Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
1
,
Jan
uar
y
201
9
,
pp.
138
~
146
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
1
.pp
138
-
146
138
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Su
rv
ey o
n un
derwa
t
er
optica
l
wir
eless co
mm
un
icat
ion:
persp
ec
t
ives and
challen
ges
Te
ja
sw
ini
R Mur
god, S
M
eenakshi
Sun
da
r
am
Depa
rtment
o
f
C
om
pute
r
Scie
n
ce &
Engi
ne
eri
ng
,
GS
S
S
In
sti
tute
of Enginee
rin
g & Tec
hnol
og
y
for
Wo
m
en
,
K
RS
Road
, Met
agal
li
, Mysur
u,
Ka
rn
at
a
ka,
India
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
8
, 2
018
Re
vised
N
ov
9
, 2018
Accepte
d
Nov 23
, 201
8
The
demand
fo
r
under
wate
r
comm
unic
at
ion
is
gr
owing
at
a
fast
er
pac
e
since
few
dec
ad
es.
Maximizi
ng
th
e
comm
unic
at
ion
per
form
anc
e
a
nd
buil
ding
eff
icient
ne
twork
arc
hitect
ur
e
for
under
wate
r
co
m
m
unic
at
ion
is
a
cha
l
le
ngin
g
ta
sk.
Due
to
the
red
uce
d
bandwi
dth,
h
i
gh
err
o
r
ra
te
,
noise
,
propa
g
at
ion
d
e
l
a
y
,
wate
r
cur
r
ent
s
and
inc
re
ase
d
c
ost
in
the
net
w
ork
topol
og
y
,
t
he
exi
stin
g
comm
unic
at
ion
te
chn
ique
s
are
n
ot
fea
sibl
e
for
u
nder
wate
r
comm
unic
at
ion
.
Resea
rch
in
hig
h
spee
d
under
w
at
er
tra
nsm
ission
te
chno
log
y
ha
s
bec
om
e
a
primar
y
n
ee
d
in
today
’s
world.
B
y
using
und
erwa
te
r
a
coustic
sensor
net
work
high
tra
nsm
ission
dista
nce
c
a
n
be
ac
hie
v
ed
but
with
lower
dat
a
rates,
high
power
con
sum
pti
on,
la
rge
r
del
a
y
s
and
wit
h
highe
r
cost.
Underwat
er
Optic
a
l
Com
m
u
nic
a
ti
on
c
an
be
used
to
in
c
rea
se
dat
a
rates
and
l
ower
del
a
y
s
but
it
suffers
from
high
at
te
nuati
on
due
to
which
it
ca
nnot
b
e
used
for
dat
a
tra
nsfer
over
l
ar
ger
dista
nc
es.
R
ese
arc
h
in
the
a
r
ea
of
h
y
brid
sen
sor
net
works
is
a
cha
llenging
ta
sk
and
has
m
an
y
open
rese
arch
cha
llenges,
wh
ic
h
nee
ds
to
be
solved.
In
this
pape
r
we
discuss
the
var
ious
arc
hi
te
c
ture
s
of
under
water
comm
unic
at
ion.
Seci
rity
,
Relia
ble
data
tra
nsf
er,
cong
esti
on
cont
rol
an
d
sett
ing
up
a
h
y
br
id
(opti
c
al
and
a
cousti
c)
comm
unic
a
ti
on
s
y
st
em
are
som
e
of
the
open
rese
ar
c
h
cha
l
le
ng
es
ind
ent
ified
in
thi
s
p
ape
r.
A
compara
ti
ve
stud
y
is
m
ade
on
diff
ere
nt
rou
ti
ng
protoc
ols
an
d
loc
aliz
at
ion
al
gorit
hm
s.
The
challe
ng
es
fac
ed
b
y
ac
o
ustic
and
optic
al
comm
unic
at
i
on
are
al
so
discussed.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Cros
s
lay
er
des
ign
Locali
zat
ion
al
gorithm
Rou
ti
ng al
gorithm
Unde
rw
at
er
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Tejas
wini R M
urg
od,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f C
om
pu
te
r
Scie
nce a
nd E
ng
i
ne
erin
g,
GS
S
S Insti
tute
of E
ng
i
neer
i
ng &
Tec
hnolog
y for
Wo
m
en,
KRS R
oad, Me
ta
galli
, Mysur
u, Ka
r
nataka,
In
dia.
