Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
1
,
J
an
ua
ry
201
8
, p
p.
191
~
197
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijeecs
.
v9.i
1
.
pp
1
91
-
197
191
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Nat
u
ra
l
Dy
es fro
m Rosell
e Flow
er
as a S
en
sitizer
in Dye
-
Sensitiz
ed
Solar Cell (
DS
SC)
S. Day
ang
1
*
,
M.
Irw
anto
2
,
N.
Gom
esh
3
,
B
. I
sm
ail
4
1
,2
,4
Ce
ntre of Ex
ce
l
le
nc
e
for
Ren
ewa
ble E
n
erg
y
,
School
of
Elec
tr
i
ca
l
S
y
st
em E
ngi
nee
ring
,
Univ
ersit
i
M
al
a
y
si
a
Per
l
is
(UniMA
P),
Pauh
02600
Perl
is,
Malay
s
ia
2
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Inst
it
ut
T
eknol
ogi
Meda
n
(IT
M) Meda
n
,
2
0217
North
Sum
at
er
a, I
ndonesi
a
3
Engi
ne
eri
ng
D
e
par
tment, Schoo
l
of
Engi
n
ee
ring
Com
puti
ng
&
B
uil
t Envi
ronm
ent,
KD
U Pena
ng
Univer
sit
y
Co
ll
e
ge,
Pulau
Pinang
,
M
al
a
y
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
2
9
, 201
7
Re
vised
N
ov
18
, 2
01
7
Accepte
d
Dec
4
, 2
01
7
Hibiscus
Sabdar
iffa
L
.
wel
l
kno
wn
as
Rosell
e
f
l
ower
was
used
a
s
sensiti
ze
rs
for
D
y
e
-
Sensi
tized
Solar
C
el
l
(DS
SC
).
The
d
y
es
wer
e
ex
tr
ac
t
ed
using
disti
lled
wat
er
(
DI)
and
et
h
anol
(E)
ext
r
act
solv
ent
in
an
ult
r
aso
nic
c
le
an
er
for
30
m
inut
es
with
a
fre
qu
ency
of
37
Hz
b
y
using
‘
dega
s
’
m
ode
at
th
e
te
m
per
at
ur
e
of
30°.
Doctor
blade
m
et
hod
was
appl
i
ed
in
the
f
abr
icati
on
of
ti
ta
n
ium
dioxi
de
(Ti
O
2
)
on
I
TO
gla
ss
.
Abs
orpti
on
spec
tra
of
Roselle
d
y
e
wi
t
h
diffe
re
n
t
extrac
t
solvent
wer
e
te
st
ed
using
Evol
uti
on
20
1
UV
-
Vis
Spect
rophotom
e
te
r.
Fourier
-
Tra
n
sform
Infra
re
d
(
FTIR)
was
u
sed
to
ide
ntif
y
the
func
ti
ona
l
a
ct
iv
e
group
in
e
xtra
c
t
d
y
e.
B
ase
d
on
FTIR
re
sult,
th
e
broa
d
absorpti
on
at
pe
ak
2889
cm
-
1
,
2
976
cm
-
1
,
and
3
366
cm
-
1
at
tri
bute
d
to
the
O
-
H
stret
chi
ng
which
is
the
pre
senc
e
of
h
y
dro
x
y
l
group
.
The
use
Fiel
d
Emiss
ion
Scanni
ng
El
e
ct
ron
Mi
cro
scop
y
(FESE
M)
and
Ene
rg
y
-
Dispersive
Spect
roscop
y
(E
DS
)
ana
l
y
sis
are
to
cha
ra
ct
er
ize
t
he
surfac
e
m
orpholog
y
a
nd
el
ement
in
the T
i
O
2
thi
n
f
il
m
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
A
nt
ho
cy
a
nin
D
ye
-
se
ns
it
iz
ed
so
la
r
cell
R
os
el
le
S
olv
e
nts
S
pectr
um
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
S. Day
an
g
,
Ce
ntre of
E
xc
e
ll
ence for
Re
ne
wab
le
Ene
rg
y,
School
of
Ele
c
tric
al
System
En
gi
neer
i
ng,
Un
i
ve
rsiti
Mal
ay
sia
Per
li
s (U
niMAP
),
Pauh
02600 Pe
rlis, Ma
la
ysi
a
.
