
)
−
2
2
)
,
(
1
3
)
wh
er
e
1
=
1
−
,
an
d
1
=
2
0
−
1
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ar
t,
2
in
(
1
2
)
ca
n
b
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
f
r
o
m
.
2
=
(
(
2
2
)
−
2
−
2
√
2
+
√
2
)
,
(
1
4
)
w
h
e
r
e
2
=
(
1
−
)
0
,
a
n
d
2
=
2
0
(
1
−
)
−
1
.
W
e
s
u
b
s
t
i
t
u
t
e
(
1
3
)
a
n
d
(
1
4
)
i
n
t
o
(
1
2
)
t
o
a
t
t
a
i
n
t
h
e
out
a
t
D
a
s
:
out
=
1
−
(
(
1
1
)
−
2
2
)
×
(
(
2
2
)
−
2
−
2
√
2
+
√
2
)
.
(
1
5
)
W
e
ca
n
f
o
r
m
u
late
th
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
at
th
e
D
n
o
d
e
with
a
f
ix
e
d
s
o
u
r
ce
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate,
0
R
(
b
its
/s
ec
/
Hz)
,
an
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tim
e
(
1
−
)
o
v
er
th
e
tim
e
b
lo
ck
(
s
ec
o
n
d
)
f
o
r
th
e
HT
PS
R
s
ch
em
e
as (
1
6
)
,
=
0
(
1
−
ou
t
)
(
1
−
)
=
0
(
1
−
)
(
1
−
out
)
,
(
5
)
with
f
o
r
m
u
lated
out
in
(
1
5
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
fo
r
f
u
ll
-
d
u
p
lex
DF
r
ela
yin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l in
h
yb
r
id
w
ir
eless
…
(
Ho
a
n
g
-
P
h
u
o
n
g
V
a
n
)
1575
4.
RE
SU
L
T
AND
DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
W
e
an
aly
ze
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
E
H
T
S
an
d
E
H
PS
f
ac
to
r
s
o
n
th
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
HT
PS
R
s
y
s
t
em
th
an
k
s
to
th
e
Mo
n
te
C
ar
lo
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
.
I
n
th
e
T
ab
le
1
we
lis
t
o
u
t
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
at
wer
e
u
s
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
v
er
s
u
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
th
e
E
H
T
S
an
d
E
H
PS
f
ac
to
r
.
W
e
p
lo
tted
th
e
cu
r
v
es
with
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
e
n
t p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lev
els an
d
with
eith
er
o
f
th
e
E
H
f
ac
to
r
s
f
ix
e
d
at
0
.
3
.
I
t is cle
ar
th
at
th
e
h
ig
h
er
t
h
e
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
P
S
,
th
e
b
etter
th
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t v
a
lu
e.
As
f
o
r
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
if
we
f
ix
th
e
E
H
PS
f
ac
to
r
at
0
.
3
an
d
v
ar
y
th
e
E
H
T
S
f
ac
to
r
,
th
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t f
o
r
th
e
th
r
e
e
cu
r
v
es p
ea
k
s
at
E
H
T
S f
ac
to
r
o
f
ab
o
u
t 0
.
2
5
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
m
ain
p
ar
am
eter
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
s
W
5
(
d
B
)
P
S
1
(
d
B
)
η
80%
σ
LI
2
3
(
d
B
)
m
3
μ
LI
2
.
5
(
d
B
)
σ
SR
2
3
(
d
B
)
d
SR
2
(
m)
μ
SR
4
(
d
B
)
d
SR
2
(
m)
μ
RS
4
(
d
B
)
σ
RS
2
3
(
d
B
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t v
er
s
u
s
E
H
T
S f
ac
to
r
with
v
ar
i
o
u
s
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
E
H
PS
f
ix
ed
at
0
.
3
B
esid
es,
f
o
r
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
as
we
f
ix
th
e
E
H
T
S
f
ac
to
r
at
0
.
3
a
n
d
v
ar
y
t
h
e
E
H
PS
f
ac
to
r
,
th
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
cu
r
v
es
p
ea
k
s
at
E
H
PS
f
ac
to
r
ar
o
u
n
d
0
.