Em
a
il
:
te
j
aswinirm
ur
god@
gm
ai
l.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ocean
s
a
re
c
om
po
sed
of
wat
er
a
nd
oth
er
el
e
m
ents.
Ba
sed
on
the
physi
cal
an
d
bio
l
og
ic
al
co
ndit
ion
s,
oceans
a
re
div
i
ded
int
o
diff
e
r
ent
z
on
es
.
At
t
he
s
urface
zo
ne
the
te
m
per
at
ur
e
&
sal
init
y
are
relat
ively
con
sta
nt.
As
th
e
dep
t
h
in
creases t
he
te
m
per
at
ur
e
& s
ol
a
r
e
nergy gets
decr
ease
d.
Re
search
i
n
unde
rw
at
er
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
has
gai
ned
popula
rity
,
in
the
areas
of
po
ll
ut
i
on
m
anag
em
ent,
bio
lo
gical
m
onit
or
in
g,
disaste
r
pr
e
ve
ntion
a
nd
inc
reasin
g
te
rror
ist
act
ivit
ie
s
under
sea.
Sett
ing
up
a
wire
d
c
onnecti
on
un
de
r
sea
is
not
feasible
due
t
o
the
inc
rease
d
cost
of
la
yi
ng
dow
n
the
cables.
W
i
reless
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
can
be
use
d
t
o
t
ran
s
fer
inf
orm
at
ion
am
on
g
t
he
nodes.
U
nder
the
sea
,
the
wate
r
pr
ess
ure
is
hi
gh
an
d
du
e
t
o
tur
bin
es
li
m
it
e
d
ba
nd
wi
dth
;
high
er
ror
rate
and
pro
pa
gatio
n
delay
,
as
a
resu
lt
est
ablishin
g
a
re
li
able an
d
sec
ur
e
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
is
dif
ficul
t
as sho
wn in F
igure
1
[
1]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Su
r
vey
on un
de
rwater
op
ti
cal
wi
rel
ess com
municatio
n:
pe
rsp
ect
iv
es
and cha
ll
en
ges
(
Tejaswi
ni R
Murg
od
)
139
Figure
1
.
U
nde
rw
at
er
se
ns
or
ne
twork
EM
wav
es
pr
op
a
gate
at
longer
distances
t
hro
ugh
co
nd
uc
ti
ve
sea
wate
r
at
ver
y
lo
w
fr
e
qu
e
ncies
(i.e.
30
to
30
0Hz)
.
T
his
nee
ds
la
r
ge
ante
nna
a
nd
high
powe
r
for
t
ran
s
m
issi
on
.
Henc
e
it
is
not
ide
al
for
unde
rw
at
er
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
.
I
n
c
on
t
rast
to
E
M
wa
ves,
opti
cal
waves
do
not
s
uffer
from
ver
y
high
at
te
nuat
ion.
Howe
ver
opti
cal
com
m
un
ic
ation
unde
r
wate
r
s
uffer
s
f
ro
m
s
cat
te
ring
loss
.
More
over
it
ne
eds
high
prec
isi
on
narrowe
r
la
ser
beam
s
fo
r
c
arr
yi
ng
the
in
form
ation
.
He
nce
op
ti
cal
w
aves
a
re
s
uitable
f
or
sho
rt
range
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
in
un
derwate
r
e
nv
ir
onm
ent.
The
unde
rw
at
e
r
wireless
op
ti
cal
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
is
a
ki
nd
of
c
omm
un
i
c
at
ion
m
od
e
wi
th
li
gh
t
wa
ve
as
the
car
rier
of
in
f
or
m
at
i
on.
S
ulli
an
a
nd
Dim
t
le
y
et
al
.
in
19
63
fou
nd
in
t
he
stud
y
of
propagati
on
char
act
e
risti
cs
of
li
ght
wa
ves,
that
the
ocean
has
at
te
nu
at
io
n
is
in
the
ord
er
of
450
–
55
0
nm
fo
r
blu
e
li
gh
t
.
