Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
9
, p
p.
1
318
~
1
3
2
3
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
3
.pp
1318
-
1
3
2
3
1318
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Influ
ence
of
p
ole
n
um
ber on
t
he
c
haracte
ristics
of
p
er
m
anen
t
m
ag
n
et
s
ynchron
ous
m
ot
or (PMS
M)
S. Raj
1
,
R. Az
iz
2
,
M.
Z
. A
h
m
ad
3
1,2,3
Facul
t
y
of El
ec
tr
ic
a
l
And
Ele
ct
roni
c
Eng
ineer
ing,
Univ
ersit
i
T
un
Hus
sein
Onn
Malay
s
ia (UTHM)
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
1, 20
18
Re
vised Jul
10,
2018
Accepte
d
J
ul
25, 2
018
Thi
s
pap
er
pr
ese
nt
the
infl
u
ence
of
po
le
num
ber
on
the
ch
aract
er
isti
cs
o
f
per
m
ane
nt
m
ag
net
s
y
nchr
onous
m
otor
(PM
SM).
Th
is
stud
y
is
devoted
to
construc
t
thr
ee
d
iffe
ren
t
m
otors
with
var
y
ing
pol
e
num
ber
s
and
inve
stiga
t
ing
it
s
eff
e
ct
on
th
e
character
isti
cs
of
per
m
ane
nt
m
agne
t
s
y
n
chr
o
nous
m
otor
(PM
S
M).
It
is
a
stud
y
on
an
inf
lue
nc
e
of
pole
num
ber
s
on
el
ec
t
rom
agn
et
ic
and
the
rm
al
charac
t
eri
sti
cs
of
th
e
PM
SM
s
al
l
w
hil
e
m
ai
n
ta
in
ing
the
sam
e
m
otor
dimensions,
par
ame
te
rs
a
nd
slot
num
ber
.
The
stud
y
is
c
onduct
ed
t
o
ana
l
y
se
the
best
slot
-
pole
combinat
ion
for
a
give
n
dimension
to
de
te
rm
ine
i
f
pole
num
ber
s
h
ave
a
role
in
th
e
m
otor
per
forma
nce.
The
an
alys
is
for
the
se
per
m
ane
nt
m
agne
t
m
otors
is
don
e
via
fini
t
e
el
em
ent
ana
l
y
sis
(FE
A)
in
which
JM
AG
Designe
r
software
is
use
d.
The
softwar
e
is
used
to
anal
y
s
e
the
m
otor
per
form
anc
e
in
t
erms
of
coggi
ng
torque,
spee
d
,
p
ower,
iron
loss
,
coppe
r
loss
as
well
as
the
ef
fic
i
ency
of
th
e
m
otor
it
self.
Al
l
thre
e
m
otors
we
re
sim
ula
te
d
in
no
loa
d
and
lo
ad
cond
it
ion
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
I
nfl
ue
nce
Motor pe
rfo
rm
ance
Perm
anen
t m
a
gn
et
Po
le
nu
m
ber
Slot pole
c
om
bin
at
ion
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Rozia
h Aziz
,
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
an
d El
ect
ronic E
ng
i
neeri
ng
,
Un
i
ver
sit
i T
un
Hu
s
sei
n O
nn
Ma
la
ysi
a,
Parit R
aja, B
at
u
Pa
hat,
Joh
or
.
Em
a
il
: ro
zi
ah
@u
t
hm
.ed
u.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Stud
ie
s
Stu
dies
on
el
ect
ric
ve
hicle
s
are
act
iv
el
y
pu
r
su
e
d
as
an
e
nv
ir
onm
ent
fr
ie
ndly
te
ch
no
l
o
gy
as
it
is
beco
m
ing
i
m
po
rtant
as
the
po
ssi
bili
ti
es
to
i
m
pr
ov
e
f
ue
l
eff
ic
ie
ncy
i
s
hig
he
r
us
i
ng
reg
ene
rated
ki
netic
energy;
m
ai
nl
y
util
iz
ing
el
ect
ric
m
oto
rs.
