Indonesian Journal of
Electrical
Engineer
ing and
Computer Science
V
o
l.11
,
No
.1
, Ju
ly 20
18
, pp
. 16
9
~
17
4
ISSN: 2502-4752,
DOI: 10.
11591/ij
eecs.v11
.i1.pp169-174
1
69
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: http://iaescore.c
om/jo
urnals/index.php/ijeecs
Soil Moisture Monitoring Us
ing Field Programmable Gate
Array
Muhamme
d I
h
san Husni,
Mohammed
Kareem
Hus
s
e
in, Mohd Shamian Bin Z
a
inal,
Shipun
Anu
a
r
Bin H
a
mz
ah,
Danial Bin
Md Nor,
H
a
z
w
aj Bin
Mhd
P
o
ad
Facult
y of Ele
c
tr
ica
l
and
E
l
ec
tron
ic Engine
ering
Universiti
Tun
Hussein Onn Mala
y
s
ia
(UTHM)
Batu Pah
a
t,
Mal
a
y
s
i
a
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
Ja
n 12, 2018
Rev
i
sed
Mar
29
, 20
18
Accepted Apr 12, 2018
This paper presents a solution for remo
te monitoring and sensing of different
agricu
ltural p
a
r
a
meters th
at ef
fect
the plant growth and
productivity
.
Hardware d
e
scr
i
ptive la
nguage has been used
fo
r th
e implementation
of
proposed topolog
y
on Field Programmable
Gate Array
s
. Th
e har
d
ware used
for this purpose is an Alt
e
ra
board.
The si
m
u
lated resul
t
s take
int
o
considera
tion th
e environm
ent
a
l
factors such
as
the hum
idit
y,
s
o
il m
o
isture
conten
t and
the temperature. Th
e propos
ed s
y
stem continuously
monitors the
environmental changes for an
y
updates.
Th
e s
y
stem also controls a water
m
o
tor that is t
u
rned on as th
e s
y
st
em
sense
s
the reduc
tion
in m
o
isture
conten
t. The s
y
s
t
em
im
plem
entation
on hard wave level show promising
results and
hav
e
been d
i
scussed in detailed.
K
eyw
ords
:
Altera
FPGA
R
e
m
o
t
e
M
oni
t
o
ri
ng
So
il
Copyright ©
201
8Institute of
Ad
v
anced
Engineeri
ng and Scien
c
e.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
M
uham
m
ed
Ih
san Hu
sni
,
Faculty of Elec
trical an
d Electronic E
ngi
neering
Un
i
v
ersiti
Tu
n Hu
ssein
On
n Malaysia
(UTHM)
Batu
Pah
a
t, M
a
laysia.
Em
a
il: g
e
1
6
0
0
8
2
@siswa.u
thm
.
ed
u
.
my
1.
INTRODUCTION
So
il m
o
istu
re is a k
e
y v
a
riable in
con
t
ro
lling
th
e ex
ch
ange o
f
water and h
eat en
erg
y
between
the
land s
u
rface a
n
d the atm
o
sphe
re through
e
v
a
p
oration and
pl
ant transpirati
o
n.
As
a res
u
lt, soil
m
o
isture
plays
an i
m
port
a
nt
r
o
l
e
i
n
t
h
e de
ve
l
opm
ent
of we
at
her pat
t
e
r
n
s
and t
h
e p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
on o
f
p
r
eci
pi
t
a
t
i
on. T
h
ere
f
or
e, use
d
a p
a
rticu
l
ar
So
i
l
Sen
s
o
r
and
i
n
teg
r
ated it with FPGA &
Verilo
g
cod
e
will help
to con
t
ro
l t
h
e
b
e
n
e
fit
quan
tity
o
f
water fo
r the so
il.
The fi
rst
i
n
t
e
grat
e
d
ci
rcui
t
s
t
h
at
were de
vel
o
ped i
n
t
h
e earl
y
196
0s
cont
ai
ne
d l
e
ss t
h
an 1
00
transistors
on a
chip a
n
d are c
a
lled sm
a
ll-scale integrated (SSI) circ
uits.