The
green
li
ght
i
n
seaw
at
er
is
m
uch
s
m
al
le
r
than
t
he
oth
e
r
ba
nds
of
li
ght
as
sho
wn
in
F
i
gure
2.
This
sig
nifican
t
ph
ysi
cal
discov
e
ry
la
id
a
so
li
d
f
oundat
io
n
to
so
l
ve
lo
ng
te
rm
un
derw
at
er
ta
rg
et
det
ect
ion
,
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
a
nd the
othe
r
essen
ti
al
pr
ob
l
e
m
s
[2
-
3]
.
Figure
2
.
Atte
nuat
ion o
f
li
ght
wav
e
in se
awat
er
As
the
ba
nd
width
an
d
e
ne
rg
y
c
onsu
m
ption
of
node
s
are
the
crit
ic
al
issues
for
unde
rw
at
e
r
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
,
tra
diti
onal
la
ye
red
a
ppr
oa
ch
is
no
t
feasi
ble.
P
rop
os
in
g
dif
fer
e
nt
Me
di
um
Access
Con
t
ro
l
(MAC)
pro
t
oc
ols,
est
a
bli
sh
in
g
c
ro
ss
lay
er
de
sign
s
are
sti
ll
a f
e
w op
e
n res
earch
ch
al
le
ng
es. [4]
In
t
his
pa
per
w
e
ex
plo
re
the
c
halle
ng
e
s
face
d
in und
e
rw
at
e
r
com
m
un
ic
at
ion.
Sect
io
n
2
hi
gh
li
ghts
th
e
diff
e
re
nt
unde
r
water
netw
ork
arch
it
ect
ures,
reli
abili
ty
and
eff
ic
ie
ncy
issu
es
in
un
d
er
water
com
m
un
ic
at
ion.
Sect
ion
3
f
oc
use
s
on
analy
sis
of
dif
fer
e
nt
r
outi
ng
a
nd
local
iz
at
ion
al
gorithm
s.
Chall
enges
faced
by
ac
ou
sti
c
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
are
li
ste
d
i
n
Sect
ion
4
.
Sec
ti
on
5
disc
us
se
s
the
chall
en
ge
s
faced
by
opti
cal
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
and s
om
e o
f
th
e ope
n resea
rc
h
c
halle
nges a
r
e d
isc
us
se
d
in
Sect
ion
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng
&
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry
201
9
:
138
–
146
140
2.
RELATE
D
W
ORKS
2.1
.
Net
w
ork Archi
tect
ure
o
f
U
n
derw
ate
r Commu
nica
tion
Saunvit
Pand
ya
et
.al
[5
]
hav
e
desi
gn
e
d
a
pr
ot
oc
ol
wh
ere
ac
ou
sti
c
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
c
ou
l
d
be
integrate
d
into
an
app
li
cat
io
n
centered
s
ubs
yst
e
m
.
In
this
arch
it
ect
ure
th
e
nodes
ha
ve
a
ct
ed
as
a
con
ti
nuous
transm
itter
and
the
base
sta
ti
on
has
act
e
d
as
a
receiver
.
M
ajid
Ham
i
dzad
e
h
et
.al
[
6]
hav
e
pro
posed
a
n
arch
it
ect
ure
w
her
e
node
s
we
re
gr
oupe
d
int
o
cl
us
te
rs
at
di
ff
e
ren
t
la
ye
rs.
A
tree
m
od
el
was
c
on
st
ru
ct
e
d
w
he
re
the
se
ns
or
node
s
at
the
r
oo
t
le
vel
a
nd
the
c
hild
nodes
we
r
e
li
nk
e
d
li
ke
a
wh
eel
.
Ba
se
d
on
the
locat
io
n
of
th
e
nodes
an
d
the
nu
m
ber
of
si
nk
nodes
one
sens
or
no
de
w
as
sel
ect
ed
as
the
cl
us
te
r
hea
d.
This
arc
hitec
ture
i
m
pr
oved
the
pe
rfor
m
ance,
sc
al
abili
ty
and
flexibili
ty
of
un
derwate
r
netw
orks
w
he
re
the
regular
net
work
was
i
m
agined
as
a
hierar
c
hical
str
uctu
re.
En
er
gy
co
nsu
m
pt
ion
f
or
unde
rw
at
er
c
omm
un
ic
at
io
n
is
m
or
e
c
om
par
ed
to
te
rr
est
rial
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
.