Ele
ct
ric
m
achines
a
re
dev
ic
es
that
are
use
d
in
co
nversi
on
of
el
ect
ro
m
echan
ic
al
energy
an
d
conver
si
o
n
of
el
ect
rical
energy
to
m
echan
ic
al
ener
gy
by
el
ect
rical
m
oto
rs
can
be divide
d
i
nto t
wo
;
direct c
ur
ren
t
(D
C
)
m
oto
r
and alt
er
nating cu
rr
e
nt
(A
C
)
m
oto
r
[1]
.
Of
te
n
us
e
d
in
el
ect
ric
veh
ic
le
s
are
the
per
m
anen
t
m
agn
et
m
oto
rs
as
these
m
oto
rs
are
hi
gh
ly
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
because
seco
ndary
co
pper
l
os
s
does
not
occur
as
c
urre
nt
induce
d
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
i
s
unnecessa
ry
[2
-
3]
.
Be
sides,
it
has
an
ad
van
ta
ge
of
m
aking
the
m
otor
sm
a
ll
er
by
being
a
ble
to
raise
the
m
agn
et
ic
flux
densi
ty
[
4
]
.
As
pe
r
basic
re
qu
i
rem
ents,
electric
veh
ic
le
dr
i
ve
syst
e
m
req
ui
res
hi
gh
ef
fici
ency,
high
t
orq
ue
de
ns
it
y
as
well
as
co
ns
ta
nt
po
wer
at
high
spe
ed
a
nd
pe
rm
a
nen
t
m
agn
et
m
oto
r
will
be
su
it
able
in
ex
pe
rim
enting
for
these
char
act
e
risti
cs
.
Perm
anen
t
m
a
gn
et
sync
hro
nous
m
oto
rs
a
nd
synch
r
onous
m
oto
rs
basica
ll
y
wo
rk
s
the
s
a
m
e
way
and
hav
e
sim
i
la
r
pe
rfor
m
ance
ch
aracte
risti
cs.
A
sta
ndar
d
sync
hro
nous
m
oto
r
with
ou
t
fiel
d
windin
g
a
nd
sli
p
ri
ng
s
can
be
exactl
y
al
ike
in
con
fi
gurati
on
to
t
hat
of
a
per
m
a
nen
t
m
agn
et
synch
ron
ou
s
m
otor.
Ma
gnet
ic
po
le
nu
m
ber
a
nd li
ne
f
re
quency
de
te
rm
ines the s
pe
ed of
the sy
nc
hro
nous
m
oto
r
[
5
]
.
Wh
e
n
com
par
e
d
to in
du
ct
io
n m
oto
rs
as in F
igure 1, it
is als
o
sim
il
ar b
ut the o
nly dif
fer
e
nc
e is that
in
PMSM
,
the
pe
rm
a
nen
t
m
agnet
gen
e
rates
th
e
ro
to
r
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d.
Substa
ntial
ai
r
gap
m
agn
et
ic
fl
ux
produce
d
by the
us
a
ge of
p
e
rm
anen
t m
a
gn
et
all
ows
the
d
esi
gn
i
ng of
hi
gh
ly
ef
fici
ent
per
m
anen
t m
a
gn
et
m
oto
rs
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
In
fl
ue
nce
of
pole
n
um
ber o
n
t
he
c
hara
ct
eri
st
ic
s o
f
perma
ne
nt ma
gn
et
sync
hr
on
ous
mo
t
or (
PMSM)
(S.
R
aj)
1319
Figure
1. Com
par
is
on of
perm
anen
t m
agn
et
m
oto
r
an
d
i
nduct
ion m
oto
r
Fr
om
F
igu
re
2,
we
can
see
t
he
cr
os
s
sect
io
n
of
a
basic
pe
rm
anen
t
m
agn
et
synch
ron
ous
m
oto
r.
