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tech
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So
m
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t
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cl
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t
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icles
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also
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Dif
f
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f
r
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t
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co
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icles,
th
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m
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f
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h
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b
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icles
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s
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at
it
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w
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tch
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c
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h
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b
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icles
o
f
f
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v
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s
b
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f
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to
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p
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d
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p
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b
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s
[
1
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.
I
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d
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,
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[
2
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.
B
esid
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th
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d
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d
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r
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3
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.
T
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b
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v
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s
m
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class
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to
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[
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T
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f
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[
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tag
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s
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c
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h
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m
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as f
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w
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:
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p
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[
5
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.
b)
Sav
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co
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t o
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f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
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[
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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413
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Fu
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7
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T
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in
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(
C
C
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to
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v
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s
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m
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tatio
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s
.
T
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2
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ev
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p
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s
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Sec
ti
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3
p
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lts
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ev
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t
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s
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p
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Sectio
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co
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.
2.
RE
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M
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ase
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ased
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ated
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u
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atter
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r
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2
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2
Arc
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u
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2
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ased
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ent
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u
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3
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ati
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
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2
5
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4752
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J
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lec
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g
&
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m
p
Sci,
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12
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
4
1
2
–
419
414
Fig
u
r
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2
.
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r
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3
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4
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r
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4
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u
r
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4
.
C
ar
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i
m
u
latio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
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J
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A
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5
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atic
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
4
1
2
–
419
416
(
)
(
3
)
E
q
u
atio
n
4
s
h
o
w
s
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tep
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
v
o
ltag
e
b
atter
y
B
to
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
v
a
lu
e.
(
)
(
4
)
E
q
u
atio
n
s
5
an
d
6
s
h
o
w
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e
b
atter
y
A
to
p
wm
.
(
5
)
(
6
)
E
q
u
atio
n
s
7
an
d
8
s
h
o
w
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e
b
atter
y
B
to
p
wm
.
(
7
)
(
8
)
Min
i
m
u
m
ch
ar
g
e
v
o
lta
g
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
b
atter
y
i
s
5
.
0
v
o
lt.
E
q
u
a
tio
n
s
5
u
n
til
8
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
co
n
v
er
t
ea
c
h
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
to
P
u
ls
e
W
id
th
Mo
d
u
latio
n
(
P
W
M)
v
alu
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
ese
eq
u
atio
n
s
ar
e
to
ch
ar
g
e
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
av
o
id
o
v
er
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
NP
N
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
w
ill r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
e
p
wm
v
alu
e
an
d
p
r
esen
t th
e
v
al
u
e
as v
o
lta
g
e
to
b
e
ch
ar
g
ed
to
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
b
atter
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
u
s
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
-
b
ased
co
o
r
d
in
atin
g
(
C
C
S)
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
t
h
is
al
g
o
r
ith
m
,
it
w
ill
tr
i
g
g
er
th
e
co
m
m
a
n
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
v
al
u
es.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
w
h
en
th
e
ca
r
is
o
p
er
atin
g
,
t
h
e
alg
o
r
i
th
m
is
ab
le
to
r
ea
d
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
b
o
th
b
atter
ies
an
d
co
n
v
er
t
to
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
v
al
u
e
s
.
T
h
en
th
e
b
atter
y
w
i
th
h
i
g
h
er
v
o
ltag
e
i
s
as
s
ig
n
ed
to
ac
t
as
p
r
i
m
ar
y
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
p
o
w
er
to
th
e
D
C
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
w
i
th
lo
w
e
r
v
o
ltag
e
t
h
en
r
eq
u
ir
es
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
.
W
h
e
n
ev
er
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
s
g
e
tti
n
g
lo
w
er
a
n
d
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
ar
r
iv
e
s
to
eq
u
al
o
r
less
th
a
n
1
5
%,
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
is
ab
le
to
s
w
itc
h
th
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
k
ee
p
s
co
o
r
d
in
atin
g
w
h
en
e
v
er
t
h
e
ca
r
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
is
s
ti
ll
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
w
h
e
n
th
e
ca
r
is
in
id
le
s
tat
e,
th
e
n
t
h
e
r
e
is
n
o
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
o
cc
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
al
u
es
ar
e
s
e
n
t
t
o
th
e
E
R
C
S
f
o
r
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
ies
ar
e
s
en
t
in
to
a
tab
le.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e,
w
e
ca
n
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
au
to
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
in
r
ec
h
ar
g
in
g
t
h
e
b
atter
ies.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
ca
r
m
o
d
el
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
s
i
m
u
la
te
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
en
er
g
y
r
ec
y
cli
n
g
co
n
ce
p
t
w
it
h
a
co
m
p
u
ter
-
b
a
s
ed
co
o
r
d
in
atin
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
ca
r
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
is
ev
al
u
ated
in
t
w
o
co
n
d
itio
n
s
:
(
1
)
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
b
atter
ies
v
o
ltag
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
w
it
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
C
C
S
al
g
o
r
ith
m
a
n
d
(
2
)
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
b
atter
ies
v
o
lta
g
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
w
i
th
t
h
e
C
C
S a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
.
