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12
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Octo
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1
8
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3
3
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–
340
334
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n
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
r
es
u
lt
s
,
a
n
al
y
s
is
a
n
d
d
etailed
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
a
l
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
f
er
s
t
h
e
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
.
2.
T
RAJ
E
C
T
O
RY
O
F
T
H
E
S
O
L
AR
T
R
ACK
I
N
G
SY
ST
E
M
I
t
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
m
ak
e
s
u
r
e
a
s
o
lar
p
an
el
o
p
er
ates
at
a
n
o
p
ti
m
u
m
til
t
a
n
g
le
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
ex
p
o
s
e
t
h
e
p
an
el
as
clo
s
e
to
its
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
s
o
lar
i
n
te
n
s
it
y
a
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
I
n
co
r
r
ec
t
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
ca
n
lead
to
lo
s
s
o
f
p
o
te
n
t
ial
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
.
I
n
th
i
s
r
esear
c
h
,
a
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
es
tin
g
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
f
e
atu
r
e
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
A
P
V
p
an
el
w
it
h
1
.
6
5
1
m
len
g
th
an
d
0
.
9
9
0
6
m
w
id
th
i
s
e
m
p
l
o
y
ed
.
A
p
er
m
an
e
n
t
m
ag
n
et
D
C
m
o
to
r
is
in
s
talled
as
th
e
m
ai
n
d
r
iv
i
n
g
ac
tu
ato
r
to
ad
j
u
s
t
th
e
tilt
a
n
g
le
(
θ
S
)
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
0
°
to
9
0
°.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
h
a
r
v
est
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
i
n
th
e
cit
y
o
f
P
etalin
g
J
a
y
a,
Ma
la
y
s
ia
(
3
.
0
8
3
3
°
N,
1
0
1
.
6
5
0
0
°
E
)
.
An
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
t
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
P
w
i
th
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
tilt
an
g
le
o
f
th
e
P
V
p
an
el.
Gen
er
all
y
,
t
h
e
to
tal
s
o
lar
r
ad
i
atio
n
o
n
a
tilt
ed
s
u
r
f
ac
e
(
H
T
)
is
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
t
h
e
b
ea
m
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
(
H
B
)
,
d
if
f
u
s
e
r
ad
iatio
n
(
H
D
)
,
a
n
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
ef
lecte
d
r
ad
iatio
n
(
H
R
)
o
n
to
th
e
tilt
ed
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
u
s
,
f
o
r
a
s
u
r
f
ac
e
t
ilted
at
an
an
g
le
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
h
o
r
i
zo
n
tal,
th
e
i
n
cid
en
t to
tal
r
ad
iat
io
n
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
i
n
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
)
:
H
T
=
H
B
+
H
D
+
H
R
(
1
)
T
h
e
b
ea
m
r
ad
iatio
n
o
n
to
th
e
t
ilted
s
u
r
f
ac
e
i
s
as
ex
p
r
es
s
ed
i
n
E
q
u
atio
n
(
2
)
,
w
h
er
e
H
g
an
d
H
d
ar
e
th
e
m
o
n
t
h
l
y
m
ea
n
d
a
il
y
g
lo
b
al
an
d
d
if
f
u
s
e
r
ad
iatio
n
s
o
n
a
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
H
B
= (
H
g
–
H
d
)
(
2
)
Sin
ce
Ma
la
y
s
ia
is
lo
ca
ted
o
n
th
e
n
o
r
th
er
n
h
e
m
i
s
p
h
er
e,
th
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
lo
p
ed
to
w
ar
d
th
e
eq
u
ato
r
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
E
q
u
atio
n
(
3
)
,
in
w
h
ich
ϕ
,
δ
,
an
d
α
de
n
o
te
th
e
latit
u
d
e,
t
h
e
d
ec
li
n
atio
n
an
g
le,
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
u
n
h
o
u
r
an
g
le
f
o
r
th
e
tilt
ed
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
[
9
]
.
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
3
)
T
h
e
s
k
y
-
d
i
f
f
u
s
e
r
ad
iatio
n
ca
n
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
i
n
g
E
q
u
at
io
n
(
4
)
:
(
4
)
w
h
er
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
[
1
0
]
,
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
R
d
is
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
E
q
u
atio
n
(
5
)
.
