TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 12, No. 11, Novembe
r
2014, pp. 75
9
5
~ 760
2
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
12i11.65
50
7595
Re
cei
v
ed Au
gust 12, 20
14
; Revi
sed Se
ptem
ber 20, 2014; Accept
ed Octo
ber 1,
2014
Effect
s
o
f
th
e Pr
esence
of D
i
stri
bute
d
Gener
a
tio
n
on
Protection and
Opera
t
ion of
S
m
art
Grid
I
m
ple
m
ented
in
Iran; C
h
alle
nge
s
and
Solutions
Ho
ss
ein H
ahi
n
z
a
d
e
h
D
e
part
m
e
n
t of
Electr
ica
l
En
g
i
ne
ei
n
g
, Am
irka
b
i
r
U
n
ivers
i
ty
o
f
T
e
ch
nolo
g
y
(T
ehran
Pol
y
tec
h
nic)
T
ehran, Iran
E-m
a
il
: H.S.Sha
h
in
z
a
d
e
h
@
i
e
e
e
.org
Ab
stract
Instal
l
a
t
i
on of
di
s
t
ri
b
u
t
ed g
e
nerat
i
o
n
(
D
G
)
in
d
i
s
t
ri
bu
t
i
o
n
ne
t
w
ork
s
,
i
n
ad
di
t
i
o
n
t
o
the
be
n
e
f
i
ts
,
w
i
l
l
a
l
s
o
c
a
us
e
dra
w
b
a
c
k
and
d
i
s
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
ges
w
h
i
c
h c
a
n
br
in
g d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
i
e
s
f
o
r
gri
d
operat
o
r
.
T
h
u
s
,
pr
i
o
r
t
o
i
n
s
t
al
l
a
ti
on
of
DG
s
,
i
t
i
s
es
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
to
ha
ve
de
ep
l
y
s
t
ud
i
e
d
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
i
r
in
s
t
a
l
l
a
ti
o
n
i
n
th
e
n
e
t
w
ork
an
d
i
t
i
s
ne
e
d
e
d
to
m
a
k
e
s
o
m
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
in
trad
i
t
i
ona
l
n
e
t
w
ork
.
Im
ple
m
en
tati
o
n
o
f
sm
art g
r
ids is
one of
the
m
a
in
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
ts
f
o
r
the pr
ope
r
a
n
d ef
f
i
c
i
en
t
o
perat
i
o
n
of
DG
s
.
In
Iran
, Sm
ar
t
grid
i
s
al
s
o
b
e
i
n
g
i
m
ple
m
e
n
ted
,
b
u
t
w
i
th
th
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
pm
en
t
of
DG
s
,
el
ec
tri
c
it
y
di
s
t
ri
bu
t
i
o
n
c
o
m
p
a
n
i
e
s
f
a
c
e
n
e
w
pro
b
l
e
m
s
r
e
l
a
t
e
d t
o
DG
s
e
v
er
y
d
a
y
. O
ne
of
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
po
r
t
a
n
t
pro
b
l
e
m
s
i
s
a
b
o
u
t
ef
f
e
c
t
s
of
the
DG
s
on
pro
per
op
erati
o
n
of
protec
t
i
v
e
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
m
a
inl
y
due
to
rad
i
al
d
i
s
t
ribu
tio
n
ne
tw
ork
.
T
h
a
t
i
s
b
e
c
a
us
e
in Iran,
d
e
s
p
i
t
e
th
e
im
p
l
e
m
en
tati
o
n
of
sm
art
gri
d
s
,
di
s
t
ri
b
u
ti
o
n
n
e
t
w
ork
s
ar
e de
s
i
g
n
e
d
a
n
d im
ple
m
e
n
ted
r
a
d
i
al
l
y
a
nd
ai
r
l
i
n
e
s
w
i
th
i
s
o
l
ate
d
n
e
u
tral
p
o
i
nt
i
s
us
ua
ll
y
us
e
d
in t
he
d
i
s
t
ri
bu
t
i
on
n
e
t
w
ork
.
So
,
i
n
th
i
s
arti
c
l
e,
the
im
pa
c
t
s
of
di
s
t
ri
b
u
te
d
g
e
n
e
r
a
ti
on
r
e
s
o
urc
e
s
o
n
di
s
t
ri
b
u
ti
on ne
t
w
ork
s
i
n
Iran
a
n
d
Pr
ot
ec
ti
o
n
and
ope
r
a
ti
on
a
l
prob
l
e
m
s
w
h
i
c
h
m
a
y
c
a
u
s
e
i
n
t
h
i
s
are
a
are
s
t
ud
i
e
d
a
n
d
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
s
to t
h
e
s
e
pro
b
l
e
m
s
are
pr
ovi
d
e
d
.
Ke
yw
ords
:
di
s
t
ri
bu
te
d g
e
n
e
rati
o
n
(
D
G
)
,
o
p
e
r
at
i
o
n
,
p
r
otec
t
i
on,
d
i
s
t
ri
bu
t
i
o
n
n
e
t
w
o
rk
s
sm
art
gri
d
re
l
a
y
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Int
r
oducti
o
n
O
ne
of th
e m
o
s
t
i
m
po
r
t
an
t
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
th
at
h
a
v
e
a h
u
g
e
i
m
pa
c
t
o
n
inte
r
n
ation
a
l
re
l
a
ti
o
n
s
an
d
prog
re
ss i
n
t
he
wo
rl
d
t
o
da
y i
s
sup
p
ly
ing
the
r
e
qu
i
r
ed
en
e
r
g
y
of
c
o
n
s
um
e
r
s
.
No
w
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
po
r
t
an
t
so
u
r
c
e
s of
en
e
r
g
y
t
h
a
t
pro
v
i
d
e
a
la
rge
p
a
r
t
of
the
wo
rl
d's e
n
e
r
g
y
n
e
ed
s are
f
o
ss
i
l
en
erg
y
s
o
u
r
ces
.
T
h
e
s
e
r
e
s
o
u
r
ces w
h
i
c
h
are
n
a
m
e
d
as
no
nren
e
w
a
b
l
e
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
i
s
r
u
n
n
in
g
ou
t
an
d th
e
i
r pri
c
e
i
s
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
ed
b
y
po
l
i
ti
c
a
l
an
d
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
i
tua
t
i
o
n
i
n
the
w
o
r
l
d
an
d
the
y
h
a
ve
c
u
r
r
e
ntl
y
a
n
u
p
wa
rd
tr
end.
In
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
u
s
i
n
g
th
es
e e
n
e
r
g
y
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
has
c
han
ge
d
f
o
c
u
s
o
f
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
an
d a
d
m
i
ni
s
t
rato
rs
of
th
i
s
s
e
c
t
ion
t
o
oth
e
r
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
of
energ
y
d
u
e
t
o
s
o
m
e
i
s
s
u
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
i
n
se
c
u
r
i
t
y
of en
e
r
g
y
s
uppl
y
a
n
d
t
he g
r
e
a
t
val
u
e
of thi
s
t
y
p
e
of f
u
e
l
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
ng
pe
tro
l
e
u
m
an
d p
e
tro
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
i
n
d
u
s
t
ries
an
d t
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
po
r
t
a
n
t,
en
vi
r
o
n
m
en
t
a
l
i
s
s
u
e
s
re
sul
t
i
ng
fr
om
u
s
i
n
g
the
s
e
f
u
e
l
s whi
c
h
h
a
s
l
ed
m
a
n
y
prob
l
e
m
s
i
n
ea
r
t
h
'
s eco
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Hen
c
e,
i
t
i
s
i
m
pe
r
a
tiv
e
t
o
f
i
nd
al
tern
ative
so
u
r
c
e
s
of
en
erg
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
f
o
r
hu
m
an
ne
ed
s
du
e
to
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
cre
a
s
e
an
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
f
o
r
e
nerg
y
.
Ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g to
t
h
es
e
r
eas
ons
,
us
in
g
r
e
n
e
wa
b
l
e
en
er
g
y
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
i
n
th
e
f
o
rm
o
f
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
te
d gen
er
a
t
i
o
n
(
DG
) ha
s expa
nd
e
d
i
n
m
o
s
t
pa
r
t
s of
the
w
o
rl
d
i
n
r
e
cen
t
y
e
a
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
e
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
a
r
e
no
t
on
l
y
e
n
d
l
e
s
s
,
bu
t
al
so
t
h
e
y
ha
v
e
no
t
probl
em
s r
e
l
a
te
d to
f
o
ss
i
l
f
u
e
l
s
s
u
ch
as
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
g
l
o
b
a
l
tem
p
e
r
a
t
ure
s
an
d
po
l
l
ution
of
ha
rm
f
u
l
ga
ses a
nd
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
v
a
r
i
ou
s t
y
pe
s
of
the
s
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
r
e
sou
r
ces f
r
ee
l
y
i
n
m
o
s
t
r
e
g
i
on
s
of
th
e
wo
rl
d.
A
l
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
ph
ras
e
of
"D
G
"
is
a
ne
w
con
c
ep
t
i
n
ec
o
n
om
i
c
l
i
terature
of
p
o
w
e
r
i
n
du
s
t
r
y
,
bu
t i
t
i
s
no
t s
o
new. In
the
ea
r
l
y
da
y
s
of
el
ec
tri
c
it
y g
e
n
e
r
a
tion
,
DG
wa
s a
un
iv
ers
a
l
p
r
in
c
i
ple.