Em
a
il
:
dayangsur
ia
nin
i@
gma
il
.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
W
it
h
the
inc
re
ase
of
the
hum
an
po
pu
la
ti
on
nowa
days, m
uch
m
or
e ele
ct
rici
ty
is n
eeded
in
the n
e
xt 30
ye
ars.
T
he
c
ha
ll
eng
es
t
hat
we
ha
ve
to
face
a
re
the
increa
se
in
power
co
nsum
ption
.
T
he
r
apidly
inc
reasi
ng
of
fo
ssil
f
uel
c
on
s
um
ption
a
nd
e
xcessi
ve
gr
ee
nhouse
gas
em
issi
o
n
has
a
ff
ect
ed
the
e
nv
ir
on
m
ental
su
r
rou
nd
i
ng
[1
-
3]
.
Th
us,
the
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
ren
e
wa
ble
en
erg
ie
s
bec
om
e
s
a
fo
cus
as
an
al
te
rn
at
ive
to
dep
le
t
e
the
use
of
f
os
s
il
fu
el
s.
The
m
os
t
a
bundant
a
nd
rem
ark
able
energy
s
ource
is
the
photov
oltai
c
or
s
olar
en
ergy
wh
ic
h
c
onve
rts so
la
r
en
e
r
g
y d
irect
ly
into elect
rical
en
er
gy t
hro
ugh
s
olar
c
el
ls [4
]
.
The
new
i
nnovat
ive
m
et
ho
d
Dye
-
Se
ns
it
iz
ed
S
olar
Ce
ll
(
DS
SC
)
has
ca
ught
rece
nt
at
te
ntion
due
to
their
lo
w
co
st,
ease
of
fa
br
ic
at
ion
a
nd
e
nviro
nm
ental
ly
fr
i
end
ly
s
ources
of
te
c
hnology
[5]
.
T
he
DS
S
C
wa
s
first
introd
uce
d
in
1991
by
O’
Re
gan
a
nd
Gr
at
zel
[6
]
.
T
he
highest
eff
i
ci
ency
betwee
n
10
-
12%
has
been
recorde
d
by
us
in
g
m
et
a
l
Ruthe
niu
m
(R
u)
wh
ic
h
is
consi
der
e
d
th
e
best
dyes
f
or
DS
SC.
H
oweve
r
,
the
disa
dvanta
ge
of
us
i
ng
Ru
is
a
di
ff
ic
ult
purificat
io
n,
high
c
os
t
an
d
ca
usi
ng
t
he
e
nv
i
ronm
ental
i
m
pac
t
[7
]
.
Th
us
,
the
nat
ur
al
dyes
we
r
e
beco
m
e
a
pr
op
os
ed
s
ol
ution
t
o
re
place
the
Ru
w
hic
h
is
a
low
-
c
ost
and
env
i
ronm
ental
f
rien
dly dye
se
ns
it
iz
er.
The
DS
SC
c
om
po
sed
of
a
dy
e
,
phot
oelect
r
od
e
,
el
ect
r
olyt
e,
co
unte
r
el
ec
tro
des,
a
nd
s
ubstrat
es
glass.
Seve
ral
researc
her
s
wer
e
f
ocused
to
inv
est
i
ga
te
the
factor
s
aff
ect
in
g
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
dye
-
se
ns
it
iz
ed
so
la
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vol
.
9
,
No.
1
,
Jan
ua
ry
201
8
:
19
1
–
197
192
cel
l. Com
par
ison
e
xtracti
ng s
olv
e
nt f
r
om
d
e
-
io
nized wat
er
and
et
hanol w
a
s inv
est
igate
d by LK
Si
ngh
e
t al
[
8]
wh
ic
h
ha
ve
c
onve
rsion
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
of
1.3
7%
and
0.7
2%
res
pecti
vely
.
The
cel
l
fab
ricat
ed
us
in
g
dye
e
xtr
act
in
et
hanol
degra
de
s
faster
than
the
cel
l
fab
ricat
ed
in
de
-
i
on
iz
e
d
water.
T
his
unde
rly
ing
rea
so
n
is
that
the
dye
is
no
t
pro
per
ly
so
lu
ble
in
et
ha
no
l
a
nd
func
ti
on
al
groups
are
no
t
pro
pe
rly
at
ta
ched
to
the
TiO
2
s
urface
.