The num
ber of
t
r
ansi
st
o
r
s
c
o
n
t
i
nue
d
to
in
crease
ov
er th
e tim
e, th
is
trend
h
a
s con
tin
u
e
d
to
th
e p
r
esent
day
wi
t
h
1,
00
0,
0
00 t
r
a
n
si
st
o
r
s o
n
a c
h
i
p
by
th
e late 1
9
8
0
s
, 1
0
,000
,0
00
tr
an
sistor
s on
a ch
ip
b
y
th
e mid
-
199
0
s
, ov
er
10
0,000
,0
00
tr
an
sistor
s b
y
2004
, an
d
up t
o
1, 000,000,000 tra
n
sistor
s on a c
h
ip t
o
day. T
h
is
exponential growth in
the am
ount
of
digital logic that
can
be
packe
d
i
n
t
o
a si
ngl
e c
h
i
p
has
p
r
od
uce
d
se
ri
o
u
s
pr
o
b
l
e
m
s
for
t
h
e
di
g
i
t
a
l
desi
gne
r.
H
o
w
can
an
en
gi
neer
,
o
r
ev
en
a team
o
f
eng
i
n
e
ers, desig
n
a
d
i
g
ital lo
g
i
c ci
rcu
it th
at will en
d up
co
n
t
ain
i
n
g
m
i
l
l
i
o
n
s
of t
r
an
sist
ors
?
A co
m
p
letely
d
i
fferen
t
arch
it
ectu
r
e
was in
tro
d
u
c
ed
in
th
e
mid
-
19
80
‟
s t
h
at
uses R
A
M
-
base
d l
o
ok
u
p
t
a
bl
e
s
in
stead
of AND-OR g
a
tes
to
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
t
com
b
in
atio
n
a
l
logic. T
h
ese
de
vices are called field
program
m
able
gat
e
ar
ray
s
(
F
PG
As)
.
T
h
e
de
vi
ce co
nsi
s
t
s
o
f
an
ar
ray
o
f
c
o
n
f
i
g
ura
b
l
e
l
o
gi
c bl
ock
s
(C
L
B
s) s
u
r
r
o
u
nde
d
by
a
n
array
of
I/
O
bl
ock
s
.
The t
r
a
d
i
t
i
onal
way
of
desi
g
n
i
ng
di
gi
t
a
l
ci
rcui
t
s
i
s
t
o
dra
w
l
ogi
c di
a
g
ram
s
cont
ai
ni
ng S
S
I
gat
e
s an
d
M
S
I l
o
gi
c f
u
nc
t
i
ons.
H
o
we
ve
r,
by
t
h
e l
a
t
e
1
9
8
0
s a
n
d earl
y
1
9
9
0
s s
u
c
h
a
pr
ocess
was
be
com
i
ng pr
o
b
l
e
m
a
t
i
c
.
H
o
w
can
you d
r
aw
sch
e
m
a
tic d
i
ag
ram
s
co
n
t
ain
i
n
g
hu
ndred
s
o
f
tho
u
s
and
s
or millio
n
s
o
f
g
a
tes?
A
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
250
2-4
7
5
2
I
ndo
n
e
sian
J Elec Eng
& Com
p
Sci, V
o
l. 11
,
No
.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
18
:
1
69–
174
17
0
pr
o
g
ram
m
abl
e
l
ogi
c
devi
ces
repl
ace
d TTL
chi
p
s i
n
new
desi
g
n
s a
ne
w
ap
pr
oach
t
o
d
i
gi
t
a
l
desi
g
n
b
ecam
e
necessa
ry
. C
o
m
put
er-ai
d
e
d
t
ool
s are esse
nt
i
a
l
t
o
desi
gni
n
g
di
gi
t
a
l
ci
rcui
t
s
t
oday
.
W
h
at
has bec
o
m
e
cl
ear ove
r
the last decade
is that today
‟
s di
gi
t
a
l
engi
n
eer desi
gns
di
gi
t
a
l
sy
st
em
s b
y
wri
t
i
ng s
o
ft
ware
! Thi
s
i
s
a
m
a
jor
para
di
gm
shi
f
t
fr
om
t
h
e t
r
adi
t
i
onal
m
e
t
hod
of
desi
g
n
ing
d
i
g
ital syste
m
s. Man
y
of the trad
itio
n
a
l
desig
n
m
e
thods t
h
at
were im
porta
nt whe
n
using
TTL chi
p
s
a
r
e
less im
porta
nt whe
n
designing
f
o
r
pr
ogra
m
m
a
ble
l
ogi
c devi
ces
.