S
o
th
at, the
f
i
r
s
t
po
w
e
r
p
l
an
t
s
f
e
e
d
o
n
l
y
ne
arl
y
sub
s
cri
b
e
r
s
an
d th
eir ne
i
ghbo
r
s
.
B
u
t i
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
be no
t
ed
t
h
at
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
n
g
DG
sy
s
t
e
m
s
t
o
gl
o
b
a
l
n
e
tw
o
r
k i
n
f
l
ue
nces
on t
he
loa
d
f
l
o
w
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n, v
o
l
t
ag
e p
r
of
il
e, ne
tw
ork
stab
il
it
y
,
p
o
w
er
qu
a
l
i
t
y a
nd
protec
t
i
o
n
of
di
s
t
ri
bu
t
i
on s
y
s
t
e
m
s
[1
].
In
c
u
rren
t
a
nd
trad
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
ne
t
w
o
r
k
s
p
r
o
per op
era
t
i
o
n
an
d
con
n
e
c
ting
DGs
to grid
i
s
di
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
an
d c
o
m
p
l
i
c
a
te
d
,
be
cau
s
e
s
u
ch ne
t
w
o
r
k
s
d
o
n
’
t
h
a
ve e
n
o
u
g
h
ad
e
q
u
a
c
y
t
o
i
n
teg
r
at
e
the
s
e re
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
.
T
he
rea
s
on
i
s
hi
e
r
a
r
c
h
i
c
al
s
t
ru
c
t
u
r
e
an
d
cen
t
ra
l
i
z
e
d
c
o
n
t
ro
l
s
t
y
l
e
in
s
u
c
h
ne
t
w
o
r
k
s
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
no
t
de
s
i
g
n
e
d
for
t
w
o
-
wa
y
elec
t
r
i
c
al
c
u
rren
t
f
l
o
w
. Al
s
o
, ext
e
n
s
iv
e
us
e of
h
y
b
r
i
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 11, Novem
ber 20
14: 75
95 – 760
2
7596
el
ec
tri
c
v
e
hi
cles and
a
l
l-
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
v
e
hi
c
l
e
s
i
s
pra
c
ti
c
a
ll
y
i
m
po
ss
i
b
l
e
in
s
u
ch
ne
t
w
o
r
k
s
,
be
cau
s
e
the
s
e
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
are
ab
l
e
to
f
a
ce ne
tw
ork
wi
th s
o
m
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
su
c
h
a
s
ov
er
l
oad.
A
l
s
o
,
us
e
r
s
of the
s
e
v
e
hi
c
l
e
s
m
a
y
d
o
n
o
t h
a
v
e
i
n
f
o
rm
ati
o
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e o
p
t
i
m
al
ti
m
e
to
c
h
a
r
ge
th
e
i
r
c
a
r
batter
y
.
So,
i
t
i
s
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
t
o
m
a
k
e
el
e
c
tri
c
i
t
y
n
e
t
w
ork
s
i
n
te
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
to
exp
a
nd
an
d
c
o
rrec
t
op
erat
i
o
n o
f
th
e
di
s
t
rib
u
t
ed
ge
ne
r
a
tion
sou
r
c
e
s
(
DGR
) [
2
].
B
e
tter a
n
d m
o
n
o
to
n
i
c
i
n
te
g
r
ati
on
of
DGR
s
u
ch a
s
so
l
a
r an
d
wi
n
d
ene
r
g
y
sou
r
ce
s i
s
on
e
of
the
ac
hi
e
v
em
en
ts
i
n
t
he
i
m
pl
em
en
tat
i
o
n
of
sm
art
g
r
id
i
n
power
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
.
S
o
,
wi
th
i
m
pl
em
en
ti
ng
s
m
a
r
t grid
s
,
w
e
c
a
n
u
s
e
th
es
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
i
n
con
t
ro
l
DG
s
y
s
t
em
to
m
i
ni
m
i
ze
i
t
s
i
m
pa
c
t
on
th
e
di
s
t
ribu
t
i
on
ne
t
w
ork
.
Fi
g
u
re 1
s
h
o
w
s
a
n
exam
pl
e
of
the
r
e
s
t
ru
c
t
u
r
ed
a
n
d
sm
art
po
w
e
r
g
r
i
d
wi
t
h
pre
s
en
c
e
of
th
e
DGR
s
.
Fi
gu
r
e
1.
T
h
e
s
t
ru
c
t
ure
of
in
tell
i
g
e
n
t
ne
t
w
ork
s
w
i
th
pres
en
c
e
o
f
di
s
t
ribu
t
e
d
ge
n
e
ration
so
u
r
c
e
s
(
DG
R
)
Als
o
,
we
c
a
n
c
ontr
o
l g
e
n
e
r
a
te
d
po
we
r b
y
th
e
DG
s
us
in
g s
m
a
r
t
grid
s
a
n
d
prod
u
c
e
po
w
e
r acc
o
rd
i
ng
to
de
m
a
n
d
.
It
a
l
s
o
c
a
u
s
e
s
v
o
l
t
age
re
g
u
lation
,
i
m
prov
i
n
g
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge pro
f
i
l
e
an
d
p
o
w
e
r
qu
a
l
i
t
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
.
I
t
sh
o
u
l
d
be
s
a
i
d
t
h
at, t
he p
r
e
s
en
ce
of
DG
i
n
d
i
s
t
ri
b
u
tion
s
y
s
t
e
m
cau
s
es
to
i
m
pa
i
r
r
e
l
a
y
s
e
tti
n
g
s
a
nd
to
di
so
rde
r
p
r
otec
ti
o
n
s
y
s
t
em
s
.
DGRs
im
p
a
c
t
on
tr
ad
iti
o
n
a
l
prote
c
t
i
on
of
bu
s
e
s i
n
di
f
f
e
ren
t
w
a
y
s
su
ch tha
t:
i
n
cr
ea
se
d
l
e
v
e
l
s
o
f
s
h
o
r
t
-
c
i
rc
ui
t,
i
s
l
a
n
d
ing
n
e
t
work
,
pre
v
en
t
au
tom
a
ti
c
r
e
c
l
o
s
i
n
g
,
non
-
s
y
n
c
h
ron
o
u
s
r
e
c
l
o
s
i
n
g, bli
n
d
p
r
ot
e
c
ti
o
n
,
r
e
l
a
y
f
u
n
c
tio
n
d
e
l
a
y
,
E
t
c
.
T
h
e
s
e
f
a
c
t
ors
can c
a
u
s
e l
a
ck
o
f
prope
r f
u
n
c
ti
on
i
n
g
o
f
the
rel
a
y
,
di
s
r
up
t
the
f
a
s
t
rec
l
os
i
n
g
and
al
s
o
s
e
c
u
ri
t
y
r
i
sk
s
a
t
ea
r
t
h fau
l
t
.
O
f
c
o
u
r
s
e
, we
can so
l
v
e th
e
s
e p
r
o
b
le
ms
w
i
th
t
he
i
m
pl
em
en
tat
i
on
of
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
s
i
n
t
he s
m
art
gri
d
s [3
].
In Iran
,
m
a
n
y
action
s
a
r
e
b
e
i
n
g
d
o
n
e
i
n
orde
r to m
a
k
e
i
n
te
l
l
i
g
en
t
elec
tri
c
i
t
y
n
e
t
w
o
r
ks
,
b
u
t
s
i
n
c
e
d
i
s
t
ri
bu
ti
o
n
n
e
t
w
ork
s
are
d
e
s
i
gn
ed
pa
s
s
iv
el
y a
nd
o
p
e
r
ated ra
di
a
l
l
y
y
e
t,
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
n
o
t
an
y ge
ne
r
a
to
r or
tran
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
i
n
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
m
a
n
n
e
r
.
In
Iran
,
prote
c
tion
i
s
ap
p
e
a
r
e
d
as
on
e
of
the
m
a
i
n
ob
s
t
acl
e
s
again
s
t
wi
de
spre
ad
use
of
DG
. S
o
, t
he
ef
f
e
c
t
of
con
n
e
c
ti
ng
t
h
e
new
DG
un
i
t
s to
the di
s
t
ri
b
u
tio
n
n
e
two
r
k
sh
o
u
l
d
be
i
n
v
e
stiga
t
ed s
o
t
h
a
t
ne
c
e
ss
a
r
y p
l
anning
t
o
e
n
ha
n
c
e
ne
twork
r
e
l
i
a
bil
i
t
y
be
d
o
n
e
.
In
th
i
s
a
r
ti
c
l
e, w
e
w
i
l
l
d
i
sc
u
s
s
ab
o
u
t
exi
s
ting
saf
e
t
y
pro
b
l
e
m
s
i
n
wi
de
s
p
re
a
d
us
e o
f
th
e
DGR
in
Ir
a
n
a
n
d
w
e
wi
ll
te
ll
t
h
e
s
o
lu
t
i
o
n
s
to
t
h
is
p
r
ob
le
m
[4
-
6
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Effects
o
f
t
h
e Pr
esen
ce
of D
i
stri
b
u
t
e
d
G
ene
r
a
tion
on
Pr
ot
ection a
n
d
…
(Ho
ssei
n
H
ah
inz
a
deh
)
7597
2. S
t
atu
s
o
f
Int
e
ll
igen
t
Dis
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
on
Ne
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
Ir
an
A
c
cordi
n
g
to
s
t
ud
ies
on
th
e roa
d
m
a
p
f
o
r the
p
o
w
e
r ind
u
s
t
r
y
i
n
th
e
de
ca
de
s
2
0
30
a
n
d
20
50
,
i
t
i
s
expe
c
t
ed
tha
t
th
e
ele
c
tri
c
i
t
y
ind
u
s
tr
y
in th
e
c
o
m
i
ng
y
e
a
r
s w
i
l
l
ha
v
e
a
large
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
.