M
Murugiah
e
t
al
[9
]
con
str
ucted
a
n
ex
perim
ent
at
diff
er
ent
tem
per
at
ure
of
25
0°
C
an
d
500°C
.
T
he
resu
l
t
sh
ows
that
the
higher
te
m
per
at
ur
e
an
neali
ng
conditi
on
gav
e
sign
ific
ant
out
com
e
in
pr
od
uc
ing
hi
gh
e
r
gra
de
of
Zn
O
with r
e
duced i
m
pu
rity
an
d
inc
rease
d
a
bs
or
ption
inte
nsi
ty
.
AK
M M
ua
z et al
[
10
]
r
eported that at a hig
he
r
ann
eal
in
g
te
m
per
at
ur
es
,
the
band
ga
p
bet
w
een
the
valen
c
e
band
an
d
co
nductio
n
ba
nds
becam
e
s
m
aller
and
conseq
ue
ntly
,
s
m
al
le
r
energy
was
us
e
d
for
el
ect
rons
to
be
e
xcite
d
f
ro
m
the
va
le
nce
ba
nd
t
o
the
cond
uction b
an
d.
Hu
iz
hi
Zh
ou
et
al
[1
1]
ha
d
propose
d
twe
nty
natu
ral
dyes
ex
tract
ed
f
ro
m
natur
al
dyes
in
s
urr
oundin
g.
Ma
ngos
te
en
pe
ricarp
e
xtract
has
ac
hieve
d
the
hi
gh
e
st
co
nversi
on
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
1.1
7%
a
nd
anth
ocyanin
c
on
ta
i
n
in
this
extract
are
the
fact
ors
ef
fected
of
the
high
ef
fi
ci
ency.
V
S
ha
nm
ug
am
e
t
al
[12]
de
velo
pe
d
the
perform
ance
of
D
SSC
us
in
g
natu
ral
dyes
extracts
from
fruit
s
of
ivy
gour
d
an
d
re
d
fr
a
ng
i
pan
i
flo
wer
s
.
The
prese
nce
of
a
nthocy
ani
n
in
al
co
ho
li
c
group
dem
onstrat
ed
the
im
pro
ved
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
in
re
d
fr
a
ng
i
pan
i
flo
wer
s
with
0.30%
c
onversi
on
ef
fici
enc
y.
Ca
rbo
nyl
and
hy
dro
xyl
gro
up
s
prese
nt
in
the
a
nt
hocy
anin
m
olecules
can
be
bonded
to
the
su
rf
ace
of
a
porous
TiO
2
fil
m
.
This
m
akes
el
ect
r
on
tra
ns
fe
r
f
r
om
the
anth
ocyanin
m
olecule t
o
the
c
onduct
ion ba
nd
of TiO
2
feasi
ble [1
3].
Rosell
e
al
so
known
as
Hi
biscus
Sa
bd
a
ri
ff
a
is
a
tr
opic
al
wild
plant
belo
ngin
g
t
o
Ma
lvacea
e
fam
i
ly
[
14
]
.
Rosell
e
is
chosen
as
a
pote
ntial
cand
idate
for
dye
-
se
ns
i
ti
zed
so
la
r
cel
l
since
it
is
r
ic
h
in
anth
ocyanin
s,
and
co
uld
be
us
e
d
as
a
go
od
s
ource
f
or
pro
duci
ng
a
br
il
li
a
nt
red
col
orant
f
or
m
any
fo
ods.
It
was rep
ort
ed
t
hat an
t
ho
cy
a
ni
n ob
ta
ine
d fro
m
R
os
el
la
are d
el
phinidi
n
a
nd cya
ni
din
c
om
plexes
(F
ig
ure 1
)
[15
]
.
Figure
1. Str
uc
ture of
the
del
phinidi
n
a
nd cy
anidin
1.1
.
W
orkin
g Pri
ncipl
es of
DS
S
C
The pr
ocess
f
l
ow and c
r
os
s s
ect
ion
of DSS
C
are
s
how
n
i
n Fi
gure
2.