9
5
th
en
s
h
ar
p
ly
d
r
o
p
s
to
0
.
An
o
th
er
o
b
v
i
o
u
s
tr
ait
th
at
we
ca
n
s
ee
f
r
o
m
th
e
two
f
ig
u
r
es is
th
at
th
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t le
v
el
s
tar
ts
f
r
o
m
an
d
e
n
d
s
at
0
as th
e
E
H
T
S a
n
d
E
H
PS
f
ac
to
r
s
s
tar
t
f
r
o
m
0
o
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
1
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
it
is
wo
r
th
n
o
tin
g
th
at
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
co
r
r
elate
well
with
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l o
n
es.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t v
er
s
u
s
E
H
PS
f
ac
to
r
with
v
ar
io
u
s
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
E
H
T
S f
ix
ed
at
0
.
3
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
SN
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
24
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
5
7
1
-
1
5
7
7
1576
Fig
u
r
e
5
d
e
p
icts
th
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
v
er
s
u
s
th
e
SNR
.
W
e
ca
n
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
at
th
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
is
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
SNR
.
T
h
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
cu
r
v
e
is
th
e
b
est,
th
e
h
ig
h
est,
at
E
H
T
S=0
.
3
an
d
E
H
PS
=0
.
5
As
w
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
E
H
PS
to
0
.
3
,
th
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
cu
r
v
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
T
h
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
cu
r
v
e
is
th
e
wo
r
s
t,
th
e
lo
west,
as
we
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
E
H
T
S
to
0
.
5
wh
ile
k
ee
p
i
n
g
th
e
E
H
PS
a
t
0
.
3
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
alig
n
well
with
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
cu
r
v
es.
T
h
is
p
r
o
v
e
s
th
at
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
d
er
i
v
ed
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
s
ar
e
r
elativ
ely
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
c
an
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t v
er
s
u
s
S
NR
with
v
ar
io
u
s
p
air
s
o
f
E
H
T
S a
n
d
E
H
PS
f
ac
to
r
s
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
a
n
u
ts
h
ell,
we
in
v
esti
g
ate
t
h
e
HT
PS
R
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
in
an
E
H
DF
r
elay
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
f
o
r
in
d
o
o
r
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
lo
g
-
n
o
r
m
al
f
ad
in
g
ch
a
n
n
els
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
,
we
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
b
etter
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
b
eh
av
i
o
r
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
an
d
h
o
w
to
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
th
e
PS
an
d
T
S
f
ac
to
r
s
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
an
k
s
to
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
r
esu
lts
co
r
r
elate
well
with
ea
ch
o
th
er
,
o
n
es
ca
n
r
ep
licate
th
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
d
er
iv
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wit
h
s
o
m
e
p
r
ed
eter
m
i
n
ed
in
itial o
p
tim
al
v
alu
es a
n
d
f
u
r
th
er
d
ev
elo
p
it to
d
esig
n
in
d
o
o
r
I
o
T
n
etw
o
r
k
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
D.
S
h
a
v
iv
,
P
.
Ng
u
y
e
n
,
a
n
d
A
.
Öz
g
ü
r,
“
Ca
p
a
c
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
e
n
e
rg
y
-
h
a
rv
e
stin
g
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
wit
h
a
fin
it
e
b
a
tt
e
ry
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
h
e
o
ry
,
v
o
l.
6
2
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
6
4
3
6
-
6
4
5
8
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TIT
.
2
0
1
6
.
2
6
0
2
3
5
3
.
[2
]
S
.
Na
ra
y
a
n
a
n
,
M
.
S
h
ik
h
-
Ba
h
a
e
i,
J.
Ho
u
,
a
n
d
M
.
F
.
F
lan
a
g
a
n
,
“
W
irele
ss
-
P
o
we
re
d
Distrib
u
ted
S
p
a
t
ial
M
o
d
u
lati
o
n
with
E
n
e
rg
y
Re
c
y
c
li
n
g
a
n
d
F
i
n
i
te
-
En
e
rg
y
S
t
o
ra
g
e
,
”
IE
EE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
W
ire
les
s
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
6
6
4
5
-
6
6
6
2
,
Oc
t.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
WC.