S
o
,
i
t
i
s
essen
t
ial
t
o
i
m
pl
e
m
en
t
sm
a
r
t
grid
s
i
n
di
s
t
rib
u
ti
o
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
r
e
g
a
r
di
n
g
t
o
the
ch
a
n
g
e
s
f
a
c
i
n
g
thi
s
i
n
du
s
t
r
y
.
D
i
s
t
ribu
tion
ne
tw
o
r
k
s
i
n
Ira
n
,
l
i
k
e
oth
e
r
pa
rts
of
the w
o
rl
d,
are
m
o
v
i
ng
to
w
a
rds
au
t
o
m
a
ti
on
ne
tw
ork
or sm
a
r
t
grid
. Im
pl
e
m
en
tat
i
on
of
au
tom
a
ti
on
ne
t
w
ork i
n
the
di
s
t
ri
b
u
tion
n
e
t
wo
rk
s
i
s
v
e
ry
i
m
po
r
t
an
t
an
d c
o
s
t
l
y
a
n
d
du
e
to
its
hig
h
c
o
s
t
a
n
d l
a
c
k
o
f
econ
om
i
c
a
l
be
ne
f
i
ts
,
we
ca
n
s
a
y
th
a
t
on
ly
15
pe
rc
en
t
of
di
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
ion
ne
twork
s
be
i
n
t
e
ll
ige
n
t
i
n
m
a
n
y
c
o
u
n
tri
e
s
.
Mo
r
e
over, m
a
k
e
di
s
t
ri
b
u
tion
ne
t
w
ork
s
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
i
s
r
e
qu
i
r
ed to
te
l
e
co
mm
un
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
ne
t
w
o
r
k
,
c
a
p
a
b
l
e expe
r
t
s
a
nd
lon
g
-
t
erm
process [7
].
In
Ira
n
, s
m
art
grid
s
a
n
d
au
t
o
m
a
ti
on
h
a
s
no
t
b
e
e
n
i
m
plem
en
ted
com
p
l
e
te
l
y
.
Mo
r
e
ov
er,
in
Iran
, di
s
t
ribu
t
i
o
n
ne
t
w
ork
s
are de
s
i
g
ned
an
d a
r
e
op
e
r
ate
d
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
l
y
in
r
a
d
i
al
f
r
om
a
n
d
tha
t
i
s
on
e of
th
e
b
i
g pro
b
lem
s
f
a
c
i
ng
t
h
e
ne
twork i
n
te
ll
i
g
en
c
e
i
n
Ira
n
.
Bu
t,
i
t
i
s
ne
c
e
s
s
ar
y
to
u
s
e
DG
Rs
r
e
g
a
r
ding
t
o
th
e u
p
ward
tr
en
d
of
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
on
an
d ne
t
w
ork sub
s
c
r
i
b
e
r
s
.
S
o
,
DG
R
us
age
i
n
t
h
e
di
s
t
ri
b
u
tion
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
c
a
u
s
e
s
i
s
s
u
e
s
su
ch as
securit
y
pr
ob
lem
s
i
n
exi
s
ti
ng
d
i
s
t
ri
b
u
tion
ne
two
r
k
s
.
D
u
e
t
o
i
n
c
r
eas
e
o
f
pr
es
en
c
e
o
f
DGs
i
n
th
e
n
e
tw
ork
,
pa
y
i
n
g
atten
t
i
o
n
to
th
e
prot
e
c
ti
on
m
a
tt
ers
ha
s
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
an
d
,
it
i
s
e
x
pe
c
t
e
d
to
i
n
trod
u
c
e
new
m
e
th
o
d
s f
o
r
plan
n
i
ng
to
inte
r
c
on
ne
c
t
io
n
of
DG
.
In
Iran
,
k
now
l
e
dge a
n
d
p
r
a
c
ti
c
a
l exp
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
a
b
o
ut
p
o
t
e
n
t
ial pr
ob
le
m
s
o
f
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
v
e
r
y
l
o
w am
on
g
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
r
s
d
u
e
to r
a
p
i
d in
crea
se
i
n
de
m
a
n
d
a
nd
ra
pid
de
v
e
lop
m
e
n
t
o
f
DG
. In
I
r
an
,
di
s
t
ri
b
u
tion
n
e
t
wo
rk
s
are d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
an
d
are
u
s
ed no
rm
al
l
y
i
n
r
a
d
i
a
l
f
o
r
m
.
In
d
i
s
t
ri
b
u
ti
o
n
n
e
tw
ork
s
us
u
a
lly
u
s
e o
v
er
he
a
d
l
i
n
e
s
w
i
t
h
i
s
o
l
at
e
d
ne
u
t
ral
p
o
i
n
t
.
T
h
e
s
e
stud
i
e
s
ha
v
e
focu
s
e
d
on sho
r
t
-
c
i
rc
ui
t fau
l
ts d
u
e
t
o
i
s
o
l
ate
ne
utra
l
po
i
n
t
a
nd tra
n
s
f
or
m
e
r
t
y
p
e
(
Y
n
) u
s
i
ng
i
n
DG
u
n
it
s.
I
n
s
u
ch
a
ne
t
w
o
r
k
,
protec
t
i
o
n
i
s
don
e b
y
over
c
u
rr
e
n
t
an
d
f
i
xe
d ti
m
i
ng r
e
la
y
s
t
h
a
t
ea
ch
on
e
prote
c
ts a
f
e
e
d
e
r
. Al
s
o
,
a
s
eparate
r
e
l
a
y
i
s
used
t
o
d
e
te
c
t
g
r
ou
n
d
f
a
u
l
ts
.
I
n
t
h
e
f
o
ll
o
w
i
n
g se
c
t
i
o
n
s
, we
wi
ll
r
e
v
i
e
w
ef
fe
c
t
s
of
DG
Rs
i
n
di
s
t
ri
b
u
tion
ne
t
w
ork
s
i
n
Iran
and
cr
e
a
t
ed p
r
o
b
lem
s
i
n
thi
s
co
nt
e
x
t.
A
l
s
o
,
s
o
m
e
st
rate
g
i
e
s
wi
ll
b
e
p
r
e
s
en
t
e
d
to fi
x
th
es
e
pro
b
l
e
m
s
at
th
e
e
nd of
ea
c
h
p
a
rt
[8].
3.
T
h
e
E
f
fec
t
s
of DG
on O
p
er
ation
and
P
r
ot
e
c
tion
o
f
Distrib
u
t
i
o
n
Net
w
o
r
k
B
y
a
d
di
ng
DG
Rs
in
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
ne
t
w
ork
s
,
r
a
dia
l
natu
r
e
o
f
thes
e
n
e
t
w
ork
s
is
des
tro
y
e
d
an
d
i
t
c
a
u
s
e
s
pro
b
l
e
m
s
i
n
de
s
i
g
n
of
pro
t
ec
ti
on
and
o
p
e
r
ation
.
It i
s
ess
e
n
t
i
a
l
to ha
ve
the
ba
s
i
c
i
n
f
o
rm
ati
on o
f
di
s
t
ri
bu
tio
n
ne
t
w
o
r
k
s
t
ru
cture
an
d
th
e
i
r protec
ti
o
n
cr
i
t
eri
a
to
il
lu
strat
e
prote
c
t
i
on
prob
lem
s
i
n
p
r
e
s
en
c
e
o
f
DG
. T
r
ad
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
of
di
s
t
ri
bu
t
i
o
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
o
n
e
-
w
a
y
f
l
ow
of
el
e
c
tri
c
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
r
efore,
i
t
i
s
n
o
t
c
o
m
p
l
i
c
ate
d
to
de
s
i
g
n
p
r
ot
e
c
ti
o
n
s
y
s
t
em
s
f
o
r thi
s
t
y
p
e
of
ne
t
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
thi
s
m
a
tt
er
i
s
true
du
r
i
ng f
l
o
w
in
g t
h
e
f
a
u
l
t
c
u
rr
e
n
t.
T
h
i
s
s
i
tu
a
t
ion w
i
l
l
c
h
a
n
g
e
c
o
ns
id
er
a
b
l
e
wi
t
h
a
r
r
i
va
l
o
f
DG
[9].
T
he
am
ou
nt
an
d d
i
r
e
c
t
io
n
of
f
a
u
l
t
c
u
rren
t
varie
s
d
u
e to
DG
p
a
r
t
i
c
ipa
t
io
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
e
q
uentl
y
,
a
l
l of tran
sm
i
s
s
i
o
n
a
nd
di
s
t
ribu
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
exc
h
a
n
g
e
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
pert
i
es
together.