R
d
=
(
1
-
θ
S
)
/ 1
8
0
(
5
)
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
to
tal
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
o
n
a
tilt
ed
s
u
r
f
ac
e
is
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
E
q
u
atio
n
(
6
)
,
w
h
er
e
ρ
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
alb
ed
o
[
9
]
.
(
)
+
+
(
6
)
Fro
m
t
h
is
,
th
e
to
tal
s
o
lar
r
ad
i
atio
n
f
alli
n
g
o
n
tilt
ed
s
u
r
f
ac
e
is
co
m
p
u
ted
b
y
v
ar
y
i
n
g
tilt
an
g
le
(
θ
S
)
f
r
o
m
0
°
to
9
0
°.
T
h
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
tilt
an
g
le
i
s
tak
e
n
at
w
h
ic
h
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
o
n
th
e
tilt
ed
s
u
r
f
ac
e
H
T
b
ec
o
m
e
s
m
ax
i
m
u
m
.
I
n
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
,
t
h
e
ad
j
u
s
tin
g
s
tep
s
o
f
th
e
tilt
an
g
le
i
s
d
escr
ib
ed
b
elo
w
i
n
E
q
u
atio
n
(
7
)
,
w
h
er
e
k
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
iter
atio
n
in
d
ex
a
n
d
μ
(
k
)
d
en
o
tes th
e
s
tep
s
ize
o
f
p
o
s
itio
n
an
g
le
i
n
cr
e
m
e
n
t o
r
d
ec
r
e
m
en
t a
t
k
.
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
7
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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n
d
o
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J
E
lec
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p
Sci
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N:
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-
4752
A
n
E
lectro
ma
g
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etis
m
-
like
Mech
a
n
is
m
A
lg
o
r
ith
m
A
p
p
r
o
a
ch
fo
r
P
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
S
ystem…
(
Jia
n
Din
g
Ta
n
)
335
I
t
is
k
n
o
w
n
f
r
o
m
[
1
1
]
th
at
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
,
P
o
f
th
e
P
V
p
an
el
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
i
n
te
n
s
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
(
H
T
)
,
g
iv
e
n
b
y
E
q
u
atio
n
(
8
)
,
w
h
er
e
A
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
e
a
o
f
th
e
P
V
p
an
el.
(
8
)
Sin
ce
t
h
e
b
ea
m
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
is
th
e
m
ai
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
in
cid
en
t
to
tal
r
ad
iatio
n
,
th
e
i
n
ten
s
i
t
y
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
ia
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
es
s
ed
as
E
q
u
atio
n
(
9
)
[
1
2
]
w
h
er
e
H
n
is
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
in
te
n
s
it
y
p
o
s
s
ib
le,
an
d
θ
I
is
th
e
a
n
g
le
b
e
t
w
ee
n
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
a
l to
th
e
p
an
el
s
u
r
f
ac
e
an
d
th
e
s
u
n
’
s
r
a
y
s
.
(
)
(
9
)
I
t c
an
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
1
th
at
at
an
y
p
o
in
t in
ti
m
e,
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
0
)
ex
is
ts
.
(
1
0
)
W
h
en
th
e
P
V
p
an
el
is
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
th
e
s
u
n
,
θ
I
=
0
,
an
d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
l
y
,
α
+
θ
S
=
9
0
°.
Fro
m
E
q
u
atio
n
s
(
8
)
,
(
9
)
,
an
d
(
1
0
)
,
w
e
k
n
o
w
th
at
(
)
(
)
(
1
1
)
w
h
er
e
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
A
l
-
Mo
h
a
m
ad
(
2
0
0
4
)
,
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
in
te
n
s
it
y
H
n
in
E
q
u
atio
n
(
9
)
,
f
o
r
a
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
s
o
lar
h
o
u
r
an
g
le
α
,
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
f
r
o
m
E
q
u
at
io
n
(
1
2
)
w
h
er
e
α
r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
elev
a
tio
n
a
n
g
le
o
f
th
e
s
u
n
w
h
ic
h
is
v
ar
y
i
n
g
.
