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Science
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2
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A
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C
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A
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Mu
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Haf
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Facu
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Un
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af
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RO
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icity
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as
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ee
n
d
etec
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y
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p
r
o
tectio
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r
elay
[
1
]
,
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as
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[
2
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4
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7
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an
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1
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On
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Ho
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m
eth
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s
till
wid
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u
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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J
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&
C
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Sci,
Vo
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23
,
No
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2
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Au
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639
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in
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W
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1
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ased
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2
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cu
it
[
2
2
]
,
a
n
d
m
an
y
o
th
e
r
f
ac
t
o
r
s
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
er
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
cir
cu
it
n
o
n
-
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
o
n
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
.
B
ased
o
n
wo
r
k
in
[
2
3
]
,
th
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
wh
ic
h
ca
n
m
a
k
e
a
cir
cu
it
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
t
o
b
e
n
o
n
-
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
s
u
ch
as
d
if
f
er
en
t
e
n
tr
an
ce
an
d
ex
it
lin
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
d
esig
n
s
o
f
an
g
le
an
d
tan
g
en
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
p
a
n
a
n
d
s
p
ac
in
g
s
izes
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
ar
ea
s
,
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
o
v
er
h
ea
d
lin
e
(
OHL
)
an
d
ca
b
le
s
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
m
an
y
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
wh
ich
u
s
es
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
OHL
an
d
ca
b
le
is
ca
lled
as
h
y
b
r
id
cir
c
u
it.
T
h
e
f
a
u
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
wh
ic
h
ass
u
m
e
th
at
th
e
cir
cu
it
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
p
ar
am
eter
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
al
o
n
g
th
e
ci
r
cu
it
len
g
th
ca
n
’
t
b
e
u
s
ed
to
lo
ca
te
th
e
f
au
lt
at
th
is
h
y
b
r
id
cir
cu
it
b
ec
au
s
e
b
o
th
OHL
an
d
ca
b
le
s
ec
tio
n
s
h
av
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
ar
am
eter
s
wh
er
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
am
e
p
er
u
n
it
len
g
t
h
,
OHL
lin
e
h
as
h
ig
h
er
r
e
s
is
tan
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
ca
b
le
wh
ile
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
ca
b
le
h
as h
ig
h
e
r
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
OH
L
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
a
u
th
o
r
s
w
h
ich
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
lo
ca
tin
g
f
a
u
lts
at
n
o
n
-
h
o
m
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
cir
c
u
it.
L
iu
et
a
l
.
estab
lis
h
ed
th
e
n
o
n
-
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
m
o
d
el
with
f
a
u
lt
b
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
all
g
en
e
r
alize
d
co
m
p
ac
t
m
o
d
el
o
f
all
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
lin
e
s
ec
tio
n
s
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
en
,
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
tate
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
all
m
o
d
el
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
was
s
o
lv
ed
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
tate
esti
m
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
h
o
w
th
e
f
a
u
lt
was
d
etec
ted
to
o
cc
u
r
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
m
eth
o
d
esti
m
ated
th
e
f
a
u
lt
p
o
in
t.
T
r
av
ellin
g
wav
e
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
n
o
n
-
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
lin
e
with
m
u
lti
-
s
ec
tio
n
s
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
L
eite
et
a
l
.
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
lin
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
[
2
4
]
.
An
o
th
er
tr
a
v
ellin
g
wav
e
m
et
h
o
d
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Ham
id
i
an
d
L
iv
an
i
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
th
r
ee
-
ter
m
in
al
cir
cu
its
wh
er
e
th
e
d
is
cr
ete
wav
elet
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
DW
T
)
was
u
s
ed
to
e
x
tr
ac
t
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
v
o
ltag
es
an
d
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ar
r
i
v
al
tim
e
o
f
th
e
wav
e
[
2
5
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
tr
a
v
ellin
g
wav
e
m
et
h
o
d
is
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
o
n
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
d
etec
tin
g
t
h
e
wav
ef
r
o
n
t.
T
h
is
wav
ef
r
o
n
t
m
ig
h
t
b
e
wea
k
to
b
e
d
etec
t
ed
ty
p
ically
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
h
ig
h
r
esis
tan
ce
f
au
lt.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
tr
a
v
ellin
g
wa
v
e
m
eth
o
d
also
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
with
co
m
p
lex
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
m
eth
o
d
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
v
er
y
h
i
g
h
s
am
p
lin
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
[
2
6
]
.
Ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
ANN)
was
u
s
ed
b
y
Hata
ta
et
a
l
.
to
class
if
y
an
d
lo
ca
te
th
e
f
au
lt
at
h
y
b
r
id
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
cir
cu
it
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
wea
k
n
ess
o
f
th
is
m
e
th
o
d
is
h
ig
h
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
tr
ain
in
g
d
ata
is
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
to
g
et
th
e
ac
cu
r
ate
r
esu
lts
asid
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ata
m
u
s
t
b
e
tr
ain
e
d
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
a
u
lt
ty
p
es.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
e
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
lo
ca
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
i
d
cir
cu
it.
T
o
d
ete
ct
th
e
f
au
lt
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
,
to
tal
p
o
s
itiv
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
f
au
lt
c
u
r
r
en
t
is
co
m
p
ar
e
d
b
etwe
en
p
r
e
-
f
au
lt
an
d
f
au
lt
t
im
es.
J
u
s
t
af
ter
th
e
to
tal
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
en
t
m
o
r
e
th
an
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
e,
a
f
au
lt
is
d
etec
ted
.
Af
ter
th
at,
to
d
et
er
m
in
e
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
f
au
lted
s
ec
tio
n
,
v
o
ltag
e
ch
ec
k
m
eth
o
d
is
u
s
ed
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
v
o
lta
g
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
l
o
ca
l
an
d
r
em
o
te
te
r
m
in
als.
Fin
ally
,
im
p
ed
an
ce
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
-
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
ter
m
in
als
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
is
th
e
f
au
lt
ty
p
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
d
etec
t
an
d
esti
m
ate
th
e
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
.
B
esid
es
th
at,
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
is
m
u
ch
ea
s
ier
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
wh
ich
s
o
lv
ed
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
h
ase
b
ec
au
s
e
b
y
u
s
in
g
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
v
alu
es,
o
n
ly
o
n
e
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
s
o
lv
ed
f
o
r
all
ty
p
es o
f
f
a
u
lt.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
F
AUL
T
DE
T
E
C
T
I
O
N
AND
L
O
C
AT
I
O
N
AL
G
O
RIT
H
M
S
F
O
R
H
YB
RID
CIRCU
I
T
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
lo
ca
t
io
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
lo
ca
l
an
d
r
e
m
o
te
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
s
.