In
gen
e
r
al
, ba
s
i
c
se
c
u
rit
y
pro
b
l
e
m
s
exi
s
ti
n
g
du
e
to
the p
r
esen
c
e
of
DGs
i
n
di
s
t
ri
b
u
tion
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
i
n
Iran a
r
e c
l
a
ssi
f
i
ed
i
n
t
o
t
h
e f
o
l
l
o
w
ing
f
i
v
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
:
a) Protec
tiv
e
un
c
o
ordina
t
i
o
n
a
nd
u
n
p
l
an
n
e
d
f
e
e
d
e
r
trip
b)
Redu
c
i
ng
the s
h
ort c
i
rc
ui
t
curren
t
a
t
t
he
be
g
i
n
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
he
f
e
e
d
e
r
c)
Fai
l
ure
to
de
t
e
c
t
Si
n
g
l
e
pha
se fau
l
ts
b
y
DG
d
)
F
a
st
r
e
cl
o
s
i
n
g
f
a
u
l
t
e) Is
l
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
p
e
r
at
i
on
of
DGs
In
th
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
,
th
es
e i
ssu
e
s
wil
l
be
s
t
u
d
ie
d
wi
t
h
exa
m
pl
e
s
an
d
a
p
p
r
op
r
i
ate
soluti
o
n
s
wi
ll
b
e
of
f
e
red
to
f
i
x t
h
em [10].
3.1. P
r
ot
e
c
tive
Uncoor
din
a
tio
n
and
Unt
i
mel
y
E
x
it
of Feed
er
W
r
on
g fun
c
ti
on of
prote
c
t
i
o
n
i
s
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
s
e
c
u
rit
y
i
s
s
u
e
t
h
a
t
i
s
em
e
r
g
ed
i
n
t
he
prese
n
c
e
o
f
the
DGR
s
in
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
.
W
h
en
two
f
eeder
a
r
e
f
e
d
b
y
a
b
u
s
b
a
r
o
f
m
e
di
u
m
vo
lta
ge
di
s
t
ri
b
u
tion
sub
s
tation
s
a
n
d a
f
a
u
l
t
occ
u
rs i
n
one
of
the
m
,
be
c
a
u
s
e
DG
f
eed
s
f
ault c
u
rr
e
n
t
r
e
l
a
ted to
c
o
n
n
e
c
tion
po
i
n
t
thro
w bu
sb
a
r
, it
i
s
po
ss
i
b
l
e
the
c
u
rr
e
n
t pa
ss
e
s
thro
ug
h
th
e
r
e
l
a
y
s
e
tt
i
n
g
b
o
u
n
darie
s
a
n
d
curr
en
t
di
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
no
t f
o
u
n
d,
so
i
t
l
e
ad
s
to ac
t f
e
e
d
e
r
p
r
ot
ec
ti
o
n
.
If
r
e
l
a
y
s
e
n
s
e la
rg
er
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
wit
h
i
n
a
f
a
ult, d
i
s
c
onn
ec
t
c
o
m
m
a
n
d
w
i
l
l
s
e
nd
.
T
h
is
r
e
la
y
m
i
s
d
i
a
g
nos
i
s
c
an
c
a
u
s
e
ne
g
a
tiv
e
ef
f
e
c
t
s o
n
the p
o
w
e
r q
u
a
l
i
t
y
of
t
he ne
t
w
ork s
o
tha
t
ne
twork
s
u
b
s
c
r
i
b
e
r
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 11, Novem
ber 20
14: 75
95 – 760
2
7598
expe
r
i
e
n
c
e
lo
n
g
di
sc
o
n
ne
ct
i
n
g
.
W
h
e
n
th
e
re
l
a
y
i
s
a
d
jus
t
ed
p
r
o
p
erl
y
, i
t
i
s
ab
l
e
t
o
ide
n
t
i
f
y
f
a
ul
ts
in
the en
d p
o
i
nt
s
of
f
e
e
d
e
r
[11
]. It
i
s
i
m
p
o
ss
i
b
l
e
to
incr
ea
s
e
sett
ing
of
r
e
l
a
y
'
s
c
u
rr
e
n
t
to
p
r
e
v
en
t
w
r
o
ng
d
i
s
c
on
n
e
c
t
ed
of protec
ti
on
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
loss
of th
i
s
p
e
rf
or
m
a
n
c
e
a
t
th
e
en
d of th
e
li
ne
.
T
h
e
r
e
i
s
n
o
p
r
o
b
lem
u
n
til f
e
ed
er
's r
e
la
y
2
d
i
s
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
f
a
s
t
e
r
th
an
f
e
e
der
's
r
e
l
a
y
1
.
Bu
t, d
e
la
y
i
n
di
sc
on
n
e
c
t
i
n
g
DG
t
h
e
i
s
i
m
po
ss
i
b
l
e
be
cau
s
e
of
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
r
a
n
g
e
of
wi
res
an
d
ot
h
e
r
e
q
u
i
p
m
ent,
f
e
ed
er
es
pec
i
a
ll
y
a
b
ou
t f
i
x
e
d
tim
i
n
g
r
e
la
y
s
.
If
th
er
e
is
a
p
o
in
t
o
n
a
n
a
d
j
a
c
e
nt
f
eed
e
r
t
h
a
t
it
s
fa
u
l
t
e
ffe
ct
fo
r
b
o
t
h
R
1
a
nd
R
2
r
e
la
y
s
h
a
ve
eq
ua
l
or ap
p
r
ox
i
m
ate
l
y
e
q
u
a
l
pe
r
f
or
m
a
n
c
e
tim
e
, we
c
a
n
c
h
a
n
ge
r
e
l
a
y
o
per
a
t
in
g
tim
e
b
y
us
in
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
c
h
a
r
ac
ter
i
s
t
ic
c
u
r
v
e
or
c
h
ang
e
c
u
rren
t
s
e
tt
in
g an
d
ti
m
e
. Expre
s
s
ed
s
t
at
us
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
gu
re 2.
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
U
n
t
i
m
e
l
y
T
r
ip
of F
e
ed
er
d
u
e
t
o
A
d
di
tio
n
of
DG
W
e
c
an
use
o
ne
of
f
o
l
l
o
wi
n
g
m
e
th
od
s to
s
o
lve
t
h
i
s
pro
b
l
e
m
:
a)
Fi
ne-
t
u
nin
g
of
rela
y
s
ba
sed
on ex
i
s
ten
c
e
of
DG
,
b)
Us
i
ng
di
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
over
-c
u
rren
t
rela
y i
n
fee
d
e
r
inc
l
u
d
in
g
DG
.
T
he
f
i
rs
t m
e
th
od
i
s
n
o
t
poss
i
bl
e du
e
to
oth
e
r
pro
b
l
e
m
s
i
n
protec
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
m
e
th
od
c
an
b
e
rec
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
as
a
n
ap
p
r
op
r
i
ate
m
e
th
od f
o
r
sol
v
i
ng t
he
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
o
f
un
ti
m
e
ly
trip
of
f
e
e
d
e
r
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
DG
.
3.2.
R
e
du
cin
g
S
hor
t Cir
c
u
i
t
Cur
r
ent a
t
t
h
e
Be
ginn
i
n
g
o
f
the
Fe
eder
Fi
gu
r
e
3.
B
l
i
nd P
r
otect
i
o
n
due to
A
d
di
t
i
on
of
DG
B
l
i
nd p
r
ote
c
tion
i
s
o
ne of
t
h
e
m
a
jor p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
tha
t
m
a
y
o
c
cur i
n
th
e n
e
t
w
ork
b
y
i
n
s
t
al
li
n
g
DG
w
h
i
c
h c
a
n
r
e
d
u
c
e
the
pa
ss
i
ng
sho
r
t
c
i
rcui
t c
u
rren
t f
r
o
m
the
be
gi
nn
i
ng
of
f
e
e
d
e
r
du
e
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
drop
f
r
om
DG
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
n
g
p
o
i
n
t
t
o
f
a
u
l
t location
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
eq
ue
nt
ly
re
d
u
c
e
the re
l
a
y
se
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
.
T
h
i
s
p
r
ob
l
e
m
ap
p
e
a
r
s
w
h
en the
f
a
u
l
t
o
c
curs
on
th
e f
e
e
d
e
r
whi
c
h
DG
un
i
t
s
are l
o
c
a
te
d
on
.
In t
h
i
s
ca
se,
DG
i
s
loc
a
t
e
d
b
e
t
w
ee
n
the f
a
u
l
t po
int
a
nd
the f
e
e
d
e
r
r
e
la
y
.
Me
asure
d
fau
l
t c
u
rren
t
b
y
the
r
e
l
a
y
d
e
crea
ses
due
to
p
r
e
s
en
c
e
of
DG
a
nd thi
s
i
s
be
cau
s
e
of
the
i
m
pe
da
n
c
e
of
vario
u
s
s
h
o
r
t
c
i
rc
ui
ts
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
f
a
u
l
t po
int
a
nd the
f
e
e
d
i
n
g
p
o
int
.
T
h
e
tot
a
l
f
a
u
l
t
c
u
rren
t
of
th
e ne
tw
ork i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
pe
r
m
an
en
tl
y
wi
t
h
the p
r
e
s
en
c
e
of
DG
and
c
o
n
s
e
q
u
ent
l
y
de
cr
ea
ses
protec
te
d
a
r
ea
of
r
e
l
a
y
.
He
n
c
e, high
i
m
p
e
da
n
c
e
fau
l
ts
an
d
t
w
o
-
p
h
a
s
e
s
h
o
r
t c
i
rcui
t
tha
t
occ
u
rs
a
t
th
e end of
the
f
e
e
d
e
r
i
g
n
o
r
e
s
o
r
i
t
ca
u
s
e
s
de
l
a
y
i
n
prote
c
t
i
on
ope
rati
on
.