2
0
1
8
.
2
8
6
1
8
7
0
.
[3
]
I.
Alh
a
m
ro
u
n
i,
M
.
Isk
a
n
d
a
r,
M
.
S
a
lem
,
L.
J.
Aw
a
li
n
,
A.
Ju
so
h
,
a
n
d
T.
S
u
t
ik
n
o
,
“
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
i
n
d
u
c
ti
v
e
c
o
u
p
li
n
g
fo
r
wire
les
s
p
o
we
r
tran
sfe
r,
”
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(IJ
PE
DS
),
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
0
9
-
1
1
1
6
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ij
p
e
d
s.
v
1
1
.
i
3
.
p
p
1
1
0
9
-
1
1
1
6
.
[4
]
C.
Wan
g
,
J.
Li
,
Y.
Ya
n
g
,
a
n
d
F
.
Ye
,
“
Co
m
b
in
i
n
g
so
lar
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
r
v
e
stin
g
with
wire
les
s
c
h
a
rg
i
n
g
fo
r
h
y
b
ri
d
wire
les
s
se
n
so
r
n
e
two
r
k
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
M
o
b
il
e
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
6
0
-
5
7
6
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
M
C
.
2
0
1
7
.
2
7
3
2
9
7
9
.
[5
]
J.
Bit
o
,
R.
Ba
h
r,
J.
G
.
He
ste
r,
S
.
A.
Na
u
r
o
z
e
,
A.
G
e
o
rg
iad
is
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
.
Ten
tze
ris,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
so
lar
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
sti
n
g
sy
ste
m
with
a
3
-
D
p
rin
ted
p
a
c
k
a
g
e
fo
r
e
n
e
rg
y
e
fficie
n
t
i
n
tern
e
t
-
of
-
th
in
g
s
wire
les
s
se
n
so
rs,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
M
icr
o
w
a
v
e
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s,
v
o
l
.
6
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
8
3
1
-
1
8
4
2
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TM
TT
.
2
0
1
7
.
2
6
6
0
4
8
7
.
[6
]
M
.
S
h
irv
a
n
imo
g
h
a
d
d
a
m
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
To
wa
rd
s
a
g
re
e
n
a
n
d
se
lf
-
p
o
we
re
d
in
tern
e
t
o
f
t
h
in
g
s
u
si
n
g
p
iez
o
e
lec
tri
c
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
stin
g
,
”
IEE
E
Acc
e
ss
,
v
o
l.
7
,
p
p
.
9
4
5
3
3
-
9
4
5
5
6
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ACCES
S
.
2
0
1
9
.
2
9
2
8
5
2
3
.
[7
]
A.
A.
Ba
b
a
y
o
,
M
.
H.
A
n
isi,
a
n
d
I.
Ali,
“
A
Re
v
iew
o
n
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
sc
h
e
m
e
s
in
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
s
ti
n
g
wire
les
s
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
7
6
,
p
p
.
1
1
7
6
-
1
1
8
4
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
rse
r.
2
0
1
7
.
0
3
.
1
2
4
.
[8
]
X.
Lu
,
P
.
Wan
g
,
D.
Ni
y
a
to
,
D.
I.
Kim
,
a
n
d
Z.
Ha
n
,
“
Wi
re
les
s
c
h
a
rg
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
:
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tals,
sta
n
d
a
rd
s,
a
n
d
ne
two
rk
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
IEE
E
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
S
u
rv
e
y
s
&
T
u
t
o
ria
ls
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
1
3
-
1
4
5
2
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/COM
S
T.
2
0
1
5
.
2
4
9
9
7
8
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
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N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
fo
r
f
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ll
-
d
u
p
lex
DF
r
ela
yin
g
p
r
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c
o
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h
yb
r
id
w
ir
eless
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(
Ho
a
n
g
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a
n
)
1577
[9
]
X.
Li
u
,
F
.
L
i,
a
n
d
Z
.