Figure
2. Cr
os
s
secti
on of
DSSC
As
the
s
un
li
ght
strikes
on
the
su
r
face
of
D
S
SC,
the
dye
m
olecules
c
ollec
t
photons
an
d
pro
du
ce
t
he
excit
ed
el
ect
r
on
s
.
Li
ght
pa
sses
th
rou
gh
the
t
ran
s
pa
r
ent
a
node
a
nd
ex
ci
te
s
the
dye
m
olecules
.
The
e
xcite
d
dy
e
m
olecules
inj
ect
el
ect
r
ons
into
th
e
co
nductio
n
ba
nd
of
t
he
TiO
2
la
ye
r
w
hich
act
s
as
a
sem
ic
on
duct
or
.
The
dye
m
olecules
that
lo
st
el
ect
ro
ns
are
t
hen
oxidi
ze
d.
The
in
j
ect
e
d
el
ect
rons
tra
vel
t
hro
ugh
the
na
no
-
por
ous
TiO
2
thi
n
fil
m
toward
the
t
ran
s
pa
ren
t
c
ondu
ct
ive
el
ect
rode
(
w
orkin
g
el
ect
rode)
a
nd
re
ach
t
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Natur
al D
ye
s f
ro
m
R
os
el
le
Flower
as
a Se
nsi
ti
zer in D
ye
-
Se
ns
it
i
zed So
l
ar C
el
l (
DS
SC)
(
S.
D
ayan
g
)
193
a
load
w
he
re
w
ork
is
pe
rfor
m
ed
a
nd
de
li
vered
in
the
f
or
m
of
el
ect
rical
en
erg
y.
The
el
ect
rons
now
tra
ve
l
back
thr
ough a
n
e
xtern
al
l
oad an
d reach
the c
ount
er elect
r
od
e
and th
us com
plete
the
whole cir
cuit [
16
]
.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2.1
.
M
ateri
als
The
m
at
erial
s
us
e
d
are
Tit
ani
um
Diox
id
e
(
T
iO
2
)
paste,
Tri
ton
X
-
10
0,
di
s
ti
ll
ed
water
(DI)
,
et
ha
no
l
,
Indium
ti
n
oxide
(ITO
)
c
oated
glass
sli
de.
T
he
m
et
hod
of
fabrica
ti
on
a
nd
e
xtrac
ti
on
al
so
c
an
be
ref
e
rr
e
d
at
[17
-
18
]
.
2.2
.
Prep
ar
at
i
on
of Na
tu
r
al
Dy
e
Sensi
tiz
er
Ext
r
ac
ts
Fo
r
r
os
el
le
dye o
f wei
ght 1
0
g were
c
ut into
s
m
al
l piec
es and
cr
ushed usin
g
a m
or
ta
r
unti
l a li
qu
efi
e
d
paste
was
for
m
ed
as
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
3.
The
rosel
le
dy
e
then
im
m
ersed
in
the
so
l
ve
nt
w
hich
c
onsist
s
of
disti
ll
ed
water
(DI)
a
nd
et
ha
nol
(E
)
at
r
oom
tem
per
at
ur
e
a
nd
the
n
placed
i
nto
t
he
ultras
onic
cl
eane
r
as
sh
own
in
Fig
ur
e
4.
T
he
ultraso
nic
is
us
e
d
to
f
ur
t
her
extract
col
or
e
d
dye
pig
m
ent
for
30
m
inu
te
s
with
a
f
reque
nc
y
of
37 H
z
b
y
us
i
ng ‘
deg
as
’ m
od
e
at
the tem
per
at
ur
e
of
30°C.
Figure
3. Pr
e
pa
rati
on of
ro
sel
l
e
dye se
ns
it
iz
er e
xtract
Figure
4. Ext
ra
ct
ing
c
olored
dy
e u
sin
g
ultraso
nic cle
a
ner
2.3
.
Prep
ar
at
i
on
of ITO
g
l
ass
Figure
5
s
how
,
t
he
I
TO
glass
was
cl
ea
ned
an
d
ri
ns
e
d
us
in
g
et
hanol.
T
o
prepare
a
TiO
2
pa
ste
,
5
g
of
TiO
2
pow
der
a
nd
3
dro
ps
of
Triton
X
-
100
was
m
ixed.
