Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
2
,
Febr
uar
y
201
9
, pp.
7
66
~
7
72
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
2
.pp
7
66
-
7
72
766
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Reflectio
n ph
ase
anal
ysis of refle
ctarr
ay antenn
a ba
sed on
paper su
bstrate
materi
als
H.
I
Mali
k
1
, M.
Y. Ism
ail
2
, S
. R
M
as
r
ol
3
,
Sh
armiz
a
A
d
na
n
4
1
,2,3
Univer
siti
Tu
n
Hus
sein
Onn
Malay
s
ia (UTHM),
Johor,
Ma
lay
sia
4
Forest
Resea
r
ch
Instit
ut
e
Ma
lay
s
ia
(FRIM
),
Sela
n
gor,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
N
ov
1
2
, 201
8
Re
vised
Dec
13
, 2
018
Accepte
d
Dec
27
, 201
8
Thi
s
art
i
cle
pre
sents
an
anal
y
s
is
of
ref
lecti
on
loss
and
ref
lecti
on
ph
as
e
beha
vior
of
a
novel
m
ic
rostri
p
ref
lecta
rr
a
y
a
nte
nna
,
embedd
ed
on
paper
subs
tra
te
m
ateri
al
.
Two
di
ffe
re
nt
pap
er
subs
trates
were
first
a
naly
z
ed
fo
r
die
l
ec
tr
ic
m
a
te
ri
al
prop
ert
i
es.
A
det
a
il
ed
an
aly
s
is
of
sca
tt
er
ing
p
a
ramet
ers
o
f
rec
t
angul
ar
patc
h
el
emen
t
with
var
ia
b
le
subs
trat
e
hei
gh
ts
has
b
ee
n
ca
rri
ed
out.
Re
ct
angu
la
r
pat
ch
e
le
m
ent
s
fab
ricate
d
using
adhe
sive
copper
ta
pe
ov
er
the
pap
er
subs
tr
at
e
,
show
tha
t
a
wide
bandwid
t
h
is
ac
hi
eve
d
c
om
par
ed
to
ava
i
la
bl
e
conv
e
nti
onal
subs
trate
m
at
eri
a
ls.
Fabr
ic
a
te
d
pa
tc
h
e
lem
ent
s
over
pape
r
subs
tra
t
e
m
at
eri
a
l
show
a
broa
dband
fr
eq
uency
r
esponse
of
340
and
290
MH
z.
It
h
as
al
so
be
en
demo
nstrat
ed
that
th
e
m
ea
sured
ref
lec
ti
on
phase
r
ange
s
for
bo
th
the
subs
tra
t
e
co
ver
310
º
and
29
4º
a
t
low
ph
ase
gra
die
n
ts
of
0.
12
and
0.
24
º
/
MH
z
respe
c
ti
ve
l
y
.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
Broa
db
a
nd
behavio
r
Pape
r
s
ub
st
rate
Re
flect
arr
y a
ntenn
a
s
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Muh
am
m
ad
Y
us
of
Ism
ai
l
,
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
an
d El
ect
ronic E
ng
i
neeri
ng
,
Un
i
ver
sit
i T
un
Hu
s
sei
n O
nn
Ma
la
ysi
a,
Parit R
aja,
86400, Ba
tu
Pa
hat,
Johor Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
: y
us
of
i@ut
hm
.ed
u.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
High
gai
n
ref
l
ect
or
ante
nnas
are
a
cru
ci
al
c
om
po
ne
nt
of
l
ong
ra
nge
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
s,
wh
ere
perform
ance
dep
e
nds
up
on
the
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y,
cov
e
rag
e
a
nd
op
e
rati
onal
flexibili
ty
.
R
eflect
arr
ay
ant
enn
a
s
com
bin
e
the
ke
y
featu
res
of
ref
le
ct
ors
a
nd
arr
ay
a
nten
nas,
w
her
e
a
n
a
rr
a
y
of
pri
nte
d
m
i
cro
st
rip
patch
e
s
on
a
thin
diele
ct
ric
m
edium
is
illum
inate
d
sp
at
ia
ll
y
by
a
feed
ho
r
n.
T
he
pri
nt
ed
el
em
ents
us
e
a
su
it
able
phasi
ng
te
chn
iq
ue
in
order
t
o
f
ocus
the
incide
nt
wav
e
to
wa
rds
the
desire
d
directi
on
[
1].
Howe
ver
the
m
aj
or
consi
der
at
io
n of
m
ic
ro
strip refle
ct
arr
ay
a
nt
enn
a
is
t
he
int
r
insic
na
rro
w
ba
ndwidt
h.
A
m
ic
ro
stri
p
patch
an
te
nna
back
e
d
by
a
gro
und
pla
ne
can
achie
ve
ba
ndwidt
h
of
3
-
5
%
only
[2
]
.
In
order
to
address
the
is
su
e
of
band
width,
refl
ect
arr
ay
ante
nna
with
m
ulti
l
a
ye
r
struc
ture
s
ha
ve
been
pr
opos
e
d
for
pr
i
nted
el
em
ents
[3
-
5].
Mult
iple
la
ye
rs
of
pr
i
nted
el
e
m
ents
are
sta
cked
one
ab
ov
e
the
oth
e
r
a
nd
the
w
ho
le
a
ss
e
m
bly
is
backe
d
by
a
gro
und
plane
.