It
gen
e
rall
y
has
a
sta
ti
on
ary
el
e
m
ent
al
so
kn
own
as
sta
to
r,
a
n
el
ect
r
om
agn
et
,
w
hich
m
akes
up
the
oute
r
par
t
of
the
m
oto
r.
S
of
t
ste
el
strips
m
a
ke
the stat
or
la
m
inati
on
s
wi
ndin
gs
in ax
ia
l
a
ir
ga
p
m
achines.
Th
os
e
la
m
inati
on
s
hav
e
te
et
h
slot
s
for
the
arm
a
ture
windin
gs
and
it
s
thic
kn
ess
is
aff
ect
e
d
by
the
c
os
t
a
nd
a
rm
at
ur
e
s
ource
vo
lt
age
freq
ue
ncy. T
he
m
agnet
ic
p
at
h
is c
om
ple
te
d
by t
he
yok
e
of t
he
m
otor.
Figure
2. Cr
os
s
secti
on of sim
ple PMSM
2.
DESIG
N RES
TRICTI
ONS
AND SPE
CI
F
ICA
TI
ONS
The
relat
ionshi
ps
betwee
n
pa
r
a
m
et
ers
of
the
m
oto
r
design
a
re
us
e
d
to
study
the
po
le
num
ber
eff
ect
on
el
ect
r
om
agn
et
ic
char
act
e
r
ist
ic
of
the
pe
rm
anen
t
m
agnet
synchro
nous
m
oto
rs.
The
se
m
oto
rs
ha
ve
their
desig
ns
m
od
ifi
ed
to
hav
e
t
heir
el
ect
ro
m
agn
e
ti
c
char
act
er
ist
ic
s
te
ste
d
at
1500
rpm
with
th
e
desig
n
c
on
st
r
ai
nts
as in Ta
ble
1.
Table
1.
Desig
n param
et
ers
of
propose
d
PMSM
s
Ite
m
s
Di
m
en
sio
n
s
Rated
sp
eed [
rp
m
]
1500
Stato
r
d
ia
m
e
ter
[
m
m
]
260
Ro
to
r
d
ia
m
eter
[
m
m
]
156
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
slo
ts
36
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
po
les
4
,6,1
2
Slo
t op
en
in
g
[
m
m
]
2
.53
2
Co
re
b
ack wid
th
[
m
m
]
3
.9
Too
th
width
[
m
m
]
11
Too
th
tang
dep
th
[
m
m
]
3
Gap
between
m
ag
n
et [
m
m
]
1
.69
2
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
turn
s o
f
ar
m
atu
re
coil
15
The
t
hr
ee
-
pha
se
PMSM
m
o
to
rs
that
we
re
desig
ned
a
re
36S
-
4P
,
36S
-
6P
a
nd
th
e
36S
-
12
P
resp
ect
ively
.
T
hey
ha
ve
the
s
a
m
e
sta
tor
po
l
e
nu
m
ber
with
the
sta
te
d
dim
ensio
n
s
pecific
at
ion
s
wh
il
e
num
ber
of pole i
s
var
ie
d from
o
ne
a
nd the
oth
e
r.
T
he
cro
ss
-
sect
io
ns
of the m
oto
rs
a
re show
n
in
Fi
g
ure
3.
JMAG
Desi
gner
ver
si
on
14
was
us
e
d
to
ca
rr
y
ou
t
t
his
stu
dy.
Data
analy
sis
in
the
f
or
m
of
2D
-
FE
A
are the
r
es
ults
ob
ta
ine
d
i
n
t
his stu
dy.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
9
:
1
3
1
8
–
1
3
2
3
1320
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
3.
Finis
hed d
e
sig
n of
PMSM
m
oto
rs
(
a)
36S
-
4P
(b)
36S
-
6P (c
) 3
6S
-
12P
3.
PERFO
R
MANC
E
OF
36S
-
4P, 3
6S
-
6P
and 36S
-
12P
P
M
SMs
3.1.
