TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 12, No. 8, August 201
4, pp. 5774 ~ 5778
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
12i8.627
5
5774
Re
cei
v
ed Ma
rch 9, 2
014;
Re
vised
Ma
y 15, 2014; Accepted June 6,
2014
The Comparative Study between Twisted and Non-
Twisted Distribution Line for Photovoltaic System
Subjected to Induced Voltage Generated by Impulse
Voltage
Nur Hid
a
y
u
Abdul Rahim*
1
, Zikri Abadi Baha
rudi
n
2
, Md Naz
r
i
Othman
3
, Puteri Nur Suhaila
Ab Ra
hm
an
4
F
a
cult
y
of Elec
trical Eng
i
ne
eri
ng, Univ
ersiti T
e
knik
al Mal
a
ysi
a
Melak
a
(UT
e
M),
Han
g
T
uah Ja
ya, 7610
0 Dur
i
a
n
T
unggal, Mel
a
ka, Mala
ys
ia. Ph: +
6555
226
7
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: are
y
up
eac
e
@
yah
oo.com
1
, zikri@utem.edu.my
2
, nazri@
u
tem.edu.m
y
3
,
su
e
l
la
bp
90
@
g
ma
i
l
.
co
m
4
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
he rece
nt ad
vance
m
ent of r
enew
ab
le
en
er
gy s
ourc
e
s a
n
d
spec
ifical
ly p
hotovo
l
taic sys
tem
ha
s
resulte
d
i
n
out
door
inst
all
a
tio
n
s of
lar
ge
po
w
e
r stat
ions.
A ph
otovo
l
taic
syste
m
is
ex
pose
d
to
extre
m
e
ambi
ent co
ndit
i
ons
du
e to th
e li
ghtn
i
ng
stri
ke activi
ty th
at
ge
nerate
d
i
n
d
u
ced
overv
o
lta
ge w
h
ic
h h
a
ve
a
hig
h
tend
ency
to affect the el
ectrical a
p
p
a
ra
tus espec
i
a
l
l
y renew
ab
le e
ner
gy pla
n
t that di
rectly expos
ed
to
this source. T
h
is study is p
e
rformed thro
ugh ex
per
i
m
e
n
tal w
o
rk by compari
ng th
e
effect of ind
u
ce
d
overvo
ltage
pr
opa
gati
on
upo
n betw
e
e
n
th
e tw
isted an
d
non-tw
isted
distrib
u
tion
li
n
e
for p
hotov
ol
taic
system. The i
nduc
ed volt
ag
e is perfor
m
e
d
by usin
g
lig
htnin
g
i
m
pu
lse
gener
ator. It
is found that th
e
max
i
mu
m v
o
lt
age
of the
u
n
w
anted si
gn
al
is pro
porti
ona
l
w
i
th the d
i
sta
n
t of the
spec
imen. T
h
e cl
o
s
er
distant b
e
tw
ee
n sol
a
r pa
ne
l
mater
i
al
an
d s
park d
i
schar
ge
, the more ser
i
ous effect w
oul
d occur
du
e to
the
ind
u
ced overvo
ltage
.
Ke
y
w
ords
: photovoltaic system
s,
induc
e ov
ervoltage,
wave propagation
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
The
co
sts of
tran
smi
ssi
on
and
di
strib
u
tion
system
s
are
taki
ng
a
n
in
cre
a
si
ngl
y large
r
portion of utili
ty capital investment toda
y. Howe
ver, the co
nstructi
on of large
r
p
o
we
r gen
erati
ng
station
s
wa
s
achi
eved foll
ow by u
s
er
d
e
m
and [1]. T
he phe
nom
e
non of lightni
ng ha
s be
en
th
e
subj
ect of int
ensive
study
by re
sea
r
che
r
s [2
-5] an
d it
s be
haviou
r
i
s
fairly p
r
edi
ctable in g
ene
ral
terms, alth
ou
gh the exa
c
t
descri
p
tion of
spe
c
ific
i
n
ci
d
ents i
s
not
predicta
b
le. Protection
agai
nst
lightning
effects in
clu
d
e
s
two
categ
o
rie
s
: direct
strike (di
r
e
c
t effects) an
d indi
rect st
rike. Direct
stri
ke is
con
c
erne
d with th
e ene
rgy, he
ating, fl
ash, ignition of the
lightning current, and in
di
rect
stri
ke o
r
also
kn
own a
s
lig
htning-i
ndu
ce
d over
vo
ltag
e (
i
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
ffec
t
)
w
h
ic
h
c
oup
lin
g
be
tw
een
the lightning
stro
ke a
nd, e
i
ther
to the PV system o
r
lines
con
d
u
c
tor in ele
c
tri
c
a
l
and ele
c
tro
n
i
c
sy
st
em
s.