Don
ghoon
Ki
m
[7
]
pro
po
s
ed
a
n
a
rc
hitec
ture
w
her
e
the
nodes
we
re
diff
e
re
ntiat
ed
base
d
on
their
functi
onal
it
ie
s.
The
off
shore
nodes
se
nt
a
s
ign
al
to
the
s
e
ns
or
node
u
nd
er
the
sea.
Ba
sed
on
the
dis
ta
nce
betwee
n
the
s
ource
and t
he
si
nk, th
e
r
el
ay
node
s were
us
e
d as t
he
interm
ediat
e nod
e
s.
Seem
a
Ver
m
a
et
.al
[8
]
pro
pose
d
a
dynam
i
c
3D
a
rch
it
ect
ur
e
wh
e
re
sel
f
config
ur
i
ng
s
ens
or
node
s
wer
e p
lott
ed
on
dif
fer
e
nt
ve
rtic
al
and
h
or
iz
onta
l
le
vels.
Dat
a
was
m
easur
ed
at
diff
e
ren
t
i
nter
vals
to
reduce
the
energy
util
iz
ation
.
Wh
e
n
the
m
easur
ed
dat
a
was
no
t
wit
hin
the
s
pecified
ra
ng
e
the
n
on
ly
the
data
wa
s
forw
a
r
ded
t
o
the
ba
se
sta
ti
on
in
orde
r
to
sa
ve
the
e
ne
rg
y
and
powe
r
c
onsu
m
ption
.
T
his
arch
it
ect
ure
re
du
c
e
d
the tra
ns
m
issi
o
n rate
, e
nergy
and tra
ns
m
issio
n t
i
m
e b
y i
nc
ulcat
ing
m
ulti
-
hop
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
.
[
9]
2.2
.
Reli
ab
li
t
y
in
Under
w
ater C
ommu
nicati
on
The
fun
dam
ental
requirem
ent
of
U
WC
is
r
el
ia
ble
deliver
y
of
data.
Re
li
abili
ty
of
the
data
can
be
increase
d
by
Fo
r
wa
rd
Er
r
or
Co
rr
ect
io
n
(F
EC)
,
m
ulti
path
tra
ns
m
issio
n,
r
ed
unda
nc
y
et
c.
U
nd
e
r
water
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
hav
e
lim
it
e
d
re
source
,
lo
w
band
width
a
nd
hi
gh
er
ror
r
at
es
due
to
w
hich
ac
hieving
r
el
ia
bili
t
y
is a chall
en
ging tas
k.
Re
han
Qayy
um
et.al
[1
0] h
a
ve
analy
zed the
d
iffe
ren
t reli
abili
ty
sch
e
m
e
s li
ke
red
un
dant
tran
sm
issi
on
ov
e
r
m
ulti
ple
paths
.
F
or
the
FEC
re
dunda
nt
sy
m
bo
ls
were
at
ta
ched
to
the
data
to
ac
hi
eve
high
reli
abili
ty
.
Du
e
to
re
dundant
m
ulti
path
,
tra
ns
m
issi
on
over
hea
d
delay
s
wer
e
intr
oduc
e
d.
Ya
o
Lu
[11]
proposes
a
redu
nd
a
nt
uns
har
e
d
m
od
el
a
nd
re
dunda
nt
sh
are
d
m
od
el
.
In
the
redu
nd
a
nt
un
sh
a
re
d
m
od
el
ever
y
node
had
‘
n’
redu
nd
a
nt
node
s
an
d
in
re
dund
a
nt
s
ha
red
m
od
el
on
ly
nodes
t
hat
wer
e
near
the
surfa
ce
had
‘
n’
re
dunda
nt
nodes
.
Mu
ha
m
m
ad
Sabb
ir
Alam
[1
2]
pro
po
se
d
a
n
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
wav
e
base
d
na
vig
at
io
n
syst
e
m
.
The
cl
us
te
r
he
ad
an
d
base
sta
ti
on
we
re
loc
at
ed
on
the
s
urface.
A
uton
omou
s
ve
hicle
s
m
ov
e
d
near
the
sen
or
nodes
to
colle
ct
the
data
and
fo
r
warde
d
it
t
o
the
cl
us
te
r
he
ad
an
d
base
s
ta
ti
on
.