I
n
itially
,
th
e
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
lo
ca
tio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
wer
e
d
er
iv
e
d
to
d
etec
t
an
d
lo
ca
te
th
e
f
au
lt
at
a
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
n
,
a
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
o
n
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
was
m
ad
e
to
m
ak
e
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
s
u
itab
le
t
o
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
d
etec
t a
n
d
lo
ca
te
th
e
f
au
lts
at
a
h
y
b
r
id
n
o
n
-
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
s
es
th
e
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
o
f
to
tal
f
au
lt
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
wh
ich
f
lo
ws
to
war
d
th
e
f
au
lt
p
o
in
t
b
etwe
en
p
r
e
-
f
au
lt
a
n
d
f
au
lt
tim
es
to
d
ec
id
e
t
h
e
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
o
f
a
f
au
lt.
W
h
en
a
f
au
lt
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
at
a
lin
e,
lo
ca
l
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
I
L,
F
an
d
r
em
o
te
cu
r
r
en
t,
I
R,
F
will
b
e
f
lo
win
g
to
war
d
th
e
f
au
lt
p
o
in
t
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Hen
c
e,
th
e
to
tal
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
I
F
will
b
ec
o
m
e
v
er
y
h
i
g
h
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
r
e
-
f
au
lt
v
alu
e
if
b
o
th
p
r
e
-
f
au
lt lo
ca
l c
u
r
r
e
n
t,
I
L,
PRE
a
n
d
p
r
e
-
f
au
lt r
e
m
o
te
cu
r
r
en
t,
I
R
,
PRE
ar
e
a
d
d
e
d
to
g
et
h
er
as
s
h
o
wn
b
y
(
1
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Tw
o
-
termin
a
l fa
u
lt d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
lo
ca
tio
n
fo
r
h
yb
r
id
tr
a
n
s
mi
s
s
io
n
circu
it
(
Mu
h
d
Ha
fiz
i I
d
r
is
)
641
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
L
o
ca
l a
n
d
r
em
o
te
c
u
r
r
en
ts
f
lo
w
d
u
r
in
g
f
au
lt c
o
n
d
it
io
n
at
a
cir
cu
it
≫
(
,
+
,
)
(
1
)
=
(
,
+
,
)
(
2
)
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
o
n
ly
u
s
es
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
v
alu
es
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
co
n
v
er
ted
d
ir
ec
tly
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
h
ase
v
alu
es.
T
h
is
m
ak
e
t
h
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
b
ec
o
m
e
ea
s
ier
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
wh
ich
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
h
ase
v
alu
es.
B
o
th
(
1
)
a
n
d
(
2
)
th
en
w
er
e
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
p
o
s
itiv
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
eq
u
atio
n
s
a
s
s
h
o
wn
b
y
(
3
)
an
d
(
4
)
.
≫
(
,
+
,
)
(
3
)
=
(
,
+
,
)
(
4
)
Du
r
in
g
n
o
r
m
al
co
n
d
itio
n
,
th
er
e
will
b
e
n
o
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
I
1
F
an
d
th
e
s
u
m
m
atio
n
o
f
I
1
L,
PRE
an
d
I
1
R,
PRE
as
s
h
o
wn
b
y
(
5
)
.
T
h
e
s
itu
atio
n
f
o
r
n
o
r
m
al
co
n
d
itio
n
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
At
n
o
r
m
al
co
n
d
itio
n
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
ter
m
in
als
will
alwa
y
s
b
e
in
th
e
s
am
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
wh
er
e
o
n
e
will
b
e
ex
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
p
o
wer
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
o
n
e
will b
e
im
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
p
o
wer
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
L
o
ca
l a
n
d
r
em
o
te
c
u
r
r
en
ts
f
lo
w
d
u
r
in
g
n
o
r
m
al
co
n
d
itio
n
at
a
cir
cu
it
=
(
,
+
,
)
(
5
)
A
th
r
esh
o
ld
ca
n
b
e
s
et
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
f
au
lt
o
cc
u
r
r
an
ce
as sh
o
wn
b
y
(
6
)
.
>
x
(
,
+
,
)
(
6
)
wh
er
e,
n
>
1
(
co
n
s
tan
t)
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
wh
y
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
v
al
u
es
ar
e
n
o
t
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
to
tal
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
en
t
b
etwe
en
f
a
u
lt
an
d
p
r
e
-
f
au
lt
tim
es
is
b
ec
au
s
e
d
u
r
in
g
p
r
e
-
f
au
lt,
all
p
h
ases
ar
e
in
b
al
an
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
,
t
h
u
s
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
v
al
u
es a
r
e
v
er
y
s
m
all
an
d
th
is
will m
ak
e
it d
if
f
icu
lt to
m
ak
e
th
e
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
Nex
t
is
th
e
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
wh
ich
was
d
ev
el
o
p
e
d
b
ased
o
n
two
-
ter
m
in
al
f
a
u
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
r
eq
u
ir
es th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
t
er
m
in
als.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
ter
m
in
als
ar
e
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
iz
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
a
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
with
a
f
au
lt
at
a
p
o
in
t
b
etwe
en
lo
ca
l
an
d
r
em
o
te
ter
m
in
als.
As
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
a
f
a
u
lt
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
at
ml
k
il
o
m
etr
e
f
r
o
m
lo
ca
l
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
an
d
(1
-
m)
l
k
ilo
m
etr
e
f
r
o
m
r
em
o
te
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
wh
er
e
m
is
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
lo
ca
ti
o
n
in
p
e
r
u
n
it
an
d
l
is
th
e
lin
e
len
g
th
in
k
ilo
m
etr
e.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
f
au
lt
p
o
i
n
t,
V
F
h
as
eq
u
al
v
alu
es
wh
e
n
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
f
r
o
m
b
o
t
h
e
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
ter
m
in
als
will
f
lo
w
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
p
o
in
t
an
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
f
au
lt
r
esis
tan
ce
,
R
F
wh
ich
is
an
u
n
k
n
o
wn
.
T
h
e
to
tal
o
f
t
h
ese
two
c
u
r
r
en
ts
e
q
u
al
to
th
e
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
I
F
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
e
q
u
atio
n
s
as
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
lo
ca
l
a
n
d
r
em
o
te
ter
m
in
als ar
e
s
h
o
wn
b
y
(
7
)
an
d
(
8
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
1
:
639
-
6
4
9
642
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
with
a
f
au
lt b
etwe
en
l
o
ca
l a
n
d
r
e
m
o
te
ter
m
in
als
,
=
−
,
+
(
7
)
,
=
(
1
−
)
−
,
+
(
8
)
wh
er
e
,
th
e
lin
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
p
er
k
m
;
−
=
−
+
j
−
(
9
)
B
y
ar
r
an
g
in
g
b
o
t
h
(
7
)
an
d
(
8
)
f
o
r
V
F
,
we
g
et
(
1
0
)
a
n
d
(
1
1
)
.
=
,
−
−
,
(
1
0
)
=
,
−
(
1
−
)
−
,
(
1
1
)
T
h
en
,
b
o
th
(
1
0
)
a
n
d
(
1
1
)
wer
e
eq
u
alize
d
as sh
o
wn
i
n
(
1
2
)
u
n
til (
1
4
)
.