Arm
at
ure
Coi
l Opera
tin
g
P
ri
ncipl
e A
n
alysi
s
The
ope
rati
ng
pr
inci
ple
an
d
arr
a
ng
em
ent
of
a
rm
at
ur
e
coils
are
ve
rifi
ed
thr
ough
th
e
coil
te
st
cond
ucted
at
no
loa
d
co
ndit
ion
.
T
he
ai
m
of
this
te
st
is
to
validat
e
t
he
operati
ng
p
rinci
ple
of
t
he
desi
gn
e
d
PMSM
s
by
set
ti
ng
the
posit
ion
of
the
arm
at
ur
e
coils.
Acc
ordin
gly,
the
te
st
s
are
condu
ct
e
d
sepa
ratel
y
fo
r
eac
h
coil
thu
s
def
i
ni
ng
the
a
rm
at
u
re
coil
phases
into
it
s
conve
nt
ion
al
three
phase
syst
e
m
;
U,
V
an
d
W.
Fig
ur
e
4
il
lustrate
s th
e
3
-
phase
flu
x
li
nkage
achie
vem
ent w
it
h se
par
a
te
p
ha
se
of
120° apa
rt.
(a)
(b)
(c)
-
0
.
2
-
0
.
1
5
-
0
.
1
-
0
.
0
5
0
0
.
0
5
0
.
1
0
.
1
5
0
.
2
0
45
90
135
180
225
270
315
360
F
l
u
x
(
W
b
)
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
C
y
c
l
e
(
°
)
U
V
W
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
In
fl
ue
nce
of
pole
n
um
ber o
n
t
he
c
hara
ct
eri
st
ic
s o
f
perma
ne
nt ma
gn
et
sync
hr
on
ous
mo
t
or (
PMSM)
(S.
R
aj)
1321
Figure
4.
G
raph
of Flu
x
li
nka
ge (a)
36S
-
4P
PM
SM (
b) 36S
-
6P PMSM
(c)
36S
-
12P
PM
S
M
3.2.
Back
-
Emf
Figure
5
s
how
s
the
bac
k
-
em
f
gr
a
ph
the
36
S
-
4P
PMSM
,
36S
-
6P
PMS
M
and
the
36S
-
12P
PMS
M
config
ur
at
io
n
wh
e
n
t
he
m
oto
rs
r
otate
at
a
sp
ee
d
of
1500
rev
/m
in.
Th
e
36S
-
4P
c
onven
ti
onal
PMSM
is
ob
s
er
ved
to
ha
ve
a
n
am
plit
ud
e
of
20
4.11
V
wh
il
e
the
pro
pose
d
36S
-
6P
P
MSM
has
a
pe
ak
value
of
31
3.53
V
whose
wa
vefo
rm
is
char
act
erized
by
de
grad
ed
ha
rm
on
ic
s.
Me
anwhil
e,
th
e
36S
-
12P
PM
SM
achieve
d
back
-
e
m
f
value
of
400.3
6 V
with a
b
et
te
r
si
nuso
i
da
l wav
e
f
or
m
.
Figure
5.
Com
par
at
io
n of ba
c
k
EMF
for al
l t
hr
ee
m
oto
rs
3.3.
Torque
v
ers
us
A
rm
ature
Cur
rent
J
A
The
to
rque
a
ga
inst
arm
at
ur
e
current
densi
ty
of
the
m
otors
is
co
nducte
d
by
in
j
ect
in
g
the
cu
rr
e
nt
var
ie
d
f
ro
m
J
A
5
A/m
m
2
to
J
A
30
A/m
m
2
into
the
F
E
M
coil
in
ord
er
to
a
naly
se
the
patte
r
n
of
tor
qu
e
beh
a
viou
r.
Si
m
ula
te
d
res
ults
of
t
he
36S
-
4P,
36S
-
6P
a
nd
36S
-
12P
PMS
Ms
are
sho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
6.
From
the
gr
a
ph,
it
can
be
obse
rv
e
d
t
hat
the
to
rque
gr
a
dual
ly
increases
as
high
er
val
ue
of
cu
rr
e
nt
is
i
nj
ect
e
d.