The wo
rk of lightning an
d surge p
r
ote
c
tio
n
of
photovoltaic in
stallatio
n
s by re
sea
r
cher [6]
have spe
c
ul
a
t
ed about two installation
s of PV
systems which were dam
age
d
during lightn
i
ng
thunde
rsto
rm
s, may due t
o
dire
ct light
ning
strike. T
he two l
o
cations
we
re lo
cated in Vul
c
a
no
Island
(Italy)
and Kythno
s
Island
(Gre
ece). Foll
ow
i
ng
the de
scriptio
n of the
s
e
two case
studie
s
,
a di
scussion
i
s
p
r
e
s
ente
d
and l
eadin
g
t
o
firm
co
nclu
sion
when th
e evident i
s
sufficient a
nd
also
allowin
g
conj
ectures whe
n
the evide
n
t is le
ss th
en con
c
lu
sive. Ho
weve
r, the evident
is
insuffici
ent to
co
ncl
ude
th
at all o
b
serv
ed d
a
mag
e
wa
s
cau
s
e
d
by direct li
gh
tning
stri
ke
e
ffect
sin
c
e it i
s
ve
ry difficult to
predi
ct
whe
n
exactl
y lig
htning
stri
ke
to
the
spe
c
ific
point. Th
eref
ore
further i
n
vesti
gation of di
re
ct effect n
eed
to
be d
one
b
y
con
s
ide
r
ing
the co
mplexi
ty, the cost, a
nd
s
a
fety is
sues
.
Re
cently, the lightning
simulatio
n
for
PV syst
em co
ncerni
ng lightnin
g
-indu
ced
overvoltage
wa
s ap
pea
re
d in [7]. Th
e wo
rk of [
8
] cal
c
ulate
d
and
analysed the i
ndu
ced
overvoltage f
o
r PV panel
arrays on th
e
rooftop of
b
u
ilding. Th
ey con
c
lud
ed t
hat the lightn
i
ng-
indu
ced
overvoltage i
s
di
rectly p
r
op
orti
onal to
th
e
p
eak value
of
lightning
current. Indee
d, t
hey
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
The Com
p
a
r
a
t
ive Study bet
wee
n
Twi
s
ted
and No
n-T
w
i
s
ted…
(Nu
r
Hidayu Abdul
Rahim
)
5775
claime
d that t
he hi
gh
buildi
ng, soil resi
sti
v
ity and t
he d
i
stan
ce effect
we
re more seriou
s
fa
cto
r
to
be exposed to the overvoltage. Furthe
rmore, their in
vestigation
s
c
oncl
ude
d that the selectio
n
of
Surge P
r
ote
c
tive Device
s (SPD) shoul
d
be con
s
ide
r
e
d
for all the f
a
ctors m
entio
ned a
bove. T
h
is
probl
emati
c
matter ha
s g
r
eatly encou
raged to fu
rth
e
r study in e
x
amining an
d
developing t
h
e
prop
er lig
htning prote
c
tion
scheme fo
r PV system.