Th
rou
gh
si
m
ulati
on
s
it
was
sh
ow
n
th
at
EM
b
ase
d na
vig
at
ion i
nc
reased
r
e
li
abili
ty
f
or
s
horter
tra
ns
m
iss
ion
ra
ng
e
n
et
w
orks.
2.3
.
Ef
fici
enc
y
in
Under
w
ater C
ommu
nicati
on
The
c
omm
on
pro
blem
in
a
m
od
ern
netw
ork
is
traf
fic
c
ongestio
n.
A
n
eff
ic
ie
nt
net
work
re
duces
traff
ic
c
ongesti
on and
delive
rs
the
data to
the
destinat
io
n.
Niti
n
Go
ya
l
[
13
]
pro
posed
an
ene
rg
y
ef
fici
ent
arch
it
ect
ur
e
w
he
re
fuz
zy
log
ic
con
ce
pt
is
us
ed
to
determ
i
ne
the
cl
us
te
r
hea
d
a
nd
cl
us
te
r
siz
e
.
The
netw
ork
was
div
i
de
d
into
la
r
ger
gro
up
of
cl
us
te
rs
wh
e
re,
intra
an
d
inter
cl
us
te
r
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
was
us
e
d
to
trans
fe
r
the
data
bet
ween
the
s
our
ce
and
the
si
nk
node
.
Using
f
uzzy
log
ic
,
optim
al
n
um
ber
of
cl
us
t
er
heads
was
f
ound
in
orde
r
to
hav
e
a
n
eff
i
ci
ent
networ
k
wh
ic
h
reduce
d
the
ene
rg
y c
onsu
m
ption
of
nodes
a
nd e
nd to
e
nd
de
la
y[14
]
.
Su
m
i
A.
Sam
ad
[15]
propose
d
a
prot
oc
ol
w
her
e
ef
fici
ency
of
the
netw
ork
was
i
ncr
ea
se
d
by
cr
os
s
la
ye
r
desig
n.
I
n
the
la
te
ncy
de
te
ct
ion
pha
se,
each
node
cal
culat
ed
the
la
te
ncy
to
it
s
neig
hbori
ng
node
a
nd
was
passe
d
by
the
MAC
la
ye
r
to
the
physi
cal
la
ye
r.
This
inte
r
act
ion
opti
m
iz
ed
the
tra
ns
m
is
sion
powe
r.
T
he
node
first
sent
a
reser
vatio
n
m
ess
age
to
the
rec
ei
ver
an
d
afte
r
getti
ng
an
a
ckno
wled
g
em
e
nt
the
tim
e
sl
ot
was
reserve
d
f
or c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
.
3.
ANALY
SIS
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
S
In
t
his
sect
ion
base
d
on
the
relat
ed
w
orks
analy
sis
has
be
en
car
ried
ou
t
fo
r
r
ou
ti
ng
prot
oco
ls
a
nd
local
iz
at
ion
alg
or
it
hm
.
3.1
.
Analysis
of D
if
feren
t
R
ou
tin
g Pro
t
oc
ols
In
th
e
un
derwate
r
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
net
w
orks,
becau
se
of
long
pro
pag
at
io
n
dela
ys,
no
ise
,
lo
w
band
width
a
nd
m
ob
il
it
y
of
no
des
routin
g
t
he
data
to
the
destinat
i
on
node
is
a
chall
en
ging
issue.
Var
i
ou
s
r
ou
ti
ng
protoc
ols
ar
e
pro
posed
i
n
order
to
route
the
data
t
o
the
c
orrect
de
sti
na
ti
on
with
m
ini
m
u
m
nu
m
ber
of ho
p count &
w
it
ho
ut losi
ng the
qual
it
y of
t
he da
ta
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Su
r
vey
on un
de
rwater
op
ti
cal
wi
rel
ess com
municatio
n:
pe
rsp
ect
iv
es
and cha
ll
en
ges
(
Tejaswi
ni R
Murg
od
)
141
Ma
nju
la
et
.al
[16]
pro
pose
d
a
cl
us
te
r
age
nt
ba
sed
r
ou
ti
ng
ap
proac
h
wh
e
re
a
ge
nts
are
def
ine
d
at
ever
y
se
nsor
node
f
or
e
ve
nt
detect
ion,
cl
us
t
er
f
or
m
at
ion
,
he
ad
sel
e
ct
ion,
updatin
g
neig
hbor
in
form
at
io
n
an
d
netw
ork
m
ai
nt
enan
ce
.