T
he
highest
to
rque
is
ob
ta
ine
d
with
the
m
axim
u
m
ar
m
at
ur
e
cu
rr
e
nt
de
ns
it
y
of
30
A
/m
m
2
.
The
to
rque
valu
es
f
or
the
36S
-
4P
,
36S
-
6P
a
nd
36S
-
12P
m
oto
rs
are
rec
orde
d
as
11
2.6
Nm
,
187
N
m
and
20
5.4
N
m
resp
ect
ively
.
It
i
s
obvious
that
t
he
36S
-
12P
m
otor
has
t
he
hi
gh
e
st
outp
ut
t
orq
ue
fo
ll
owe
d
by
the
36S
-
6P
a
nd
la
stl
y
36S
-
4P
PMSM
.
Figure
6.
To
r
que
vs
var
i
ous J
A
for diff
ere
nt
nu
m
ber
of pole
s
3.4.
Torque
and P
ower ver
sus
S
peed
The
tor
que
an
d
power
v
ers
us
sp
ee
d
char
a
ct
erist
ic
s
of
the
de
sign
e
d
m
oto
rs
are
sh
ow
n
in Fig
ures
7.
I
n
each
plo
t,
the
blu
e
cu
r
ve
represents
to
rque
ver
s
us
s
peed
wh
il
e
the
or
a
nge
li
ne
represe
nts
the
powe
r
ver
s
us
sp
ee
d
curve.
F
igure
7(
a
)
sho
ws
that
at
base
sp
eed
of
678
rp
m
,
the
hig
he
st
torque
of
t
he
36S
-
4P
PM
SM
is
116.8 N
m
at
wh
ic
h
t
he
power
outp
ut
is
4.1
5k
W.
A
t
the
m
a
xim
u
m
sp
eed
of
18
00
r
pm
,
there
is
a d
ecl
ine
in
th
e
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r u
p
to
45%
, whe
r
e the
value
is 2.3
kW.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
9
:
1
3
1
8
–
1
3
2
3
1322
As
in
Fig
ur
e
7(b),
the
36S
-
6P
PMSM
reache
d
a
m
axi
m
u
m
t
orq
ue
of
189.2
6
Nm
at
the
base
sp
eed
of
768
rp
m
and
beg
i
ns
to
dec
r
ease
w
hen
op
erated
beyo
nd
the
ba
se
s
pe
ed
re
gion
due
to
hi
gh
iro
n
loss.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
t
he
po
wer
acc
om
pl
ished
is
7.
6
kW
befor
e
decr
easi
ng
t
o
2.9kW
wh
ic
h
is
about
62%,
upon
reachi
ng a m
axi
m
u
m
sp
eed
of 1800
r
pm
.
Howe
ver,
the
36S
-
12P
m
oto
r
as
in
Figure
7(
c
),
achie
ved
the
highest
ou
t
pu
t
tor
que
w
he
n
com
par
ed
with
al
l
th
ree
desig
ns
.
T
he
t
orq
ue
value
is
209.5
Nm
at
a
base
s
peed
of
96
0rpm
is
achieve
d.
The
outp
ut
powe
r
pea
ke
d
at
10.52
kW
an
d
as
t
he
s
pee
d
reache
d
it
s
m
a
xim
u
m
at
18
00
r
pm
,
the
po
wer
grad
ually
reduce
s
about
12.55%
to 9.
2kW.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
7. To
r
que a
nd po
wer v
s sp
ee
d g
raph
f
or (
a
) 36S
-
4P
PMSM
(
b)
36S
-
6P PMSM
(c)
36S
-
12P P
M
S
M
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
E
ff
ect
s
of
po
le
nu
m
ber
on
th
e
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
char
act
erist
ic
s
has
bee
n
e
va
luate
d
an
d
a
na
ly
zed.
Th
e
sel
ect
ed
pole
num
ber
com
bin
at
ion
that
is
an
al
yz
ed
are
36S
-
4P,
36S
-
6P
a
nd
36S
-
12P
PM
SMs.