,
−
−
,
=
,
−
(
1
−
)
−
,
(
1
2
)
,
−
−
,
=
,
−
−
,
+
−
,
(
1
3
)
,
−
,
+
−
,
=
−
(
,
+
,
)
(
1
4
)
Nex
t,
(
1
4
)
was a
r
r
an
g
e
d
f
o
r
m
an
d
we
g
et;
=
,
−
,
+
−
,
−
(
,
+
,
)
(
1
5
)
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
v
alu
es
as
th
e
in
p
u
ts
to
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
v
e
r
s
io
n
f
o
r
(
1
5
)
is
s
h
o
wn
in
(
1
6
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
is
eq
u
atio
n
is
in
p
e
r
u
n
it
an
d
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
u
ltip
lied
with
th
e
lin
e
len
g
t
h
to
g
et
th
e
esti
m
ated
f
a
u
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
in
k
m
.
L
in
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
im
p
ed
an
ce
,
−
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
(
9
)
an
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
-
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
cir
c
u
it.
=
−
+
−
−
(
+
)
(
1
6
)
T
h
er
e
ar
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
wh
y
ze
r
o
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
-
s
eq
u
en
c
e
v
alu
es
ar
e
n
o
t
ch
o
s
en
as
th
e
in
p
u
ts
f
o
r
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
ze
r
o
-
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
n
ly
ex
is
ts
d
u
r
in
g
g
r
o
u
n
d
f
a
u
lts
th
u
s
n
o
t
f
e
asib
le
to
b
e
u
s
ed
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
f
au
lt
l
o
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
u
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
f
a
u
lts
.
Fo
r
p
o
s
itiv
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t,
it
e
x
is
ts
in
all
ty
p
es
o
f
f
au
lt
in
clu
d
in
g
b
o
th
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
an
d
u
n
-
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
f
au
lt
s
wh
ile
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
-
s
eq
u
en
c
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
n
l
y
ex
is
ts
d
u
r
in
g
u
n
-
s
y
m
m
etr
ica
l
f
au
lts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
v
alu
es
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
in
s
tead
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
v
alu
es
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
ey
a
r
e
less
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
l
in
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
lo
ca
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
d
etec
t
an
d
lo
ca
te
th
e
f
au
lt
at
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
cir
cu
it
wh
ic
h
u
s
es
th
e
s
am
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
cir
cu
it
p
ar
am
eter
s
alo
n
g
th
e
cir
cu
it.
Ho
wev
er
,
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
n
o
n
-
h
o
m
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
cir
cu
it,
a
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
ad
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
cir
cu
it
is
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
OHL
an
d
ca
b
le
s
ec
tio
n
s
wh
er
e
b
o
t
h
s
ec
tio
n
s
h
av
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
F
ig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
a
h
y
b
r
id
cir
cu
it
with
X
is
th
e
p
o
in
t o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
OHL
an
d
ca
b
le
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Tw
o
-
termin
a
l fa
u
lt d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
lo
ca
tio
n
fo
r
h
yb
r
id
tr
a
n
s
mi
s
s
io
n
circu
it
(
Mu
h
d
Ha
fiz
i I
d
r
is
)
643
T
o
r
ea
lize
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
lo
ca
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
d
etec
t
a
n
d
lo
ca
te
th
e
f
au
lt
at
th
is
ty
p
e
o
f
cir
cu
it,
b
o
th
s
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
i
t
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
s
ep
ar
ated
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
On
ce
a
f
au
lt
h
as
b
ee
n
d
etec
ted
to
o
cc
u
r
at
an
y
o
f
t
h
o
s
e
two
s
ec
tio
n
s
,
th
e
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
will
b
e
est
im
ated
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
f
o
r
th
at
s
ec
tio
n
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
n
eg
ativ
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
v
al
u
es,
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
at
th
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
v
o
ltag
es f
r
o
m
b
o
th
ter
m
in
als as sh
o
wn
b
y
(
1
7
)
a
n
d
(
1
8
)
.
=
−
(
1
7
)
=
−
(
1
8
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
A
h
y
b
r
i
d
cir
cu
it
I
n
co
n
j
u
n
ctio
n
with
u
s
in
g
(
6
)
to
d
etec
t
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
a
f
au
lt
at
th
is
cir
cu
it,
th
e
f
au
lted
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
is
h
y
b
r
id
cir
c
u
it c
an
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
ch
ec
k
m
eth
o
d
as f
o
llo
ws;
−
Fau
lt a
t O
HL
s
ec
tio
n
;
f
r
o
m
(
1
7
)
<
f
r
o
m
(
1
8
)
(
1
9
)
−
Fau
lt a
t c
ab
le
s
ec
tio
n
;
f
r
o
m
(
1
8
)
<
f
r
o
m
(
1
7
)
(
2
0
)
On
ce
th
e
ac
tu
al
f
au
lted
s
ec
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
d
eter
m
in
ed
,
(
1
6
)
will
b
e
u
s
ed
to
es
tim
ate
th
e
f
a
u
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
at
th
e
f
au
lted
s
ec
tio
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
f
o
r
t
h
at
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
f
a
u
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
esti
m
atio
n
,
(
2
1
)
was
u
s
ed
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
e
r
r
o
r
b
et
wee
n
ac
tu
al
an
d
esti
m
ated
f
a
u
lt lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
%
=
(
)
−
(
)
ℎ
(
)
1
00
(
2
1
)
3.
M
O
DE
L
L
I
NG
AND
S
I
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
o
d
ellin
g
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
cir
cu
it
an
d
th
e
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
lo
ca
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
cir
cu
it
h
as
b
ee
n
m
o
d
elle
d
u
s
in
g
AT
PDr
aw
s
o
f
twar
e
an
d
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
cir
cu
it
ar
e
g
iv
en
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
a
r
am
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
OHL
an
d
ca
b
le
s
ec
tio
n
s
wer
e
tak
en
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
a
ted
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
2
2
0
k
V
an
d
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
is
5
0
Hz.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Hy
b
r
id
cir
c
u
it m
o
d
el
led
u
s
in
g
AT
PDr
aw
s
o
f
twar
e
T
ab
le
1
.
Par
am
eter
s
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
cir
cu
it [
2
8
]
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
OHL
C
a
b
l
e
Le
n
g
t
h
(
k
m)
35
15
P
o
si
t
i
v
e
-
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
R
e
si
s
t
a
n
c
e
,
R
1
0
.
0
3
8
Ω
/
k
m
0
.
0
2
4
Ω
/
k
m
Ze
r
o
-
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
R
e
si
s
t
a
n
c
e
,
R
0
0
.
2
4
8
Ω
/
k
m
0
.
0
3
6
Ω
/
k
m
P
o
si
t
i
v
e
-
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
I
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
,
L
1
0
.
8
9
6
mH
/
k
m
0
.
2
5
6
mH
/
k
m
Ze
r
o
-
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
I
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
,
L
0
2
.
6
8
6
mH
/
k
m
0
.
3
3
2
mH
/
k
m
P
o
si
t
i
v
e
-
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
,
C
1
0
.
0
1
2
9
9
7
μF/
k
m
0
.