In
s
u
c
h
s
i
tua
t
i
o
n
s
, i
t
i
s
i
m
po
r
t
an
t
t
o
di
s
c
on
n
e
c
t
th
e
DG
a
s
so
o
n
as po
ss
i
b
l
e
to corr
e
c
t
ope
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
f
e
e
d
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Effects
o
f
t
h
e Pr
esen
ce
of D
i
stri
b
u
t
e
d
G
ene
r
a
tion
on
Pr
ot
ection a
n
d
…
(Ho
ssei
n
H
ah
inz
a
deh
)
7599
r
e
l
a
y
[12
].
T
h
e
de
la
y
of f
e
e
d
e
r
rela
y
i
s
eq
u
a
l
to pe
r
f
orm
a
n
c
e
ti
m
e
of
DG
prot
ec
ti
on a
nd
aff
e
c
t
ne
ga
tiv
e
ly
o
n
the the
r
m
a
l
l
i
m
i
t o
f
s
y
s
t
em
eq
ui
pm
e
n
t
’
s
tha
t
m
a
y
eve
n
t
ua
ll
y
ca
u
s
e
da
m
a
g
e
s
.
A
l
so
,
thi
s
de
la
y c
a
u
s
e
s
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
d
r
op e
l
se
w
h
e
r
e i
n
the
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
an
d
i
m
p
a
c
t
s n
e
g
a
t
iv
e
ef
fects on
p
o
wer
qu
a
l
i
t
y
.
O
n
th
e oth
e
r
h
a
nd
,
v
e
r
y
s
e
n
s
i
t
iv
e
protec
tion
o
n
the c
o
n
n
ec
t
i
n
g
p
o
i
n
t w
i
th
the
tr
i
p
p
i
n
g
o
f
DG
fr
o
m
the
ne
t
w
o
r
k
c
a
u
s
es
v
o
l
t
a
ge
f
l
u
c
tu
ation
s
a
n
d
oth
e
r
f
l
uc
tua
t
i
o
n
s
an
d
al
so po
w
e
r qu
a
l
i
t
y
prob
lem
s
.
E
x
pre
s
s
ed
s
t
at
u
s
i
s
s
h
o
w
n i
n
F
i
g
u
re 3.
W
e
c
a
n
express
th
e
rea
s
o
n
of
c
i
rc
ui
t
c
u
rren
t
r
e
d
u
ction i
n
the
b
e
g
i
nn
i
ng of
fee
d
e
r
as
f
o
llo
w
s
. If
it
is
as
s
u
m
e
d
DG
i
s
no
t a
v
ail
a
ble
o
n
th
e
ne
twork
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
3,
ob
serv
ed
im
p
e
d
anc
e
va
l
u
e
s
f
r
om
the
be
g
i
n
n
in
g
of
f
e
ed
er
to
c
o
n
n
e
c
tin
g
p
o
in
t
is
in
E
q
u
a
ti
on
(
2
)
.
(
1
)
(
2
)
If
i
t
i
s
ass
u
m
ed
tha
t
a dis
t
ri
bu
te
d
g
e
n
e
r
atio
n
ad
d t
o
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
n
F
i
g
u
re
2
,
o
b
s
erv
ed
im
p
e
d
anc
e
va
l
u
e
s
f
r
om
the
be
g
i
n
n
in
g
of
f
e
ed
er
is
in
Eq
ua
t
i
o
n
(
4
)
.
(
3
)
(
4
)
B
y
c
o
m
p
a
r
ing
th
e
t
w
o
Equ
a
t
i
o
n
s
(
2
)
and
(
4
)
,
i
t
c
a
n
be
obs
er
v
e
d
th
a
t
i
m
pe
da
n
c
e
a
d
ded
i
n
e
q
ua
t
i
on
(
4
). T
h
e
n
the
pa
ss
i
n
g
curr
en
t
fr
o
m
the be
g
i
n
n
i
n
g
of
the fe
e
d
e
r
de
cr
ea
ses
.
In
thi
s
c
a
s
e
,
f
i
xed
ti
m
i
ng
r
e
l
a
y
i
s
the be
s
t
op
tion
to d
i
s
c
on
ne
c
t
t
h
e
f
a
u
l
t.
Us
i
n
g
the
i
n
v
e
rs
e
ti
m
e
rel
a
y
ha
s
s
o
me p
r
oblem
s
[1
3
]. B
e
c
a
u
s
e
,
whe
n
a
f
a
u
l
t o
c
c
u
rs at
the
en
d
of
the
l
i
ne
,
de
la
y
ti
m
e
wi
ll b
e
ve
r
y
l
o
n
g
due to
the
l
o
w curr
en
t.
W
e
c
an
u
s
e the f
o
ll
o
w
i
n
g
t
w
o
m
e
th
od
s
to
s
o
l
v
e t
h
i
s
pro
b
l
e
m
:
a)
Us
i
ng
t
he
te
ch
niqu
e
of
l
o
gi
c
a
l
c
o
ordina
t
i
on
i
n
s
i
d
e
of
m
e
d
i
um
v
o
l
t
ag
e
di
s
t
ribu
tion sub
s
tat
i
on
,
b)
La
k
e
o
f
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
i
n
g
th
e s
w
itch
an
d re
l
a
y
wi
th
i
n
the m
e
d
i
u
m
v
o
l
t
ag
e
(
MV
) f
e
e
d
er.
T
he
f
i
r
s
t
m
e
t
h
od
i
s
r
e
comme
n
d
e
d
reg
a
r
d
i
n
g
to
the i
n
s
t
al
lation
of di
g
i
ta
l
r
e
la
y
i
n
m
e
d
i
um
v
o
l
t
ag
e
d
i
s
t
ri
b
u
tion
sub
s
ta
tion
s
.
O
t
h
e
r
o
p
ti
o
n
s such
a
s
ne
t
w
ork s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
c
h
a
n
g
e
o
r
m
o
d
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
of
DG
un
i
t
s
are no
t rec
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
d
u
e
to
ad
d
i
tion
a
l
c
o
sts
.
3.3.
Fa
ilure to
Dete
ct o
f
S
i
ngle
P
h
a
se
Fau
l
t
s
b
y
DG
O
u
tp
ut
p
o
w
e
r
of
the m
o
s
t
DGs i
s
produ
ced
i
n
L
o
w Vol
t
a
ge
(
LV
) l
e
v
e
l
an
d i
t
r
e
qui
r
e
s
to
i
n
jec
t
thi
s
pro
duct
i
o
n
i
n
to m
e
d
i
u
m
v
o
l
t
ag
e
ne
t
w
ork
b
y
tra
n
s
f
or
m
e
rs
ba
s
e
on i
t
s
produ
ction
rate
.
A
DG
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
ed
to
t
he
grid
thro
u
g
h
a
t
r
a
n
s
f
or
m
e
r
s
h
ou
ld
pro
v
i
d
e
an
ef
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
g
r
ou
nd f
o
r
s
i
n
g
l
e
ph
a
s
e
f
a
u
l
t t
o
gro
u
nd
to pr
ev
e
n
t
o
v
e
r
v
o
ltag
e
of
p
h
as
es
tha
t
th
e
y
d
o
n
’
t
ha
v
e
f
a
u
l
t.
An ef
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
s
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
wit
h
s
m
a
l
l
im
p
edanc
e
f
o
r
a
l
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
o
n
d
iti
o
n
s
w
h
e
r
e
zer
o
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
r
a
tio
o
f
r
e
a
c
tan
c
e to
p
o
s
i
t
i
ve
seq
u
en
ce of
r
e
a
c
t
a
n
c
e i
s
the
p
o
s
i
tiv
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
an
d
sm
al
l
e
r
tha
n
thre
e
a
n
d
al
s
o
zero
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
rat
i
o
of
r
e
s
i
s
t
an
c
e
t
o
po
s
i
tiv
e
se
q
u
en
c
e
of
rea
c
tan
c
e
i
s
th
e
p
o
s
i
tiv
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
an
d
l
e
ss
tha
n
on
e
.
W
e
ca
n
ob
ta
i
n
b
e
s
t
w
i
r
i
ng
m
o
d
e
o
f
the
tran
sfor
m
e
r
tha
t
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
DG
to the
ne
t
w
o
r
k
de
p
e
n
d
o
n
whi
c
h
t
y
p
e
of
tran
s
f
orm
e
r
w
h
i
c
h i
s
u
s
ed i
n
t
h
e
m
e
d
i
um v
o
l
t
a
ge
di
s
t
ri
b
u
tion
s
u
b
s
tat
i
on
s
.
T
he m
e
d
i
u
m
v
o
l
t
ag
e
s
i
d
e
of
po
w
e
r tra
n
s
f
or
m
e
rs
i
n
hi
gh
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
u
b
s
tati
on
s
h
a
s
de
l
t
a (
∆
) con
n
e
c
ti
o
n
a
nd
grou
n
d
-
au
xil
i
ar
y
t
r
a
n
s
f
or
mers
i
n
t
h
e
s
e
s
u
b
s
tat
i
on
s
in the
m
e
d
i
u
m
v
o
l
t
ag
e
s
i
d
e
are
u
s
ed to
f
i
x
the
p
r
ob
le
m
of
f
a
i
l
u
re
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
on
of
S
i
n
g
l
e
ph
a
s
e f
a
u
l
t
s
. Us
i
n
g
(
Y
n
)
wi
r
e
d
m
o
d
e
i
s
a c
a
s
e
for de
tectio
n
of
p
h
a
se
f
a
u
l
t b
y
DG
. In
thi
s
c
a
s
e
,
DG
i
s
co
nn
e
c
t
e
d
to
de
l
t
a
c
o
il
an
d
m
ediu
m
vo
lta
g
e
(
MV
)
ne
t
w
o
r
k
i
s
con
n
e
c
t
ed
to
(
Y
n
)
c
o
i
l
.
