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er
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y
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ce
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s
ca
r
cit
y
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
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m
o
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e,
clea
n
e
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er
g
ie
s
ar
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al
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p
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p
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s
ed
[
1
4
]
,
[
15]
t
o
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
co
n
s
u
m
ed
en
er
g
y
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m
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alu
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p
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ltip
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(
DQP
SK
)
,
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e
ar
e
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p
ec
if
ic
to
th
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2
.
4
GHz
n
ar
r
o
w
b
a
n
d
o
f
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
5
.
6
s
tan
d
ar
d
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
tw
o
p
ath
lo
s
s
m
o
d
els
ar
e
also
co
n
s
id
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f
o
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th
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t
u
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escr
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s
tr
u
ct
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r
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th
e
r
est
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th
i
s
p
ap
er
:
s
ec
tio
n
2
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
W
B
A
N
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d
el
o
f
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d
y
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in
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th
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h
ig
h
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n
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m
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t
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et
w
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m
p
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th
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t
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a
n
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s
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4
co
n
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u
d
es th
e
p
ap
er
.
2.
P
RE
S
E
NT
AT
I
O
N
O
F
T
H
E
ST
UD
I
E
D
M
O
DE
L
T
h
e
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B
A
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t
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o
n
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w
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c
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u
b
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l
o
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p
a
t
i
e
n
t
’
s
b
e
l
l
y
b
u
t
t
o
n
[
16
]
,
[
1
7
]
a
s
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
d
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
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o
d
e
s
a
r
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a
r
r
a
n
g
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d
i
n
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o
p
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y
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a
n
d
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t
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d
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v
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h
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l
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a
c
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m
e
d
i
c
a
l
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
[
1
8
]
,
[
19
]
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
a
s
s
u
m
e
s
:
i
)
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
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s
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m
e
d
b
y
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o
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o
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a
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p
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ii
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n
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y
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d
f
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m
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h
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n
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g
y
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n
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t
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d
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c
o
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i
n
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
W
B
A
N
m
o
d
el
2
.
1
.
M
AC
la
y
er
Fo
r
tim
e
-
b
ased
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ca
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e
h
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b
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eq
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to
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d
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id
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an
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As
a
r
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lt,
th
e
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
5
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6
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
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v
id
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an
d
m
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ag
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a
n
n
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l
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ce
s
s
m
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d
es
at
t
h
e
M
AC
lay
er
o
f
a
W
B
A
N
[
2
0
]
:
i)
b
ea
co
n
m
o
d
e
w
it
h
s
u
p
er
f
r
a
m
e
b
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n
d
ar
ies
,
ii)
n
on
-
b
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co
n
m
o
d
e
w
it
h
s
u
p
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a
m
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ar
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es
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an
d
iii)
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on
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b
ea
c
o
n
m
o
d
e
w
ith
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u
t s
u
p
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m
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.
T
h
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p
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ess
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th
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t
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s
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m
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b
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th
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c
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d
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T
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p
ar
titi
o
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to
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p
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s
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v
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n
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g
y
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t
w
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n
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ity
le
v
el
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
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B
ac
k
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f
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m
a/ca
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lo
t
i
s
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le
[
2
2
]
,
an
d
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n
ce
it
h
as
r
ea
c
h
ed
ze
r
o
th
e
n
o
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tar
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Ho
w
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o
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GHz
[
2
0
]
.
Fu
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m
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eq
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[
2
3
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2
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2
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3
.
On
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5
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[
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,
[
25
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=
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+
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[
]
(
1
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w
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1
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[
2
5
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(
)
[
]
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10
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0
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0
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[
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6
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3.