[
(
)
]
(
1
2
)
B
an
d
C
ar
e
s
ite
-
a
n
d
cli
m
ate
-
r
elate
d
co
n
s
tan
ts
a
n
d
ar
e
ca
l
cu
lated
b
y
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
3
)
an
d
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
4
)
u
s
in
g
d
ata
av
a
ilab
le
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t
an
d
t
h
e
g
lo
b
al
co
n
s
tan
t
’
s
tab
les
p
u
b
li
s
h
ed
b
y
ASHR
A
E
[
1
3
]
,
w
h
er
e
N
is
t
h
e
d
ay
o
f
t
h
e
y
ea
r
an
d
F
c
is
th
e
c
lo
u
d
in
es
s
co
ef
f
icie
n
t.
B
=
0
.
1
3
2
+
0
.
0
2
3
co
s
(
F
c
N
)
(
1
3
)
C
=
0
.
0
4
7
+
0
.
0
3
co
s
(
F
c
N
)
(
1
4
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
llu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
an
g
les
d
ef
in
it
io
n
3.
EL
E
C
T
RO
M
AG
NE
T
I
SM
-
L
I
K
E
M
E
CH
ANIS
M
AL
G
O
RIT
H
M
T
h
er
e
is
a
r
ich
l
iter
atu
r
e
o
n
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
ar
ti
f
icial
in
telli
g
en
t
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
a
n
d
g
lo
b
al
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
i
n
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Op
ti
m
izatio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
ar
e
g
en
er
all
y
d
ev
elo
p
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
ai
m
to
s
ea
r
c
h
f
o
r
t
h
e
g
lo
b
al
o
p
ti
m
a
p
ar
a
m
eter
t
h
at
y
ield
s
t
h
e
b
est
o
p
ti
m
a
v
a
l
u
es
i
n
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
.
T
h
e
E
lectr
o
m
ag
n
etic
-
li
k
e
Me
c
h
an
i
s
m
(
E
M)
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
b
ased
g
lo
b
al
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
ea
r
ch
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
B
ir
b
il
an
d
Fan
g
[
1
4
]
.
Gu
id
ed
b
y
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
eti
s
m
t
h
eo
r
y
,
th
e
E
M
i
m
i
tates
t
h
e
attr
ac
tio
n
an
d
r
ep
u
ls
io
n
m
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al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
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4752
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n
d
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12
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1
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1
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:
3
3
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–
340
336
o
p
tim
a
l
s
o
l
u
tio
n
in
b
o
u
n
d
ed
v
ar
iab
les.
I
n
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
,
ea
c
h
o
f
th
e
c
h
ar
g
ed
p
ar
ticles
i
n
p
la
y
i
s
tab
u
la
t
ed
in
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
r
a
n
g
e.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
e
m
a
g
n
i
tu
d
e
o
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c
h
p
ar
ticle
r
elate
s
to
t
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e
o
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j
ec
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e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
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al
u
e.
P
ar
ticles
w
i
th
b
etter
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
y
ield
s
w
ill
ap
p
l
y
attr
ac
ti
n
g
f
o
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ce
s
w
h
ile
p
ar
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s
w
it
h
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o
r
s
e
o
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j
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alu
e
s
w
il
l
ap
p
l
y
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ep
u
ls
io
n
f
o
r
ce
s
o
n
to
o
th
er
p
ar
ticle
s
[
1
5
]
.
B
ig
g
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
i
n
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
v
al
u
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g
e
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er
ates
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i
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er
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ag
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it
u
d
e
o
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o
r
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et
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th
e
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a
r
ticles.
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h
e
p
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ticles
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e
th
en
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o
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ed
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ased
o
n
s
u
p
er
p
o
s
itio
n
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h
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e
m
.
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n
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ch
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ize
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ated
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h
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e
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le,
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g
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
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n
e
x
a
m
p
le
o
f
t
h
e
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o
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ce
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a
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lied
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y
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ep
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ls
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v
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r
o
m
Q
b
a
n
d
attr
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e
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o
r
ce
f
r
o
m
Q
c
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
o
tal
f
o
r
ce
ex
er
ted
o
n
Qa
b
y
Qb
an
d
Qc
3
.
1
.