Howe
ver
m
ulti
la
ye
r
structu
r
e
was
re
ported
to
offer
var
i
ous
fabrica
ti
on
cha
ll
enges
rela
te
d
to
la
ye
rs
al
ign
m
e
nt
an
d
a
dju
st
m
ents.
Increas
ing
the
substr
at
e
thicknes
s
of
pr
i
nted
a
rray
do
es
im
pr
ove
th
e
band
width
bu
t
it
red
uces
the
r
eflect
ion
phase
ran
ge
.
The
re
f
le
ct
ion
ph
a
se
r
ang
e
f
r
om
ever
y
el
e
m
ent
is
desired
to ach
ie
ve 3
60
deg, in
o
r
der
t
o av
oid
phase e
r
rors due
t
o fa
bri
cat
ion
tolera
nc
es [6
-
8].
The
slo
pe
of
t
he
phase
c
urve
and
t
he
ba
nd
width
a
re
cl
ose
ly
relat
ed
to
each
ot
her.
A
gr
a
dual
slope
offer
s
a
wide
r
band
width
r
esp
on
se
com
par
ed
to
a
ra
pi
dly
rising
ph
ase
cu
rv
e
.
M
or
e
over
a
n
i
nvers
e
relat
ion
s
hip
e
xi
sts
betwee
n
th
e
phase
range
and
the
ba
ndw
idth
of
ref
le
ct
a
rr
ay
el
em
ents.
In
c
reasin
g
t
he
ph
a
se
range
re
su
lt
s
in
ba
ndwidt
h
reducti
on
an
d
vice
ve
rsa.
Addressi
ng
th
e
above
sta
te
d
key
li
m
i
ta
tio
ns
of
ref
le
ct
ar
ray
an
te
nn
as
of
l
ow
band
width
a
nd
na
r
row
ph
a
se
range,
dif
fer
e
nt
sin
gle
la
ye
r
el
e
m
ents
have
al
so
been
propose
d.
Sp
li
t
ring
squ
are,
co
nce
ntric
ring
Ma
lt
a
cross
and
ph
oen
i
x
el
e
m
ent
and
with
i
m
pr
ove
d
ph
ase
range
a
nd
im
p
rove
d
b
a
ndwi
dt
h
has
bee
n
propose
d
[9
-
11]
.
Alth
ough
an
appr
opriat
e
ph
asi
ng
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
has
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Ref
le
ct
ion
ph
ase
an
alysis of r
ef
le
ct
ar
ra
y
ante
nna b
as
e
d on
paper
substr
ate
m
aterials
(
H
.
I
M
alik
)
767
been
pr
opos
e
d
that
im
pr
ov
e
s
the
phase
r
ang
e
an
d
pha
se
sensiti
vity
,
howe
ve
r
the
ba
ndwidt
h
does
no
t
i
m
pr
oves
c
onsidera
bly.
T
he
ba
ndwidt
h
sti
ll
dep
e
nds
m
ai
nly
on
the
s
ubstr
at
e
heig
ht
an
d
the
diele
ct
ric m
at
erial
pro
per
ti
es.
This
pa
per
pre
sents
t
he
p
ha
se
ra
ng
e
a
nd
ba
ndwi
dth
analy
sis
of
novel
c
om
bin
at
io
n
of
cel
lulose
ba
sed
pap
e
r
s
ub
st
rate
m
at
erial
an
d
re
flect
arr
ay
anten
na.
Pa
pe
r
substrat
e
m
at
erial
s
with
con
tr
olled
m
at
erial
com
po
sit
ion
ha
ve
been
c
ha
ra
ct
erized
f
or
di
el
ect
ric
per
m
itti
viti
es
and
dissipati
o
n
facto
r
s.
Usi
ng
a
nu
m
erical
analy
sis
te
chn
i
qu
e b
ase
d
on
F
IM
ref
le
ct
io
n
phase
a
naly
sis
fo
r
dif
fer
e
nt
substrat
e
hei
gh
ts has b
een
ca
rr
ie
d
out
.
In
the
en
d
rect
angular
pa
tc
h
el
e
m
ents
wer
e
fabrica
te
d
over
the
pap
er
s
ubs
trat
es
and
te
ste
d
for
their
scat
te
rin
g
par
am
et
ers.
2.
DIELE
CTR
I
C MATE
RIAL CH
ARA
CT
ERIZ
ATION
The pr
opos
e
d pap
e
r
s
ubstrat
e
m
at
erial
s w
ere f
irst cha
racteri
zed for
t
he diel
ect
ric p
r
operti
es. A
S
pe
a
g
DAK
3.5
pro
be
was
us
e
d
f
or
this
purpose
t
o
analy
ze
the
m
at
erial
pr
op
e
rtie
s
at
X
-
ba
nd
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
ra
nge.
I
n
order
to
obta
in
reli
able
c
harac
te
rizat
ion
re
su
lt
s,
la
ye
rs
of
pa
per
s
ub
st
ra
te
wer
e
gl
ued
tog
et
he
r
a
nd
pa
ssed
thr
ough
dry
ing
process
to
re
du
ce
m
oistur
e
con
te
nt.
Fig
ure
1
sho
ws
the
com
plete
m
ater
ia
l
char
act
eri
zat
ion
set
up.
Fig
ur
e
1(
a
)
s
hows
the
pap
e
r
s
ubstrat
e
m
at
erial
s
wit
h
com
m
ercial
l
y
avail
able
substrat
e
s
uch
a
s
FR
-
4
and
Ro
ger
s
D
uroi
d
58
80.