Na
,
“
O
p
ti
m
a
l
re
so
u
rc
e
a
ll
o
c
a
ti
o
n
in
sim
u
lt
a
n
e
o
u
s
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
sp
e
c
tru
m
se
n
sin
g
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
stin
g
f
o
r
m
u
lt
ich
a
n
n
e
l
c
o
g
n
it
i
v
e
ra
d
io
,
”
IEE
E
A
c
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l.
5
,
p
p
.
3
8
0
1
-
3
8
1
2
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ACCE
S
S
.
2
0
1
7
.
2
6
7
7
9
7
6
.
[1
0
]
H.
T.
Va
n
,
V.
T.
An
h
,
D
.
H.
Le,
M
.
Q.
P
h
u
,
a
n
d
H.
-
S
.
Ng
u
y
e
n
,
“
Ou
tag
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
n
o
n
-
o
rt
h
o
g
o
n
a
l
m
u
lt
ip
le ac
c
e
ss
sy
ste
m
s with
RF
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
stin
g
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
t
e
r E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(IJ
ECE
),
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
5
,
p
p
.
4
1
3
5
-
4
1
4
2
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ij
e
c
e
.
v
1
1
i
5
.
p
p
4
1
3
5
-
4
1
4
2
.
[1
1
]
H.
Lee
,
C.
S
o
n
g
,
S
.
C
h
o
i,
a
n
d
I.
Lee
,
“
Ou
tag
e
p
ro
b
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
a
ly
sis
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
sp
li
tt
e
r
d
e
sig
n
s
fo
r
S
WI
P
T
re
lay
i
n
g
sy
ste
m
s
with
d
irec
t
li
n
k
,
”
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
4
8
-
6
5
1
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
LCOM
M
.
2
0
1
6
.
2
6
2
7
0
5
5
.
[1
2
]
F
.
Wan
g
,
W
.
X
u
,
S
.
Li
,
Z.
F
e
n
g
,
a
n
d
J
.
Li
n
,
“
Ou
ta
g
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
li
ty
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
DF
re
lay
n
e
two
r
k
s
with
RF
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
stin
g
,
”
in
2
0
1
5
IEE
E
Glo
b
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
(GLOBE
COM
),
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/G
LOCOM.
2
0
1
5
.
7
4
1
7
5
7
9
.
[1
3
]
P
.
T.
T
in
,
M
.
T
ra
n
,
V
-
D
.
P
h
a
n
,
H
-
N.
Ng
u
y
en
,
a
n
d
T
.
T.
Tran
g
,
“
Us
e
r
se
lec
ti
o
n
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls i
n
F
D P
S
P
EH
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
n
e
two
rk
o
v
e
r
Ra
y
leig
h
fa
d
i
n
g
c
h
a
n
n
e
l:
O
u
tag
e
a
n
d
in
terc
e
p
t
p
ro
b
a
b
il
it
y
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
1
0
9
-
1
1
1
6
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
p
e
d
s.
v
1
0
.
i4
.
2
1
3
0
-
2
1
3
7
.
[1
4
]
K.
On
ish
i
,
K.
Ya
m
a
g
u
c
h
i,
a
n
d
K
.
Iid
a
,
“
Wi
re
les
s
p
o
we
r
tran
sfe
r
u
sin
g
m
u
lt
i
p
le
-
tran
sm
it
ters
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
sta
b
il
it
y
f
o
r
p
o
siti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
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rin
g
(IJ
ECE
),
v
o
l
.
1
0
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n
o
3
,
p
p
.
2
2
4
5
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0
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0
,
d
o
i
:
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0
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1
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v
1
0
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.
p
p
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2
4
5
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4
9
.
[1
5
]
T.
Li
,
P
.
F
a
n
,
a
n
d
K.
B.
Leta
ief,
“
Ou
tag
e
p
ro
b
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
stin
g
re
lay
-
a
id
e
d
c
o
o
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e
ra
ti
v
e
n
e
two
r
k
s
o
v
e
r
ra
y
leig
h
fa
d
in
g
c
h
a
n
n
e
l,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Veh
icu
la
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
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o
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y
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o
l
.