HDL is
o
n
e o
f
the two m
o
st com
m
on Har
d
ware
De
sc
riptionLanguages (HDL
) used by
integrate
d
ci
rcui
t
(
I
C
)
des
i
gne
rs. T
h
e
ot
h
e
r o
n
e i
s
V
H
D
L
. H
D
L
‟
s allows th
e d
e
si
g
n
to
b
e
sim
u
lated
earlier in
t
h
e design
cy
cl
e i
n
orde
r
t
o
cor
r
ect
err
o
rs
or e
x
peri
m
e
nt
wi
t
h
di
ffe
r
e
nt
arc
h
i
t
ect
ur
es. Desi
gns
de
scri
be
d i
n
HD
L are
t
echn
o
l
o
gy
-i
n
d
e
pen
d
e
n
t
,
eas
y
t
o
desi
gn
and
deb
u
g
, a
nd a
r
e us
ual
l
y
m
o
re reada
b
l
e
t
h
an sc
he
m
a
t
i
c
s,
p
a
rticu
l
arly for larg
e circu
its.
Th
e
b
a
sic m
o
del d
e
sign
sc
he
m
e
i
s
prese
n
t
e
d as
a fl
ow
cha
r
t
i
n
Fi
g
u
re
1.
1.
Algo
rith
m
i
c le
v
e
l (m
u
c
h
lik
e
c cod
e
w
ith if,
case and l
o
op s
t
ate
m
ents).
2.
R
e
gi
st
er t
r
a
n
sf
er l
e
vel
(R
TL
uses
re
gi
st
ers c
o
n
n
ect
ed
by
B
ool
ea
n e
quat
i
o
n
s)
.
3.
Gate
level (int
erconnected AND, NOR
etc
.
).
4.
Switch-lev
e
l
(th
e
switch
e
s are MO
S t
r
ansist
ors insi
de
gates).
Fi
g
u
re
1
.
B
a
si
c Desi
gn
M
e
t
h
od
ol
o
g
y
Th
e DE0-
N
a
no
bo
ard
in
t
r
odu
ces a
com
p
ac
t-sized FPGA devel
opm
ent
p
l
atform
suited fo
r to a wi
de
ran
g
e
of
p
o
rt
a
b
l
e
desi
gn
p
r
o
j
ect
s, suc
h
as
r
o
bot
s a
n
d m
obi
l
e
pr
o
j
ect
s [
1
]
.
The
DE
0-
Nan
o
i
s
i
d
eal
fo
r
u
s
e wi
t
h
em
bedde
d s
o
ft
pro
cesso
rs—i
t
feat
ures a p
o
w
er
ful
Al
t
e
ra
C
y
cl
one IV F
P
GA (
w
i
t
h
2
2
,
3
20 l
o
gi
c el
em
ent
s
),
32
M
B
of S
D
R
A
M
,
2 K
b
EE
P
R
OM
, an
d a
6
4
M
b
se
ri
al
co
nfi
g
u
r
at
i
on m
e
m
o
ry
devi
ce.
For c
o
nn
ect
i
n
g
t
o
real
-
wo
rl
d se
nso
r
s
t
h
e DE
0-
Nan
o
i
n
cl
udes a Nat
i
onal
Sem
i
conduct
o
r
8-c
h
an
n
e
l
12-
bi
t
A/
D
con
v
e
r
t
e
r, an
d
i
t
al
so
featu
r
es an
Analo
g
Dev
i
ces13
-b
it, 3-ax
is accelero
m
eter
d
e
v
i
ce. Th
e
DE0-Nano
bo
ard
inclu
d
e
s a
b
u
ilt-i
n
USB
B
l
ast
e
r for F
P
GA
pr
og
ram
m
i
ng, a
nd t
h
e b
o
ar
d can
be p
o
w
er
ed
eith
er fro
m
th
is USB po
rt or b
y
an
extern
al
po
we
r s
o
u
r
ce.
The
b
o
ar
d i
n
cl
udes
ex
pa
nsi
o
n
hea
d
e
r
s t
h
a
t
can
be
used
t
o
at
t
ach
vari
o
u
s Te
rasi
c
dau
ght
e
r
cards
or
ot
her
devi
ces
, suc
h
as
m
o
t
o
rs an
d a
c
t
u
at
ors
.
I
n
p
u
t
s
and
out
put
s i
n
cl
u
d
e 2 p
u
s
h
but
t
o
ns
, 8 use
r
LEDs
an
d a set
o
f
4 dip
-
sw
itch
e
s.