Fi
gure
1
(
b)
s
how
s
the
m
at
erial
char
act
e
rizat
ion
set
up
w
her
e
the
pr
ob
e
is
at
ta
che
d
to a Ro
dhe a
nd Schwarz 14
G
Hz
vect
or
netw
ork
an
al
yz
er (VNA). T
he
pe
r
m
itti
vity
an
d
di
ss
ipati
on
facto
r
data
is handled
by s
of
t
war
e
platfo
r
m
. F
igu
re 1(c)
sh
ows t
he
plac
ing
of
paper s
ubstrat
e sam
ples u
nder t
he
diel
ect
ric
pro
be
T
he VN
A
is c
ontrolle
d rem
otely
b
y t
he
softwa
re
platfo
rm
instal
le
d
on the la
ptop.
The
c
harac
te
rizat
ion
res
ults
for
bo
t
h
th
e
pa
per
substrat
e
sam
ples
(n
a
m
ed
S1
:
sam
ple
1
a
nd
S
2:
sam
ple
2)
are
pr
ese
nted
in
Fi
gure
2.
S
1
sub
strat
e
m
at
erial
sh
ows
a
diele
c
tric
per
m
i
tt
ivity
of
1.68
wit
h
a
loss
ta
ng
e
nt
of
0.074
w
hile
S
2
ty
pe
substrat
e
m
ater
ia
l
s
hows
a
di
el
ect
ric
con
sta
nt
of
1.74
at
a
dissipati
on
fa
ct
or
of
0.082.
Fi
gure
2
an
d
Fig
ur
e
3
sh
ows
the
perm
itti
vity
and
the
loss
ta
nge
nt
values
of
both
su
bs
t
rates.
Bo
th
the
plo
ts
of
los
s
ta
ng
e
nt
a
nd
the
relat
ive
pe
rm
itti
vity
sh
ow
m
i
nor
var
ia
ti
on
of
per
m
it
t
iv
it
y
and
loss
ta
nge
nt
over
the b
a
nd
of int
ern
et
s.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure.
1
. Mat
erial
ch
a
racteri
zat
ion
of p
a
pe
r
substrate
(a) D
iffer
e
nt ty
pes o
f
s
ub
st
rate m
ater
ia
ls
(b)
Ma
te
rial
c
ha
racteri
zat
ion
Setup (c
)
Pa
pe
r
s
u
bs
t
rate m
ater
ia
l u
nd
e
r
a
na
ly
sis
Figure
2. Re
la
ti
ve
pe
rm
itti
vit
y resu
lt
s
for
m
at
erial
char
act
e
rizat
ion
Figure
3. Lo
ss
ta
ng
e
nt r
es
ults
for die
le
ct
ric m
at
erial
char
act
e
rizat
ion
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
7
6
6
–
7
72
768
Table
1
s
umm
arizes
the
val
ues
of
m
at
eria
l
char
act
eri
zat
ion
param
et
ers
for
S
1
an
d
S
2
substrat
e
m
at
erial
s.Th
e
per
m
it
t
ivit
y
an
d
the
loss
ta
ng
ent
values
are
the
m
ean
valu
es
ov
e
r
the
X
-
band
oper
at
ion.
Both
sam
ples
wer
e
hav
i
ng
dif
fer
e
nt
substrat
e
hei
gh
ts
as
m
entioned
i
n
the
Tabl
e
1.
S1
a
nd
S
2
su
bst
rates
we
r
e
m
ade
with the
s
ub
st
r
at
e h
ei
ghts
of 1.4
0
a
nd 2.30 m
m
r
especti
vely
.
Table
1
. Pape
r
Substrate
Mat
e
rial
Char
act
e
rizat
ion
Mater
i
al
ε
r
tan
δ
Thick
n
ess
(
m
m
)
S1
1
.68
0
.07
4
1
.40
S2
1
.74
0
.08
2
2
.30
3.
EFFE
CT OF
SU
BST
RA
TE
HEIGHT
O
N
SCATT
ERI
N
G
P
ARA
METE
RS
Eff
ect
of
subst
rate
heig
ht
ov
e
r
the
scat
te
ri
ng
par
am
et
ers
for
the
pro
po
s
ed
ref
le
ct
ar
ray
el
em
ents
wa
s
m
on
it
or
ed
on
pro
posed
pa
per
su
bst
rate
m
at
er
ia
ls.
Sing
le
el
e
m
ent
desig
ns
with
f
our
dif
fe
ren
t
s
ubstrat
e
he
igh
t
s
wer
e
sim
ulated
with
per
i
odic
boun
d
ary
c
onditi
ons
us
i
ng
CST
M
WSv15
,
in
orde
r
t
o
m
on
it
or
the
re
flect
ion
loss
an
d
the
re
flect
ion
phase
range
of
the
el
e
m
ents.
Figure
4
sh
ows
the
s
i
m
ulati
on
resu
l
ts
of
ref
le
ct
io
n
loss
for
va
riable
he
igh
ts
of
substr
at
e
thicknesses
.
The
res
onan
c
e
of
the
sim
ul
at
ed
el
e
m
ents
wer
e
in
X
-
ba
nd
of
op
e
rati
on. W
it
h
a
n
inc
rease
i
n
the
substrat
e h
ei
ght
the r
es
onance
ef
fect
m
ov
e
s
to
wards
l
ow
e
r
fr
e
quenci
es.
F
or
S1
substr
at
e
m
at
erial
F
igu
re
.
4,
as
the
thick
ness
is
increas
ed
from
0.