From the exp
e
rime
nt of investigate the e
ffect of the propag
ati
on of unwanted si
g
nal on
sola
r
p
anel with surge
p
r
otection devi
c
e
s
(SP
D
)
a
nd with
out S
P
D indi
cate
d
in the
re
sult
s of
some
p
r
eviou
s
te
st in
auth
o
r jo
urnal [9].
From
t
he
wo
rk
expe
riment
re
sults, th
e d
i
stan
ce
of sol
a
r
panel a
nd in
dire
ct lightnin
g
is si
gnifica
ntly affe
cting
the unwante
d
sig
nal valu
es a
nd thu
s
can
cau
s
e d
a
mag
e
to electro
n
i
c
equi
pment.
On this
ba
sis, the key lightning
protection techni
qu
es
are offe
red a
nd this p
r
obl
ematic matte
r ha
s great
ly enco
u
rage
d to further
stu
d
y in examini
n
g
and devel
opi
ng the pro
p
e
r
lightning protecti
on
schem
e for Photovo
l
taic syste
m
.
2. Experimental Wor
k
The experi
m
ental work
is co
nducted to
determi
ne the brea
kdown probability
of a
spark
gap u
nde
r vol
t
age impul
se
by gene
rating
66 kV im
pul
se voltage
s. T
he expe
rime
n
t
is ca
rri
ed o
u
t
at High Volta
ge Lab
orato
r
y, Universiti
Tekni
k
al
M
a
l
a
ysia Mela
ka
. The instru
m
ents u
s
ed a
r
e as
belo
w
:
a)
Diod
e (14
0
kV
, 20mA)
b)
Smoothing a
nd Energy St
orag
e Ca
pa
ci
tor (25
n
F)
c)
Parallel Resistor
(Tail Resi
stor)
d)
Serie
s
Re
si
stor (Wave fro
n
t
Resi
stor)
e)
Solar pa
nel a
rray (2
1V, 80
W)
f) Spark
Gap
g) Measuri
ng
Capa
citor
h)
Impulse Volta
ge Co
nfiguration Circuit
i) Oscilloscope
j)
Electri
c
al cop
per cable 1.5
m
m
2
(15m
)
k)
Twiste
d ele
c
trical
cop
p
e
r
cable 1.5mm
2
(15m
)
The experi
m
e
n
t is set up to investigate the effe
ct of indire
ct lightnin
g
strike on the output
of sol
a
r pa
nel
. The
experi
m
ent i
s
con
d
u
cted
u
s
ing
i
m
pulse g
ene
rator i
n
hi
gh v
o
ltage l
abo
rat
o
ry
to pro
d
u
c
e i
m
pulse volta
ge. The
outp
u
t from
sola
r
panel i
n
the f
o
rm of
wavef
o
rm i
s
read
u
s
ing
2-inp
u
t cha
n
nels o
s
cilloscop
e. Impulse vo
ltage is generated
by di
schargi
ng high voltage
cap
a
cito
rs through
switchi
ng o
n
to n
e
twork of
re
sisto
r
a
nd
ca
pa
citors.
To
pe
rfo
r
m a
testin
g f
o
r
impulse voltage, doubl
e expone
ntial imp
u
lse voltag
e has b
een utili
sed.
The
experi
m
ent is
con
ducted to i
n
vesti
gate
the
effe
ct of th
e p
r
o
pagatio
n of
u
n
wa
nted
sign
als o
n
a sola
r pan
el with twisted an
d non-t
w
is
te
d
cable. Th
e solar pa
nel wit
h
the rated o
f
21V an
d 80
W is pla
c
ed
perp
endi
cul
a
r apa
rt from
spark g
ap
with
the ra
nge
di
stan
ce of
1.0
m
to
2.0m. Furth
e
rmore, in
ord
e
r
to see the
relati
on
ship b
e
twee
n volta
ge of un
wa
nted si
gnal
s a
n
d
the dista
n
ce
of sola
r pa
n
e
l is in
creased by
the fa
ctor of 0.5m.