A st
an
dal
o
ne
d
e
vi
ce base
d
o
n
FPG
A
has
bee
n
pr
op
ose
d
t
h
a
t
preci
sel
y
det
e
ct
s t
h
e col
o
r
o
f
t
h
e s
o
i
l
t
o
in
sp
ectth
e m
a
c
r
onu
trien
t
s i
n
th
e so
il. Th
e sen
s
ing
un
it con
s
ists
o
f
RBG LEDs along
with
a wi
d
e
sp
ectral
i
m
ag
e p
h
o
t
od
io
d
e
s to
acqu
i
re h
i
gh
qu
ality sen
s
ing
resu
l
t
s. Th
e ligh
t
reflected
fro
m
th
e so
il sam
p
l
e
is
col
l
ect
ed
by
t
h
e
ph
ot
o
d
et
ect
or
di
ode
. T
h
e
FP
GA
m
odul
e can
be
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e
d t
o
c
o
nve
rt
ADC
da
t
a
t
o
co
rresp
ond
ing
HSI
v
a
l
u
es [2].
Mo
n
itoring
th
e
m
o
istu
re
co
n
t
en
t,
relativ
e hu
m
i
d
i
t
y
an
d
th
e tem
p
eratu
r
e
of
cro
p
s a
nd
wi
t
h
a com
b
i
n
at
i
o
n
of m
i
crocont
r
o
l
l
e
r an
d FP
G
A
base
d se
ns
o
r
s ha
ve bee
n
p
r
o
p
o
sed i
n
[
3
]
.
Thu
s
accurate and
precise m
easurem
ent sensors are requir
e
d
to
m
easure trans
p
iration.
More
ove
r the
power
con
s
t
r
ai
nt
pre
s
ent
i
n
WSN
n
o
d
es has
bee
n
a
d
d
r
esse
d by
us
i
n
g
sol
a
r po
we
red
n
o
d
es [4]
.
R
e
m
o
t
e
sensi
n
g
a
n
d
m
oni
t
o
ri
ng sy
s
t
em
wi
t
h
R
F
ID sens
or a
nd
r
eaders s
h
ow ef
fi
ci
ent
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce al
on
g wi
t
h
ene
r
gy
ha
rve
s
t
i
n
g
cap
ab
ilities at n
o
d
e
lev
e
l.A fu
sion
o
f
fi
v
e
prim
ary sen
s
o
r
s
h
a
v
e
b
een done to
m
a
k
e
a sing
le sen
s
or i
n
ord
e
r t
o
m
onitor plant
transm
igration
accurately. T
h
e
propose
d
s
e
ns
or m
easure
s
air tem
p
erature
,
relative
hum
i
dity,
a
m
b
i
en
t lig
h
t
, leav
e tem
p
erature along
with
plan
t ou
t relative p
e
rm
i
ttiv
it
y [5
-6
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
d
onesi
a
n
J
E
l
ec En
g& C
o
m
p
Sci
ISS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
47
52
Soi
l
M
o
i
s
t
u
re
Mo
ni
t
o
ri
n
g
Us
i
ng Fi
el
d
Pr
o
g
r
am
m
abl
e G
a
t
e
Arr
a
y
(
M
u
h
a
mme
d Ih
sa
n H
u
sni
)
17
1
The board com
e
s with differe
n
t ty
pes of inte
rfaces a
nd
buses to be
utilized accordi
ng to
application
i
n
ha
nd
. The
PXI c
o
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r
i
s
a PC
base
d co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r t
h
at
uses
W
i
nd
o
w
s as O
S
al
o
n
g
wi
t
h
La
b
V
I
E
W
f
o
r
cont
rols.
PC peripherals s
u
ch as
m
ouse,
key
boa
rd an
d m
o
nitor are inte
rfa
ced via
U
S
B
bu
ses [7
].
Th
e
b
o
a
rd
com
e
s with differe
nt types of interfaces and buses to
be ut
ilized accordi
n
g to app
lication in ha
nd. The PXI
co
n
t
ro
ller is a PC b
a
sed
con
t
ro
ller th
at uses
W
i
ndo
ws
as OS alo
n
g
with Lab
V
IE
W f
o
r c
o
ntrol
s
. PC
peri
phe
rals s
u
ch as m
ouse,
keyboard a
n
d
m
onitor are
interfaced via
USB buses
[8-9]. Using sm
art set of
m
u
lt
i
p
l
e
senso
r
s t
o
m
oni
t
o
r t
h
e co
n
d
i
t
i
ons
of
gr
ou
p
of
pl
ant
s
u
nde
r co
n
t
rol
l
e
d d
r
ou
g
h
t
con
d
i
t
i
ons
. Si
m
i
l
a
r
t
y
pe of
pl
a
n
t
were al
s
o
t
r
e
a
t
e
d i
n
g
r
een
h
o
u
se t
o
d
r
a
w
a
com
p
ari
s
on
be
t
w
een
pl
ant
ps
y
c
hol
o
g
i
cal
be
havi
or
s
.