NUM
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3
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1
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E
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;
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3
Fig
u
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2
,
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an
d
4
s
h
o
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wo
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k
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er
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P
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0
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R
A
P
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al
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2
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d
9
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2
3
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en
R
A
P
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3
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h
is
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er
g
y
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n
s
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m
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ti
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ch
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o
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led
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ce
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n
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DM
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e
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ce
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P
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A
P
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N
c
h
a
n
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e
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m
o
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s
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C
M
3
A
a
n
d
C
M
3
B
,
w
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t
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a
n
d
w
i
t
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u
t
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m
p
o
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t
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F
o
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t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
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a
h
y
b
r
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d
M
A
C
l
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y
e
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f
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g
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r
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t
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n
i
s
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n
s
i
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e
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e
d
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
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n
g
tw
o
r
a
n
d
o
m
a
n
d
3
0
s
c
h
e
d
u
l
e
d
a
c
c
e
s
s
p
h
a
s
e
s
(
e
a
c
h
n
o
d
e
i
s
a
l
l
o
c
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t
e
d
w
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t
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d
a
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e
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v
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)
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
o
t
h
e
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s
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m
u
l
a
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T
a
b
l
e
2
.
Dee
p
ak
an
d
B
ab
u
[
2
7
]
an
al
y
z
ed
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
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u
latio
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ch
e
m
e
s
in
co
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ed
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d
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n
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d
ed
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s
m
is
s
io
n
s
.
I
n
th
is
w
o
r
k
,
w
e
ar
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ter
ested
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d
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an
s
m
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,
w
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ic
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r
eq
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ir
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n
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n
d
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p
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o
v
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o
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er
a
ll r
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[
2
8
]
.
Af
ter
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
h
y
sic
a
l
s
er
v
ice
d
ata
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n
i
t (
P
SDU)
f
r
o
m
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e
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C
la
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er
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r
e
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d
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a
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p
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le
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m
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l d
ata
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it
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U)
.
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f
w
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n
s
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er
a
p
ac
k
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o
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le
n
g
th
L
,
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ti
m
e
is
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
f
o
llo
w
s
[
2
7
]
:
(
,
)
=
[
Np
r
ea
m
b
le
+
NP
L
C
P
h
d
r
+
SP
L
C
P
h
d
r
+
[
]
2
SP
SDU]
(
1
)
w
h
er
e,
Np
r
ea
m
b
le
an
d
N
P
L
CPh
dr
ar
e
th
e
b
its
in
p
r
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m
b
le
an
d
h
ea
d
er
o
f
th
e
P
P
DU.
S
PL
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dr
an
d
S
P
S
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ar
e
th
e
s
p
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d
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g
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
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o
th
o
f
P
L
C
P
h
ea
d
er
an
d
P
SDU.
T
h
e
p
ac
k
et
o
f
le
n
g
t
h
L
i
s
s
p
lit
in
t
o
k
b
its
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lo
c
k
s
a
n
d
p
ar
ity
c
h
ec
k
b
its
o
f
(
n
-
k
)
ar
e
ad
d
ed
to
cr
ea
te
[
]
b
its
.
An
d
M
is
th
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
o
r
d
er
.
As
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
eq
u
atio
n
3
,
t
h
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
a
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
d
ep
en
d
s
ess
e
n
tiall
y
o
n
p
ac
k
et
len
g
th
L
an
d
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
u
s
ed
.
Fro
m
[
2
7
]
,
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
b
it
is
h
i
g
h
l
y
li
n
k
ed
to
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ti
m
e.
He
n
ce
,
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
o
f
a
W
B
A
N,
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
ti
m
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
ed
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ce
d
,
b
y
ch
o
o
s
i
n
g
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
e
m
e
a
n
d
p
ac
k
et
len
g
t
h
.