8
to
2.30
m
m
the
resonan
ce
of
th
e
patc
h
el
e
m
ent
m
ov
es
from
9.40
to
8.11
G
Hz.
T
he
increa
se
in
los
s
is
du
e
to
hi
gh
el
ect
ric
fiel
d
co
nce
ntrati
on
in
the
diele
ct
ric
reg
io
n
betw
een
the
patch
a
nd
gro
und
at
the
res
on
ance
[
12
]
.
T
his
is
al
so
eviden
t
fr
om
the
ref
le
ct
ion
loss v
al
ues.
T
he
loss
dec
rease
s f
r
om
-
17
d
B t
o
-
4.0 d
B wit
h
su
bst
rate i
ncr
e
ase from
0
.8
to
2
.30 mm
. S
i
mil
arly
for
S
2
s
ubstrat
e
m
a
te
rial
as
r
ect
angular
patc
h
el
em
ent
with
var
ia
ble
s
ub
st
rate
hei
gh
ts
we
re
sim
ulate
d.
F
igure
5
sho
ws
the
re
flect
ion
lo
ss
c
urves
of
the
pa
tc
h
el
e
m
ent
as
the
substrat
e
heig
ht
is
incre
ased
f
ro
m
0.
8
to
2.3
0
m
m
.
A
fr
e
que
ncy
dri
ft
of
1.
34
G
Hz
ca
n
be
seen
as
t
he
s
ub
st
rate
he
ig
ht
is
incr
eased
f
ro
m
0.8
to
2.3
0
m
m
.
More
ov
e
r
t
he
r
eflect
ion
l
os
s a
lso
decr
eases
s
ign
ific
a
ntly
w
it
h from
-
14.5 to
-
3.37 dB.
e
Figure
4. Ef
fec
t of substrat
e
he
igh
t
ov
e
r
t
he r
eflect
ion
loss fo
r
S
1
s
ub
strat
e m
at
eria
l
Figure
5. Ef
fec
t of substrat
e
he
igh
t
ov
e
r
t
he
ref
le
ct
io
n
los
s
for
S
2
s
ubstrat
e m
a
te
rial
In
t
he
de
sig
n
of
the
ref
le
ct
ar
r
ay
anten
nas
a
wide
phase
ra
ng
e
co
ver
a
ge
of
360
de
gr
ee
is
desire
d.
A
wide
phase
ra
ng
e
c
ov
e
ra
ge
is
req
ui
red
in
order
to
a
void
the
ph
ase
e
rror
s
ca
us
e
d
du
e
to
the
fabrica
ti
on
tolerances
a
nd
et
ching li
m
it
ati
on
s
.
Figure
6
s
how
the
re
flect
ion
ph
a
se
res
ults
of
f
our
dif
fer
e
nt
su
bs
trat
e
heig
hts
f
ro
m
0.8
–
2.3
0
m
m
.
The
re
flect
ion
ph
a
ses
ha
ve
be
en
sim
ulate
d
fo
r
bo
t
h
ty
pes
of
pro
posed
sub
strat
e
m
at
erial
s
and
t
he
analy
s
is
has
been
car
ried
out
f
or
X
-
band
operati
on.
Fi
gure
6
sho
ws
the
re
flect
ion
ph
a
se
c
urves
f
or
S
1
s
ubstrat
e.
T
he
gr
a
die
nt
of
t
he
ref
le
ct
io
n
phase
c
urves
de
creases
from
0.58
to
0.09
deg
/M
Hz
as
t
he
s
ub
st
rate
he
igh
t
is
increase
d
f
ro
m
0.8
to
2.30
m
m
.
Moreove
r
it
can
be
see
n
from
the
ran
ge
of
th
e
phase
curves
that
with
the
increase
i
n
the
su
bst
rate
heig
ht
the
phase
ra
nge
is
sac
rificed
.
Th
e
phase
ra
ng
e
re
duces
from
30
5
to
125
deg
as
the substrate
th
ic
kn
ess is inc
re
ased fro
m
0
.8
t
o
2.3
0
m
m
.
Si
m
il
ar tren
d
wa
s n
otice
d
i
n
the
case o
f
S
2
sub
strat
e
m
at
erial
Figu
r
e
7
in
w
hic
h
the
re
flect
ion
phase
ra
nge
de
creases
f
ro
m
29
2
t
o
19
0
de
g
wh
e
n
the
s
ub
strat
e
heig
ht
is
i
ncr
e
ased
from
0.
8
t
o
2.30
m
m
.
Table
2
pr
ese
nts
a
com
par
iso
n
of
im
po
rtant
pa
ram
et
ers
on
s
ub
st
rate
heig
ht an
al
ysi
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
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n
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E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Ref
le
ct
ion
ph
ase
an
alysis of r
ef
le
ct
ar
ra
y
ante
nna b
as
e
d on
paper
substr
ate
m
aterials
(
H
.
I
M
alik
)
769
Figure
6. Ef
fec
t of substrat
e
he
igh
t
on the
r
e
f
le
ct
ion
ph
a
se
of
S1 s
ubstrat
e m
at
eria
l
Figure
7. Ef
fec
t of
substrat
e
he
igh
t
var
ia
ti
on
on the
ref
le
ct
io
n ph
as
e of S
2
s
ubstra
te
m
at
erial
Table
2
presen
ts
a
detai
le
d
sum
m
ary
of
the
e
ff
ect
of
s
ubstra
te
heig
ht
on
sc
at
te
ring
par
am
et
ers.