Co
nv
ent
i
o
na
l EM
T
h
e
g
en
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al
f
lo
w
o
f
a
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
E
M
is
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
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h
er
e
ar
e
f
i
v
e
m
aj
o
r
s
t
ep
s
in
t
h
e
E
M,
n
a
m
el
y
i
n
itializa
tio
n
,
lo
c
al
s
ea
r
ch
,
ch
ar
g
e
ca
lcu
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io
n
,
f
o
r
ce
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lcu
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n
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d
p
ar
ticles
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is
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lace
m
e
n
ts
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Gen
er
al
E
M
Flo
w
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
1
:
EM
(
m
,
MA
XI
T
E
R,
L
S
I
T
ER,
δ
)
m
=
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
MA
XI
T
ER
:
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
n
u
mb
e
r
o
f
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
L
S
I
T
ER
:
max
i
m
u
m
n
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m
b
e
r
o
f
l
o
c
a
l
se
a
r
c
h
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
δ
:
l
o
c
a
l
se
a
r
c
h
p
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
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δ
(
0
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1
:
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
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z
e
(
)
2
:
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
1
3
:
w
h
i
l
e
i
t
e
r
a
t
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o
n
<
M
AXIT
ER
do
4
:
L
o
c
a
l
(
L
S
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T
E
R
,
δ
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5
:
F
←
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l
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(
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6:
M
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e
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F
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7
:
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
←
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t
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r
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t
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+
1
8
:
e
n
d
w
h
i
l
e
3
.
2
.
I
nitia
liza
t
io
n
I
n
th
e
i
n
itia
lizatio
n
s
ta
g
e
o
f
E
M,
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
le
r
an
g
es
o
f
a
ll
th
e
t
u
n
in
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
(
u
p
p
er
b
o
u
n
d
,
u
k
an
d
lo
w
er
b
o
u
n
d
,
l
k
)
ar
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
.
T
h
en
,
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
i
tial
p
ar
ticles
(
m
)
ar
e
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
s
a
m
p
led
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
ea
s
ib
le
s
o
l
u
tio
n
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
,
ea
ch
ar
e
tak
en
as
a
n
N
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
h
y
p
er
-
s
o
lid
.
E
ac
h
v
al
u
e
o
f
a
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
in
a
p
ar
ticle
is
a
s
s
u
m
ed
to
b
e
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
l
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
in
s
id
e
t
h
e
u
p
p
er
an
d
lo
w
er
b
o
u
n
d
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
tilt
an
g
le
i
s
s
et
to
b
e
th
e
tu
n
i
n
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
w
h
ic
h
v
ar
ie
s
in
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
0
°
to
9
0
°.
T
h
u
s
,
l
k
is
s
e
t
to
b
e
0
w
h
i
le
u
k
is
s
et
to
b
e
9
0
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticles ar
e
to
b
e
ev
alu
ated
w
it
h
E
q
u
at
io
n
(
1
1
)
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticle
w
i
th
t
h
e
lar
g
est o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
v
a
lu
e
i
s
m
ar
k
ed
as th
e
b
est p
ar
ticle
a
s
th
i
s
is
a
m
ax
i
m
iza
tio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
.
3.
3
.
L
o
ca
l Sea
rc
h
I
n
t
h
is
s
ta
g
e,
t
h
e
p
ar
ticles
g
a
th
er
lo
ca
l
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
n
t
h
e
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
an
d
m
a
k
e
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
lo
ca
l
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
f
a
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
E
M
u
s
e
s
a
lin
e
s
ea
r
c
h
w
it
h
r
an
d
o
m
s
ea
r
ch
s
tep
s
ize
s
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
f
ea
s
ib
le
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
is
s
i
m
p
le
l
in
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
t
u
n
n
i
n
g
a
p
ar
ticle
alo
n
g
its
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
o
n
e
af
ter
an
o
th
er
,
r
estricte
d
b
y
a
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
an
d
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
f
ea
s
ib
le
r
an
d
o
m
s
tep
len
g
t
h
o
f
(
0
,
1
)
[
1
7
]
.
A
n
e
w
r
a
n
d
o
m
s
te
p
s
ize
is
g
e
n
er
ated
f
o
r
ev
er
y
n
e
w
iter
at
io
n
.