T
he
oper
at
in
g
pr
i
nciples
of
a
ll
three
desig
ns
with
va
ryi
ng
po
le
num
ber
was
obse
rv
e
d
and
validat
ed
thr
ough
su
cce
ssful
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
desig
n
a
nd
c
oil
te
st
analy
si
s
as
well
as
its
perform
ance
te
ste
d
throu
gh
no
loa
d
an
d
load
analy
sis.
It
is
evide
nt
that
the
po
le
nu
m
ber
play
s
a
ro
le
i
n
determ
ining
the
eff
ic
ie
ncy
and
sm
oo
th
nes
s
of
a
m
oto
r.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
utho
rs
grat
efu
ll
y
ac
know
le
dg
e
the
c
on
t
rib
ution
of
Re
searc
h
Ma
nag
em
ent
Ce
nt
er
(RMC
),
Un
i
ver
sit
i
T
un
H
us
sei
n
O
nn
Ma
la
ysi
a
(U
T
HM),
Ba
tu
Pa
hat,
J
ohor,
Ma
l
ay
sia
for
the
fi
nan
ci
al
s
uppo
r
t
of
this
researc
h.
This
researc
h
is
pa
rtly
b
y R
MC
un
der the
U
850 (
Tie
r
1)
Gr
a
nt.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
E.
Sa
to
,
“
Perm
a
nent
m
agnet
s
y
n
chr
onous
m
otor
drive
s
for
h
y
br
i
d
elec
tr
ic
vehicl
es,
”
I
EEJ
Tr
ans.
Elec
tr.
E
le
c
tron.
Eng
.
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
2
(
2
)
,
pp
.
162
–
16
8
,
2007
.
[2]
T.
Su
and
Y.K
Sun,
“
Design
of
Drive
Sy
s
tem
of
Perm
ane
nt
Magne
t
S
y
nchr
onous
Motor
fo
r
Hy
br
id
Elec
tr
i
c
Vehic
l
es,
”
We
i
-
Te
Dianji (
Small
Spec. El
e
ct
r.
M
ach
.
), vol
.
37,
no.
2,
pp
.
36
-
38,
200
9.
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0
300
600
900
120
0
150
0
180
0
Pow
er
[k
W
]
Tor
que
[Nm]
Spee
d
[rev/m
i
n]
To
rque
Powe
r
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
50
100
150
200
250
0
3
0
0
6
0
0
9
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
5
0
0
1
8
0
0
Pow
er
[k
W
]
Tor
que
[Nm]
Spee
d
[rev/m
i
n]
To
rque
Powe
r
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
50
1
0
0
1
5
0
2
0
0
2
5
0
-
2
0
0
300
800
1300
1800
P
o
w
e
r
[
k
W
]
T
o
r
q
u
e
[
N
m
]
S
p
e
e
d
[
r
e
v
/
m
i
n
]
T
o
r
q
u
e
P
o
w
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
In
fl
ue
nce
of
pole
n
um
ber o
n
t
he
c
hara
ct
eri
st
ic
s o
f
perma
ne
nt ma
gn
et
sync
hr
on
ous
mo
t
or (
PMSM)
(S.
R
aj)
1323
[3]
Z.
Q.
Zhu
and
D.
How
e,
“
El
ectrical
Mac
h
ine
s
and
Drive
s
for
El
e
ctric,
H
y
brid
,
and
Fuel
Cel
l
V
ehi
c
l
es,
”
Proc
.
IE
E
E
,
vol.
95
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no
.
4,
pp.
746
-
765,
2007.
[4]
R.
Aziz
,
G.J.Atk
inson,
“
Perform
anc
e
of
Autom
oti
ve
Perm
ane
nt M
agne
t
Mac
hin
e
s with
Diffe
ren
t
Size
s,
Rare
-
earth
Magne
ts
and
W
indi
ng
Confi
gura
ti
on
,
”
I
EEE
15
th
Int
ernat
ional
Conf
ere
n
ce
on
Env
iron
ment
and
E
le
c
t
ric
al
Engi
ne
ering, R
o
me
,
10
-
13
June
2015
.
