TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 12, No. 11, Novembe
r
2014, pp. 79
2
0
~ 792
6
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
12i11.64
88
7920
Re
cei
v
ed
Jul
y
14, 201
3; Revi
sed Septe
m
ber
17, 201
4; Acce
pted
Octob
e
r 4, 20
14
A SIR Mathematical Model of Dengue Transmission and
its Simulation
Asmaidi*
1
, Paian Sianturi
2
, Endar Has
a
fah
Nugr
ah
ani
3
Dep
a
rtment of Mathematics F
a
cult
y
of Mathe
m
atics and N
a
tural Sci
ence, B
ogor Agr
i
cultur
al Univ
ersit
y
,
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: asmedmat@
g
mail.c
o
m
A
b
st
ra
ct
T
he Mathe
m
ati
c
al
mo
del
that
w
a
s devel
op
ed
is
a SIR
mod
e
l
hu
ma
n-
mosq
u
i
to-mosq
uito
e
ggs, the
rate of
disp
lac
e
ment
of late
n
t
mos
quit
oes
beco
m
e i
n
fected
mos
q
u
i
to w
a
s ass
u
med
c
onstant
an
d n
on-
infected
e
ggs
w
e
re pro
duc
ed
by
infecte
d
mosqu
i
t
oes
an
d
susce
ptibl
e
mosqu
i
toes, w
h
i
l
e
i
n
fected
e
g
g
s
w
e
re pro
duc
ed
by
infecte
d
mosqu
i
toes. In
a
dditi
on,
th
e te
mp
eratur
e fact
or us
ed
in
pr
o
duci
ng s
u
sce
ptib
l
e
mos
q
u
i
toes
an
d infect
ed
mos
quito
es fro
m
e
ggs. T
he
an
aly
s
is show
s tw
o equ
ili
bri
u
m state, dis
ease-fr
e
e
equ
ili
briu
m a
n
d
end
e
m
ic eq
uili
bri
u
m. T
he
simulati
on w
a
s
conducte
d to show
dyna
mic
popu
latio
n
w
here
R
o
<
1
and
R
o
>
1
. T
he result sh
ow
s the dise
as
e-free e
qui
li
bri
u
m w
h
ic
h is st
abl
e w
hen
R
o
<
1
an
d the
en
de
mi
c
equ
ili
briu
m w
h
i
c
h is stab
le w
hen
R
o
>
1
. T
h
is also s
how
s mos
q
u
i
to
mort
ality rate tow
a
r
d
s the d
e
se
as
e i
n
pop
ulati
on. If mos
q
u
i
to mortality rate is inc
r
ease
d
, the
ba
sic repro
ductio
n
nu
mb
er is de
creasi
ng, so it c
a
n
preve
n
t sprea
d
in pop
ul
ation.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
math
e
m
atic
al
mo
de
ls, ba
sic repr
oducti
ve
nu
mber, dise
ase-free quil
i
br
iu
m,
en
de
mi
c
equ
ili
briu
m, nu
mer
i
cal si
mulat
i
ons
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
Based
o
n
re
gular a
ppea
rance of
den
g
ue, the
r
e
are
seve
ral
solu
tion come
int
e
rtwin
e
d
with the
ca
se
. One
of the
m
is to
provid
e math
ematical mo
del, o
r
j
u
st m
odel.
Th
is i
s
not a
b
r
a
n
d
new way to
solve
pro
b
le
m, in 19
11
Ro
ss devel
o
ped
a
simple
model
to a
d
ept the
sp
re
ad of
malari
a which be
cam
e
fa
mous Ross
Model.