4
5
7
6
2
7
μF/
k
m
Ze
r
o
-
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
,
C
0
0
.
0
0
7
1
2
4
μF/
k
m
0
.
4
5
7
6
2
7
μF/
k
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
1
:
639
-
6
4
9
644
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
lo
ca
l
an
d
r
em
o
te
ter
m
in
als
f
o
r
ea
c
h
f
au
lt
ca
s
e
we
r
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
to
Ma
tlab
d
ir
ec
to
r
y
,
lo
ad
ed
in
to
Ma
tlab
wo
r
k
s
p
ac
e,
an
d
th
en
wer
e
u
s
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
l
o
ca
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
e
OHL
an
d
ca
b
le
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
s
wh
ich
wer
e
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
u
s
in
g
Ma
tlab
Simu
lin
k
is
p
r
ese
n
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
I
n
s
id
e
b
o
t
h
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
t
h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
lo
ca
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
s
in
s
id
e
OHL
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
As
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ig
u
r
e
,
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
ter
m
in
als
ar
e
f
ed
as th
e
in
p
u
ts
to
‘
POS SEQ
’
an
d
‘
NE
G
SEQ
’
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
s
wh
ich
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
co
n
v
er
t th
e
p
h
ase
v
alu
es o
f
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
to
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
-
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
v
al
u
es
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
n
,
th
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
v
alu
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
lo
ca
ti
o
n
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
s
to
d
etec
t
th
e
f
a
u
lt
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
an
d
lo
ca
te
th
e
f
au
lt
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
cir
c
u
it.
T
h
e
b
lo
c
k
s
in
s
id
e
ca
b
le
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
h
av
e
th
e
s
am
e
f
o
r
m
with
th
e
b
lo
c
k
s
in
Fig
u
r
e
7.
As
alr
ea
d
y
m
en
tio
n
ed
ea
r
lier
,
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ac
tu
al
f
a
u
lted
s
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
b
o
th
s
e
ctio
n
s
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ch
ec
k
m
eth
o
d
is
u
s
ed
.
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
th
e
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
h
as
o
n
e
m
o
r
e
in
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ch
ec
k
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
wh
ic
h
is
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
w
h
eth
e
r
th
e
f
a
u
lted
s
ec
tio
n
is
OHL
o
r
ca
b
le
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
s
in
s
id
e
t
h
is
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
is
ex
h
ib
ited
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
s
we
r
e
ar
r
an
g
e
d
b
ased
o
n
(
1
9
)
f
o
r
OHL
s
ec
tio
n
an
d
(
2
0
)
f
o
r
ca
b
le
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
-
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
v
alu
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
th
e
in
p
u
ts
to
th
is
v
o
ltag
e
ch
ec
k
e
q
u
atio
n
s.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
OHL
an
d
ca
b
le
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
u
s
in
g
Ma
tla
b
Simu
lin
k
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
b
lo
c
k
s
in
s
id
e
OHL
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
Nex
t,
th
e
b
lo
ck
s
in
s
id
e
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
ar
e
d
is
p
la
y
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
wh
er
e
th
e
b
l
o
ck
s
wer
e
ar
r
an
g
e
d
b
ased
o
n
(
6
)
.
B
o
th
lo
ca
l
an
d
r
em
o
te
p
o
s
itiv
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
c
u
r
r
en
ts
ar
e
ad
d
e
d
to
g
eth
er
to
g
et
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
I
1
F
an
d
th
e
v
alu
e
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
f
au
lt
an
d
p
r
e
-
f
a
u
lt
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
-
f
au
lt
v
al
u
e,
I
1
F,
PRE
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
f
au
lt
v
alu
e,
I
1
F
an
d
o
n
ce
t
h
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
I
1
F
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
t
h
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
e,
th
e
f
au
lt
i
s
d
etec
ted
.
T
h
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
al
u
e
is
eq
u
al
with
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
ettin
g
,
n
m
u
ltip
lied
with
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
f
au
lt
v
alu
e,
I
1
F,
PRE
.
T
h
e
n
w
as
ch
o
s
en
to
b
e
1
.
5
an
d
th
e
s
ettin
g
is
s
u
f
f
icien
t
b
ec
au
s
e
d
u
r
in
g
f
au
lt
co
n
d
itio
n
,
b
o
th
lo
ca
l
an
d
r
em
o
te
cu
r
r
en
ts
will
b
e
in
o
p
p
o
s
ite
d
ir
e
ctio
n
m
ak
i
n
g
th
e
t
o
tal
f
au
l
t c
u
r
r
en
t
b
ec
o
m
in
g
v
er
y
h
ig
h
an
d
th
e
f
a
u
lt c
an
b
e
ea
s
ily
d
et
ec
ted
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Tw
o
-
termin
a
l fa
u
lt d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
lo
ca
tio
n
fo
r
h
yb
r
id
tr
a
n
s
mi
s
s
io
n
circu
it
(
Mu
h
d
Ha
fiz
i I
d
r
is
)
645
T
o
r
ea
lize
th
e
p
r
e
-
f
au
lt
v
alu
e
in
th
e
m
o
d
el,
th
e
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
d
elay
(
d
ash
ed
b
o
x
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
)
b
lo
ck
is
u
s
ed
to
d
elay
th
e
s
u
m
m
atio
n
o
f
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
b
etwe
en
p
o
s
itiv
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
lo
ca
l
a
n
d
r
em
o
t
e
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
f
o
r
o
n
e
cy
cle.
T
h
e
e
x
ac
t
f
a
u
lted
s
ec
tio
n
will
o
n
ly
b
e
d
eter
m
in
e
d
w
h
en
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
g
et
th
e
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
‘
V
L
OGI
C
’
in
p
u
t
(
d
ash
ed
cir
cle
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
)
wh
ich
co
m
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
c
h
ec
k
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
.
T
o
g
et
a
s
t
ab
le
f
a
u
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
v
alu
e,
th
er
e
ar
e
two
d
elay
b
lo
c
k
s
u
s
ed
in
s
id
e
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
wh
e
r
e
o
n
c
e
th
e
t
o
tal
d
ela
y
ed
tim
e
(
2
c
y
cles)
h
as
b
ee
n
ela
p
s
ed
,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
will
b
e
s
t
o
p
p
ed
an
d
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
f
in
al
esti
m
ated
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
will b
e
tak
en
at
t
h
e
in
s
tan
t o
f
th
e
s
to
p
tim
e.
An
o
th
er
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
is
th
e
f
au
l
t
lo
ca
tio
n
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
e
b
lo
ck
s
in
s
id
e
th
is
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
i
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
h
e
a
r
r
an
g
em
en
t o
f
th
e
b
lo
c
k
s
is
b
ased
o
n
(
1
6
)
.
T
h
is
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es
th
e
n
eg
at
iv
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
v
alu
es
as
th
e
in
p
u
ts
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
f
au
lt
p
o
in
t.