Th
is
m
ixtur
e
was
sti
rr
ed
well
un
ti
l
even
ly
distrib
uted
and
t
urns
int
o
a
ho
m
og
e
neous
s
olu
ti
on
us
i
ng
a
glass
r
od
or
a
s
patula.
The
sc
otch
ta
pe
was
paste
d
on
t
he
cond
uctive
sid
e
of
IT
O
glass
to
fix
the
act
ive
area
as
2
c
m
2
(1
cm
x
1c
m
).
The
n,
ap
ply
the
TiO
2
paste
and
the
su
s
pen
si
on
wa
s
sp
rea
d
unif
orm
l
y
by
us
i
ng
glass
sti
rr
in
g
rod
on
IT
O
gl
ass.
This
m
et
h
od
is
well
known
as
do
ct
or
bla
de
m
et
ho
d.
T
wo
coated
glass
t
he
n
was
placed
on
the
hot
plate
at
a
tem
perat
ur
e
of
45
0°
C
for
30
m
inu
te
s
and
w
as
kep
t
c
oo
l
f
or
15
m
inu
te
s
at
room
tem
per
atu
re
.
O
ne
IT
O
glass
ti
ta
nia
w
as
dip
int
o
the
ro
sel
le
dye ext
ract sol
ution f
or a
day.
Mea
nwhile
, a
no
t
her IT
O gla
ss w
as
left
with it
s
or
igi
nal
pure
TiO
2
.
Figure
5. Pr
e
pa
rati
on of Ti
O
2
paste
on the
IT
O glass
2.4
.
C
ha
r
ac
te
ri
z
at
ion
an
d
Measurem
en
t
The
wa
velen
gt
h
of
li
gh
t
abs
orbe
d
was
te
ste
d
us
i
ng
E
vo
l
ution
201
U
V
-
Vis
Sp
ect
r
ophotom
et
er
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
6
wh
ic
h
us
e
d
to
determ
ine
t
he
abs
orba
nce
rate
in
the
visible
li
gh
t
sp
ect
r
um
and
the
intensit
y
com
po
sit
ion
s of
dye
col
or.
Th
e
b
an
d
gap
o
f
dye
abs
orbe
d
by
TiO
2
su
r
face d
et
erm
ines
by
u
sin
g
the f
orm
ula
in
Eq
uation
(
1).
Wh
e
re
h
is
the
Planck
’s
co
nst
ant,
c
is
the
s
peed,
λ
is
the
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
an
d
E
sta
nd
for
photon
energy [
14]
.
T
he nu
m
erical
val
ue
of t
he
sym
bo
ls
are:
h
=
6.6
3 x 10
-
34
J
s,
c
=
3.0 x
10
8
m
/s,
1eV =
1.60 x 1
0
-
19
J.
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on
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n
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E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vol
.
9
,
No.
1
,
Jan
ua
ry
201
8
:
19
1
–
197
194
hc
(1)
The
a
bsor
ptio
n
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
det
erm
ines
how
f
ar
int
o
a
m
at
er
ia
l;
a
li
gh
t
of
a
pa
rtic
ular
wa
ve
le
ng
th
ca
n
pen
et
rate
before
it
is
abso
rb
e
d.
T
he
abs
orpt
ion
c
oeffici
ent
of
the
re
sp
ect
ive
wa
velen
gth
s
is
obta
ined
by
th
e
div
isi
on
of the
abs
orb
ance
w
it
h
the
w
a
velen
gt
h
s
hown in
Eq
uation
(
2).
Ab
s
orptio
n
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt,
k
4
(2)
Wh
e
re
λ
(
nm
)
is
ta
ken
from
t
he
cuto
ff
wa
ve
le
ng
th
of
the
dy
es
and
K
is
th
e
Bolt
z
m
an
con
sta
nt
with
value
of
8.617 x
10
-
5
e
V/K.
Figure
6. U
V
-
Vis
S
pectr
ophotom
et
er
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
3.1.
UV
-
Vis
A
bso
rp
tio
n
S
pe
ctra A
na
l
ys
is
The
ab
sorptio
n
sp
ect
ra
of
the
Rosell
e
dye
sam
ples
wh
ic
h
wer
e
diluted
in
disti
ll
ed
water
(R
-
D
I)
a
nd
et
hanol
(R
-
E
)
wer
e
m
easur
e
d
us
i
ng
U
V
-
V
is
Sp
ect
r
ophotom
et
er
as
sh
own
i
n
Fig
ur
e
7.