Then
in 19
57
it was fo
rtified by
MacDo
nald
whi
c
h
is kno
w
n a
s
Ro
ss-Ma
c
Do
nald [5]. At the end
of 20
century, the m
odelin
g is
accepte
d
glo
bal
ly,
esp
e
ci
ally in
the commu
nity health
se
ct
or
be
cau
s
e
its
strate
gic an
d tacti
c
al f
eat
ure
s
[3], a
s
a
n
example
of
a math
emati
c
al
mod
e
l th
at take
s into
acco
unt the
tempe
r
atu
r
e
facto
r
. Den
gue
spread
mo
del
with th
e
con
s
ideratio
n of te
mperat
ure
wa
s int
r
odu
ce
d
by [4] and
[1]. They
develo
p
formula for
SI
R
huma
n
-m
o
s
quito
- mo
sq
uito egg
s.
In [4] assum
ed late
n mo
squito
es spreadin
g
rate
cau
s
e
the inf
e
cted
mo
squ
i
toes
not
con
s
tant a
nd
delayed
a
s
i
n
cu
bation
period of mo
sq
ui
to
. Furthe
rmo
r
e, [4] assu
m
ed the n
on-
infected
egg
s wa
s reprodu
ced
by laten
mosq
uitoe
s
a
nd infe
cted m
o
sq
uitoe
s
, while infe
cted
egg
wa
s only re
prod
uced by
infected m
o
sq
uitoe
s
. Tempe
r
ature factor i
n
trod
u
c
ed by [4]
in
su
sceptible m
o
sq
uitoe
s
an
d infected mo
squito
es i
s
no
t consta
nt.
In [1] assume
d laten mosq
uitoes spread
ing ra
te ca
use the infected
mosquito
es
con
s
tant
and the
non
-infecte
d e
g
g
s
was re
pro
duced by th
ree
com
p
a
r
tment mo
squi
toes, while t
h
e
infected e
g
g
s
wa
s p
r
od
u
c
ed by infe
ct
ed mo
squito
es an
d laten
t
mosquito
es. Meanwhile,
[1
]
temperature wa
s
co
nsta
nt.
Based on
th
ose re
sea
r
ch
,
SIR
model
human
-mo
s
q
u
ito- mo
squit
o
egg
s is
de
veloped
more with th
e assumptio
n
transmi
ssion
of lat
en mo
squito
es spre
ading rate ca
use the infe
cted
mosq
uitoe
s
is con
s
tant as i
n
[1]
and the non-i
n
fecte
d
egg
s wa
s re
p
r
odu
ce
d by laten mosquito
es
and i
n
fecte
d
mosq
uitoe
s
,
while
infe
cted
egg
was onl
y rep
r
od
uced
by infe
cted
mosq
uitoe
s
a
s
in
[4].
Furtherm
o
re, the
temp
eratu
r
e fa
ctor used in
t
he
prod
uctio
n
of
su
sceptible
mosq
uitoe
s
a
nd
infected
mo
squitoe
s
from
egg
s. Temp
e
r
ature was a
pplied
as i
n
[
4
].
In this paper, equilibri
u
m
state a
nd b
a
s
ic re
pro
d
u
c
tion nu
mbe
r
s we
re
det
ermined. Next,
simu
ation was done
to show
dynamic p
o
p
u
lation on mo
del.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
A SIR Mathem
atical Mode
l of Dengu
e Tr
an
sm
issi
on
and its Sim
u
lation (Asm
aid
i
)
7921
2. Mathem
atica
l
Model
In
SIR
mod
e
l huma
n
-m
osq
u
ito-e
g
g
s
, human
pop
ulation i
s
divided into
su
sceptibl
e
human
s
, infected
hum
an
s
, dan re
cov
e
red
hum
an
s
, with total h
u
man
popul
a
t
io
n
.
Mosq
uito is divided into
susce
p
tible
mosq
uitoe
s
, latent mosq
uitoes
, and infecte
d
mosquitoe
s
, with total mos
q
uito
.