T
h
e
cir
c
u
it
im
p
ed
an
ce
is
co
m
p
u
ted
in
s
id
e
‘
C
OM
PUTS
Z
1
’
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
wh
ich
was
ar
r
an
g
e
d
b
ased
o
n
(
9
)
an
d
th
e
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
f
o
r
th
is
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
ea
ch
s
ec
tio
n
wh
eth
er
OHL
o
r
ca
b
le
s
ec
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
b
lo
c
k
s
in
s
id
e
v
o
ltag
e
ch
ec
k
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
b
lo
c
k
s
in
s
id
e
f
a
u
lt d
etec
tio
n
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
h
e
b
l
o
ck
s
in
s
id
e
f
au
lt lo
ca
tio
n
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
1
:
639
-
6
4
9
646
4.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
lo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
cir
cu
it.
All
esti
m
ated
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
s
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
lo
ca
l
ter
m
in
al
f
o
r
f
a
u
lts
at
b
o
th
OHL
an
d
ca
b
le
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
4
.
1
.
F
a
ults a
lo
ng
t
he
c
ircuit
wit
h
f
ix
ed
f
a
ult
t
y
pe
a
nd
f
a
ult
r
esis
t
a
nce
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
lo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
f
au
lts
alo
n
g
th
e
cir
cu
it
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
f
au
lts
wer
e
f
ix
ed
to
s
in
g
le
li
n
e
-
to
-
g
r
o
u
n
d
(
SLG)
f
a
u
lt
ty
p
e
(
p
h
ase
A)
with
f
au
lt
r
esis
ta
n
ce
,
R
F
=1
0
Ω
.
All
f
au
lts
also
h
ad
b
ee
n
i
n
itiated
at
0
.
1
s
an
d
d
is
a
p
p
ea
r
ed
at
0
.
1
6
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
t
ab
le
,
th
er
e
ar
e
6
f
au
lts
at
th
e
OHL
s
ec
tio
n
,
1
f
au
lt a
t th
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
OHL
an
d
ca
b
le
s
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
2
f
au
lts
at
th
e
ca
b
le
s
ec
tio
n
.
I
n
v
iew
o
f
T
a
b
le
2
,
it
ca
n
b
e
n
o
ticed
th
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
d
etec
te
d
all
f
au
lts
alo
n
g
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
cir
cu
it
an
d
c
o
r
r
ec
t
ly
d
ec
id
ed
th
e
f
a
u
lted
s
ec
tio
n
s
wh
eth
er
th
e
f
au
lts
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
at
OHL
o
r
ca
b
le
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
B
o
th
av
er
ag
e
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
er
r
o
r
s
f
o
r
all
f
au
lts
ar
e
less
th
an
1
k
m
an
d
1
%
wh
i
ch
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
h
i
g
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
f
a
u
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Fo
r
f
a
u
lt
at
th
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
OHL
an
d
ca
b
le
s
ec
tio
n
s
(
3
5
k
m
f
r
o
m
lo
c
al
ter
m
in
al)
,
t
h
e
two
OHL
a
n
d
ca
b
le
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
to
r
s
id
e
n
tifie
d
th
e
f
au
lt
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
th
e
f
a
u
lt
to
o
k
p
lace
at
a
v
er
y
n
ea
r
lo
ca
tio
n
o
r
at
th
e
p
o
i
n
t
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
OH
L
an
d
ca
b
le
s
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
b
o
t
h
d
etec
to
r
s
also
g
i
v
e
v
er
y
ac
cu
r
ate
r
esu
lts
o
f
f
au
lt lo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
th
at
f
au
lt c
ase.
T
ab
le
2
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
f
au
lt d
etec
t
io
n
an
d
lo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
f
a
u
lts
alo
n
g
th
e
cir
c
u
it with
f
ix
ed
f
au
lt t
y
p
e
an
d
f
au
lt
r
esis
tan
ce
No
A
c
t
u
a
l
F
a
u
l
t
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
A
c
t
u
a
l
F
a
u
l
t
L
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
k
m)
Est
i
m
a
t
e
d
F
a
u
l
t
Lo
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
k
m)
D
e
t
e
c
t
e
d
F
a
u
l
t
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
|
Er
r
o
r
(
k
m)
|
|
Er
r
o
r
(
%)|
1
OHL
5
5
,
0
1
4
OHL
0
.
0
1
4
0
.
0
2
8
2
OHL
10
10
,
020
OHL
0
.
0
2
0
0
.
0
4
0
3
OHL
15
15
,
010
OHL
0
.
0
1
0
0
.
0
2
0
4
OHL
20
20
,
000
OHL
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
5
OHL
25
25
,
030
OHL
0
.
0
3
0
0
.
0
6
0
6
OHL
30
30
,
120
OHL
0
.
1
2
0
0
.
2
4
0
7
P
O
I
N
T
O
F
C
O
N
N
EC
TI
O
N
35
34
,
950
OHL
0
.
0
5
0
0
.
1
0
0
35
35
,
320
C
A
B
LE
0
.
3
2
0
0
.
6
4
0
8
C
A
B
LE
40
40
,
200
C
A
B
LE
0
.
2
0
0
0
.
4
0
0
9
C
A
B
LE
45
45
,
020
C
A
B
LE
0
.
0
2
0
0
.
0
4
0
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
0
.
0
7
8
0
.
1
5
7
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
0
.
3
2
0
0
.
6
4
0
4
.
2
.
T
he
e
f
f
ec
t
s
o
f
f
a
ult
r
esis
t
a
nce
o
n
f
a
ult
l
o
ca
t
i
o
n
a
cc
ura
cy
T
h
is
test
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
s
t
u
d
y
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
f
a
u
lt
r
esis
tan
ce
o
n
th
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
o
f
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
.
Fau
lt
r
esis
tan
ce
is
an
u
n
k
n
o
wn
v
alu
e
in
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
th
e
v
al
u
e
is
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
f
au
lt
its
elf
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
d
o
u
b
le
lin
e
-
to
-
g
r
o
u
n
d
(
L
L
G)
f
au
lt
(
p
h
ase
AB
)
was
ch
o
s
en
as
th
e
f
au
lt
ty
p
e
wh
er
e
th
e
l
o
ca
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
f
au
lt
wer
e
v
ar
ied
alo
n
g
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
cir
cu
it.
Fo
r
ea
c
h
f
a
u
lt
lo
ca
ti
o
n
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
f
au
lt
ca
s
es
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
au
lt
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
es
s
tar
tin
g
f
r
o
m
lo
w
to
h
ig
h
v
al
u
es
wh
ich
ar
e
5
,
5
0
an
d
1
0
0
Ω
.
All
f
au
lt
ca
s
es
wer
e
in
itiated
at
0
.