It
ca
n
be
see
n
that
th
e
increase
i
n
t
he
s
ub
st
rate
he
igh
t
inc
reases
t
he
band
width
of
t
he
el
em
ent.
The
10%
bandw
i
dt
h
is
def
ine
d
by
m
ov
ing
10
%
above
th
e
m
axi
m
u
m
ref
le
ct
ion
loss
le
vel.
T
he
sim
ulate
d
com
par
ison
de
pi
ct
s
that
band
width
can
be
i
ncr
ease
d
f
ro
m
144
t
o
790
MHz
as
t
he
su
bst
rate
heig
ht
is
increase
d
f
ro
m
0.8
to
2.3
0
m
m
for
S
1
substr
a
te
.
Si
m
il
arly
t
he
ba
ndwi
dth
for
S
2
substra
te
al
so
increas
es
from
22
4
t
o
98
4
MHz,
by
th
e
increasin
g
the
su
bst
rate
hei
ght
from
0.
8
to
2.30
m
m
.
This
increase
i
n
the
ba
ndwi
dth
com
es
at
the
c
os
t
of
ref
le
ct
io
n
phas
e
range.
S
o
a
tr
ade
-
off
is
to
be
m
ade
in
the
de
sign
of
ref
le
ct
arr
ay
bet
ween
the
phase
ra
nge
and
band
width t
o
a
cqu
i
re fr
uitfu
l
resu
lt
s.
Table
2
. E
ffec
t o
f
S
ubstrat
e
H
ei
gh
t
Ov
e
r
t
he
Scat
te
ring Pa
ra
m
et
ers
Su
b
strate S1
(
m
m
)
f
r
GHz
RL
dB
Δf
MHz
∆Փ
Deg
FOM
Deg
/MHz
0
.80
9
.40
-
1
7
.9
144
305
0
.58
1
.40
8
.86
-
7
.20
488
241
0
.16
1
.80
8
.52
-
5
.19
664
141
0
.12
2
.30
8
.11
-
3
.90
790
125
0
.09
Su
b
strate S2
f
r
RL
Δf
∆Փ
FOM
0
.8
1
0
.84
-
1
4
.5
224
292
0
.34
1
.40
1
0
.30
-
6
.31
609
254
0
.13
1
.80
9
.92
-
4
.53
815
227
0
.09
2
.30
9
.50
-
3
.37
982
190
0
.07
In
orde
r
to
ana
ly
ze
the
ref
le
ct
ion
phase
gr
a
di
ent
of
phase
c
urves
a
Fig
ur
e
of
Me
rit
(FO
M)
has
bee
n
def
i
ned f
or co
m
par
ison
. T
he
FO
M i
s stat
e
d as:
=
∆
∆
Wh
e
re
∆φ
the
sta
ti
c
ph
ase
is
range
of
the
ph
a
se
cu
rv
e
a
nd
∆
f
is
the
frequ
e
ncy
cha
ng
e
durin
g
the
li
near
reg
i
on
of
sta
ti
c
ph
ase.
It
can
be
seen
that
increase
in
substrat
e
hei
gh
t
f
ro
m
0.
8
to
2.3
0
m
m
res
ults
in
decr
ease
of
F
O
M
fr
om
0.
58
t
o
0.0
9
for
S1
s
ub
st
rate.
A
F
O
M
of
0.58
a
nd
0.34
deg
/
MHz
was
achieve
f
or
S
1
and
S
2
substr
at
e
m
a
te
rial
re
sp
ect
ively
at
0.8
m
m
su
bs
trat
e
thickness.
This
shows
th
at
S1
ty
pe
su
bs
trat
e
m
at
erial
will
o
ff
e
rs
an
el
em
e
nt
desi
gn
m
or
e
vu
l
ner
a
ble
to
fabrica
ti
on
tole
ran
ce
a
nd
phas
e
error
s
c
om
par
ed
t
o
S2
s
ubstrat
e t
ha
t offer
a lo
wer FOM.
4.
FABRI
C
A
TI
ON A
ND ME
ASURE
MEN
TS
In
order
t
o
val
idate
a
pap
e
r
s
ub
st
rate
m
a
te
rial
ref
le
ct
arr
ay
anten
nas.
Un
it
cel
l
of
rectan
gu
la
r
patch
el
e
m
ents
wer
e
fab
ricat
ed
on
bo
th
S
1
an
d
S2
substrat
e
m
at
erial
s.
In
order
to
ob
ta
i
n
bette
r
co
nd
uctivit
y
perform
ance
a
70
μm
adhesi
ve
thick
co
pper
ta
pe
wa
s
us
e
d
for
the
fa
bri
cat
ion
of
patch
el
e
m
ents.
T
he
c
oppe
r
ta
pe
offe
rs
t
he
co
nductivit
y
of
bulk
c
oppe
r
i.e.
5.8
x107
S/
m
.
The
el
em
ents
we
re
te
ste
d
f
or
the
scat
te
rin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
7
6
6
–
7
72
770
par
am
et
ers
us
ing
a
ta
per
e
d
open
e
nd
e
d
X
-
ba
nd
wav
e
guide
.
The
pe
rf
ect
el
ect
ric
and
m
a
gn
et
ic
boun
dari
es
of
the
wav
e
guide
reali
se
the
eff
ect
of
an
infi
ni
te
arr
ay
of
refl
ect
arr
ay
el
e
m
ents
[13]
.