[5]
L.
Qi,
F.
Ta
o,
W
.
Xuhui,
T.
X
ia
ng,
L
.
Ye,
and
Z.
Guangz
hen.
2013.
“
Modeli
ng
of
the
Eff
ic
ie
n
c
y
MA
P
of
Surf
ace
Perm
ane
nt
Mag
net
Ma
chi
ne
for
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Vehi
cles,”
pp
.
122
2
–
12
25.
[6]
D.
Misu
and
M.
Matsushita
.
201
4.
“
Considera
ti
o
n
of
Optimal
Num
ber
of
Poles
and
Freque
nc
y
fo
r
High
-
eff
iciency
Perm
ane
nt
Mag
net
Motor
,
”
pp.
3012
–
3017.
[7]
L.
W
u,
R.
Qu
,
D.
Li
,
and
Y.
G
ao.
2015.
“
Influe
nce
of
Pol
e
Ra
t
io
and
W
indi
ng
Pole
Num
ber
s
on
Perform
anc
es
and
Optimal
Design
Para
m
et
e
rs
of
S
urfa
ce
Perm
anent
Magne
t
Verni
er
Mac
hine
s
,
”
I
EE
E
Tr
ans.
Ind.
Appl
.
,
vol
.
9994,
no.
c
,
pp
.
1
–
1.
[8]
B.
Tian,
Q.
An,
L.
Sun,
D.
Su
n,
and
J.
Duan.
20
16.
“
Init
ial
Pos
it
ion
Esti
m
at
ion
Strat
eg
y
for
a
Surfac
e
Perm
an
e
nt
Magne
t
S
y
n
chr
o
nous
Motor
Us
e
d
in
H
y
br
id
E
lectr
i
c
V
ehi
c
le
s,
”
Front.
Inf
.
Tech
nol.
Elec
tron.
E
ng
.
,
vol
.
17,
no.
8,
pp.
803
–
813
.
[9]
T.
D.
Kefa
la
s
an
d
A.
G
Klada
s,
“
The
rm
al
inve
stiga
t
ion
of
per
m
ane
nt
-
m
agnet
Sy
nchr
onous
Mot
or
for
Aerospace
Applic
a
ti
ons,”
I
EE
E
Tr
ans.
Ind.
El
e
ct
ron
.
,
vol
.
61
,
no
.
8
,
pp
.
4404
-
4
41,
2014.
[10]
T.
R
en
y
uan
,
“
R
ese
arc
h
and
Dev
el
opm
ent
of
Rar
e
E
art
h
PM
Mac
hine
,
”
El
e
ct.
Ma
ch.
S
yst. ICE
MS
2001
,
2002
.
[11]
D.
Borg
-
Bar
to
lo,
D.
Gera
d
a,
C.
Mic
al
l
ef,
A.
Meba
rki,
N.L.
Brown,
and
C
.
Gera
da
,
“
The
rm
al
Model
li
ng
a
nd
Sele
c
ti
on
of
a
High
Speed
Perma
nent
Magne
t
Mount
El
e
c
trica
l
Mac
hine,”
6
th
IE
T
Int.
Conf.
Powe
r
El
ec
tro
.
Mac
h.
Dr
iv
es
(
PE
MD 2
012)
,
pp.
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012.
[12]
R.
Aziz,
G.J
Atkinson,
S.
Sali
m
in,
“
The
rm
al
Modell
ing
for
Per
m
ane
nt
Magne
t
Sy
n
chr
onous
Mac
hine
(PM
SM
)
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
em
(
Ijpe
ds)
,
8,
4
,
UTH
M,
1903
-
1912,
(
2017).
[13]
X.L
iu,
Q.
L
in,
a
nd
W
.
Fu,”
Optimal
Design
of
Perm
ane
nt
Magne
t
Arrange
m
ent
in
S
y
nchr
onous
Motors,”
Ene
rgi
e
s,
vol.