3
.
1
.
M
o
nito
ring
ba
t
t
er
ies v
o
lt
a
g
e
cha
rg
ing
w
it
h CC
S
T
h
e
ev
alu
a
tio
n
to
o
k
p
lace
a
b
o
u
t
4
6
m
i
n
u
tes.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
al
s
o
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
r
ec
h
ar
g
i
n
g
w
h
en
e
v
er
t
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
u
s
ed
b
atter
y
i
s
le
s
s
t
h
an
o
r
eq
u
al
to
1
5
%.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
a
b
le
2
,
i
n
itiall
y
,
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
in
d
icat
es
th
at
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
b
atter
y
A
is
h
ig
h
er
th
an
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
atter
y
B
,
t
h
u
s
b
atter
y
A
is
u
s
ed
to
b
e
p
r
im
ar
y
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
an
d
th
e
b
atter
y
B
as
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
T
h
u
s
,
b
atter
y
B
is
c
h
ar
g
ed
.
T
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
h
ap
p
en
ed
in
m
i
n
u
te
2
1
.
No
w
,
b
atter
y
B
b
ec
am
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
an
d
b
atter
y
A
b
ec
a
m
e
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
T
h
u
s
b
atter
y
A
i
s
r
ec
h
ar
g
ed
w
h
ile
b
atter
y
B
is
u
s
ed
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
p
o
wer
to
th
e
D
C
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
e
DC
m
o
to
r
r
u
n
s
w
i
th
5
.
0
v
o
lt
w
it
h
1
.
0
a
m
p
er
a
g
e.
I
n
m
i
n
u
te
3
3
,
th
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
an
d
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
r
ec
h
ar
g
i
n
g
o
cc
u
r
a
g
ai
n
.
T
h
e
ba
tter
y
A
o
n
ce
a
g
ai
n
b
ec
a
m
e
p
r
i
m
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
an
d
t
h
e
b
atter
y
B
b
ec
a
m
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
.
I
f
t
h
e
test
is
to
b
e
co
n
tin
u
ed
,
th
e
n
th
e
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
a
n
d
s
w
itc
h
in
g
r
ec
h
ar
g
i
n
g
o
f
b
o
th
b
atter
ies
co
n
tin
u
e
to
o
cc
u
r
.
T
h
u
s
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
o
u
r
ce
w
ill
n
e
v
er
r
u
n
o
u
t.
T
h
e
g
r
ee
n
co
lo
u
r
in
d
icate
s
t
h
at
th
e
b
atter
y
is
u
s
ed
to
s
u
p
p
ly
p
o
w
er
to
th
e
DC
m
o
to
r
;
th
e
y
el
lo
w
co
lo
u
r
in
d
icate
s
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
t
h
e
b
lu
e
co
lo
u
r
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
a
n
d
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
r
ec
h
ar
g
i
n
g
b
atter
y
s
i
m
u
ltan
eo
u
s
l
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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d
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c
o
mm
a
n
d
u
se
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
B
EG
I
N
1
:
F
O
R
(
e
a
c
h
t
i
me
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
)
2
:
c
o
u
n
t
e
r
T
i
me
+
+
3
:
I
F
4:
st
a
t
u
sO
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
=
1
5
:
R
e
l
a
y
1
=
H
i
g
h
/
/
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
A
i
s u
se
7
:
R
e
l
a
y
2
=
L
o
w
/
/
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
B
n
o
t
u
se
8
:
T
i
p
1
2
0
(
1
)
=
x
v
1
/
/
n
o
t
c
h
a
r
g
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
A
9
:
T
i
p
1
2
0
(
2
)
=
x
v
2
/
/
c
h
a
r
g
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
B
1
0
:
I
F
)
11:
st
a
t
u
sO
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
=
2
1
2
:
R
e
l
a
y
1
=
L
o
w
/
/
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
A
n
o
t
u
se
1
3
:
R
e
l
a
y
2
=
H
i
g
h
/
/
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
B
i
s
u
se
1
4
:
T
i
p
1
2
0
(
1
)
=
x
v
1
/
/
c
h
a
r
g
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
A
1
5
:
T
i
p
1
2
0
(
2
)
=
L
o
w
/
/
n
o
t
c
h
a
r
g
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
1
6
:
EL
S
E
I
F
(
)
1
7
:
st
a
t
u
sO
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
=
1
1
8
:
R
e
l
a
y
1
=
L
o
w
/
/
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
A
n
o
t
u
se
1
9
:
R
e
l
a
y
2
=
H
i
g
h
/
/
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
B
i
s
u
se
2
0
:
T
i
p
1
2
0
(
1
)
=
x
v
1
/
/
c
h
a
r
g
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
A
2
1
:
T
i
p
1
2
0
(
2
)
=
x
v
2
/
/
n
o
t
c
h
a
r
g
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
B
2
2
:
I
F
2
3
:
st
a
t
u
sO
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
=
2
2
4
:
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l
a
y
1
=
L
o
w
/
/
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
A
n
o
t
u
se
2
5
:
R
e
l
a
y
2
=
H
i
g
h
/
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b
a
t
t
e
r
y
B
i
s
u
se
2
6
:
T
i
p
1
2
0
(
1
)
=
x
v
1
/
/
c
h
a
r
g
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
A
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atter
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3
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
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n
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g
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N:
2502
-
4752
A
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419
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u
r
e
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.