1
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
er
r
o
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
esti
m
ati
o
n
ar
e
p
o
r
tr
a
y
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
11.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Fau
lt lo
ca
tio
n
er
r
o
r
s
f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t f
a
u
lt lo
ca
tio
n
s
a
n
d
f
au
lt
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Tw
o
-
termin
a
l fa
u
lt d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
lo
ca
tio
n
fo
r
h
yb
r
id
tr
a
n
s
mi
s
s
io
n
circu
it
(
Mu
h
d
Ha
fiz
i I
d
r
is
)
647
B
ased
o
n
th
e
p
lo
t
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
as
d
if
f
i
cu
lt
to
s
ee
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
f
au
lt
r
esis
tan
ce
o
n
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
f
au
l
t
lo
ca
tio
n
esti
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
f
au
lt
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
ad
d
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tar
y
er
r
o
r
to
th
e
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
esti
m
atio
n
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
u
s
es
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
ter
m
in
als
o
f
th
e
lin
e
th
u
s
th
e
f
au
lt r
esis
tan
ce
p
ar
am
eter
ca
n
b
e
elim
in
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
is
is
n
o
t
th
e
ca
s
e
f
o
r
th
e
f
au
lt lo
ca
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
wh
ich
u
s
e
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
-
en
d
o
n
ly
.
T
h
e
f
au
lt r
esis
tan
ce
pa
r
am
eter
ex
is
ts
in
th
o
s
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
th
u
s
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
f
a
u
lt
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
e
will
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
f
au
lt lo
ca
tio
n
esti
m
atio
n
.
4
.
3
.
Dif
f
er
ent
f
a
ult
t
y
pes
a
nd
f
a
ult
d
et
ec
t
io
n
t
im
e
T
h
e
last
test
is
f
o
r
s
tu
d
y
in
g
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
au
lt
t
y
p
es
o
n
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
esti
m
atio
n
an
d
f
o
r
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
tio
n
tim
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
f
au
lt
lo
c
atio
n
er
r
o
r
a
n
d
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
tim
e
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
i
n
T
ab
le
3
wh
er
e
all
f
au
lt
ca
s
es
wer
e
in
itiated
at
0
.
1
s
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
t
ab
le
,
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
au
lt
ty
p
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
im
u
lated
wh
ich
ar
e
s
in
g
le
li
n
e
-
to
-
g
r
o
u
n
d
(
SLG)
f
au
lt,
lin
e
-
to
-
lin
e
(
L
L
)
f
a
u
lt,
d
o
u
b
le
li
n
e
-
to
-
g
r
o
u
n
d
(
L
L
G)
f
au
lt
an
d
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
(
L
L
L
)
f
a
u
lt.
Fo
r
ea
ch
f
au
lt
t
y
p
e,
f
au
lt
l
o
ca
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
v
ar
ied
with
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
s
f
o
r
ea
c
h
OHL
an
d
ca
b
le
s
ec
tio
n
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
al
f
au
l
t
ty
p
e
also
h
as
b
ee
n
s
et
to
h
av
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
f
a
u
lt
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
e
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
f
au
lt
ty
p
es.
As
b
ee
n
r
ev
ea
le
d
ea
r
lier
,
th
e
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
s
es
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
-
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
v
alu
es
as
t
h
e
in
p
u
ts
.
He
n
ce
,
th
e
o
r
etica
lly
,
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
n
o
t
s
u
i
t
ab
le
to
b
e
u
s
ed
to
l
o
ca
te
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
b
alan
ce
d
f
a
u
lt
wh
er
e
n
eg
ativ
e
-
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
v
alu
es
d
o
n
o
t
ex
is
t.
No
n
et
h
eless
,
in
p
r
ac
tical
s
itu
atio
n
,
th
er
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
at
least
a
s
lig
h
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
o
f
f
au
lt
r
e
s
is
tan
ce
v
alu
es
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
h
ases
.
I
n
s
u
ch
a
w
ay
,
a
s
m
all
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
f
a
u
lt
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
es
will
m
a
k
e
th
e
f
au
lt
to
b
e
in
im
b
alan
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
an
d
as
th
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
,
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
v
al
u
es
will
ex
is
t.
No
tice
th
at
f
o
r
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
(
L
L
L
)
f
au
lt
in
T
ab
le
3
,
th
e
f
au
lt
r
esis
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
p
h
a
s
e
A
an
d
B
(
R
F
(AB)
)
h
as
b
ee
n
s
et
to
h
av
e
a
s
m
all
d
if
f
er
en
ce
with
th
e
f
au
lt
r
esis
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
p
h
ase
B
an
d
C
(
R
F
(BC)
).
As
th
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
3
,
all
f
au
lts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
d
etec
ted
an
d
lo
ca
te
d
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
tim
e
is
0
.
1
2
4
5
s
wh
ich
is
0
.
0
2
4
5
s
(
1
.
2
2
5
cy
c
le)
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
f
r
o
m
f
au
lt
in
itiatio
n
tim
e
(
0
.
1
s
)
.
I
n
th
is
way
,
th
is
p
r
o
v
ed
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
q
u
ic
k
ly
d
etec
t
t
h
e
f
au
lt
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
at
ar
o
u
n
d
1
c
y
cle
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
cir
c
u
it a
n
d
will a
cc
u
r
ately
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
f
au
lted
s
ec
tio
n.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
an
d
m
a
x
im
u
m
e
r
r
o
r
s
f
o
r
all
f
a
u
lt
ca
s
es
wh
ich
co
m
b
in
ed
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
au
lt
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
less
th
an
1
%
an
d
1
k
m
wh
ich
s
h
o
w
th
e
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
also
p
r
o
v
ed
th
at
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
d
etec
t
an
d
lo
c
ate
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
(
L
L
L
)
f
au
lts
ac
cu
r
ately
with
s
m
all
im
b
alan
ce
o
f
f
a
u
lt r
esis
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
h
ases
.
T
ab
le
3
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
f
au
lt d
etec
t
io
n
tim
e
an
d
f
au
lt lo
ca
tio
n
esti
m
atio
n
f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t f
a
u
lt ty
p
e
s
No
F
a
u
l
t
Ty
p
e
s
F
a
u
l
t
R
e
si
st
a
n
c
e
(
o
h
m)
A
c
t
u
a
l
F
a
u
l
t
S
e
c
t
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o
n
A
c
t
u
a
l
F
a
u
l
t
Lo
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
k
m)
D
e
t
e
c
t
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d
F
a
u
l
t
S
e
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t
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Est
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F
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(
k
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Er
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Er
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(
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F
a
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D
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t
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c
t
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Ti
me
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s)
F
a
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Ti
me
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F
a
u
l
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n
i
t
i
a
t
i
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n
Ti
me
(
s)
1
S
LG
10
OHL
9
OHL
9
,
1
9
5
0
.
1
9
5
0
.
3
9
0
0
.
1
2
6
5
0
.
0
2
6
5
2
OHL
18
OHL
18
,
200
0
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2
0
0
0
.
4
0
0
0
.
1
2
6
5
0
.
0
2
6
5
3
OHL
27
OHL
27
,
020
0
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0
2
0
0
.
0
4
0
0
.
1
2
6
5
0
.
0
2
6
5
4
C
A
B
LE
39
C
A
B
LE
39
,
190
0
.
1
9
0
0
.
3
8
0
0
.
1
2
6
5
0
.
0
2
6
5
5
C
A
B
LE
43
C
A
B
LE
43
,
100
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1
0
0
0
.
2
0
0
0
.