Mul
ti
ple
el
e
m
ents
wer
e
fabrica
te
d
t
o
e
ns
ure
re
peatabi
li
ty
o
f
the
res
ults.
Figure
8
sho
w
s
the
fa
br
ic
at
e
d
sam
ples
an
d
the
m
easur
em
ent
set
up.
Fi
gure
8(
a
)
a
nd
8(b)
sho
w
t
he
fabrica
te
d
re
ct
angular
patc
h
el
e
m
ents
on
S1
an
d
S2
subst
rates
resp
ect
iv
el
y.
Figu
re
8(c
)
sh
ows
the
ap
ertur
e
of
the
wa
ve
gu
i
de
si
m
ulator
w
he
re
the
el
em
e
nts
are
place
d
for
m
easur
e
m
ents.
The
ty
pical
X
-
ba
nd
Ag
il
ent
adopter
at
ta
che
d
to
the
ta
per
e
d
wa
veguide
ha
s
been
s
how
n
in
Figu
re
8(d).
The
com
plete
m
easur
em
ent
set
up
of
the
ref
le
ct
ar
ray
has
bee
n
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
8(
e)
w
her
e
th
e
wav
e
gu
i
de
is
at
ta
ched
to
ve
ct
or
net
wor
k
analy
ze
r
and the elem
ents w
ere
p
la
ce
d i
n
the
wa
vegui
de
a
per
t
ur
e
f
or
scat
te
ring
pa
ra
m
et
er
m
easur
e
m
ents.
Fig
ure
8. Me
as
ur
em
ent setu
p (a) S2
sam
ple (
b) S1 sam
ple (c
) Ap
e
rtu
re
of
X
-
ba
nd w
a
ve
guide
sim
ulator
(d)
An X
-
ba
nd a
da
pter fo
r wa
veguide (e)
Com
plete
m
easur
em
e
nt setu
p wit
h V
NA att
ached t
o wa
veguide
si
m
ulator
5.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
A
com
par
iso
n
between
m
ea
su
re
d
an
d
sim
ulate
d
res
ults
has
bee
n
pres
ented
f
or
the
validat
io
n
of
pro
po
se
d
pa
pe
r
s
ubstrat
e
m
a
te
rial
.
Re
flect
ion
phase
an
d
loss
wer
e
m
ea
su
re
d
f
or
each
of
the
re
flect
arr
a
y
el
e
m
ents.
Figure
9
an
d
Fig
ure
10
sho
w
the
com
par
ison
be
tween
m
easur
ed
an
d
sim
ulated
res
u
lt
s.
A
sum
m
ary
on
c
om
par
iso
n
betwee
n
m
ea
su
re
d
a
nd
sim
ulate
d
res
ults
is
ta
bu
la
te
d
in
Table
3.
As
sh
ow
n
in
Ta
bl
e
3,
su
bst
rates
S
1
a
nd
S
2
a
re
s
hown
to
offe
r
340
a
nd
29
0
M
H
z
m
easur
ed
10
%
ba
ndwi
dth
r
especti
vely
.
M
or
e
over
the
m
easur
ed
ph
a
se
range
f
or
bo
t
h
t
he
s
u
bst
rate
m
at
erials
is
310
a
nd
294
de
g
res
pect
ively
.
The
m
e
asur
e
ph
a
se r
a
nge is
ob
s
er
ved to
be greater
tha
n
si
m
ula
te
d
ra
ng
e
du
e
to
i
ncr
eas
e
in
lo
ss
for
m
e
asur
e
d res
ults.
Figure
9.
Com
par
is
on b
et
wee
n
m
easur
ed
and
si
m
ulate
d
ref
le
ct
ion
lo
ss c
urv
es for
p
a
per s
ubstrat
es
Figure
10.
C
om
par
ison
betw
een m
easur
ed
and
si
m
ulate
d
res
ults for S1
an
d S
2
s
ubstrat
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Ref
le
ct
ion
ph
ase
an
alysis of r
ef
le
ct
ar
ra
y
ante
nna b
as
e
d on
paper
substr
ate
m
aterials
(
H
.
I
M
alik
)
771
Table
3
. C
om
par
iso
n betwee
n
Me
asu
red
an
d
Si
m
ulate
d
Re
s
ults
Mater
i
al
f
r
GHz
RL
dB
∆
f
MHz
∆
Փ
d
eg
FOM
d
eg
/MHz
S1
Si
m
u
lated
9
.96
-
7
.17
580
275
0
.07
Measu
red
9
.51
-
9
.60
340
310
0
.12
S2
Si
m
u
lated
1
0
.18
-
4
.41
680
220
0
.14
Measu
red
9
.68
-
8
.85
290
294
0
.24
The
res
ults
show
n
in
Ta
ble
3
dem
on
strat
e
a
dev
ia
ti
on
of
resona
nce
f
requen
cy
f
or
both
the
desig
ns
fabrica
te
d
on
S1
an
d
S
2
sub
strat
es.
In
t
he
case
of
bo
t
h
the
substrat
es
t
he
de
viati
on
is
5%
of
the
sim
ula
te
d
resona
nce.
T
his
ano
m
al
y
m
i
gh
t
be
due
to
i
m
pr
eci
se
f
ab
r
ic
at
ion
process
.
More
ov
e
r
th
e
resu
lt
s
de
pic
te
d
in
Table
3
s
how
that
the
m
easur
ed
ref
le
ct
io
n
ph
a
se
sho
ws
a
good
phase
r
ang
e
al
ong
with
an
ef
fici
ent
10
%
band
width.