The 15m l
e
ngth of 1.5m
m
2
electri
c
al
co
pper cable
(twisted
or n
on-twi
s
te
d
)
i
s
conn
ecte
d
from the
solar
pan
el to the
oscillo
scope
and the inte
rnal imped
an
ce is
set to
1M
Ω
un
der f
u
ll band
width
operation. T
h
e
lightning artifi
cial
voltag
e (1.2/50
μ
s) i
s
g
enerated
up t
o
66
kV
and t
he trig
ger is set to be
30%
of
the input voltage. Trig
ger
system i
s
fun
c
tion to
stabil
i
se the re
peti
t
ive waveforms and
capt
ure
singl
e-shot waveform
s. Th
e result is sav
ed wi
th ASCII format and a
nalyse
d
by using MATLAB.
3. Experimental Re
sult a
nd Discu
ssi
on
Figure 1 a
nd
2 belo
w
sho
w
s th
e inp
u
t
sign
al when li
ghtning
artificial voltage
(1.
2
/50
μ
s)
is g
ene
rated
up to
66
kV
for b
o
th twi
s
ted
and
no
n-twi
s
ted
dist
ribution
line
with the
dist
ance
betwe
en sola
r panel a
r
ray and spark ga
p of 1.0m and
2.0m respe
c
tively.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 8, August 2014: 577
4 –
5778
5776
Figure 1. Profile of input sig
nal (1.2/50
μ
s) of distrib
u
tio
n
line with the
peak voltag
e
of 66
kV and the u
n
wa
nted si
gn
al of so
lar p
a
nel at distant
of 1.0 m
* Actual voltage for input si
gnal (CH 1
)
= 390 x voltage oscillo
scop
e
Figure 2. Profile of input sig
nal (1.2/50
μ
s) of distrib
u
tio
n
line with the
peak voltag
e
of 66
kV and the u
n
wa
nted si
gn
al of solar p
a
nel of 2.0 m
* Actual voltage for input si
gnal (CH 1
)
= 390 x voltage oscillo
scop
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
The Com
p
a
r
a
t
ive Study bet
wee
n
Twi
s
ted
and No
n-T
w
i
s
ted…
(Nu
r
Hidayu Abdul
Rahim
)
5777
Figure 1
sh
o
w
the
ch
ara
c
t
e
risti
c
of u
n
want
ed
sign
al
due to i
ndu
ce
d overvolta
g
e
perfo
rm
by artificial li
ghtning
gen
e
r
ator
at 1.0m
distan
ce. T
h
e indu
ce
d ov
ervoltage i
s
l
abelle
d a
s
in
pu
t
sign
al (CH 1
)
while
the u
n
w
ante
d
si
gnal
is la
belle
d (CH 2
)
. Figu
re
1 indi
cate
s th
at the un
wa
nted
sign
al (CH 2) is appea
red
as train pul
se
s whi
c
h are
correlated with
fast front. It is found that the
first p
u
lse of
pulse train
exhibits th
e hi
g
hest volt
a
ge.
For
example,
at the
di
stan
ce
gap
of 1.
0
m
,
unwanted
sig
nals a
r
e foun
d to be 26.8V
and 24.8V
fo
r twiste
d and
non-t
w
iste
d resp
ectively.
Figure 2 b
e
lo
w sho
w
s th
e
results of th
e
gap di
stan
ce
of 2.0m for b
o
th twiste
d a
nd no
n-
twisted di
stri
bution line
with the ma
ximum vo
ltage of un
wan
t
ed sign
al of
7.2V and 6
.
8V
respe
c
tively. From thi
s
exp
e
rime
nt, it is
obs
erved
that
the maximu
m voltage of
unwanted
sig
nal
(first
pul
se
) d
e
crea
se
s
wh
en the
ga
p
di
stan
ce
betwe
en
spa
r
k g
a
p
and
sola
r p
a
nel i
s
in
crea
sed
(se
e
Tabl
e 1).