I
n
a
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
E
M,
th
is
lo
o
p
is
i
m
m
ed
iatel
y
e
x
ited
u
p
o
n
h
it
ti
n
g
a
n
y
b
etter
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
v
al
u
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
A
n
E
lectro
ma
g
n
etis
m
-
like
Mech
a
n
is
m
A
lg
o
r
ith
m
A
p
p
r
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a
ch
fo
r
P
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
S
ystem…
(
Jia
n
Din
g
Ta
n
)
337
3.
4
.
Cha
rg
e
Ca
lcula
t
io
n
I
n
th
i
s
s
tag
e,
t
h
e
c
h
ar
g
e
o
f
ea
ch
an
d
e
v
er
y
p
ar
ticle
i
s
ca
lc
u
l
ated
.
T
h
is
w
il
l
t
h
en
f
o
llo
w
b
y
th
e
f
o
r
ce
ca
lcu
latio
n
,
in
w
h
ic
h
a
to
tal
f
o
r
ce
v
ec
to
r
ex
er
ted
o
n
to
a
p
ar
ti
cle
is
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
C
o
u
l
o
m
b
’
s
L
a
w
(
L
ee
et
al.
2
0
1
2
)
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
ea
c
h
p
ar
ticle
is
h
ea
v
il
y
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
it
s
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
v
al
u
e
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
u
n
d
.
A
p
ar
ticle
w
il
l
d
eter
m
i
n
e
i
f
it
ex
er
t
s
attr
ati
o
n
o
r
r
ep
u
ls
io
n
f
o
r
ce
o
n
to
an
o
th
er
p
ar
ticle
w
h
e
n
th
e
v
al
u
e
s
o
f
th
e
t
w
o
c
h
ar
g
e
s
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
(
q
i
)
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
5
)
(
(
)
(
)
∑
(
(
)
(
)
)
)
(
1
5
)
w
h
er
e
n
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
in
t
h
e
p
ar
ticle
an
d
m
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
i
ze
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
f(
x
best
)
d
en
o
tes t
h
e
b
est o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
v
alu
e
o
b
t
ain
ed
s
o
f
ar
.
3.
5
.
F
o
rc
e
Ca
lcula
t
io
n
T
h
e
f
o
r
ce
s
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
o
n
e
p
ar
ticle
o
n
to
an
o
t
h
er
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
u
ted
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
ca
lc
u
late
d
ch
ar
g
e
s
o
f
ea
c
h
p
ar
ticle.
A
p
ar
ticle
with
a
r
elati
v
el
y
b
etter
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
v
al
u
e
w
i
ll
e
x
er
t
at
tr
ac
tio
n
f
o
r
ce
o
n
to
an
o
t
h
er
p
ar
ticle
w
h
ile
th
e
p
ar
ticle
w
it
h
w
o
r
s
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
v
al
u
e
w
ill
r
ep
u
l
s
e
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
p
ar
ticle.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
t
h
eo
r
y
,
th
e
f
o
r
ce
o
f
o
n
e
p
ar
ticle
o
n
to
an
o
th
er
is
in
v
er
s
el
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
o
f
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
t
w
o
p
ar
ticles
a
n
d
d
ir
ec
tl
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
t
h
eir
ch
a
r
g
es
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
to
tal
f
o
r
ce
v
ec
to
r
f
o
r
a
p
ar
ticle
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
co
n
d
er
in
g
th
e
co
llecti
v
e
f
o
r
ce
s
g
en
er
ated
u
s
i
n
g
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
6
)
.
∑
{
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
}
(
1
6
)
w
h
er
e
f(
x
j
)
< f
(
x
i
)
d
en
o
tes attr
ac
tio
n
an
d
f
(
x
j
)
≥
f
(
x
i
)
r
e
f
er
s
to
r
ep
u
ls
io
n
.
3.
6
.
P
a
rt
icle
M
o
v
e
m
ent
I
n
th
is
s
ta
g
e,
all
th
e
p
ar
ticles
b
u
t
th
e
b
est
ar
e
m
o
b
ilized
to
a
n
e
w
lo
ca
tio
n
in
t
h
e
f
ea
s
ib
l
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
p
ac
e.