Fin
a
lly Discrete wav
e
let tran
sform
as a d
i
g
i
t
a
l filter was i
m
p
l
em
en
ted
o
n
FPGA fo
r
n
o
i
se can
cellatio
n
an
d
t
o
d
e
tect droug
h
t
con
d
ition
s
[10
]
. A d
i
stri
b
u
t
ed
sen
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
orks for irri
gatio
n
system
s
with
m
u
ltip
le sen
s
ing
n
o
d
e
s
will all
o
w
p
r
od
u
c
ers
to
m
a
x
i
mize t
h
e produ
ctio
n
wh
ile u
tilizin
g water resou
r
ces efficien
t [11
]
. In
ad
d
ition
to
u
s
i
n
g
d
i
stribu
ted
syste
m
s
with
m
u
l
ti-sen
s
or
sen
s
ing
with
a cen
t
ralized
syst
e
m
b
a
sedo
n
FPGA fo
r
t
h
e
ag
ri
cul
t
u
re i
n
d
u
st
ry
has be
en pr
o
pose
d
i
n
[1
2]
.
So
il m
o
istu
re is a k
e
y v
a
riable in
con
t
ro
lling
th
e ex
ch
ange o
f
water and h
eat en
erg
y
between
the
land s
u
rface a
n
d the atm
o
sphe
re through
e
v
a
p
oration and
pl
ant transpirati
o
n.
As
a res
u
lt, soil
m
o
isture
plays
an i
m
port
a
nt
r
o
l
e
i
n
t
h
e de
ve
l
opm
ent
of we
at
her pat
t
e
r
n
s
and t
h
e p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
on o
f
p
r
eci
pi
t
a
t
i
on. T
h
ere
f
or
e, use
d
a p
a
rticu
l
ar Soil Sen
s
or an
d in
tegrated
it wit
h
FPGA & Verilo
g
cod
e
will h
e
lp
t
o
co
n
t
rol th
e b
e
st
qu
antity o
f
water
for t
h
e
so
il. Th
us in th
is work a real ti
m
e
FPGA
b
a
sed
so
il m
o
i
s
tu
re m
o
n
itorin
g
system
h
a
s b
e
en
p
r
op
o
s
ed
.
Th
e
p
r
oj
ect will u
tilize HDL langu
ag
e
b
a
sed
o
n
Altera bo
ard
t
o
im
p
l
e
m
en
t th
e system
. Differen
t
aspect
s
of
so
ft
ware
an
d
har
d
ware
i
m
pl
em
ent
a
t
i
on
has
bee
n
di
scuss
e
d
i
n
det
a
i
l
i
n
t
h
i
s
pa
per
.
2.
MATE
RIAL
AN
D METH
ODS
Th
e So
il Mo
istu
re Sen
s
o
r
m
o
du
le is u
s
ed
to
m
easu
r
e the v
o
l
u
m
etric
water co
n
t
en
t o
f
so
il. Th
is
sens
or c
o
m
e
s
wi
t
h
2
out
put
p
i
ns w
h
i
c
h are
d
i
gi
t
a
l
or anal
o
g
si
gnal
.
U
s
er c
a
n ch
o
o
se w
h
e
t
her t
o
use t
h
e
di
gi
t
a
l
or a
n
al
o
g
o
u
t
p
ut
. It
use
s
2
p
r
o
b
es t
o
det
ect
t
h
e
m
o
i
s
tu
re
o
f
th
e so
il.
Wh
en
t
h
e
su
rfac
e
of t
h
e
pr
o
b
e
pl
at
es
to
u
c
h
th
e m
o
istu
re
so
ils, t
h
e curren
t
will
b
e
con
d
u
c
ted b
e
tween
t
h
e
2
p
r
ob
es an
d
LOW sign
al
will b
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
ted at its d
i
g
ital o
u
t
p
u
t
. Th
is sensor
con
s
ists
o
f
a
p
o
t
en
tio
m
e
ter
k
nob th
at can
b
e
adju
sted to ch
ange th
e
sensitivity of t
h
e se
nsor.
Figure 2 s
h
owe
s
the Verilog
HDL
m
odule
for s
o
il sensor system
based F
P
GA bl
ock
di
ag
ram
.