T
he
FO
M
val
ues
cal
culat
ed
f
or
the
m
easur
ed
and
sim
ulate
d
resu
lt
s
s
how
a
good
ag
reem
e
nt.
S
1
su
bst
rate
sho
w
s
an
F
OM
of
0.12
w
hile
S2
su
bst
rate
sho
ws
an
FO
M
of
0.2
4.
T
his
s
hows
t
hat
the
a
nten
na
fabrica
te
d
ove
r
S
2
s
ubstrat
e
m
at
erial
will
be
twic
e
m
or
e
vu
l
ner
a
ble
to
ph
a
se
e
rror
s
c
ause
d
by
fa
br
i
cat
ion
lim
it
at
ion
s,
as
com
par
ed
to
S1
substrat
e
m
at
erial
.
The
propose
d
substrat
e
m
at
eri
al
s
pr
ese
nt
ex
cel
le
nt
m
easur
ed ba
ndwidths com
pared to
c
onve
ntion
al
m
at
erial
s.
H
owe
ver
in or
der
to
al
lo
w
th
e long term
o
per
at
i
on
of
pap
e
r
s
ub
s
trat
e
m
at
erial
unde
r
ha
rsh
e
nv
i
ronm
ental
conditi
ons,
pr
op
e
r
la
m
inati
o
ns
an
d
s
hieldi
ng
or
radom
es
m
us
t
be
us
ed
.
E
ff
ect
s
of
thin
tra
ns
pa
ren
t
la
m
inati
on
on
m
ic
ro
stri
p
patch
a
nten
na
has
bee
n
a
na
ly
zed
in li
te
ratur
e
[
14]
. T
hin
poly
thene
la
m
inati
on
s do no
t
af
fect
the r
a
diati
o
n c
har
act
erist
ic
s
of m
ic
ro
strip a
nt
enn
a.
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
w
ork
pr
e
s
ents
a
no
vel
sol
ution
t
o
intrin
sic
narrow b
an
dw
i
dth
p
r
oble
m
of
m
ic
ro
strip
re
flect
arr
a
y
anten
na.
T
w
o
dif
fer
e
ntly
com
po
sed
orga
nic
substrat
e
m
at
erial
based
on
recyc
le
d
m
at
erial
s
hav
e
bee
n
p
r
opos
e
d
a
nd
analy
zed
for
t
heir
el
ect
ric
pa
ram
et
ers
and
dissipati
on
fac
tors.
Th
e
pr
opos
e
d
m
at
erial
s
show
diele
ct
ric
pe
r
m
itti
viti
es
of
1.68
an
d
1.7
4
with
l
os
s
ta
ng
e
nts
of
0.0
72
an
d
0.0
82.
Detai
le
d
a
nal
ysi
s
of
rectan
gu
la
r
m
i
cro
st
rip
patche
s
on
bo
t
h
s
ub
s
trat
e
m
a
te
rial
s
with
var
ia
ble
su
bst
rate
hei
ghts
ha
s
bee
n
c
arr
ie
d
ou
t,
m
on
it
or
i
ng
the
phase,
re
flect
ion
loss
,
ba
ndwidt
h
an
d
FO
M
of
the
sc
at
te
ring
pa
ram
et
ers.
The
sim
ulate
d
resu
lt
s
s
how
t
hat
the
re
flect
ion
phase
ra
nge
a
nd
the
de
fine
d
F
OM
i
nc
reases
with
the
decr
ea
s
ed
in
t
he
su
bst
rate
heig
ht
.
Me
asur
e
d
re
su
lt
s
dem
on
str
at
e
a
br
oa
db
a
nd
fr
e
quency
be
hav
i
or
f
or
both
su
bs
t
rate
m
at
e
rial
s.
The
m
easur
ed sa
m
ples sh
ow
band
widths o
f
340
an
d 290 M
Hz
with lo
w
phase g
ra
dients
of
0.12
a
nd
0.2
4
de
g/
MHz.
T
hu
s
off
erin
g
excell
ent
band
wi
dth
fig
ur
es
t
o
overc
om
e
the
nar
r
ow
band
width
iss
ue
of
m
ic
ro
strip
patch
ref
le
ct
ar
ray ant
enn
a
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
w
ork
was fu
nded
by GPP
S G
ra
nt (
V
OT
466) and
RAC
E G
ra
nt (
V
OT
1119)
awa
r
ded b
y M
inist
ry
of H
i
gh
e
r
E
du
cat
ion
Mal
ay
sia
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
S.
D.
Ta
rgonsk
i,
D.
M.
Pozar
,
and
H.
D.
S
y
rigos
,
“
Anal
y
s
is
and
design
of
m
il
li
m
et
er
wave
m
ic
rostri
p
ref
lectarra
y
s,
”
I
EE
E
Antenna
s
a
nd
Propaga
t
ion S
oci
ety
Inte
rn
ati
onal
S
y
m
posium
.
1995
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[2]
G.
Kum
ar
and
K.
P.
Ra
y
,
Broadb
and
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ic
rostrip
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nte
nnas.
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ch Hous
e,
2003.
[3]
J.
a.
Enc
in
ar,
“
Design
of
a
dual
fre
quency
ref
l
e
ct
arr
a
y
using
m
ic
rostrip
stake
d
p
at
chs
of
var
ia
b
les
size
,
”
Elec
tron
.
Le
tt., vol
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050,
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[4]
A.