T
h
is
s
tep
is
cr
u
cial
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
g
lo
b
al
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
all
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
t
h
e
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
p
ar
ticle
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
7
)
,
w
h
er
e
d
en
o
tes
th
e
g
lo
b
al
p
ar
ticle
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
s
tep
len
g
t
h
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
c
h
,
it
i
s
s
e
t
to
b
e
a
r
an
d
o
m
v
alu
e
b
et
w
ee
n
0
a
n
d
1
,
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
l
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
u
p
p
er
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
(
u
k
=
9
0
°)
an
d
th
e
lo
w
er
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
(
l
k
=
0
°).
(
)
;
(
)
;
(
1
7
)
Ho
ld
in
g
th
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
p
o
w
er
o
f
attr
ac
tio
n
to
w
ar
d
s
all
o
t
h
er
p
ar
ticles,
th
e
b
est
p
ar
ticle
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
is
p
lace
[
1
9
]
.
A
f
ter
a
p
r
e
-
d
eter
m
in
ed
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
,
t
h
e
b
est
tilt
a
n
g
le
f
o
u
n
d
b
y
t
h
e
E
M
is
t
h
e
n
f
ed
in
t
o
th
e
ac
tu
a
to
r
co
n
tr
o
l to
tilt
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
.
3.
7
.
T
he
m
o
dified
E
M
T
h
e
s
ettin
g
o
f
t
h
e
s
ea
r
c
h
s
te
p
s
izes
is
cr
u
cial
i
n
an
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
as
it
d
ete
r
m
in
e
s
t
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
d
i
v
er
s
i
f
icatio
n
,
e
x
p
l
o
itatio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
o
v
e
r
all
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
an
alg
o
r
it
h
m
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
b
etter
s
tu
d
y
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
tep
s
ize
s
ettin
g
s
o
n
to
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
E
M,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
E
Ms
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
i
s
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
ar
e
also
m
o
d
if
ied
i
n
to
t
w
o
v
ar
ie
n
ts
.
T
h
es
e
v
ar
ie
n
ts
ar
e
s
e
t
to
o
p
er
ate
w
i
th
lo
ca
l
s
ea
r
c
h
s
tep
s
ize
s
etti
n
g
s
i
n
t
w
o
d
if
f
er
en
t
ex
tr
e
m
e
s
.
E
M
w
it
h
L
ar
g
er
Sear
ch
Step
s
(
E
M
L
SS
)
is
m
o
d
if
ied
to
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r
ch
lo
ca
ll
y
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n
a
f
ix
ed
s
ea
r
c
h
s
tep
o
f
0
.
1
,
w
h
ile
E
M
w
it
h
S
m
al
ler
Sear
ch
Step
s
(
E
MSSS)
is
s
et
to
co
n
d
u
ct
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lo
ca
l
s
ea
r
ch
w
it
h
a
f
ix
ed
s
ea
r
c
h
s
tep
o
f
0
.
0
0
0
1
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
til
t
an
g
le
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
E
m
s
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
t
h
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
tal
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
o
f
2
1
0
W
atts
i
n
s
talled
at
th
e
co
o
r
d
in
ates
3
.
0
8
3
3
°
N,
1
0
1
.
6
5
0
0
°
E
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
in
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
p
o
w
er
h
ar
v
e
s
ti
n
g
,
th
e
r
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lt
s
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
at
o
f
th
e
s
a
m
e
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y
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te
m
s
etu
p
w
it
h
o
u
t
an
y
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
it
h
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
E
M
is
in
cl
u
d
ed
to
in
v
es
tig
a
te
th
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
ts
m
ad
e
b
y
th
e
m
o
d
if
icat
io
n
s
to
t
h
e
alg
o
r
it
h
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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3
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–
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338
T
ab
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2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
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co
m
p
ar
is
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s
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o
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s
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r
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at
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n
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e
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ed
f
r
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ab
le
2
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at
th
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ax
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u
m
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er
ated
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izatio
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h
n
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at
1
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to
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h
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ated
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ate
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p
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to
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e
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s
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r
ch
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ec
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a
n
i
s
m
s
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ith
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ip
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u
r
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3
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u
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I
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I
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12
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1
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2
0
1
8
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3
3
3
–
340
340
RE
F
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R
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NC
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S
[1
]
Ho
ff
e
rt
M
I,
Ca
ld
e
ira K,
Be
n
f
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rd
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,
Cris
w
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re
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rz
o
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.