Fi
gu
re
4
sho
w
s
the
de
scr
i
b
e
d
s
i
tua
t
i
o
n.
T
he
e
x
i
s
ten
c
e
of
(
Y
n
)
c
o
nnec
tio
n
i
n
t
he
m
e
diu
m
vo
lta
g
e
s
i
d
e
o
f
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 11, Novem
ber 20
14: 75
95 – 760
2
7600
tran
sf
or
m
e
r rel
a
te
d
to
DG
c
a
u
s
es
to
c
l
os
e c
u
rren
t
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
on
f
o
r
s
i
ng
l
e
p
h
a
s
e
fau
l
ts
,
o
c
curr
e
d
i
n
the m
e
d
i
um v
o
l
t
ag
e
s
i
de a
n
d t
he
f
a
u
l
t c
a
n b
e
i
d
en
t
i
f
i
ed
b
y
DG
[
1
4-
1
5
].
Fi
gu
r
e
4.
De
t
e
ction
of
Si
n
g
le Ph
as
e
Fau
l
t b
y
G
e
n
e
rato
r
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e, i
t
i
s
n
o
ne
e
d
to
grou
n
d
-
a
u
x
il
iar
y
tran
s
f
o
r
m
e
r w
i
t
h
thi
s
t
y
p
e
of
w
i
r
i
n
g
relate
d
to
DG
. T
h
e
b
enef
its
o
f
e
x
p
r
es
s
e
d
wir
i
ng
are
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
:
a)
Dete
c
t
ion
of
si
ng
le p
h
a
s
e fau
l
t
to
groun
d
b
y
DG
,
b) Redu
ce
the
po
ss
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
of
R
e
s
o
n
a
n
c
e
and
Ferr
o
-
re
s
onan
ce,
c)
P
r
even
t to
tra
n
s
f
or
m
i
ng
thi
r
d
ha
r
m
o
n
i
c
,
pro
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
th
e
g
e
n
erato
r
to
h
i
g
h
v
o
l
t
ag
e ne
t
w
ork
.
H
o
we
ver
,
t
h
is
t
y
p
e
o
f
wir
i
n
g
r
e
l
a
te
d
t
o
DG
h
a
s
di
sa
d
v
a
n
tage
s
inc
l
u
d
i
n
g:
i
n
creas
e
the
l
e
v
e
l
of
s
i
ng
le
p
h
a
s
e
s
h
o
r
t
c
i
rc
ui
t c
u
rren
t
, ne
e
d
to
k
e
y
s
wi
th
hig
h
d
i
sc
on
n
e
c
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
po
ss
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
of
de
s
t
ru
c
t
i
o
n
of
the
tran
s
f
o
r
m
e
r,
an
d to solv
e
s
h
ort c
i
rc
uit
l
e
v
e
l
enh
a
n
cem
e
n
t
pro
b
l
e
m
,
the
na
t
u
ral
po
int of
tran
s
f
or
m
e
r
r
e
l
a
ted
to
DG
c
an be
grou
nd
e
d
.
3.4. Fa
s
t
Re
c
l
osing
Fau
l
t
T
h
i
s
p
r
obl
e
m
i
s
rel
a
te
d
t
o
r
e
c
l
o
s
ers th
a
t
are
used
ext
e
n
s
iv
el
y
i
n
o
v
erh
e
a
d
di
s
t
rib
u
t
ion
s
y
s
t
em
s
.
W
h
en
a f
a
u
l
t occurs
,
au
tom
a
ti
c
r
e
c
l
os
i
n
g
f
u
n
c
ti
on
i
s
f
o
r a s
h
o
r
t
pe
r
i
o
d
of
ti
m
e
an
d
the
n
c
i
rc
ui
t
b
r
ea
k
e
r
c
o
n
n
e
c
t a
g
a
i
n. T
r
an
s
i
en
t
f
a
u
l
ts
u
s
u
a
l
l
y di
s
a
p
p
e
a
r
d
u
ri
n
g
r
e
c
l
o
s
ing a
n
d
i
t
r
e
tu
r
n
s
to
its
norm
a
l
o
p
e
r
at
i
ng b
y
r
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
n
g
c
i
rcu
i
t
br
e
a
k
er. Spe
c
i
a
lly
,
f
a
u
l
ts
du
e
to
l
i
gh
t
n
ing an
d
s
p
a
r
k w
i
th
ou
t
lon
g
ti
m
e
d
i
sc
on
ne
c
t
ing
can be c
o
n
t
ro
l
l
e
d
,
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
li
gh
t
n
ing
an
d
s
p
a
r
k di
s
a
p
p
ea
r
qu
i
c
k
l
y
b
y
l
o
ss
of
n
e
t
work
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
.
A
u
tom
a
ti
c
r
e
c
l
os
i
ng
i
s
a
n
a
p
p
r
op
r
i
ate
m
e
th
od
t
o
con
t
rol
tran
s
i
en
t f
a
u
l
t
s
in
t
he
ove
r
head
n
e
t
w
ork
s
.
A
c
c
o
rdi
n
g
to
s
t
ati
s
ti
cs of
d
i
s
t
ri
b
u
tio
n
c
o
m
p
a
n
i
e
s
,
9
0
pe
rc
en
t
of
n
e
t
wo
rk fau
l
ts
r
e
s
o
l
v
e b
y
r
e
c
l
o
s
in
g
f
u
nc
ti
on
a
n
d
o
n
l
y
1
0
pe
r
c
ent
of
the
m
are
pe
r
m
an
en
t.
In
c
a
b
l
e
n
e
twork
s
,
i
t
i
s
no
t
p
o
ss
i
b
le
to
us
e
r
e
c
l
o
s
e
r
s du
e
t
o
ef
fec
t
s
of
he
at
an
d
cr
ea
ted
s
t
re
ss
.
T
h
e
r
e
are
p
o
te
nt
i
a
l
of
p
r
ob
lem
s
i
n
th
e
ne
t
w
ork
s
i
n
tha
t
f
a
s
t
re
c
l
o
s
in
g
b
r
e
a
k
e
r
are
us
ed. If
b
o
th
of
DG
an
d
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
f
eed
f
ault
l
o
c
a
ti
o
n
,
DG
m
a
y
rem
a
i
n
con
n
e
c
t
to t
he
n
e
t
w
o
r
k an
d
i
t
f
e
e
d
s
f
a
u
l
t loc
a
tio
n
d
u
ring r
e
c
l
o
s
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
rr
up
t
i
on
t
i
m
e
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
the arc
r
e
m
a
i
n
s
i
n
con
n
ec
t
i
o
n
po
int
a
nd the
ex
i
s
te
n
c
e
of
the arc
le
a
d
s to a
f
a
u
l
t
i
n
r
e
c
l
o
s
e
r
a
n
d t
h
e
f
a
u
l
t
w
i
l
l
b
e
pe
r
m
an
en
t.
T
h
is
s
i
tuat
ion
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gure 5. If
DG
do
no
t
i
s
o
l
ate
f
r
o
m
the
n
e
t
w
ork at r
e
c
l
o
s
e
r
's
di
sc
on
n
e
c
t
ti
m
e
, the
r
e w
i
l
l
be
a
n
o
n
-
sy
n
c
hron
ou
s
con
n
e
c
tio
n
i
n
t
he ne
t
w
ork du
e to
r
e
con
n
e
c
t
of
r
e
c
l
o
s
e
r
th
at w
i
l
l
d
a
m
a
ge
DG
an
d
eq
u
i
pm
en
t
of
c
o
n
s
um
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
a
s
o
n
of
thi
s
i
ssue i
s
c
o
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
DG
s
p
ee
d du
e to
fee
d
ing
of
s
h
o
r
t
c
i
rc
u
i
t
loc
a
ti
o
n
.
S
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
izing
c
h
ec
k
r
e
la
y is
n
eede
d
f
o
r
ac
c
u
r
a
te
a
n
d
r
e
li
a
b
l
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
R
e
c
l
os
er
'
s
di
sc
on
n
e
c
t
ti
m
e
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
c
o
o
r
dina
te
d
wi
th
DG
prot
ec
ti
o
n
to
avoid
su
c
h
prob
le
ms as
sho
w
n
ab
o
v
e. B
u
t,
r
e
li
ab
i
l
i
t
y
of
DG
prot
ectio
n
r
e
m
a
i
n
s
s
t
i
l
l
un
re
l
i
ab
l
e
f
r
om
the p
o
i
nt of
v
i
e
w
of
di
s
t
ri
b
u
tion
com
p
a
n
i
e
s
.