Eve
ry
node
pe
rio
dica
ll
y
colle
ct
s
info
rm
at
ion
about
tem
per
at
ur
e,
pressu
re,
sal
init
y
and
com
par
es
them
with
the
threshold
value.
If
the
sense
d
values
are
gr
eat
er
than
the
threshold
,
an
even
t
is
tr
igg
e
red.
Each
even
t
is
cl
assifi
ed
as
crit
ic
al
and
non
crit
ic
al
.
The
Cl
us
te
r
Head
(C
H)
is
s
el
ect
ed
based
on
th
e
tim
e
req
ui
red
for
inf
or
m
at
ion
transm
issi
on,
energy
requi
rem
ent
and
li
nk
qual
it
y.
The
CH
aggreg
at
e
s
data
colle
ct
ed
from
var
i
ou
s
nodes
and
se
nds
it
to
al
l
the
ot
her
nodes
i
n
t
he
cl
ust
er.
As
the
r
ou
t
e
disc
ov
e
ry
is
done
by the cl
us
te
r
hea
d
a
reli
able
pa
th is establi
s
he
d.
Gu
a
ngj
ie
H
a
n
[17]
pro
pose
d
a
li
nk
b
ase
d
re
ver
se
r
ou
ti
ng pro
t
oco
l wh
e
re each
n
ode
a
nal
yz
es
the
li
nk
sta
te
inform
ati
on
t
hro
ugh
a
ne
ighb
or
ta
ble
wh
ic
h
co
ns
ist
s
of
se
ndin
g
no
de
I
D,
receivi
ng
no
de
I
D
a
nd
the
li
nk
sta
te
inform
at
i
on.
A
no
de
ext
racts
the
se
nde
r
no
de
I
D
fro
m
the
hello
pa
cket
an
d
receiver
node
I
D
f
r
om
th
e
ackno
wled
ge
pack
et
a
nd
updates
it
s
nei
ghbor
ta
ble.
A
s
ymm
et
ric
li
nk
is
est
a
blishe
d
if
bot
h
se
nd
e
r
a
nd
receiver
I
D
ar
e
pr
e
sent
in
th
e
ta
ble
othe
r
w
ise
an
asy
m
metri
c
li
nk
is
es
ta
blished
i
f
on
ly
send
e
r
can
sen
d
a
m
essage to rec
ei
ver
or only
r
e
cei
ver
ca
n rece
ive a m
essage fro
m
the sende
r
.
Sh
al
li
Ra
ni
[18]
propose
d
a
cl
us
te
r
base
d
rout
ing
m
echan
ism
wh
ere
the
ocea
n
is
di
vid
ed
i
nto
m
ul
ti
ple
cl
us
te
rs.
T
he
cl
us
te
r
hea
ds
,
cl
us
te
r
co
ordinat
or
s
and
relay
no
de
s
are
us
e
d
to
route
the
dat
a
to
diff
e
re
nt no
des
w
it
hin t
he net
work.
Op
ti
m
al
relay
nod
es
are
selec
te
d
to im
pro
ve
the
reli
abili
ty
o
f
the
ne
t
work.
The
co
nfi
de
nc
e
value
f
or
ea
ch
node
is
set
base
d
on
the
li
nk
qu
al
it
y,
ho
p
co
un
t
,
resid
ua
l
ener
gy
a
nd
buff
e
r
sp
ace.
The
no
de
with
the
hi
gh
e
r
c
onfide
nc
e
value
is
el
ect
ed
as
a
relay
node.
This
m
e
thodo
l
og
y
im
pr
ove
s
reli
abili
ty
, en
er
gy u
ti
li
zat
ion
a
nd p
ac
ket
deliv
ery rati
o.