The
d
e
si
gn
fl
ow
o
f
t
h
e
pr
o
g
ram
i
n
Veri
l
o
g l
a
ng
ua
ge
has
bee
n
p
r
esent
e
d
by
a
fl
ow
ch
art
pre
s
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
Fi
gu
re 3.
The
pr
o
j
ect
bl
ock
di
a
g
ram
sho
w
n i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
pre
s
ent
s
t
h
e fl
o
w
i
n
t
o
se
veral
st
e
p
s.
Th
e fi
rst
st
a
g
e i
s
t
h
e m
u
l
t
i
-
com
p
arat
or
boa
r
d
wi
t
h
soi
l
m
o
i
s
t
u
re se
ns
or t
h
a
t
gat
h
ers t
h
e p
r
i
m
ary
dat
a
upon
wi
t
h
t
h
e
V
e
ri
l
o
g
m
odul
e
m
a
kes deci
si
o
n
an
d a
t
t
h
e t
h
i
r
d l
e
ve
l
t
h
e
m
o
t
o
r c
o
nt
r
o
l
sy
st
em
i
s
used
a res
p
o
n
s
e sy
st
em
. It
i
s
ei
t
h
er
t
u
r
n
ed
o
n
or
o
f
f
depe
n
d
i
n
g
up
on
t
h
e
deci
si
o
n
t
a
ken
by
t
h
e c
e
nt
ral
Veri
l
o
g
HDL
m
odul
e.
Fi
gu
re
2.
Ve
ri
l
o
g
H
D
L m
o
d
u
l
e
al
go
ri
t
h
m
Fi
gu
re
3.
Pr
o
j
e
c
t
bl
oc
k
di
ag
ra
m
for Ve
ri
l
o
g
HDL
m
odul
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
250
2-4
7
5
2
I
ndo
n
e
sian
J Elec Eng
& Com
p
Sci, V
o
l. 11
,
No
.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
18
:
1
69–
174
17
2
2.1. Har
d
ware
Implementati
on
Th
e So
il Mo
istu
re Sen
s
o
r
m
o
du
le is u
s
ed
to
m
easu
r
e the v
o
l
u
m
etric
water co
n
t
en
t o
f
so
il. Th
is
sens
or c
o
m
e
s
wi
t
h
2
out
put
p
i
ns w
h
i
c
h are
d
i
gi
t
a
l
or anal
o
g
si
gnal
.
U
s
er c
a
n ch
o
o
se w
h
e
t
her t
o
use t
h
e
di
gi
t
a
l
or a
n
al
o
g
o
u
t
p
ut
. It
use
s
2
p
r
o
b
es t
o
det
ect
t
h
e
m
o
i
s
tu
re
o
f
th
e so
il.
Wh
en
t
h
e
su
rfac
e
of t
h
e
pr
o
b
e
pl
at
es
to
u
c
h
th
e m
o
istu
re
so
ils, t
h
e curren
t
will
b
e
con
d
u
c
ted
b
e
tween
t
h
e 2
p
r
ob
es
an
d LOW
sign
al will
b
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
ted at its d
i
g
ital o
u
t
p
u
t
. Th
is sensor
con
s
ists
o
f
a
p
o
t
en
tio
m
e
ter
k
nob th
at can
b
e
adju
sted to ch
ange th
e
sen
s
itiv
ity o
f
th
e sen
s
o
r
. Th
e
so
il m
o
istu
re
sen
s
o
r
u
s
ed
is
presen
ted
in Figu
re 4.
The Si
ngl
e C
h
annel
R
e
l
a
y
M
o
d
u
l
e
i
s
a c
o
nv
eni
e
nt
boa
r
d
w
h
i
c
h ca
n
be
us
ed t
o
co
nt
r
o
l
h
i
gh
v
o
l
t
a
ge
,
hi
g
h
c
u
r
r
ent
l
o
ad s
u
ch
as m
o
t
o
r,
sol
e
noi
d v
a
l
v
es, l
a
m
p
s and
AC
l
o
ad
. T
h
e
used
m
odul
e has
bee
n
s
h
o
w
n i
n
Figure 5. It is designe
d
to interf
ace wit
h
microc
ontroller s
u
ch as
Ardui
no
, PIC and etc. The relays term
inal
(C
OM
,
N
O
a
n
d
NC
) i
s
bei
n
g
br
o
u
g
h
t
out
wi
t
h
scre
w t
e
rm
in
al.