A
li
gh
t
re
d
colo
red
so
luti
on
of
r
ose
ll
e
dye
was
obser
ve
d
extrac
te
d
by
us
i
ng
di
sti
ll
ed
water
com
par
ed
to
r
ose
ll
e
extracte
d
with
et
hanol
w
hich
sh
ows
t
he
dee
p
re
d
col
or
e
d
so
luti
on.
F
r
om
Figure
7,
the
m
axi
m
u
m
peak
of
R
-
DI
is
490
nm
wh
ic
h
a
bsor
b
t
he
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
from
40
0
nm
to
600
nm
.
The
pea
k
of
an
a
bs
orptio
n
s
pectr
um
of
R
-
E
is
54
0
n
m
in
the
ra
ng
e
of
480
nm
to
62
0
nm
.
This
absor
ption
rang
e
of
400
nm
t
o
60
0
nm
pr
oved
t
he
prese
nc
e
of
anth
ocyanin
pi
gm
ent
of
ro
sel
le
.
Rosell
e
is
po
te
ntial
ly
a
go
od
s
ource
an
d
good
c
olo
ra
nt
since
it
c
onta
in
s
high a
nthocy
an
in
.
Figure
7. A
bso
rp
ti
on s
pectra
of Rosell
e e
xtr
act
ed
usi
ng
Disti
ll
ed W
at
er
(
R
-
DI) a
nd Et
ha
no
l
(R
-
E)
Table
1.
Photo
n
e
nergy a
nd a
bs
or
ption coe
ffi
ci
ent o
f
n
at
ur
a
l dyes
Dy
es
Extract Solv
en
t
Peak
abs
o
rban
ce (n
m
)
Ph
o
to
n
energy (
eV
)
Ab
so
rptio
n
coeff
ic
ien
t
(α)
k
m
-
1
Ro
selle
Distilled
wate
r
490
2
.54
2
.21
Ethan
o
l
540
2
.30
2
.01
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on
esi
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4752
Natur
al D
ye
s f
ro
m
R
os
el
le
Flower
as
a Se
nsi
ti
zer in D
ye
-
Se
ns
it
i
zed So
l
ar C
el
l (
DS
SC)
(
S.
D
ayan
g
)
195
The
phot
on
e
ne
rg
y
an
d
abs
orption
c
oeffici
ent
(α)
of
the
r
os
el
le
dyes
with
dif
fer
e
nt
extract
so
lve
nt
from
distill
ed
water
an
d
et
ha
no
l
is
sh
ow
n
in
Table
1.
F
rom
Table
1,
the
lowest
phot
on
e
nergy
(eV)
an
d
abs
orption
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt
(α
)
is
R
-
E
with 2
.
30 eV
an
d
2.01
km
-
1
.
Me
anw
hil
e,
the
hi
ghest
phot
on
e
ne
rg
y
(
eV)
a
nd
abs
orptio
n coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
(α)
is
e
xtracted
d
ye
usi
ng
disti
ll
ed
w
at
er (
R
-
D
I)
,
which is
abo
ut 2.
54 eV an
d 2.0
1 km
-
1
.
3.2.
F
ou
ri
er
-
Tr
an
sf
orm
In
fra
re
d (FT
IR
)
A
n
aly
sis
Figure
8
s
how
,
t
he
functi
ona
l
gr
ou
p
of
ro
s
el
le
dye
is
con
firm
ed
by
it
s
FTIR
sp
ect
ra
us
in
g
so
l
vent
from
distill
ed
wate
r
(R
-
D
I)
a
nd
et
ha
nol
(R
-
E).
F
or
R
-
DI,
the
sh
a
rp
p
eak at
16
39
cm
-
1
c
orres
ponds
to
the
C=
O
stret
chin
g
w
hi
ch
re
pr
e
sente
d
the
car
bonyl
gro
up
for
ket
one
str
uctu
re.
T
he
pea
k
at
21
41
cm
-
1
cor
responds
to
the
C≡
C
stretch
.