Egg pop
ulation
is
divided into non-infe
cted e
ggs
and infected egg
s
, w
i
th total egg
popul
ation
.
system differential e
quat
ions of treatm
ent model is:
1
(
1
)
1
1
1
The rate of i
n
fection f
r
om
infected
mo
squito
es to
susceptibl
e
hu
man i
s
,
whe
r
e
is tot
a
l ratio
of m
o
sq
uito po
pu
lation comp
a
r
ed to
total
human
po
pul
ation
,
then
multiplied by the proporti
on of infected mos
quito
e
s
so that human tran
smi
ssi
on be
com
e
s
/
. The rate of
infection from
infected
h
u
m
ans to
su
sceptible mo
sq
uitoes i
s
,
whe
r
e
is multiplied by total infected
human pop
ulation so th
e mosquito t
r
an
smi
ssi
on is
/
. Temperature factor i
s
introdu
ced a
s
,
2
(
2
)
In orde
r to a
v
oid equatio
n
(2) n
o
t be
coming
n
egati
v
e, Heavisid
e function i
s
applied,
whe
r
e Heaviside is value
d
wheth
e
r 0 o
r
1.
2
1 ;
jika
2
0
0 ;
jika
2
0
(
3
)
Equation (2) i
s
determine
d as,
2
2
(
4
)
Several p
a
ra
meters u
s
ed
in modificate
d model
are, fractio
n
of in
fective bites f
r
om a
n
infected hu
m
an
, fraction
of infective bites from an infected
mosq
uitoe
s
, dengue
indu
ced m
o
rt
ality in huma
n
s
, human
s
recovery rate
, latenc
y rate in mosquitoes
,
human
s n
a
tural mortality ra
te
, natural
m
o
rtality rate of
egg
s
, birth rate of hum
an
s
,
human
s ca
rry
ing
capa
city
, infected
egg
s hatchi
ng
rate
, infected
eg
gs h
a
tchi
ng
rate
,
ovipositio
n ra
te
, eggs
ca
rrying ca
pacity
, climatic fa
ctor mo
dulating
winters
, climatic
factor mo
dula
t
ing winters
,
freque
ncy of the se
asonal
cycle
s
, [1] an
d [4]
To facilitate
Equation (1) analysi
s
, e
m
piri
cal eq
u
a
tion wa
s m
ade to comp
are e
a
ch
sub
pop
ulatio
n towards tot
a
l popul
ation,
ie:
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
(5)
in c
o
rrelation
with,
1
,
1
,
a
n
d
1
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ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 11, Novem
ber 20
14: 79
20 – 792
6
7922
From Equation (5)
we get,
and
.
The
sam
e
thi
ng i
s
o
c
cu
rre
d fro
othe
r v
a
riabl
es so t
hat a
ne
w di
fferential e
q
u
a
tion in
eight dime
nsional state i
s
mad
e
with
two dime
nsions fo
r hu
man po
pulati
on
,
,
two
dimen
s
ion
s
f
o
r mo
sq
uito popul
ation
,
,
one dime
nsi
o
n
for egg
s p
o
p
u
lation
,
and three
dimen
s
ion
s
for total popul
ation
,
,
.
1
1
1
1
(6)
1
1
1
1
1
1
3.
Resul
t
and Analy
s
is
3.1. Equilibrium
State
Equation
(6
)
is ta
ken
to d
e
termin
e e
q
u
ilibrium
state.
Equilib
rium
state i
s
b
a
se
d on
[2].
There are two equilib
rium
state, dise
ase-
fre
e
equilib
rium and en
de
mic equili
briu
m,
3.1.1.
Disease-Free Equilibrium
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
1
;
0
;
;
;
3.1.2.
Endemic Equilibrium
∗
,
∗
,
∗
,
∗
,
∗
,
∗
,
∗
,
∗
∗
∗
∗
∗
∗
∗
∗
∗
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
A SIR Mathem
atical Mode
l of Dengu
e Tr
an
sm
issi
on
and its Sim
u
lation (Asm
aid
i
)
7923
With,
2
2
3.2.