It also comes with a
LE
D to indicate the status
of
relay. It is designe
d
to int
e
rf
ace
with m
i
croc
ontroller s
u
ch
a
s
Arduino, PIC and etc
.
The
relays term
inal
(C
OM
,
N
O
a
n
d
NC
) i
s
bei
n
g
br
o
u
g
h
t
out
wi
t
h
scre
w t
e
rm
in
al.
It also comes with a
LE
D to indicate the status
of rel
a
y
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
pr
oje
c
t
AC
M
o
t
o
r
has bee
n
use
d
t
o
s
h
o
w
t
h
e out
put
f
r
o
m
t
h
e DE0 B
o
ard
base
d o
n
t
h
e sen
s
o
r
val
u
es
i
n
put
s.
Fi
gu
re
4.
S
o
i
l
M
o
i
s
t
u
re
Se
ns
or
Fi
gu
re 5.
Si
n
g
l
e
C
h
a
nnel
5
V
R
e
l
a
y
3.
SIMULATION AND
IMPL
EMENT
A
TION
Fo
llowing
are th
e si
m
u
latio
n
p
a
ram
e
ters
an
d
th
e
resu
lts for th
e propo
sed
d
e
sign
sch
e
m
e
in
th
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
tatio
n
.
3
.
1
.
Full Simula
tion I/O
Results
The sy
st
em
im
pl
em
ent
a
t
i
on of t
h
e i
n
p
u
t
an
d
t
h
e out
put
o
f
t
h
e sim
u
l
a
t
i
on m
odel
has bee
n
sh
o
w
n i
n
Fi
gu
re
6 a
n
d F
i
gu
re
7. T
h
e
fl
ow
cha
r
t
f
o
r t
h
e l
ogi
c
di
ag
ra
m
present
e
d i
n
Fi
g
u
re
6
sh
o
w
s t
h
e
fl
o
w
of t
h
e c
ode
for the
gate level diagram
.
The
diagram
s
h
ows t
h
ree
diff
eren
t in
pu
t lev
e
ls fo
r t
h
e g
a
te array th
at are air,
m
o
istu
re an
d
o
v
e
r m
o
istu
re co
n
t
en
t. Upo
n
th
ese in
p
u
t
t
h
e d
ecision
is d
o
n
e
fo
r th
e
electric
m
o
to
r to
b
e
swi
t
c
he
d on
o
r
not
.
Fi
gu
re
6.
Pr
o
g
r
a
m
C
ode
Fl
o
w
chart
Figure 7.
The
Full
Sim
–
Block
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
d
onesi
a
n
J
E
l
ec En
g& C
o
m
p
Sci
ISS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
47
52
Soi
l
M
o
i
s
t
u
re
Mo
ni
t
o
ri
n
g
Us
i
ng Fi
el
d
Pr
o
g
r
am
m
abl
e G
a
t
e
Arr
a
y
(
M
u
h
a
mme
d Ih
sa
n H
u
sni
)
17
3
3.2.
Sys
t
em
Hardwave I
m
pl
ementati
on
The sy
st
em
pr
op
ose
d
was i
m
pl
em
ent
e
d i
n
r
eal
t
i
m
e
on ha
r
d
wa
re
fo
r t
h
e s
o
i
l
m
oni
t
o
ri
n
g
sy
st
em
. The
syste
m
was im
p
l
e
m
en
ted
usin
g th
e
DE0-Nano
b
o
a
rd
. Th
e im
p
l
e
m
en
ted system
was tested
with
test
equi
pm
ent
and
di
ffe
rent
t
y
pes
of co
n
d
i
t
i
ons
suc
h
as ai
r, wa
t
e
r, h
u
m
i
di
ty
. The se
nso
r
dat
a
was m
oni
t
o
r
e
d an
d
cont
rol
l
e
d
usi
n
g se
nso
r
no
de
. The sy
st
em
used t
h
e se
nse
d
dat
a
t
o
t
a
ke ac
t
i
ons s
u
ch a
s
t
u
r
n
i
n
g t
h
e m
o
t
o
r
o
n
irrig
a
tion
o
r
turn
i
n
g if
o
f
f.
Fig
u
re
8
sho
w
s t
h
e im
ag
e with
real ti
m
e
m
o
n
ito
ri
n
g
of th
e sy
ste
m
.
Fi
gu
re
8.
C
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
Sy
st
em
Bl
ock
Di
ag
ram
and
W
i
t
h
Fu
ll Hard
ware
Im
p
l
e
m
en
tat
i
o
n
Fi
gu
re
9.