Nad
eem
Javaid
et
.al
[19]
propose
d
a
routi
ng
protoc
ol
w
her
e
the
e
ntire
networ
k
is
div
ide
d
into
disti
nct r
egi
ons
an
d
c
oope
rati
ve
prot
oc
ol is u
se
d
f
or
c
ommun
ic
at
io
n
w
he
r
e relay
n
odes a
m
pl
ify
the sig
na
l and
pass
t
o
the
de
sti
nation.
To
r
edu
c
e
the
pac
ket
dro
p
rati
on
sin
k
node
s
are
m
ade
m
ob
il
e
and
t
hey
tr
avel
in
horizo
ntal an
d vertic
al
d
i
recti
on to
c
over
the
en
ti
re
netw
ork
.
A
l
ocati
on
f
ree
reli
able
a
nd
e
nergy
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
press
ur
e
ba
se
d
routin
g
proto
col
is
pro
pose
d
by
Ah
m
ad
Kh
as
aw
ne
h
et
.
al
[20]
wh
e
re
li
nk
qual
it
y,
de
pth
inf
orm
ati
on
an
d
resi
dual
energy
par
a
m
et
ers
are
us
e
d
f
or
balancin
g
e
nergy
co
ns
um
ptio
n
an
d
reli
a
ble
data
delive
ry.
Trian
gu
la
r
m
etr
ic
is
us
ed
a
s
li
nk
qual
it
y
est
i
m
at
or
,
after
est
im
a
ti
ng
the
li
nk
qual
it
y
and
resid
ua
l
energy
of
t
he
nodes
;
the
pa
ckets
are
forwarde
d
to
t
he
ne
xt
hop
wh
ic
h
is cl
os
er
to
the
d
e
sti
nation ha
ving
best
li
nk
qu
al
it
y an
d
m
axi
m
u
m
r
esi
du
al
e
nergy.
Stefan
o
et
.al
[
21
]
pr
opos
e
d
a
routing
al
gorithm
wh
ere
the
li
nk
qual
it
y
was
ta
ken
int
o
co
ns
ide
rati
on
for
sel
ect
in
g
a
node
.
T
he
histor
y
of
the
suc
cessf
ul
transm
i
ssion
was
ta
ke
n
int
o
acc
ount
w
hile
sel
ect
ing
the
nex
t
no
de
in
th
e
path.
T
o
av
oi
d
pitfal
ls
an
d
to
r
ou
te
the d
at
a
in
the
sh
a
dow
zo
ne,
a
sim
ple
ho
p
c
ount
to
po
l
og
y
was
us
e
d.
S
hort
co
ntr
ol
m
essages
we
re
use
d
t
o
sel
ect
th
e
cha
nnel
f
or
t
ran
sm
issi
on
.
D
ue
t
o
inc
rease
in
the
traff
ic
an
d
pa
cket
siz
e,
the
colli
sion
al
so
increased;
as
the
transm
iss
ion
was
base
d
on
the
li
nk
qu
al
it
y
inf
or
m
at
ion
th
e colli
sion rate
had s
ub
sta
ntial
ly
r
ed
uced.
The
Ta
ble
1
s
hows
a
c
om
par
at
ive
stu
dy
of
diff
e
re
nt
routing
prot
oco
ls
ba
sed
on
var
i
ous
facto
rs
li
ke
band
width,
data transm
issi
on
rate, th
rou
ghpu
t, n
et
w
ork
li
fetim
e etc
.
Table
1
.
C
om
par
iso
n of Dif
fe
ren
t R
ou
ti
ng
P
ro
t
oco
ls
Proto
co
l/ ar
ch
itect
u
re
Energy
Co
n
su
m
p
tio
n
Clu
ster/
sin
g
le
Pack
et
Deliv
ery
Ratio
n
Data
Tr
an
s
m
iss
io
n
Rate
Pack
et
Drop
s
Locatio
n
Aware
n
ess
Netwo
rk
Lif
eti
m
e
Thro
u
g
h
p
u
t
ABA (
Manju
la
et.al.
,20
1
7
)
[
1
6
]
Low
Clu
ster
Hig
h
Hig
h
Low
Yes
Mediu
m
Hig
h
AREP
(Guan
g
jie
Han
et.al.
,20
1
7
)
[
1
7
]
Low
Sin
g
le
Hig
h
Hig
h
Low
Yes
n
/a
Low
E
-
CB
CC
P (
Sh
alli
Ran
i
et.al.