Basic Repro
duction Num
b
ers
The ba
sic rep
r
odu
ction n
u
m
ber, de
note
d
.
Ac
c
o
rding
to [7] if
1
,
then on avera
g
e
an infe
cted i
ndividual p
r
o
duces l
e
ss than o
ne ne
w infected in
di
vidual over t
he course
of its
infectiou
s
pe
riod, an
d the
infect
ion ca
nnot
grow. Conve
r
sely,
if
1
,
then each
infected
individual
pro
duces, o
n
av
erag
e, mo
re t
han o
ne
n
e
w infection,
an
d the di
se
ase
can
invade
the
popul
ation. To Determinat
ion of the basi
c
rep
r
od
u
c
tion num
ber is used
th
e next ge
neration
ma
tr
i
k
s
.
The next ge
neration m
a
trix
is defined [7]:
(
7
)
With
as m
a
trix coeffici
en
t of the rate
infection,
while
is mat
r
ix co
efficient
of de
sea
s
e
transmissio
n, either for mo
rtality or re
co
very.
Difere
ntial eq
uation
s
we
re
use
d
to determine ba
sic re
prod
uctio
n
nu
mber, ie (2
), (3), (4),
dan (5)
whi
c
h incl
ude
d i
n
Equation
(6). Equatio
n
(2),
(3),
(4), dan (5) in
Equation
(6
) is
constructed i
n
to matrix which ev
aluated in disease-free equilibrium, in
order to obtain the matrix
. Furthermo
re
determine
d eigenvalu
e
s
matrix
, ie
,
1
,
2
,
…
.
.
,
1,2
,
…
is calle
d the basi
c
re
produ
ction num
be
r.
Based o
n
the
analysi
s
ba
si
c rep
r
o
d
u
c
tio
n
numbe
r is g
a
ined,
(
8
)
3.3. Population
D
y
namics
Simula
tion of
Deng
ue Tran
smission
Simulation was
d
one whe
n
1
dan
1
, whre
is d
e
fined
from eq
uatio
n (8
).
This si
mulati
on wa
s to show that system will be stabilize
d
to disea
s
e
-
fre
e
equilibri
um wh
en
1
and
stabili
zed to en
de
mic eq
uilibri
u
m
whe
n
1
.
B
e
side
s,
t
h
is
simulat
i
o
n
wa
s
need
ed to kn
ow mo
rtality rate in mosq
ui
to populatio
n
to transmi
ssi
on in pop
ulati
on.
Paramete
r value
s
we
re u
s
ed in
simul
a
tion are
on
the below t
able with init
ial value
1
0
,
1
5
,
7
5
,
5
0
,
3
0
2
0
,
5
0
,
5
0
, and e
a
ch total
popul
ation
100
.
Table 1. Para
meters Value
Parameter
V
a
lue
Parameter
V
a
lue
1
2
10
5
1
0.15
0.001
0.1
0.143
50
0.143
10
6
4
10
-5
2.8
10
-3
0.1
0.07
2.5
0.06
/2
3.3.1. Population
Dinamics0
02
0sxq
for
System (6) has a
singl
e equilibri
um for
which ca
n
be sh
own by
Com
putatio
n
Program
.
In this si
mulatio
n
, the pa
ra
meter of ave
r
age
daily bi
ting rate
is 1.2, natural
mortality rate
of mosquito
is 1, and a
nother
param
eter can be
sho
w
n o
n
Ta
ble 4. The
Initial numbe
r for the
simul
a
tion is
,
,
,
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 11, Novem
ber 20
14: 79
20 – 792
6
7924
, and each total populatio
n
. Based on the simul
a
tion
,
the result is g
i
ven as sho
w
n in the cha
r
ts belo
w
.
Basic
rep
r
o
d
u
ction n
u
mb
e
r
is de
noted
as
and is u
s
ed to sh
ow t
he pop
ulation
o
f
mosq
uito, hu
man and e
g
g
s is
stabilized at the equilibri
um st
ate whe
n
.