The
broa
d
absorp
ti
on
at
peak
33
66
c
m
-
1
a
tt
r
ibu
te
d
to
the
O
-
H
str
et
ching
wh
ic
h
is
th
e
hydro
xyl g
rou
p
in
r
os
el
le
dye
FTIR
s
pectra
of
R
-
E
sho
ws
the
pea
k
at
879
cm
-
1
arises
due
t
o
the
a
ro
m
at
ic
s
gr
ou
p
with
C
-
H
stret
chin
g
vib
r
at
ion
.
T
he
t
wo
sh
ar
p
pea
k
lo
cat
ed
at
1046
c
m
-
1
and
10
87
c
m
-
1
are
at
tribu
te
d
to
est
e
rs
gro
up
wh
ic
h
ha
ving
C
-
O
stret
c
hing
vib
rati
on
s
.
A
band
at
13
82
c
m
-
1
is
assigned
as
N=O
be
nd.
The
C=
O
stret
chin
g
vibrat
ion
c
onfirm
s
the
pr
ese
nc
e
of
keto
nes
f
un
ct
io
nal
gro
up
at
1646
cm
-
1
.
The
abs
orptio
n
at
peak
28
89
c
m
-
1
,
2976
cm
-
1
,
a
nd
3366
cm
-
1
are
at
tribu
te
d
to
the
O
-
H
stret
ch
ing
w
hich
is
th
e
pr
ese
nce
of
hydro
ge
n
bond
ing
in
ro
sel
le
diluted
with etha
nol s
ol
ven
t.
Figure
8. FT
IR sp
ect
r
um
o
f
R
os
el
le
ex
tr
act
ed usin
g Dist
il
led
Water
(R
-
DI) a
nd Etha
no
l
(R
-
E)
3.3
.
Fie
ld
Em
issi
on
Sc
anni
n
g
El
ectr
on
Mi
crosc
opy (FE
SEM) A
na
l
ys
i
s
The
m
or
ph
ology
an
d
the
struc
ture
of
t
he
pu
re
TiO
2
a
nd
r
ose
ll
e
dyed
TiO
2
us
in
g
e
xtract
so
lve
nt
f
ro
m
disti
ll
ed
water
ann
eal
e
d
at
450°C
we
re
in
ve
sti
gated
us
i
ng
Fiel
d
Em
issio
n
Scan
ning
Ele
ct
ro
n
Mi
cr
os
c
op
y
(F
ES
EM)
at
a
m
agn
ific
at
ion
X50
0
00
a
s
s
hown
in
Fig
ur
e
9
(a)
an
d
Fig
ur
e
9(b
).
It
ca
n
be
obvi
ously
seen
from
the
m
ic
ro
struc
ture
of
r
os
el
le
dyed
TiO
2
,
that
m
or
e
por
osi
ty
app
ear
s
t
han
pu
re
TiO
2
.
Na
nocl
us
te
r
s
were
form
ed
wh
e
n
the
TiO
2
na
nopa
rtic
le
s
hav
e
a
ggre
ga
te
d
to
ge
ther.
T
hese
kinds
of
na
nocl
us
t
ers
will
influ
e
nc
e
the
cat
al
yt
ic
beh
av
ior
of
TiO
2
as
a
work
i
ng
el
ec
tro
de
com
po
ne
nt
in
the
dye
-
s
ensiti
zed
so
la
r
cel
l.
To
m
inim
ize
this
aggreg
at
i
on,
there
fore
capp
in
g
age
nt
is
req
uire
d
to
pr
e
ve
nts
the
fo
rm
at
i
on
of
na
nocl
us
te
r
s
.
The
m
or
phol
ogy
of
Ti
O
2
has
sli
gh
tl
y
i
m
pr
ov
ed
as
near
ly
s
ph
e
rical
sh
a
pe
and
unifo
rm
si
ze
adsor
ption
of
dye
on
TiO
2
was
pro
duced
due
t
o
the
dye
ric
h
in
ant
ho
cy
a
nin
.
Hen
c
e,
the
anth
ocyanin
a
ct
as
a
cap
ping
ag
ent
ta
kes
a
n
a
dd
it
ion
al
r
ole in a
DS
SC.
(a)
(b)
Figure
9. FES
EM su
rf
ace
m
orp
ho
l
og
y at
m
ag.
X
50000 (a
)
Pure Ti
O
2
(
b)
Rosell
e d
ye
d T
iO
2
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IS
S
N
:
2502
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4752
Ind
on
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a
n
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E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vol
.