1
2
6
5
0
.
0
2
6
5
6
C
A
B
LE
47
C
A
B
LE
47
,
040
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0
4
0
0
.
0
8
0
0
.
1
2
6
5
0
.
0
2
6
5
7
LL
30
OHL
9
OHL
9
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2
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9
0
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2
0
9
0
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4
1
8
0
.
1
2
3
0
0
.
0
2
3
0
8
OHL
18
OHL
18
,
180
0
.
1
8
0
0
.
3
6
0
0
.
1
2
3
5
0
.
0
2
3
5
9
OHL
27
OHL
27
,
120
0
.
1
2
0
0
.
2
4
0
0
.
1
2
3
5
0
.
0
2
3
5
10
C
A
B
LE
39
C
A
B
LE
39
,
080
0
.
0
8
0
0
.
1
6
0
0
.
1
2
3
5
0
.
0
2
3
5
11
C
A
B
LE
43
C
A
B
LE
43
,
040
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0
4
0
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.
0
8
0
0
.
1
2
3
5
0
.
0
2
3
5
12
C
A
B
LE
47
C
A
B
LE
47
,
000
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
1
2
3
5
0
.
0
2
3
5
13
LLG
50
OHL
9
OHL
9
,
2
8
3
0
.
2
8
3
0
.
5
6
6
0
.
1
2
3
5
0
.
0
2
3
5
14
OHL
18
OHL
18
,
170
0
.
1
7
0
0
.
3
4
0
0
.
1
2
4
0
0
.
0
2
4
0
15
OHL
27
OHL
27
,
150
0
.
1
5
0
0
.
3
0
0
0
.
1
2
4
0
0
.
0
2
4
0
16
C
A
B
LE
39
C
A
B
LE
38
,
960
0
.
0
4
0
0
.
0
8
0
0
.
1
2
3
5
0
.
0
2
3
5
17
C
A
B
LE
43
C
A
B
LE
42
,
940
0
.
0
6
0
0
.
1
2
0
0
.
1
2
3
5
0
.
0
2
3
5
18
C
A
B
LE
47
C
A
B
LE
46
,
980
0
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0
2
0
0
.
0
4
0
0
.
1
2
3
5
0
.
0
2
3
5
19
LLL
R
F
(A
B)
=
6
8
Ω
,
R
F
(BC)
=
7
2
Ω
OHL
9
OHL
9
,
2
0
2
0
.
2
0
2
0
.
4
0
4
0
.
1
2
4
5
0
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0
2
4
5
20
OHL
18
OHL
18
,
170
0
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1
7
0
0
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3
4
0
0
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1
2
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5
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0
2
4
5
21
OHL
27
OHL
27
,
150
0
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1
5
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3
0
0
0
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1
2
4
5
0
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0
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5
22
C
A
B
LE
39
C
A
B
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39
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140
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4
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2
8
0
0
.
1
2
4
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23
C
A
B
LE
43
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24
C
A
B
LE
47
C
A
B
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47
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6
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h
is
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s
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cc
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u
lly
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ase
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o
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f
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Fu
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en
tal
R
esear
ch
Gr
an
t
Sch
em
e
(
FR
GS)
u
n
d
er
a
g
r
a
n
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
FR
GS/1
/2
0
1
9
/TK
0
7
/UNI
MA
P/0
3
/2
f
r
o
m
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Hig
h
e
r
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Ma
lay
s
ia.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
M
.
H.
I
d
ris,
N.
H.
H
u
ss
in
,
M
.
B.
Am
irru
d
d
i
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
A
h
m
a
d
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
S
imu
lati
o
n
o
f
In
v
e
rse
Ti
m
e
Ov
e
rc
u
rre
n
t
Re
lay
Us
in
g
M
a
tl
a
b
/S
imu
li
n
k
,
”
in
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Au
t
o
ma
ti
c
Co
n
tro
l
a
n
d
In
telli
g
e
n
t
S
y
ste
ms
(I2
CACI
S
)
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
4
0
–
4
4
.
[2
]
K.
Ra
m
a
r,
H.
S
.
L
o
w,
a
n
d
E.
E
.
Ng
u
,
“
On
e
-
e
n
d
imp
e
d
a
n
c
e
b
a
se
d
fa
u
lt
l
o
c
a
ti
o
n
in
d
o
u
b
le
-
c
ircu
it
tra
n
sm
issio
n
l
in
e
s
with
d
if
fe
re
n
t
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
ti
o
n
s,”
In
t
.
J
.
El
e
c
tr.
Po
we
r
E
n
e
rg
y
S
y
st.
,
v
o
l.
6
4
,
p
p
.
1
1
5
9
-
1
1
6
5
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
ij
e
p
e
s.2
0
1
4
.
0
9
.
0
0
6
.
[3
]
O.
Na
id
u
,
N.
G
e
o
rg
e
,
a
n
d
As
h
o
k
S
.
,
“
An
a
c
c
u
ra
te
fa
u
lt
l
o
c
a
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
fo
r
ra
d
ial
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
s
y
ste
m
u
sin
g
o
n
e
term
in
a
l
d
a
ta,”
in
2
0
1
5
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
me
n
ts
in
P
o
we
r
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
(T
AP
En
e
rg
y
)
,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
1
8
7
–
1
9
2
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TAP
ENERG
Y.2
0
1
5
.
7
2
2
9
6
1
5
.
[4
]
A.
S
we
tap
a
d
m
a
a
n
d
A
.
Ya
d
a
v
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
si
n
g
le
-
e
n
d
e
d
fa
u
lt
l
o
c
a
ti
o
n
sc
h
e
m
e
fo
r
p
a
ra
ll
e
l
tra
n
sm
issio
n
li
n
e
s
u
si
n
g
k
-
n
e
a
re
st
n
e
ig
h
b
o
r
a
l
g
o
r
it
h
m
,
”
Co
mp
u
t.
El
e
c
tr.
En
g
.
,
v
o
l.
6
9
,
n
o
.
M
a
y
,
p
p
.
4
1
–
5
3
,
Ju
l.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
c
o
m
p
e
lec
e
n
g
.
2
0
1
8
.
0
5
.
0
2
4
.
[5
]
F
.
V.
Lo
p
e
s
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
M
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
Two
-
Term
in
a
l
Tra
v
e
li
n
g
Wa
v
e
-
Ba
se
d
F
a
u
lt
L
o
c
a
ti
o
n
El
imin
a
ti
n
g
th
e
Ne
e
d
f
o
r
Li
n
e
P
a
ra
m
e
ters
a
n
d
Ti
m
e
S
y
n
c
h
ro
n
iza
ti
o
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s.
P
o
we
r
De
li
v
.
,
v
o
l.
3
4
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
1
2
3
–
2
1
3
4
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
9
,
do
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
P
WRD.
2
0
1
9
.
2
8
9
1
5
3
8
.
[6
]
F
.
P
o
u
d
i
n
e
h
-
E
b
ra
h
imi
a
n
d
M
.