B
e
side
s,
according to
[7] stated that when
means the
r
e is
no end
emic,
that mean
s infected
popul
ation in the system will be peri
s
he
d. To sho
w
this case, the simulatio
n
wa
s don
e in ord
e
r
to sho
w
pop
u
l
ation ch
ang
e
s
in mo
squito
, human and
egg
s.
The
su
scepti
b
le m
o
squito
pop
ulation
oscillated to
a periodi
c value. The latent
Mosq
uito Population
was decre
asi
n
g
and stabili
zed at
, then
infected mo
squito
popul
ation
was decreased from initia
l value and stabilized at
The value adde
d in
this paramet
er is
and other pa
ram
e
ter made th
e value on Tabel 4 ca
use
s
o
that latent mos
quito population an
d infec
t
ed mos
q
uito are dec
r
eased and vanis
hed
from system.
Furthermore
, the increa
si
ng or
de
crea
sing value of
each mo
sq
uito populati
on
correl
ate to the human p
o
p
u
lation a
s
wel
l
as egg
s po
p
u
lation.
Susceptible
h
u
man
pop
ula
t
ion
was increased from
i
n
itia
l value and
stabili
zed
a
t
nearly
or 19
9997 peo
ple.
Infected hu
man
p
opul
ation
wa
s in
creased from i
n
itial
stage and st
abilized
at
,
while
re
covered hum
an p
opulatio
n
w
a
s in
cr
ea
sed
f
r
om
initial point then buffe
red
at
The increase of su
sceptible
human p
opul
ation wa
s ca
use
d
by tran
sfer rate
fro
m
infected
mosq
uito po
pulation, so
that,
su
sceptible h
u
man po
pula
t
ion wa
s increased, as th
e result, the transfe
r rate
from su
scepti
b
le
human to
inf
e
cted
huma
n
wa
s de
crea
sed. The
de
crease in infe
ct
ed hum
an p
o
pulation
ca
uses
transfe
r rate from infe
cted
human to recovered h
u
ma
n wa
s de
cre
a
s
ed too.
Susceptible egg
po
pulati
on
oscillate
d peri
odi
cally
, while infe
cted egg
pop
ul
ation
increa
se
d fro
m
initial
stag
e an
d
the
n
d
e
crea
sed
unti
l
stabili
ze
d at
No
n-infe
cted
egg
popul
ation was p
r
od
uce
d
by susce
p
tibl
e mosquito a
nd Infected
mosq
uito. In a relatively lo
ng
perio
d of time, non-inf
e
cted eg
g po
pulation
was dominantly
reprodu
ced
by suscept
ible
mos
q
uitos
than thos
e from infec
t
ed mos
q
uito, this
is
due to the fac
t
that infec
t
ed mosquito
vanish
ed f
r
o
m
the
sy
ste
m
rel
a
tively
fast. In the
mea
n
time,
non
-infe
c
ted
egg
p
opulat
ion
oscillated pe
riodi
cally co
rrespon
ded to
that
on susceptibl
e
mosquito popul
ation. When t
he
su
sceptible
mosq
uito po
pulation in
cre
a
se
d,
then n
on-infe
cted
e
gg pop
ulatio
n woul
d in
crease
and vise versa.
Total n
u
mbe
r
s of
hum
an
p
opulatio
n
wa
s in
crea
sed
from initial
poi
nt and
sta
b
ili
zed
at
, while
nu
mbers of m
o
squito
pop
ula
t
ion
dan
an
d egg
pop
ula
t
ion
oscillated to a perio
dic va
lue. Can be
said t
hat the
equilibriu
m
without de
se
ase o
c
curs when
3.3.2. Population
Dinamics
fo
r
Sys
t
em
(6
)
h
a
s one equili
brium
state when
whi
c
h
ca
n be
sh
own b
y
com
putatio
n
prog
ram
.