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d
v
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tec
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y
p
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th
s to
g
lo
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a
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sta
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:
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e
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f
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e
.
2
0
0
2
:
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9
8
:
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8
1
–
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8
7
.
[2
]
G
h
o
la
m
a
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z
a
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E,
Ki
m
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H.
T
h
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ic
tri
p
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o
b
jec
ti
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p
ti
m
iza
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so
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sin
g
g
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ti
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h
m
s.
En
e
rg
y
. 2
0
1
4
:
7
0
:
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0
4
-
2
1
1
.
[3
]
P
a
t
h
a
k
M
.
J.M
.
,
S
a
n
d
e
rs
P
.
G
.
,
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e
a
rc
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J.M
.
Op
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so
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o
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rm
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a
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s.
Ap
p
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E
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y
.
2
0
1
4
:
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2
0
:
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–
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2
4
.
[4
]
Ba
k
irci
K.
M
o
d
e
ls
o
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so
lar
r
a
d
ia
ti
o
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w
it
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rig
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sh
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:
a
r
e
v
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.
Ren
e
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d
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in
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En
e
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Rev
iews
.
2
0
1
4
:
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3
:
2
5
8
0
–
2
5
8
8
.
[5
]
Ch
a
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,
A
g
g
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RK.
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m
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ly
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ma
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Ren
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n
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.
2
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.
[6
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Ch
a
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P
a
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latio
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stim
a
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In
d
ia
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sites
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o
u
rn
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En
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.
2
0
0
5
:
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2
7
(
3
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.
[7
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El
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e
b
a
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A
A
,
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lo
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if
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rf
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s in
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d
d
a
h
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S
a
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d
i
A
ra
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ia.
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p
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E
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e
rg
y
.
2
0
1
0
:
8
7
:
5
6
8
–
7
6
.
[8
]
De
m
a
in
C,
Jo
u
rn
é
e
M
,
Be
rtran
d
C.
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
d
iff
e
re
n
t
m
o
d
e
ls
to
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sti
m
a
te
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b
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d
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ti
o
n
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in
c
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s.
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b
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n
e
rg
y
.
2
0
1
3
:
5
0
:
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0
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2
1
.
[9
]
Ya
d
a
v
A
K,
Ch
a
n
d
e
l
S
S
()
T
il
t
a
n
g
le
o
p
t
im
iza
ti
o
n
to
m
a
x
i
m
ize
in
c
id
e
n
t
so
lar
ra
d
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o
n
:
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re
v
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w
.
Ren
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wa
b
le
a
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d
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
.
2
0
1
3
:
2
3
:
5
0
3
–
5
1
3
.
[1
0
]
T
ian
YQ
,
Da
v
ies
-
Co
ll
e
y
RJ,
Go
n
g
P
,
T
h
o
rr
o
ld
BW
.
Esti
m
a
ti
n
g
so
lar
ra
d
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n
o
n
slo
p
e
s
o
f
a
rb
it
ra
ry
a
sp
e
c
t.
Ag
ric
u
lt
u
ra
l
a
n
d
F
o
re
st M
e
teo
ro
l
o
g
y
.
2
0
0
1
:
1
0
9
:
6
7
–
7
7
.
[1
1
]
Ra
n
g
a
n
a
th
a
n
R,
M
ik
h
a
e
l
W
,
Ku
tk
u
t
N,
Ba
tars
e
h
I.
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
su
n
trac
k
in
g
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
i
n
c
id
e
n
t
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
x
i
m
iz
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
ien
c
y
i
m
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
P
V
p
a
n
e
ls.
Ren
e
w
a
b
l
e
En
e
rg
y
.
2
0
0
1
:
3
6
:
2
6
2
3
-
2
6
2
6
[1
2
]
Ka
c
ira
M
,
S
im
se
k
M
,
Ba
b
u
r
Y,
De
m
irk
o
l
S
.
De
term
in
in
g
o
p
ti
m
u
m
ti
lt
a
n
g
les
a
n
d
o
rien
tatio
n
s
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
i
c
p
a
n
e
ls
in
S
a
n
li
u
rf
a
,
T
u
rk
e
y
.