G
h
a
z
iz
a
d
e
h
-
Ah
sa
e
e
,
“
Ac
c
u
ra
te
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
si
v
e
fa
u
l
t
l
o
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
g
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
two
-
term
in
a
l
tra
n
sm
issio
n
li
n
e
s,
”
IET
Ge
n
e
r.
T
ra
n
sm
.
Distri
b
.
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
9
,
p
p
.
4
3
3
4
–
4
3
4
0
,
Oc
t.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/i
e
t
-
g
td
.
2
0
1
8
.
6
0
8
4
.
[7
]
J.
R.
G
a
m
a
,
E.
J.
Leite,
a
n
d
F
.
V.
Lo
p
e
s,
“
P
a
ra
m
e
tri
c
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
tw
o
-
term
in
a
l
fa
u
lt
l
o
c
a
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
u
n
sy
n
c
h
r
o
n
ize
d
d
a
ta,”
in
2
0
1
8
S
imp
o
sio
Bra
sileiro
d
e
S
istem
a
s
El
e
trico
s
(
S
B
S
E)
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/S
BS
E.
2
0
1
8
.
8
3
9
5
7
1
3
.
[8
]
M
.
H.
Id
r
is,
M
.
Ra
fi
A
d
z
m
a
n
,
M
.
F
a
rid
u
n
,
N.
Taj
u
d
d
in
,
a
n
d
A.
Z.
Ab
d
u
l
lah
,
“
Wi
d
e
Are
a
F
a
u
lt
Lo
c
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
P
o
we
r
Tran
sm
issio
n
Ne
two
r
k
u
sin
g
Re
a
c
tan
c
e
Ba
se
d
M
e
th
o
d
,
”
i
n
2
0
1
8
I
EE
E
7
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Po
we
r
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
(PE
C
o
n
)
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
3
8
–
143
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/P
ECON.
2
0
1
8
.
8
6
8
4
0
3
1
.
[9
]
S
.
H.
M
o
rtaz
a
v
i,
M
.
H.
Ja
v
id
i,
a
n
d
E.
Ka
m
y
a
b
,
“
Ro
b
u
st
Wi
d
e
Are
a
F
a
u
lt
Lo
c
a
ti
o
n
Co
n
sid
e
rin
g
Ne
two
r
k
P
a
ra
m
e
ters
Err
o
r,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r
De
li
v
.
,
v
o
l.
3
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
8
6
–
7
9
4
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
P
WRD.
2
0
1
9
.
2
8
9
7
4
0
2
.
[1
0
]
Z.
Li
,
Y.
Ch
e
n
g
,
X.
Wan
g
,
Z.
Li
,
a
n
d
H.
Wen
g
,
“
S
t
u
d
y
o
n
wid
e
-
a
re
a
trav
e
li
n
g
wa
v
e
fa
u
lt
li
n
e
se
l
e
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
fa
u
lt
lo
c
a
ti
o
n
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
,
”
I
n
t.
T
ra
n
s
.
El
e
c
tr.
En
e
rg
y
S
y
st.
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/ete
p
.
2
6
3
2
.
[1
1
]
R.
B.
S
h
a
rm
a
a
n
d
G
.
M
.
Dh
o
le,
“
Wi
d
e
Are
a
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
P
o
we
r
S
y
ste
m
s,”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
T
e
c
h
n
o
l.
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
n
o
.
Ra
e
re
st,
p
p
.
7
1
8
–
7
2
5
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
p
ro
tcy
.
2
0
1
6
.
0
8
.
1
6
5
.
[1
2
]
M
.
Ne
m
a
ti
,
M
.
Big
d
e
li
,
a
n
d
A
.
G
h
o
rb
a
n
i,
“
Im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
-
Ba
se
d
F
a
u
lt
Lo
c
a
ti
o
n
Alg
o
rit
h
m
fo
r
Do
u
b
le
-
Circ
u
it
Tran
sm
issio
n
Li
n
e
s
Us
in
g
S
in
g
le
-
En
d
Da
ta,”
J
.
Co
n
tro
l.
A
u
t
o
m.
El
e
c
tr.
S
y
st.
,
v
o
l.
3
1
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
2
6
7
–
1
2
7
7
,
Oc
t
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/s
4
0
3
1
3
-
0
2
0
-
0
0
6
2
0
-
w
.
[1
3
]
L.
Wan
g
,
Z
.
De
n
g
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
a
,
“
F
a
u
lt
Lo
c
a
ti
o
n
M
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
Ne
two
r
k
Ba
se
d
o
n
Im
p
r
o
v
e
d
Ap
p
a
re
n
t
Im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
,
”
in
2
0
1
9
IEE
E
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le
Po
we
r
a
n
d
E
n
e
rg
y
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(iS
PE
C)
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
2
5
5
6
–
2
5
6
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/i
S
P
EC4
8
1
9
4
.
2
0
1
9
.
8
9
7
4
8
8
2
.
[1
4
]
S
.
Di
d
e
h
v
a
r
a
n
d
R.
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
i
Ch
a
b
a
n
lo
o
,
“
Ac
c
u
ra
te
e
stim
a
ti
n
g
re
m
o
te
e
n
d
e
q
u
iv
a
len
t
im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
fo
r
a
d
a
p
t
iv
e
one
-
e
n
d
e
d
fa
u
lt
lo
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
El
e
c
tr.
Po
we
r
S
y
st.
Res
.
,
v
o
l.
1
7
0
,
n
o
.
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
9
4
–
2
0
4
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
e
p
sr.2
0
1
9
.
0
1
.
0
1
1
.
[1
5
]
M
.
P
a
r
si,
P
.
Cro
ss
ley
,
P
.
L.
Dra
g
o
tt
i,
a
n
d
D.
Co
le,
“
Wa
v
e
let
b
a
se
d
fa
u
lt
l
o
c
a
ti
o
n
o
n
p
o
we
r
tran
sm
issio
n
li
n
e
s
u
si
n
g
re
a
l
-
wo
rld
tra
v
e
ll
in
g
wa
v
e
d
a
t
a
,
”
El
e
c
tr.
P
o
we
r
S
y
st.
Res
.
,
v
o
l.
1
8
6
,
n
o
.
Ju
n
e
,
p
.
1
0
6
2
6
1
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
e
p
sr.2
0
2
0
.
1
0
6
2
6
1
.
[1
6
]
Z.
Ji
a
n
we
n
,
H.
Hu
i
,
G
.
Yu
,
H.
Y
o
n
g
p
i
n
g
,
G
.
S
h
u
p
in
g
,
a
n
d
L.
Jia
n
a
n
,
“
S
i
n
g
le
-
p
h
a
se
g
ro
u
n
d
fa
u
lt
lo
c
a
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
fo
r
d
istri
b
u
t
io
n
n
e
two
r
k
b
a
se
d
o
n
trav
e
li
n
g
wa
v
e
ti
m
e
-
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
,
”
El
e
c
tr.
Po
we
r S
y
st.
Res
.
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
6
,
n
o
.
M
a
rc
h
,
p
.
1
0
6
4
0
1
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
0
,
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