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atter
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atter
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4.
CO
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ate
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ased
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ati
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le
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atter
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ated
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F
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v
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ca
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,
Ma
la
y
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ia.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
J.
G
e
r
m
a
n
,
"
H
y
b
rid
v
e
h
icle
s: T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
Co
st R
e
d
u
c
ti
o
n
,
"
A
se
rie
s o
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
tre
n
d
s i
n
p
a
ss
e
n
g
e
r ve
h
icle
s in
th
e
U
n
it
e
d
S
ta
tes
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
]
B.
Ba
g
o
t
a
n
d
O.
L
in
d
b
lad
,
Un
c
o
v
e
rin
g
t
h
e
tru
e
p
o
ten
t
ia
l
o
f
h
y
b
ri
d
e
lec
tric v
e
h
icle
s,
G
o
teb
o
rg
Un
iv
e
rsity
:
El
a
n
d
e
rs
No
v
u
m
,
2
0
0
4
.
[3
]
K.
C.
P
ra
jap
a
ti
,
R.
P
a
tel
a
n
d
R
.
S
a
g
a
r,
"
H
y
b
rid
v
e
h
icle
:
A
stu
d
y
o
n
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
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n
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l
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
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rin
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Res
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a
rc
h
&
T
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h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
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l.
3
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
6
-
1
0
8
2
,
2
0
1
4
.
[4
]
O.
M
o
m
o
h
a
n
d
M
.
O.
Om
o
ig
u
i,
"
A
n
o
v
e
rv
ie
w
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f
h
y
b
rid
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lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
"
in
IEE
E
Veh
i
c
l
e
Po
we
r a
n
d
Pro
p
u
lsio
n
Co
n
fer
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n
c
e
,
De
a
rb
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rn
,
M
I,
USA
,
2
0
0
9
.
[5
]
A
.
Ha
jd
e
ri
a
n
d
S
.
P
a
c
o
,
"
Hy
b
rid
v
e
h
icle
s an
d
th
e
ir
im
p
a
c
t
o
n
p
o
ll
u
ti
o
n
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
in
u
rb
a
n
a
re
a
s,"
In
ter
d
isc
ip
li
n
a
ry
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Res
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
-
1
2
8
,
2
0
1
4
.
[6
]
M
.
Kh
a
n
a
n
d
N.
C.
Ka
r,
"
Hy
b
rid
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
f
o
r
su
sta
in
a
b
le t
r
a
n
sp
o
rtati
o
n
:
A
Ca
n
a
d
ian
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
,
"
W
o
rld
El
e
c
tric V
e
h
icle
J
o
u
rn
a
l,
v
o
l.
3
,
p
p
.
5
5
1
-
5
6
1
,
2
0
0
9
.
[7
]
S
.
S
h
e
p
h
e
rd
,
P
.
Bo
n
sa
ll
a
n
d
G
.
Ha
rriso
n
,
"
F
a
c
to
rs af
f
e
c
ti
n
g
f
u
tu
re
d
e
m
a
n
d
f
o
r
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s: A
m
o
d
e
l
b
a
se
d
stu
d
y
,
"
T
ra
n
sp
o
rt
Po
li
c
y
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
p
p
.
6
2
-
7
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[8
]
E.
T
ra
n
c
h
o
,
E
.
Ib
a
rra
,
A
.
A
rias
,
I.
Ko
rtab
a
rria,
J.
J
u
rg
e
n
s,
L
.
M
a
re
n
g
o
,
A
.
F
rica
ss
e
a
n
d
J.
V.
G
ra
g
g
e
r,
"
P
M
-
A
ss
isted
s
y
n
c
h
ro
n
o
u
s relu
c
ta
n
c
e
m
a
c
h
in
e
flu
x
w
e
a
k
e
n
in
g
c
o
n
tro
f
o
r
E
V
a
n
d
HEV
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,"
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stria
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l
.
6
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
9
8
6
-
2
9
9
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[9
]
C.
-
M
.
L
a
i,
C.
Yu
-
H
u
e
i,
M
.
-
H.
Hi
se
h
a
n
d
Y.
-
C
.
L
in
,
"
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
b
id
e
re
c
ti
o
n
a
l
DC/DC c
o
n
v
e
r
ter w
it
h
d
u
a
l
-
b
a
tt
e
ry
e
n
e
r
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y
sto
ra
g
e
f
o
r
h
y
b
rid
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
y
ste
m
,
"
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Veh
c
u
l
a
r T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
6
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
3
6
-
1
0
5
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
0
5
10
15
20
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
65
69
73
77
81
Batter
y
Perce
ntage
w
ithout
CCS
P
e
rc
e
n
t
Ba
tt
e
ry
A
P
e
rc
e
n
t
Ba
tt
e
ry
B
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