Fig
u
r
es
5
,
6
,
7
an
d
8
p
r
esen
t
n
et
w
o
r
k
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
j
o
u
les
f
o
r
DB
P
SK
an
d
DQ
P
SK,
w
h
e
n
f
o
u
r
ch
a
n
n
el
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
(
C
M3
B
w
it
h
/
w
i
th
o
u
t
T
em
p
o
r
al
v
ar
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n
an
d
C
M3
A
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it
h
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w
it
h
o
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t
T
em
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o
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al
v
ar
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n
s
)
at
lo
w
,
m
ed
iu
m
a
n
d
h
i
g
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d
ata
r
ates
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
3
k
b
p
s
,
4
4
k
b
p
s
an
d
7
2
k
b
p
s
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
I
n
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
f
i
g
u
r
es,
it
is
n
o
ticed
th
at
n
et
w
o
r
k
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
w
h
e
n
t
e
m
p
o
r
al
v
ar
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p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
ch
a
n
n
e
l
m
o
d
els
(
F
i
g
u
r
es
5
a
n
d
7
)
,
th
is
is
e
x
p
ec
ted
as
n
o
d
es
p
o
s
it
io
n
s
m
a
y
c
h
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g
e
w
h
e
n
b
o
d
y
li
m
b
s
m
o
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w
h
ich
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ce
r
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n
l
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a
f
f
ec
t
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k
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r
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r
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h
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s
r
ate,
w
h
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h
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Fig
u
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6
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r
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P
SK a
n
d
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m
o
d
u
latio
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s
w
h
en
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h
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1511
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eg
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e
s
,
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is
m
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g
y
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ata
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ates,
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t
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m
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s
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itted
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d
ac
co
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d
in
g
to
eq
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atio
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3
t
h
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s
m
i
s
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io
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ti
m
e
is
r
el
ate
d
to
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e
m
o
d
u
latio
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r
d
er
.
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ce
,
as
M
in
cr
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es
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
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io
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ti
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e
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h
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lt
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g
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s
ch
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t
th
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-
b
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d
y
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ed
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ap
p
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s
[
2
9
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3
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4.
CO
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:
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at
th
e
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h
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lts
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h
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s
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m
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t
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al
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ce
d
.
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h
e
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tu
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ates
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h
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en
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tech
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)
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.
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f
in
ter
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p
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e
en
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y
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f
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et
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k
.
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s
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M
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m
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ter
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)
,
as a
p
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tiv
e
to
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
.
RE
F
E
R
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NC
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S
[1
]
R.
Ne
g
ra
,
I.
Je
m
il
i,
a
n
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A
.
Be
lg
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it
h
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“
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Pro
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ro
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[2
]
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sa
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Bisw
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s,
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A
h
m
e
d
,
N.
S
.
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f
i,
a
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M
.
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m
,
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c
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siv
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w
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b
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re
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rk
,
”
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o
u
rn
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l
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tw
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Co
m
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ter
Ap
p
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s
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v
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,
p
p
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/
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jn
c
a
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.
[3
]
D.
P
.
T
o
b
ó
n
,
T
.
H.
F
a
lk
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
a
ier,
“
Co
n
tex
t
a
w
a
re
n
e
s
s
in
W
B
A
Ns
:
a
su
rv
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n
m
e
d
ica
l
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
m
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d
ica
l
a
p
p
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ti
o
n
s,
”
i
n
IE
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ire
l
e
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mm
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s
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v
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2
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4
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p
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3
7
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0
9
/
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W
C.
2
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3
.
6
5
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0
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.
[4
]
T
.
M
.
Co
n
n
o
ll
y
,
E.
A
.
Bo
y
l
e
,
E.
M
.
A
rth
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r,
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.
Ha
in
e
y
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a
n
d
J.
M
.
Bo
y
le,
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p
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ters
&
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c
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ti
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s
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m
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tera
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m
p
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ter
g
a
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s
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c
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v
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l.
5
9
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,
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[5
]
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sa
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[6
]
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.
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.
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.
[7
]
A
.
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u
lem
ta
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s
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n
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N.
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d
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e
,
“
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.
[8
]
B.
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n
to
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u
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n
d
S
.
Ba
sa
g
n
i,
“
W
irele
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.
[9
]
S
.
Ullah
,
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.
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,
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.
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.
R
.
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m
,
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.
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.
[1
0
]
G
.
F
a
n
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a
n
d
E.
Du
tk
iew
icz
,
“
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A
C:
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[1
1
]
P
.
S
.
Ezh
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[1
2
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.
U.
Ba
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L
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3
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4
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.
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5
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.
[1
6
]
M
.
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u
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.
El
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7
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.
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.
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8
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9
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T
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.,
“
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n
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0
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6
:
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y
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1
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d
a
i,
L
.
C.
F
o
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ra
ti
,
S
.
B
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2
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4
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5
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6
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7
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[2
8
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