In
t
h
i
s
c
a
s
e
,
th
ere
i
s
po
ss
i
b
l
e
to i
n
c
r
e
a
se
r
e
c
l
o
s
i
ng
di
sc
o
n
n
e
c
t
t
i
m
e
to
en
sure p
r
o
p
e
r
o
p
e
r
at
i
o
n
[
1
6].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Effects
o
f
t
h
e Pr
esen
ce
of D
i
stri
b
u
t
e
d
G
ene
r
a
tion
on
Pr
ot
ection a
n
d
…
(Ho
ssei
n
H
ah
inz
a
deh
)
7601
Fi
gu
r
e
5. Fas
t
Rec
l
o
s
i
n
g
F
a
u
l
t d
ue t
o
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
DG
Ge
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
W
e
c
an
use o
ne
of
th
r
ee
f
o
ll
o
w
i
n
g
wa
y
s
to f
i
x
th
e
prob
lem o
f
f
a
s
t
reclosin
g
:
a)
Us
i
ng s
y
nchron
izi
n
g
che
c
k
rel
a
y
th
at
i
s
us
e
d
f
o
r
r
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
n
g
DG
to
t
h
e
n
e
tw
o
r
k
b)
Rem
o
v
e
t
he
r
e
c
l
o
s
ing op
e
r
ati
o
n
c)
Rea
s
o
n
ab
le
adju
s
tm
en
t i
n
di
sc
on
n
e
c
t
ti
m
e
o
f
f
a
s
t
recl
os
i
ng
k
e
y
.
It
i
s
ne
ed
e
d
t
o
s
e
t
di
s
c
on
n
e
c
t
ti
m
e
o
f
re
c
l
o
s
i
ng
d
e
s
i
ra
bl
y
r
e
ga
rdin
g
to th
e
i
n
s
t
a
l
la
ti
on
of
r
e
c
l
os
er
s
in
th
e
net
w
o
rk
s
o
th
at if
th
e
DG
b
e
i
n
s
t
all
ed i
n
down
s
trea
m of
r
e
c
l
o
s
e
r
s
,
i
t
c
a
n
n
o
t
be
ab
le
t
o
da
m
a
g
e
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
e
q
u
i
pm
en
t o
f
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s an
d
DG
.
3.5. I
s
la
ndin
g
O
p
e
r
a
t
io
n
o
f
DG
s
Is
l
a
n
d
i
n
g
of
d
i
s
t
ri
bu
ti
o
n
ne
twork ari
s
e
f
r
o
m
di
sc
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
ng
of
m
a
i
n
sou
r
c
e
an
d re
m
a
i
n
i
ng
the
DG
in
th
e
ne
t
w
ork
.
T
h
e
i
s
l
a
n
d
ing
can
c
a
u
s
e
new p
r
ob
l
e
m
s
i
n
th
e u
t
il
izat
i
o
n
o
f
the n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
If
DG
wi
ll
c
o
n
t
i
n
ue
t
o
its
w
o
rk
after
bl
ack
o
u
t
i
n
ne
t
w
ork
,
i
t
i
s
po
ss
i
b
l
e
to
occ
u
r
f
o
ll
o
w
in
g
pro
b
lem
s
:
a)
S
a
f
e
t
y
prob
l
e
m
s
f
o
r
m
a
i
n
tena
n
c
e pe
rs
on
n
e
l an
d
opera
t
ors
,
b)
Fee
d
in
g
of
S
h
o
r
t
c
i
rc
ui
t
l
o
c
a
ti
o
n
d
u
rin
g
inte
rr
up
t
i
o
n
o
f
rec
l
o
s
i
n
g
re
l
a
y
,
c)
W
o
r
k
i
ng
i
n
no
n
-
s
t
an
d
a
rd
c
o
n
d
i
t
ion
s
i
n
term
s
o
f
v
o
l
t
a
ge
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
un
s
t
ab
il
it
y and
cr
ea
ti
ng
a
p
o
w
e
r
s
w
i
n
g
,
d)
La
ck of c
o
n
s
i
s
ten
c
e
o
f
ne
twork
a
n
d
DG
S
a
f
e
t
y
of m
a
i
n
te
na
n
c
e
pe
r
s
on
ne
l
an
d o
p
e
r
a
tors
i
s
o
n
e
of the
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
i
s
s
u
e
s
t
h
a
t
can
occ
u
r
du
r
i
n
g
i
s
l
a
nd
ing o
p
erati
o
n of
DG
. It
i
s
no
t r
e
c
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
to
o
per
at
e
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
or
k
in
i
s
l
anding
s
i
t
u
ation
a
nd
i
t
i
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
to
rem
o
v
e
DG
fro
m
the ne
tw
o
r
k as
qu
i
ck a
s
po
ss
i
b
le
i
n
t
h
e
i
s
l
anding d
e
te
c
t
i
on
s
i
tu
at
io
n
.
Expressed
stat
us
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
i
gu
r
e
6.
Fi
gu
r
e
6.Pheno
m
e
n
on
of
n
e
t
w
ork
i
s
l
a
n
d
i
n
g in
p
r
e
s
e
n
ce o
f
DG
.
W
e
c
an
use
o
ne
of
th
e
foll
o
w
i
ng t
w
o
m
e
th
od
s f
o
r
det
e
c
ti
on of
ne
t
w
o
r
k
i
s
landi
ng
:
a)
Install
a
t
i
on of
th
e
fr
eq
u
e
n
c
y
rel
a
y
b)
P
r
ote
c
t
i
o
n
of
v
o
l
t
ag
e
v
e
c
t
o
r
s
h
i
f
t (
VS
)
O
f
c
o
u
r
se
th
e
r
e
a
r
e
oth
e
r
m
e
th
od
s
for
de
te
cti
on
of
ne
twork
i
s
l
a
n
d
i
n
g tha
t
i
s
no
t
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
d
ue t
o
n
e
twork s
t
ru
c
t
ure
an
d com
m
u
n
i
c
a
ti
on
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
[1
7].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 11, Novem
ber 20
14: 75
95 – 760
2
7602
4. Co
nclus
i
o
n
In
r
e
c
e
n
t
y
e
a
r
s
,
pri
v
at
iz
at
ion
,
en
vi
r
o
n
m
en
tal
i
ssu
e
s
,
cr
ea
ti
o
n
of
el
ec
tri
c
i
t
y
m
a
r
k
et
an
d
es
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
r
ene
w
a
bl
e
e
n
erg
y
h
a
s
pre
p
a
r
ed
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
pre
s
e
n
c
e
of
DG
. B
u
t
,
d
e
s
p
it
e
the t
e
chn
i
c
a
l
an
d e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
be
n
e
f
i
ts
that r
e
com
m
en
d
u
s
i
ng of
DG
,
th
ei
r
p
r
e
s
en
c
e
i
n
di
s
t
ribu
ti
on
ne
t
w
o
r
k
s
ca
u
s
e
s
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
an
d
i
n
te
r
f
e
r
e
i
n
th
e
no
r
m
al
op
eration
of
the
s
y
s
t
em
.
A
s
w
a
s
ob
serv
e
d
, de
s
i
g
n
an
d
o
p
e
r
ati
o
n
of
rad
i
ally d
i
s
t
ri
bu
ti
o
n
ne
t
w
o
r
k
s
wa
s
on
e
of
th
e
mai
n
rea
s
o
n
s
for
the
p
r
o
b
lem
s
c
a
u
s
e
d
b
y
in
s
t
al
lation
of
DG
. In
I
r
an
,
d
e
s
p
i
t
e th
e
i
m
pl
em
en
tat
i
o
n
of
sm
a
r
t
g
r
id
s
,
the
d
i
s
t
r
i
bu
ti
o
n
ne
two
r
k
s
d
e
s
i
gn
a
nd
o
p
e
r
ate
r
a
d
i
ally
.
T
h
i
s
o
p
e
rati
o
n
ha
s f
a
ced u
s
i
ng
DG
in
Iran
’
s
el
e
c
tr
i
c
i
t
y
n
e
t
w
ork w
i
th
th
e di
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
ies
in
o
p
e
r
ation
a
n
d
m
a
i
n
te
n
a
n
c
e.
S
o
,
in th
i
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e,
it
wa
s
exp
r
e
ssed the
ef
f
e
cts
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
i
n
s
t
al
l
a
tion of
DG
i
n
terms of uti
lization
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
new
s
m
a
r
t
grid i
m
pl
em
e
n
t
at
i
o
n
i
n
Ira
n
. Al
s
o
, i
t
was
pr
esen
te
d
so
luti
o
n
s
to s
o
lv
e
c
a
u
s
e
d
prob
l
e
m
s
. O
f
c
o
u
r
s
e
,
m
a
n
y
of
the
s
e
o
b
s
t
a
c
l
e
s and
di
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
ie
s wi
ll
res
o
lv
e
i
f
so
m
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
the
de
s
i
g
n
a
nd
o
p
e
r
at
i
o
n
of
di
s
t
r
i
bu
t
i
o
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
an
d a
l
so f
u
l
l
an
d
p
r
o
p
e
r
i
m
pl
em
en
tat
i
on
of
sm
art
gri
d
s i
n
I
r
a
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
.
Ref
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
[1
]
H
u
ng,
D
u
on
g
Q
u
o
c
, N
M
i
thu
l
ana
ntha
n, R
C
Bans
a
l
. An
a
l
y
t
ic
a
l
stra
teg
i
e
s
for
rene
w
a
bl
e
distr
i
but
e
d
ge
n
e
rat
i
o
n
i
n
te
gr
at
io
n
co
nsid
er
ing
e
n
erg
y
l
o
ss
m
i
nim
i
z
a
tio
n
.
Ap
pli
e
d Ene
r
g
y
.
201
3; 1
0
5
:
75-85.
[2
]
Poudi
n
eh, R
a
hm
atal
l
a
h
,
T
ooraj
Ja
ma
sb.
D
i
stri
b
u
ted
g
e
nerat
ion,
st
ora
g
e, d
e
m
a
nd
r
e
spo
n
se
a
n
d
energ
y
eff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
as alter
nativ
es
to
grid
ca
p
a
c
ity
e
n
ha
n
c
eme
n
t.