R
eal
Tim
e
M
oni
t
o
ri
ng
o
f
Di
f
f
ere
n
t
Ty
pes
of
Se
nso
r
s fo
r Hum
i
dity
,
Air and
Tem
p
eratu
r
e
The com
p
l
e
t
e
set
up
prese
n
t
e
d i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e 9 s
h
o
w
s t
h
e e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nt
ati
on set
up
w
h
ere sm
all
sam
p
l
e
s of
soi
l
,
m
uddy
so
i
l
and ai
r i
s
s
h
ow t
o
be
use
d
fo
r t
h
e e
x
peri
m
e
nt
i
on. T
h
e
pr
o
b
e i
s
di
ppe
d i
n
t
o
t
h
e sam
p
l
e
s o
n
e
by one and the
sens
or
reads the m
o
isture content rea
d
in
g
.
Th
at read
ing
is p
a
ssed
to
th
e
Altera FPGA
b
o
a
rd.
The i
m
pl
em
ented al
g
o
ri
t
h
m
t
h
en t
a
kes t
h
e
de
si
ci
son
base
d o
n
se
nso
r
m
o
i
s
t
u
re c
o
nt
ent
rea
d
i
n
g w
h
et
her
o
r
n
o
t
to
tu
rn
on
th
e
electric
m
o
to
r.
Wh
ile th
e m
o
st is po
wered
b
y
AC m
a
in
with
th
e relay mo
du
le to con
t
ro
l th
e
h
i
gh
v
o
ltage
load
.
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
Thi
s
pr
o
j
ect
pr
esent
s
an i
m
plem
ent
i
on o
f
an
FPGA
base
d i
m
pl
em
ent
a
t
i
on of a soi
l
m
o
i
s
ture se
nsi
n
g
an
d
m
o
n
ito
ri
ng
system
. Th
e syste
m
u
tili
te
s Verilog
p
r
ogrammin
g
lan
g
u
a
g
e
for th
e im
p
l
e
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
an
alg
o
rith
m
fo
r th
e d
e
tection
o
f
m
o
istu
re con
t
en
t in
th
e so
il an
d
t
h
en
tak
i
ng
approp
riate actio
n
s
to
t
u
rn
o
n
t
h
e
m
o
tor or not. The propose
d syste
m
test differe
nt scen
ari
o
s for t
h
e wate
ring process s
u
ch as the m
o
isture
water and
air.
Th
e m
o
istu
re sen
s
o
r
in p
l
aced
in th
e so
il, mu
dd
y
water
and
the air on
e
by o
n
e
in ord
e
r
to
g
i
v
e
sen
s
o
r
cond
ition
s
su
ch
as lo
w
m
o
istu
re, ov
er
m
o
istu
re an
d
t
h
e d
r
y cond
itio
n
s
. Based
o
n
t
h
e d
a
ta g
a
th
ered
b
y
t
h
e sens
o
r
t
h
e
FPG
A
boa
r
d
t
h
at
i
s
based
o
n
a
n
Al
t
e
ra
FP
GA
boa
r
d
i
t
t
a
kes
t
h
e deci
si
o
n
o
n
t
h
e base
s o
n
s
e
ns
or
readi
n
g
.
The
al
go
ri
t
h
m
for t
h
e p
r
o
p
o
sed m
odel
i
s
base
d i
n
Ve
ri
l
og
HD
L l
a
ng
uage
fo
r
bet
t
e
r descri
pt
i
on o
f
har
d
ware sy
st
em
. The pro
p
o
s
e
d sy
st
em
coul
d pr
o
v
i
d
e ef
fi
ci
ent
and aut
o
m
a
t
e
d wat
e
ri
n
g
and m
o
i
s
t
u
re cont
ro
l
syste
m
to achi
e
ve e
fficient irri
g
a
tion
in agri
cu
ltu
re ind
u
s
t
r
y.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENT
The a
u
thors
would like t
o
thank the
Office of
Rese
arch, Innovation,
Comm
ercialization and
Co
n
s
u
ltan
c
y (ORICC), Un
i
v
ersiti
Tu
n Hu
ssein
Onn
Malaysia
(UTHM)
fo
r th
e
fund
ing
o
f
th
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
p
u
b
licatio
n und
er TI
ER
1 Fasa 1
/
201
7 Resear
ch Gr
an
t
(V
o
t
. No
.
U8
54
).
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