Table 1. Maxi
mum Voltage
of Unwa
nted
Signal Propa
gation in Sola
r Panel
Distan
ce (
m
) a
n
d maxi
mu
m
v
o
lt
age o
f
u
n
w
a
nted sig
n
al (
v
)
Distan
ce
1.0m
1.5m
2.0m
Non-T
w
isted
26.8
15.2
7.2
T
w
isted 24.8
10.8
6.8
Mean
25.8
13
7
Factor (<2
)
1.0806
1.4074
1.0588
Statistically, the
re
sult of
unwanted
si
gnal
f
r
om
dif
f
erent dista
n
c
e of sola
r panel
is
decrea
s
in
g p
r
opo
rtion
a
lly as sho
w
n on
Table 1
abo
ve. There is
a significant distin
ction wh
en
comp
ari
ng th
e results
of
unwanted
si
g
nal
sign
at
ure
between
the
dista
n
ce
of
1.0m a
nd
2.0
m
.
The differe
nt betwee
n
twisted an
d no
n-twi
s
ted
for 1.0m gap i
s
abo
ut a factor of 1.08
06.
Furthe
rmo
r
e,
it has b
een f
ound th
at for the
gap
of 1
.
5m and 2.0
m
, t
he factors are 1.40
74
and
1.0588
re
spe
c
tively. At the distan
ce
bet
wee
n
t
he
sol
a
r pa
nel a
nd
spa
r
k
gap
1.0
m
and 2.0
m
, the
averag
e ma
g
n
itude
s of un
wante
d
si
gna
ls a
r
e 2
5
.8
V
and 7V
re
spe
c
tively as
sho
w
n o
n
Fig
u
re
3
belo
w
.
Figure 3. Gap
Distan
ce of
Solar Panel a
nd S
park Ga
p versu
s
Max
i
mum Voltage
of Unwa
nted
Signal
Based
on th
e
above
re
sult, it is foun
d th
at ther
e i
s
no
signifi
cant
effect between
twisted
and no
n-twi
s
t
ed distri
butio
n line. It is expecte
d t
hat the small di
scre
pan
cy may due to insuffici
ent
of induced vo
ltage level ca
pability in the lab setting.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1.0m
1.5m
2.0m
Maximum
of un
w
a
nted
signal (V)
Distance
betw
e
e
n
solar panel and
spark
gap
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 8, August 2014: 577
4 –
5778
5778
4. Conclusio
n
A photovoltaic syste
m
is
cha
r
a
c
teri
ze
d
by
an extensively distri
but
ion of pa
nels that
need
s
a mo
d
e
ling
crite
r
ion
in o
r
de
r to
i
n
crea
se
th
e
safety level,
maintena
nce, ope
ration
a
nd
reliability. Ba
sed
on th
e o
b
tained
experimental resu
lt, there i
s
a
bi
t significant d
i
fferent bet
we
en
twisted
and
n
on-twi
s
ted
di
stributio
n line
based
on th
e existen
c
e
o
f
unwa
n
ted
si
gnal d
ue to t
he
indu
ced
volta
ge
with the
profile
of ma
ximum vo
ltag
e, duration
a
nd p
u
lse
wid
t
h of un
wa
nted
sign
al re
sult.
From the
re
sult obtain
e
d
,
twist
ed cab
l
e is not an
effective way
to redu
ce t
h
e
indu
ced volta
ge towa
rd
s solar pa
nel. Hence, thr
oug
h the same
e
x
perime
n
t wo
rk, it is expe
cted
that the new prote
c
tion schem
e for th
e sola
r pa
nel
su
ch a
s
the
improvised
Surge Protective
Device (SP
D
) and shielded techni
que of
twisted di
stribution line
will be
proposed for
future work
s
o
lution.
Ackn
o
w
l
e
dg
ements
The a
u
tho
r
s
woul
d like to
than
k the
Universi
ti TeknikalMal
a
ysia Melaka (UT
e
M)
for
providin
g the sho
r
t term grant PJP/2012
/FKE (5A)/S01080 for thi
s
rese
arch.
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