6
5
,
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o
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p
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9
7
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7
8
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e
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6
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o
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0
9
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VT.
2
0
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5
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2
4
0
2
2
7
4
.
[1
6
]
H
-
S
.
Ng
u
y
e
n
,
T
-
S
.
Ng
u
y
e
n
,
V
-
T
.
Vo
,
a
n
d
M
.
Vo
z
n
a
k
,
“
Hy
b
ri
d
fu
l
l
-
d
u
p
lex
/
h
a
lf
-
d
u
p
lex
re
la
y
se
lec
ti
o
n
sc
h
e
m
e
with
o
p
ti
m
a
l
p
o
we
r
u
n
d
e
r
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
a
l
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
stra
in
ts
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
stin
g
,
”
Co
m
p
u
ter
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
1
2
4
,
p
p
.
3
1
-
4
4
,
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n
e
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0
1
8
,
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o
i
:
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0
.
1
0
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6
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.
c
o
m
c
o
m
.
2
0
1
8
.
0
4
.
0
1
4
.
[1
7
]
F
.
K.
Ojo
a
n
d
M
.
F
.
M
.
S
a
ll
e
h
,
“
Th
ro
u
g
h
p
u
t
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
id
i
z
e
d
p
o
we
r
-
ti
m
e
sp
li
tt
in
g
b
a
se
d
re
lay
in
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
fo
r
wire
les
s
in
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
tran
sfe
r
in
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
n
e
two
r
k
s,”
IEE
E
Acc
e
ss
,
v
o
l.
6
,
p
p
.
2
4
1
3
7
-
2
4
1
4
7
,
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0
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8
,
d
o
i:
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0
.
1
1
0
9
/ACCES
S
.
2
0
1
8
.
2
8
2
8
1
2
1
.
[1
8
]
H
-
S
.
N
g
u
y
e
n
,
D
-
T
.
Do
,
A
-
H
.
B
u
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
V
o
z
n
a
k
,
“
S
e
lf
-
p
o
we
re
d
wire
les
s
two
-
wa
y
re
lay
in
g
n
e
two
rk
s:
m
o
d
e
l
a
n
d
th
ro
u
g
h
p
u
t
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
with
th
re
e
p
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
sc
h
e
m
e
s,”
W
i
re
les
s
Per
so
n
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s:
A
n
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
9
7
,
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o
.
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,
p
p
.
6
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3
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,
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7
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0
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7
/s1
1
2
7
7
-
0
1
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-
4
5
2
6
-
3.
[1
9
]
F
.
A.
Kh
a
n
,
Z.
A.
M
a
li
k
,
A.
A.
Na
sir,
a
n
d
M
.
M
a
so
o
d
,
“
Re
lay
se
lec
ti
o
n
&
p
o
we
r
a
ll
o
c
a
ti
o
n
fo
r
m
a
x
imiz
in
g
su
m
-
th
ro
u
g
h
p
u
t
o
f
a
b
u
ffe
re
d
re
lay
n
e
two
rk
,
”
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
s
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
3
1
8
-
1
3
2
2
,
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n
e
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/L
COM
M
.
2
0
2
0
.
2
9
8
1
8
8
2
.
[2
0
]
Y.
F
e
n
g
,
V.
C.
M
.
Leu
n
g
,
a
n
d
F
.
Ji,
“
P
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
stu
d
y
fo
r
S
WI
P
T
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
t
io
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sy
ste
m
s
in
sh
a
d
o
we
d
n
a
k
a
g
a
m
i
fa
d
in
g
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
W
ire
les
s
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
9
9
-
1
2
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1
,
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e
b
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
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1
1
0
9
/
TW
C.
2
0
1
7
.
2
7
7
6
9
3
3
.
[2
1
]
J
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
C
.
Yu
e
n
,
C.
Wen
,
S
.
Ji
n
,
K.
Wo
n
g
,
a
n
d
H.
Zh
u
,
“
Larg
e
sy
ste
m
se
c
r
e
c
y
ra
te
a
n
a
ly
sis
fo
r
S
WI
P
T
M
IM
O
wire
tap
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
F
o
re
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sic
s
a
n
d
S
e
c
u
rity
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
4
-
8
5
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
IF
S
.