10
,
no
.
11,
p.
1700,
2017
.
[14]
Munoz,
A.R.
L
i
ang
,
F.
Degne
r
,
“
Eva
lua
t
ion
of
I
nte
rior
PM
and
Surfac
e
PM
S
y
n
chr
onous
Mac
hi
ne
with
Distributed
and
Conc
ent
r
at
e
d
W
indi
ng,
”
Ind
ustrial
Elec
roni
c
s,
IECON
2008
,
pp
1189
-
1193.
[15]
M.
Cheng,
W
.
Hua,
J.
Zha
ng
,
an
d
W
.
Zh
ao,
“
O
ver
vie
w
of
Stator
Perm
ane
nt
M
agne
t
Brushl
ess
Mac
hin
es,
”
IE
EE
Tra
n
s. Ind.
Elec
t
ron.
,
vol.
58
,
no
.
11,
pp
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5087
-
51
01,
2011.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Sharve
ena
h
Ra
j
is
a
student
i
n
Facult
y
of
E
le
c
tri
c
al
Engi
n
e
eri
ng
(FK
EE
)
,
UTHM
.
After
gra
duated
from
her
dipl
om
a
in
P
ower
El
e
ct
ri
cal Engineering
(UT
M
-
2013),
she
pursued
her
stud
y
in
bac
he
lor
Powe
r
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
En
gine
er
ing
in
UTHM
.
She
is
cur
ren
tly
atta
che
d
to
a
compan
y
in
Johor
Bahru
as
proje
c
t
engi
n
ee
r
.
Her
rese
arc
h
i
nte
rests
ar
e
in
e
le
c
tri
c
al
m
ac
h
in
e
design
a
nd
per
m
ane
nt
m
agn
et
m
ac
h
ine
s.
Rozi
ah
Az
iz
is
a
le
c
ture
r
in
Facu
lty
of
E
le
c
tri
c
al
Engi
ne
eri
ng
(FK
EE
),
UTHM
.
Af
te
r
gra
du
ated
from
her
first
d
e
gre
e
in
E
le
t
rical
Engi
ne
eri
ng
(U
TM
-
2005),
she
worked
as
a
tut
o
r
in
UTHM
an
d
pursue
her
stud
y
in
Master
Eng
i
nee
rin
g
in
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Enginee
ring
in
UTHM
.
She
is
now
pursuing
her
PhD
in
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng
a
t
Newca
stle
Univ
ersity
,
UK
.
Her
rese
arc
h
intere
st
s
are
in el
e
ct
r
ic
a
l m
ac
hine
d
esign and
per
m
an
ent
m
agne
t
m
ac
h
ines
Za
raf
i
Ahm
ad
was
born
in
Batu
Pahat,
Johor,
Malay
s
ia
in
Jul
y
1979
.
H
e
re
ceive
d
h
is
B.
E
.
in
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
ring
from
Univer
siti
Te
kno
log
i
MA
RA
(UiTM)
in
2003
and
M.
E.
in
E
le
c
tri
c
al
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
Univer
siti
T
e
knologi
Mal
a
y
s
i
a
(UTM)
in
200
6.
He
comple
te
d
his
PhD
in
2016
at
Univer
si
ti
Tu
n
H
uss
ei
n
Onn
Malay
s
ia
(UTH
M).
He
has
be
en
a
lectur
er
sinc
e
2006
at
UTHM
,
and
cur
ren
tly
h
e
is
a
senior
l
ecture
r
and
pr
inc
i
ple
rese
arc
h
er
a
t
Resea
r
ch
Center
for
Applie
d
El
e
ct
rom
agne
t
ics
at
the
sam
e
unive
rsit
y
.
His
rese
arc
h
in
te
r
est
is
el
ec
tr
ic
m
ac
hin
e
design
e
spec
i
al
l
y
in
flu
x
sw
it
chi
ng
m
otor
for electr
i
c
v
e
hic
l
e
app
lication
s.
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