Wh
en cond
uctin
g
the sim
u
lat
i
on, the valu
e
add
ed for
all peri
m
eter as follo
w, d
a
ily
biting rate
is 1.2, mosquito
natural mo
rtality rate
is 0.071, and an
other pa
ram
e
ter can
be se
en on T
abel 4. Initial value in this
simulatio
n
is
the sam
e
as
whe
n
Base
d
on the
simulatio
n
, it
can
be
seen
the result a
s
follow. Fi
gure
7
sh
ows th
a
t
basi
c
re
pro
ductio
n
n
u
mb
er
whe
n
and other pa
ram
e
te
r can b
e
see
n
on Table 4.
Acco
rdi
ng to [7] when
, end
emic o
c
curs.
It means total
infected p
o
p
u
lation in the
system i
n
cre
a
se
s. To
sh
ow thi
s
h
app
en, t
he simu
lation
cond
u
c
ted
to se
e each
po
pulat
ion
cha
nge
s for
mosq
uito, hu
man and e
gg
popul
ation.
Susceptible mosq
uito
pop
ulation
oscill
ated peri
odi
cally, latent mosq
uito pop
ul
ation
increa
se
d from initial
sta
ge, if the
sim
u
lation i
s
con
ducte
d for a l
onge
r p
e
rio
d
of time, the
latent mo
sq
u
i
to pop
ulatio
n o
scill
ates to a
pe
riodi
c state. Infe
ct
ed m
o
squito
pop
ulation
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
A SIR Mathem
atical Mode
l of Dengu
e Tr
an
sm
issi
on
and its Sim
u
lation (Asm
aid
i
)
7925
increa
sed at
initial stage
, if the simulation
is con
ducte
d for a
longer
peri
od, the infected
mosquito population
oscillate to a
peri
o
dic state.
The parameter
set
an
d
other pa
ram
e
ter
can
be
se
en o
n
T
able
4 cau
s
e
s
so
that of
latent
mo
squito
po
pulation
and infe
cted
one in
crea
se
s an
d oscillat
e
peri
odi
cally
. Beside
s, ea
ch mo
sq
uito
popul
ation gi
ves
impact to hu
man and e
gg
popul
ation.
Susceptible h
u
man po
pulat
ion
wa
s increased from in
itial stage an
d oscillated t
o
a
perio
dic
state
,
Infected hu
man po
pulati
on
increa
se
d from initial
stage, if the simulatio
n
is
conducted for a longer period
of time, it w
ill produce
a periodic value, recovered
hum
an
popul
ation
i
n
creased from beginning
state and os
cillated periodically. T
he
downward of
su
sceptible h
u
man po
pula
t
ion was d
u
e
to the increa
se in tran
sfer rate from infected mo
sq
ui
to
popul
ation, so that susce
p
t
ible hum
an p
opulatio
n is
d
e
crea
sed,
as
the re
sult, tra
n
sfer rate
fro
m
su
sceptible h
u
man po
pula
t
ion to infected huma
n
populatio
n is increa
sed. Th
e increa
se o
f
infected h
u
m
an ca
uses th
e rate of infected human b
e
c
ome
s
recovered h
u
ma
n is increa
se
d too.
Non
-
infe
cted egg
p
opul
atio
n
o
scill
ated
perio
dically, while i
n
fecte
d
egg
po
pula
t
ion
incre
a
sed at
initial stage, if the simulation
is don
e for a longe
r pe
riod, so the i
n
fected e
gg
popul
ation oscillate
s peri
o
dically. Non
-
i
n
fected e
gg wa
s pro
d
u
c
e
d
by suscepti
b
le mosquito
and
infected
on
e. If su
sceptibl
e
mo
squito
a
nd infe
ct
ed
mosq
uito p
o
pulation
in
cre
a
se
so that
non
infected eg
g
population i
s
increa
se a
nd vise versa. Throu
gho
ut the time,
non-i
n
fecte
d
egg
popul
ation o
s
cillate
s peri
o
d
i
cally as
well
as susce
p
tibl
e mosq
uito p
opulatio
n and
infected on
e.