2
0
1
5
.
2
4
7
7
0
5
0
.
[2
2
]
S
.
Y
.
S
e
id
e
l,
K.
Tak
a
m
iza
wa
,
a
n
d
T.
S
.
Ra
p
p
a
p
o
rt,
“
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
se
c
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
e
r
sta
ti
stics
fo
r
a
n
in
d
o
o
r
ra
d
i
o
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
m
o
d
e
l,
”
IEE
E
3
9
t
h
Veh
icu
l
a
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
2
,
1
9
8
9
,
p
p
.
8
8
8
-
8
9
2
,
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o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/VE
TE
C.
1
9
8
9
.
4
0
1
7
9
.
[2
3
]
H.
Ha
sh
e
m
i,
“
Th
e
in
d
o
o
r
ra
d
io
p
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
,
”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
IEE
E
,
v
o
l.
8
1
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
9
4
3
-
9
6
8
,
Ju
l
y
1
9
9
3
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
5
.
2
3
1
3
4
2
.
[2
4
]
M
.
D.
Re
n
z
o
,
F
.
G
ra
z
io
si,
a
n
d
F
.
S
a
n
tu
c
c
i,
“
A
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
si
v
e
fra
m
e
wo
rk
fo
r
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
m
u
lt
i
-
h
o
p
wi
re
les
s
sy
ste
m
s
o
v
e
r
lo
g
-
n
o
rm
a
l
fa
d
in
g
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls,”
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Co
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s,
v
o
l
.
5
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
3
1
-
5
4
4
,
F
e
b
ru
a
r
y
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
COM
M
.
2
0
1
0
.
0
2
.
0
8
0
2
7
3
.
[2
5
]
K.
M
.
Ra
b
ie,
B
.
Ad
e
b
isi,
a
n
d
M
.
Alo
u
i
n
i,
“
Ha
lf
-
d
u
p
lex
a
n
d
fu
ll
-
d
u
p
lex
AF
a
n
d
DF
re
lay
i
n
g
with
e
n
e
rg
y
-
h
a
rv
e
sti
n
g
in
lo
g
-
n
o
rm
a
l
fa
d
in
g
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Gr
e
e
n
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
in
g
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
6
8
-
4
8
0
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
G
CN.2
0
1
7
.
2
7
4
0
2
5
8
.
[2
6
]
A.
S
a
lem
,
K.
A.
Ha
m
d
i,
a
n
d
E.
Alsu
sa
,
“
P
h
y
sic
a
l
lay
e
r
se
c
u
rit
y
o
v
e
r
c
o
rre
late
d
lo
g
-
n
o
rm
a
l
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
p
o
we
r
li
n
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls,”
IEE
E
Acc
e
ss
,
v
o
l.
5
,
p
p
.
1
3
9
0
9
-
1
3
9
2
1
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ACCE
S
S
.
2
0
1
7
.
2
7
2
9
7
8
4
.
[2
7
]
Y.
Li
u
,
R.
Xia
o
,
J.
S
h
e
n
,
H.
Ya
n
g
,
a
n
d
C
.
Ya
n
,
“
Hy
b
r
id
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
fo
r
wire
les
s
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
sti
n
g
n
e
two
rk
o
v
e
r
lo
g
-
n
o
rm
a
l
fa
d
in
g
c
h
a
n
n
e
l,
”
T
h
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
2
0
1
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
3
3
9
-
3
4
1
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/
jo
e
.
2
0
1
7
.
0
8
9
2
.
[2
8
]
M
.
T.
Da
b
iri
a
n
d
S
.
M
.
S
.
S
a
d
o
u
g
h
,
“
P
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
a
l
l
-
o
p
ti
c
a
l
a
m
p
li
f
y
a
n
d
f
o
rwa
rd
re
l
a
y
in
g
o
v
e
r
l
o
g
-
n
o
rm
a
l
S
O
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Op
ti
c
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
in
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
9
-
8
9
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
3
6
4
/JOCN
.
1
0
.
0
0
0
0
7
9
.
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