Ren
e
wa
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
.
2
0
0
4
:
2
9
:
1
2
6
5
-
1
2
7
5
.
[1
3
]
A
S
H
R
A
E
2
0
1
1
Ha
n
d
b
o
o
k
-
He
a
ti
n
g
,
v
e
n
ti
latin
g
,
a
n
d
a
ir
-
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
in
g
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
Am
e
rica
n
S
o
c
iet
y
o
f
He
a
ti
n
g
,
Re
f
ri
g
e
ra
ti
n
g
a
n
d
A
ir
-
Co
n
d
it
i
o
n
i
n
g
En
g
in
e
e
rs In
c
.
USA
.
[1
4
]
Birb
il
S
I,
F
a
n
g
S
C
()
El
e
c
tr
o
m
a
g
n
e
ti
sm
-
li
k
e
m
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
f
o
r
g
lo
b
a
l
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
.
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Glo
b
a
l
Op
ti
miza
t
io
n
.
2
0
0
3
:
2
5
:
2
6
3
–
2
8
2
.
[1
5
]
W
u
P
T
,
Hu
n
g
YY
,
L
in
ZP
.
In
telli
g
e
n
t
f
o
re
c
a
stin
g
s
y
st
e
m
b
a
se
d
o
n
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
e
lec
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
s
m
-
l
ik
e
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
a
n
d
f
u
z
z
y
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
tw
o
rk
.
Exp
e
rt
S
y
ste
ms
wit
h
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
.
2
0
1
4
:
4
1
:
2
6
6
0
–
2
6
7
7
.
[1
6
]
Du
tt
a
R,
G
a
n
g
u
li
R,
M
a
n
i
V
.
E
x
p
lo
ri
n
g
iso
s
p
e
c
tral
c
a
n
ti
lev
e
r
b
e
a
m
s
u
sin
g
e
lec
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
s
m
in
sp
ired
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
,
S
w
a
rm
a
n
d
Evo
l
u
ti
o
n
a
ry
Co
mp
u
t
a
ti
o
n
.
2
0
1
3
:
9
:
37
–
46.
[1
7
]
Zh
a
n
g
CJ,
L
i
X
Y,
G
a
o
L
,
W
u
Q.
A
n
im
p
ro
v
e
d
e
lec
tro
m
a
g
n
e
t
ism
-
li
k
e
m
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
fo
r
c
o
n
stra
in
e
d
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
.
Exp
e
rt S
y
ste
ms
wit
h
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
.
2
0
1
3
:
4
0
:
5
6
2
1
–
5
6
3
4
.
[1
8
]
L
e
e
CH,
L
e
e
YC
()
No
n
li
n
e
a
r
s
y
ste
m
s
d
e
sig
n
b
y
a
n
o
v
e
l
f
u
z
z
y
n
e
u
ra
l
s
y
ste
m
v
ia
h
y
b
rid
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
e
lec
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
s
m
-
li
k
e
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
a
n
d
p
a
rti
c
le
s
w
a
r
m
o
p
ti
m
iz
a
ti
o
n
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s.
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
s
.
2
0
1
2
:
1
8
6
:
59
–
7
2
.
[1
9
]
Cu
e
v
a
s E
,
Oliv
a
D,
Zald
iv
a
r
D,
P
é
re
z
-
Cisn
e
ro
s M
,
S
o
ss
a
H.
Circle
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
u
si
n
g
e
lec
tro
-
m
a
g
n
e
ti
s
m
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
.
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
S
c
ien
c
e
s
.
2
0
1
2
:
1
8
2
:
4
0
–
5
5
.
[2
0
]
Ra
tn
a
w
e
e
ra
A
,
Ha
lg
a
m
u
g
e
S
,
W
a
tso
n
HC.
S
e
lf
-
o
rg
a
n
izin
g
h
iera
rc
h
ica
l
p
a
rti
c
le
s
w
a
r
m
o
p
ti
m
iz
e
r
w
it
h
ti
m
e
-
v
a
r
y
in
g
a
c
c
e
ler
a
ti
o
n
c
o
e
f
f
icie
n
ts.
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s.
Ev
o
l.
C
o
mp
u
t
.
2
0
0
4
:
8
:
2
4
0
–
2
5
5
.
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