Sabban,
“
A
new
broa
dband
stac
ked
two
-
layer
m
ic
rostrip
an
t
enna
,
”
i
n
1983
Antenna
s
and
Pr
opaga
t
ion
Soci
e
t
y
Inte
rna
ti
ona
l
S
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vol.
2
1,
pp
.
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66
.
[5]
J.
A.
En
ci
nar
et
al
.
,
“
Dual
-
Pola
riz
a
ti
on
Re
flectarra
y
in
Ku
-
band
Based
on
Two
Lay
ers
of
Dip
ole
-
Arra
y
s
for
a
Tra
nsm
it
-
Recei
v
e
Satellite
Ant
en
na
with
South
A
m
eri
ca
n
Cov
erage
,
”
2017
11th
Eur.
Conf
.
Ante
nnas
Propag.
,
pp
.
80
–
83,
Mar
.
201
7.
[6]
J.
H.
Yoon,
Y
.
J.
Yoon,
W
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Le
e
,
and
J.
So,
“
Square
Ring
El
ement
Reflec
t
arr
a
y
s
W
it
h
Im
prove
d
Radiat
io
n
Chara
c
te
rist
ic
s
b
y
R
educ
ing
Reflec
t
ion
Phase
Se
nsiti
vity
,
”
I
EEE
Tra
ns.
Ant
enna
s
Propag.
,
v
o
l.
63
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2
,
pp
.
814
–
818,
Feb
.
2015
.
[7]
M.
Bozzi,
S.
G
ermani
,
and
L.
Perre
grini,
“
Perf
orm
anc
e
compari
son
of
diff
ere
n
t
elem
ent
shap
e
s
used
in
pr
int
e
d
ref
lectarra
y
s,
”
I
EE
E
Antenna
s
W
ire
l. Propag. Lett., vol
.
2,
no.
1,
pp.
219
–
222,
20
03.
[8]
H.
Raj
agop
al
a
n
and
Y.
Rahmat
-
Sam
ii
,
“
Refle
ct
arr
a
y
antenna
s:
An
int
uit
iv
e
expl
an
at
ion
of
ref
lecti
on
ph
ase
beha
vior
,
”
in 20
11
XX
Xth
URS
I
Gene
r
al
As
sem
bl
y
and
Sci
ent
if
i
c
S
y
m
posium
,
2
011,
pp
.
1
–
4.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
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4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
7
6
6
–
7
72
772
[9]
S.
H.
Yus
op,
N
.
Misran,
M.
T.
Islam,
and
M.
Y.
Ism
ai
l,
“
Ana
l
y
sis
of
conc
en
t
ric
split
ring
square
ref
l
ec
t
arr
a
y
el
ement
for
b
an
dwidth
enha
n
cem
ent
,
”
in
2009
Inte
rna
ti
ona
l
Co
nfe
ren
c
e
on
Spa
ce
Sci
enc
e
and
Com
m
unic
at
ion,
Ico
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ings,
2009
,
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66
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[10]
R.
Deng,
S.
Xu,
and
F.
Yang,
“
A
high
-
eff
icien
c
y
single
-
l
a
y
er
dual
-
band
ci
rcu
la
r
l
y
po
la
ri
ze
d
ref
le
c
t
arr
a
y
antenn
a
,
”
in
2014
In
te
rn
at
i
onal
S
y
m
posium
on
Antenn
as
an
d
Propaga
t
ion
C
onfe
ren
c
e
Proc
e
edi
ngs,
2014
,
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.
433
–
434
.
[11]
R.
Deng,
S.
Xu,
F.
Yang,
and
M.
Li
,
“
Single
-
L
a
yer
Dual
-
Band
Re
fle
c
ta
rr
a
y
Ant
en
nas
W
it
h
W
ide
Freque
nc
y
Ratio
s
and
High
Aper
tu
re
Eff
ic
i
enc
i
es
Us
ing
Phoenix
El
ements,”
IE
E
E
Tr
ans.
Antenn
as
Propag.
,
vol
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no.
2,
pp
.
61
2
–
622,
Feb
.
2017
.
[12]
H.
Rajagopalan
and
Y.
R
ahmat
-
Sam
ii
,
“
Loss
quant
ifica
ti
on
for
m
ic
rostrip
ref
lec
ta
rra
y
:
Iss
ue
of
high
fields
and
cur
ren
ts,
” in
200
8
IEEE
Ant
ennas
and
Propag
at
io
n
Societ
y
Int
ern
at
ion
al
S
y
m
posi
um
,
2008,
pp
.
1
–
4.
[13]
J.
Stockmann
a
nd
R.
Hodges,
“
The
use
of
wav
egui
de
sim
ulato
rs
to
m
ea
sure
th
e
resona
n
t
fre
qu
ency
of
ku
-
b
and
m
ic
rostrip
arr
a
ys,”
in
IE
EE
Ant
e
nnas
and
Propag
at
ion
Societ
y
,
AP
-
S
Inte
rna
t
ional
S
y
m
p
osium
(Dige
st),
2005,
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A,
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417
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42
0.
[14]
M.
Kana
gasa
ba
i
and
J.
Kizhe
kk
e
Pakkat
hi
ll
am,
“
Perform
anc
e
eva
luation
of
a
d
ual
band
pap
er
subs
tra
te
wire
l
es
s
sensor ne
tworks
ant
enn
a
ov
er cur
vil
inear
surf
ac
es
,
”
I
ET Mic
rowa
ves,
Antenn
as
Pr
opag.
,
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2015
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.