9
,
No.
1
,
Jan
ua
ry
201
8
:
19
1
–
197
196
3.4
.
Ener
gy
-
Dispersive
Spe
ctro
sc
opy
(E
DS
)
Anal
ys
is
The
E
DS
a
nal
ysi
s
was
us
ed
to
ide
ntify
the
e
lem
ents
or
m
ater
ia
ls
co
ntaine
d
in
t
he
thi
n
fil
m
s.
As
can
be
seen
i
n
Fig
ur
e
10
(a)
a
nd
Figure
10
(
b),
the
pr
e
sence
of
Tit
anium
(Ti)
an
d
O
xid
e
(
O)
was
detect
e
d
in
the
sp
ect
ra.
The
presence
of
Plat
inu
m
(P
t)
is
du
e
to
the
use
d
of
a
sp
i
n
coate
r
for
preci
se
an
d
un
i
form
dep
osi
ti
on
of
thi
n
film
s.
Figure
10
(a
)
show
s
the
weig
ht
co
ntributi
ons
f
or
of
Ti
and
O
a
re
62
.
94%
an
d
33.4%
resp
ect
ively
,
w
hich
co
nfi
rm
s
the
high
purity
of
pure
TiO
2
par
ti
cl
es
that
will
be
us
ed
as
photo
m
at
eria
ls
with
the
natu
ral
dyes.
The
ad
diti
onal
el
e
m
ent
of
Ca
rb
on
(C)
in
Figure
10
(
b)
is
du
e
to
the
pr
esence
of
r
os
el
le
dy
e
extract
co
ntain
in
the
TiO
2
thin
fil
m
.
The
w
ei
gh
t
co
ntribut
ion
s
f
or
of
Ti,
O,
an
d
Pt
are
57.72%
,
38.
41%
and
3.87% re
sp
ect
i
vely
and they
c
on
t
rib
ute 10
0%
of the
total
weig
ht.
(a)
(b)
Figure
10.
E
D
S sp
e
ct
ra
of (
a
)
Pure Ti
O
2
(
b)
Rosell
e d
ye
d T
iO
2
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
im
ple
m
entat
ion
us
in
g
R
os
el
le
dyes
shows
the
pote
nt
ia
l
of
natu
re
-
ba
sed
dyes
bein
g
a
pp
li
e
d
i
n
DS
SC.
T
he
a
bsor
ptio
n
sp
ect
r
um
us
ing
U
V
-
Vis
Sp
ect
r
ophotom
et
er
sh
ow
s
the
m
axi
m
um
peak
at
490
nm
fo
r
disti
ll
ed
water
extract
s
olv
e
nt
(R
-
D
I)
an
d
at
540
nm
fo
r
et
ha
n
ol
e
xtract
s
olv
ent
(R
-
E
).
T
he
FTIR
a
naly
sis
wa
s
carried
ou
t
to
identify
the
functi
on
al
act
ive
gr
ou
p
in
Ros
el
le
extract.
The
pr
e
sence
of
carb
onyl
(C=O)
an
d
hydro
xyl
group
(
OH)
in
r
os
el
le
dye
con
ta
ine
d
the
ant
ho
cy
a
nin
pi
gm
ent
will
i
m
pr
ov
e
the
el
ect
ro
n
tra
nsf
er
an
d
enh
a
nce
t
he
ef
fici
ency
of
D
SSC.
T
he
s
urf
ace
m
or
pholog
y
us
in
g
FE
SE
M
and
ED
S
r
eveale
d
t
he
pr
esence
el
e
m
ent
of
Tit
anium
(Ti),
O
xid
e
(
O)
a
nd
Ca
rbon
(C
)
of
rosel
le
dye
e
xtract
c
on
ta
in
in
Ti
O
2
thin
film
.
W
it
h
c
onti
nuous
a
dvance
d
stud
ie
s
a
nd
re
search
,
th
e
na
tural
dye
se
nsi
ti
zer
sti
ll
can
be
a
f
uture
new
te
chnolo
gy in
s
olar
cel
l a
pp
li
c
at
ion
.
REFERE
NCE
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y
nthe
sis
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e
-
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iz
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S
ola
r
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Doctor
al
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Sw
ede
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a
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lectr
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