Total Nu
mbe
r
of human
po
pulation
increase from init
ial point an
d
slo
w
do
wn u
n
tl it
oscillated
pe
ri
odically, whil
e total nu
mbe
r
of m
o
squito
popul
ation
a
nd e
gg p
opul
ation
oscillated
pe
riodi
cally. Ca
n be
se
en t
hat eq
uilibri
u
m
occu
rs
when
Based
on th
e
simulatio
n
on
the mod
e
l to
sho
w
total n
u
m
ber
of hum
an, mo
squito,
and e
gg p
o
p
u
lation in
crea
se
whe
n
natural mortality rate
incre
a
sed.
3.4.
Mosquito M
o
rtalit
y
Rate
Simulation
This sim
u
lati
on is nee
ded
to see the impact on mo
rtality rate in
mosq
uito
toward
the endemi
c
in population. Furt
hermore, the in
crease
of param
e
ter va
lues will
reduce basi
c
rep
r
od
uctio
n
rate (
) de
rive
d from
Equat
ion (8). T
h
e
r
e are 4
valu
e for
to be
examined,
taken
in th
e i
n
terval [1
, 2.
5] by 0.5
ste
p
[6]. The
s
e
para
m
eter va
lue a
r
e
ba
se
d on
Ta
ble
2
with
bite rate
.
Incre
a
sed
of mosquito
mortality rat
e
ca
usi
ng t
he nu
mbe
r
of mosquito
red
u
ced,
su
sceptible
mosq
uitoe
s
, l
a
tent mo
sq
uitoes
and
infe
cted
mo
squit
o
. The
re
du
ced of
mo
squi
to
popul
ation nu
mber give eff
e
ct to the hu
man pop
ulati
on and mo
sq
uito egg
s.
The condition
ing of this is
the increa
se
in
su
sceptibl
e
human
s, while infecte
d
human
s
and recovere
d huma
n
s a
r
e decre
asi
n
g
.
This is d
u
e
to the shri
n
k
of mo
squit
o
popul
ation
that
lowe
r the po
p
u
lation of infe
cted mo
sq
uitoes. In o
r
de
r
that the bite rate is sl
owi
n
g
down. In oth
e
r
words, infe
cted huma
n
s a
nd re
cove
red
human
s a
r
e d
e
crea
sed too.
Observed
im
pact
on th
e
egg
popul
ation i
s
the
de
cre
a
se of
no
n-infe
cted
eg
gs
and
infected
egg
s p
opulatio
n. This is du
e
to the
d
e
crease of late
nt mosquitoe
s
a
nd infe
ct
ed
mosq
uitoe
s
to lay egg. T
he de
crea
se
of infect
ed
egg
s re
sulte
d
in the de
crea
se in i
n
fe
cted
mos
q
uitoes
from infec
t
ed eggs
.
4. Conclu
sion
Based
on th
e discu
ssi
on
and result on modifi
cat
ed mod
e
l it can
be con
c
l
uded, the
equilib
rium g
a
ined is di
se
a
s
e-f
r
ee e
quili
brium an
d en
demic e
quilib
rium. Di
sea
s
e
-
free e
quilib
ri
um
stable wh
en
1
, while
endemic equilibrium
stabl
e when
1
. Hu
man p
opul
ation,
mosq
uito, an
d infected
e
gg drawn to zero wh
en
1
, while increases and
oscillated
perio
dically when
1
. Meanwhile, with the
mortality rate
in mosquito, t
he ba
si
c re
produ
ction
rate is de
crea
sing, so we
can red
u
ce the
rate of infecti
on and d
e
sea
s
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 11, Novem
ber 20
14: 79
20 – 792
6
7926
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