En
ergy Po
l
i
c
y
.
20
13.
[3
]
Atz
eni, Ita
l
o,
L
u
is
G
a
r
c
ia O
r
d
óñez
, G
e
s
u
al
d
o
Scut
ari,
D
a
ni
el
P
P
a
l
o
mar,
J
a
v
i
er
Ro
drígu
e
z
Fonol
l
o
s
a
.
N
oncoo
p
e
rative
and
Co
o
p
erat
iv
e
O
p
ti
mizati
o
n
of Di
stri
bute
d
En
er
g
y
Ge
neratio
n
a
n
d
Storage
i
n
the
D
e
mand
-S
id
e
of th
e
Sm
art G
r
i
d
.
IEEE Tr
an
s
a
c
t
ion
s
on
S
i
g
n
a
l
Pr
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c
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s
s
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4
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24
72.
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Shahinza
d
eh, H
o
ss
ei
n,
H
a
jar G
hotb
.
Lo
ad
Es
tim
a
ti
on
an
d
Sup
p
orti
ng
En
er
g
y
Effic
i
e
n
c
y
in
Smar
t
Gri
d
s
.
Inter
nati
ona
l
J
ourn
a
l
of
Scientif
ic a
n
d
En
gi
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eeri
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g
Re
sear
c
h
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2; 3(9
)
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[5
]
Shahinza
d
eh,
G
haz
al
e
h
, H
o
ss
ein
S
h
ah
i
n
zade
h
,
A
l
i
P
a
kneja
d
. Infra
s
tru
c
tur
e
Ev
al
u
a
ti
on
for
u
s
i
n
g
Sm
art M
e
tering
S
y
s
t
e
m
(AM
I
& AM
R) in Po
w
e
r Dis
trib
ut
i
o
n
Net
w
ork
s
.
In
t.
J
.
Com
.
Di
g
.
S
y
s.
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13;
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1
8
6
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Shahinza
d
eh, H
o
ss
ei
n,
Ay
la
H
a
sa
n
a
lizad
eh
-Kho
sro
s
hah
i. Im
ple
m
e
n
tati
o
n
of Sm
art
M
e
tering
Sy
stems
:
C
h
al
l
e
ng
e
s
a
n
d
S
o
l
u
t
i
on
s.
TE
LKO
M
N
I
KA I
ndonesi
a
n
Jou
r
nal
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
al
En
g
i
neerin
g
.
20
1
4
; 12
(
7
):
510
4-51
09.
[7
]
Biaba
n
i
, M
a
jid, M
a
soud
Ali
a
k
b
ar
G
o
lka
r
, A
m
in
H
a
ss
a
n
Z
a
re
i
Kasiry
, M
ohsen
Ak
b
a
ri.
Smart gri
d
i
n
Ira
n
:
driv
i
n
g
f
a
ctor
s, ev
oluti
on,
c
h
a
l
len
g
es and p
o
ssi
bl
e solu
tio
n
s.
In
E
n
vi
r
o
nm
en
t
a
n
d
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
Engin
e
eri
n
g
(EEEIC
)
,
2
011
1
0
th
Inte
rnat
ion
a
l
C
o
n
f
ere
n
ce
on
.
2011: 1
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4
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[8
]
C
o
lak, Il
h
a
m
i
,
R
a
mazan
Ba
y
i
ndir,
G
i
an
l
u
ca
Fu
lli, Ibra
hi
m
T
e
kin,
Ke
n
a
n
De
m
i
rtas
, Ca
tali
n
-
Fel
i
x
Co
v
r
ig.
Smart gr
id o
p
portu
n
i
ties
a
nd ap
p
lic
ati
ons
i
n
T
u
rke
y
.
Re
n
e
wa
bl
e an
d
Su
stai
n
a
b
l
e
Ene
r
gy Re
view
s.
201
4; 33
: 3
4
4
-
35
2.
[9
] Jav
adi
a
n
SAM
,
MR
H
aghif
a
m, M
Fotu
hi
Firo
ozab
ad, SM
T
Bathaee. Anal
y
s
is of
prote
c
tio
n
s
y
ste
m
’
s
r
i
s
k
in
d
i
st
r
i
buti
o
n
ne
t
w
or
ks
w
i
th
D
G
.
Internat
io
na
l
J
o
urn
a
l
of Ele
c
tri
c
al
Po
we
r & Energy
Sy
s
t
em
s.
20
13
; 4
4
(1
): 68
8
-
69
5.
[1
0
]
Sa'
ed JA, S Fa
v
u
z
z
a
,
M
G
Ippoli
t
o, F M
a
ssar
o
. Ve
ri
fy
in
g
the eff
e
ct of
di
stri
bute
d
ge
nera
t
o
r
s on
v
o
lta
g
e
prof
il
e
,
po
w
e
r los
s
es
and
pr
ote
c
tio
n
s
y
st
e
m
i
n
radi
a
l
di
strib
u
tio
n
net
w
o
rk
s.
In
Powe
r Engine
eri
n
g,
En
ergy
an
d
El
e
c
trica
l
D
r
i
v
es
(PO
W
ER
EN
G
)
. F
ourth
Inter
nati
o
n
a
l
C
o
nf
ere
n
c
e
on
. 201
3:
1
0
4
4
-
1
0
4
9
.
[1
1
]
G
onz
alez
,
C
a
rlos
,
Piete
r
Vin
gerho
e
t
s,
S
a
m
W
e
c
k
x
,
T
o
m
D
e
Ry
be
l,
N
i
c
k
Ef
kar
p
id
i
s
, J
oha
n
Drie
s
e
n
.
C
ons
train
e
d
PV p
e
n
e
trat
ion
leve
l
i
n
LV di
stri
b
u
tio
n
n
e
tw
orks
bas
e
d
on
t
h
e
volt
ag
e
operat
io
n
a
l
mar
g
in.
22
n
d
Intern
atio
nal
Co
n
f
erenc
e
an
d
E
x
hibitio
n
o
n
Elect
r
icity
D
i
s
tr
ib
ut
i
o
n
.
2013; 1
-
4
.
[1
2
]
C
o
ster Ed
w
a
rd
J,
Joh
ann
a
M
A
My
rz
ik, Bas
Kruimer
,
W
i
l
L Kl
i
ng. I
n
te
gr
atio
n
iss
u
es
o
f
distr
i
but
ed
g
ene
r
a
tio
n
in
d
i
strib
u
tio
n
gri
d
s
.
Proc
eed
in
g
s
of
th
e I
EEE.
2
011; 99(1
)
:
28
-3
9
[1
3
]
Za
y
a
ndeh
r
o
o
d
i
,
H
a
di, Azah M
ohamed, Hu
s
s
ai
n Sha
r
eef,
M
a
rjan
M
o
hammadjaf
ari. A
C
o
mpre
he
n
s
ive
rev
i
e
w
of
pr
otect
i
on
c
oord
i
n
a
t
i
on
me
tho
d
s
i
n
p
o
w
e
r
dis
t
rib
u
ti
o
n
s
y
ste
m
s in
th
e
pre
s
e
n
ce
of D
G
.
E
l
ec
tri
c
a
l
R
e
vi
ew.
201
1; 8
:
1
4
2
-
1
4
8.
[1
4
]
Lin
W
M
,
TC
O
u
. U
n
bala
n
ce
d
dist
rib
u
ti
on
n
e
t
w
o
r
k fault an
al
y
s
i
s
w
i
th
h
y
b
r
id co
m
pensatio
n.
G
enerati
on, Tr
ansm
i
ss
i
o
n
&
D
i
strib
u
tio
n
, IET.
201
1; 5(1
)
:
92
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[1
5
]
Abo-Shad
y
FM
,
M
A
Alaam, A
h
m
e
d
M
Az
m
y
. Imp
edan
ce
-b
a
s
e
d
fau
l
t l
o
c
a
ti
on
te
chn
i
qu
e
f
o
r
distr
i
but
io
n
s
y
st
em
s i
n
pre
s
e
n
ce
of di
strib
u
ted
ge
nerat
ion
.
Sm
art
Energy Gri
d
Engin
eer
i
n
g
(SEG
E). IEEE
Inter
nat
ion
a
l
Conf
e
r
e
n
ce
o
n
. 201
3:
1-6.
[1
6
]
N
a
iem
AF, Y
H
e
gazy
,
AY
Abdelaz
i
z
,
M
A
El
shar
ka
w
y
. A cla
s
s
i
fi
cati
on
t
e
chn
i
qu
e
for
reclo
s
er-f
u
s
e
co
ord
i
nati
o
n
i
n
distr
i
but
i
o
n
s
y
ste
m
s
w
i
th
d
i
s
t
r
i
buted ge
n
e
rati
on.
Power Deli
v
e
ry
,
IEEE
Trans
ac
t
i
on
s
on
.
20
1
2
; 27(1
)
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[1
7
]
N
a
j
y
,
W
a
l
e
ed KA, H
a
te
m
H
Zeine
l
di
n,
W
e
i
Lee
W
o
on. O
p
t
i
ma
l prot
ect
i
o
n
coor
din
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
micr
ogri
d
s
w
i
th
gr
id
-
c
on
n
e
ct
e
d
an
d
is
la
n
d
ed cap
a
b
i
lity
.
In
d
u
s
t
ri
al El
ec
tr
on
i
c
s
,
IEEE
Tra
n
s
a
c
t
ion
s
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n
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2013; 60(4
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68
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7
7.
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