,
20
1
7
)
[
1
8
]
Low
Clu
ster
Hig
h
Hig
h
Low
No
n
/a
Mediu
m
RB
CR
P (
Nad
ee
m
Jav
aid
et.al.
,
20
1
7
)
[
1
9
]
Hig
h
Sin
g
le
Mediu
m
Mediu
m
Low
No
Hig
h
Hig
h
RE
-
PBR
(Ah
m
ad
Kh
asawn
eh
et.
al.
,
2
0
1
7
)
[
2
0
]
Low
Sin
g
le
Hig
h
Mediu
m
Low
No
Hig
h
Mediu
m
CAR
P (
Stef
an
o
et.al.
,20
1
5
)
[
2
1
]
Low
Sin
g
le
Hig
h
Mediu
m
Low
Yes
Low
Mediu
m
PRUSN(U
ich
in
L
e
e
et.al.
,
20
1
0
)
[
2
2
]
Hig
h
Sin
g
le
Mediu
m
Mediu
m
Mediu
m
No
Low
Mediu
m
AHH
-
VBE
(
Hai
ta
o
Yu
et.al.
,
20
1
4
)
[
2
3
]
Low
Sin
g
le
Mediu
m
Mediu
m
Mediu
m
Yes
Low
Mediu
m
H2
DAB (
Muh
a
m
m
a
d
Ay
az
et.al
.,
20
1
1
)
[
2
4
]
Hig
h
Sin
g
le
Mediu
m
Mediu
m
Low
No
Low
Low
PULRP
(Sar
ath
G
o
p
i
et.al.
,20
0
8
)
[
2
5
]
Hig
h
Sin
g
le
Mediu
m
Low
Hig
h
No
Low
Low
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng
&
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry
201
9
:
138
–
146
142
3.2
.
Analysis
of D
if
feren
t
L
oca
li
z
at
io
n
Algo
ri
th
ms
As
the
GPS
Sign
al
is
low
underwate
r,
loc
at
ing
the
no
des
is
a
chall
eng
in
g
ta
sk
.
Du
e
to
hig
h
wate
r
pr
ess
ure
a
nd
tur
bin
es
the
no
des
c
onti
nuou
sly
change
t
he
ir
locat
io
n.
Va
rio
us
local
iz
at
ion
al
gorithm
s
hav
e
been
pro
pose
d
to
determ
ine
the
ph
ysi
cal
locat
ion
of
th
e
sens
or
no
de
s.
L
ocali
zat
ion
al
gorithm
s
can
be
cl
assifi
ed
as
ra
ng
e
b
a
sed
and
range
fr
ee
alg
ori
thm
s.
Anja
na
et
.al [26] propose
d
a f
ault resil
ie
nt algorit
hm
w
her
e
each senso
r
no
des
m
ai
ntains t
he
locat
io
n
inf
or
m
at
ion
of
it
s
neighboring
node
a
nd
con
ti
nu
ously
m
on
it
or
s
the
node
m
ob
il
it
y.
A
tim
e
sync
hro
niz
e
d
ancho
r
node
is
us
ed
as
a
bas
e
sta
ti
on
wh
ic
h
has
G
PS
rec
ei
ver
an
d
can
transm
it
rad
io
and
ac
ou
sti
c
sign
al
s
.
The
A
-
node
pe
rio
dical
ly
br
oa
dcasted
a
pac
ket
to
the
S
-
nodes
dep
l
oyed
unde
rw
at
er;
upon
s
ucces
sf
ul
r
ecei
pt
of the
pac
ket the S
-
node
sta
rted
c
om
pu
ti
ng it
s locati
on.
E
li
ye
h
[2
7]
pro
posed
a
n
al
gorithm
wh
er
e
local
iz
at
ion
and
tim
e
sy
nchr
on
iz
at
io
n
wer
e
j
oi
ntly
perform
ed.
Th
e
al
go
rithm
wo
r
ke
d
in
five
phases,
in
the
fi
rst
ph
ase
the
s
ens
or
no
des
co
ll
ect
ed
the
timesta
m
p
inf
or
m
at
ion
an
d
it
s
init
ia
l
po
sit
ion
from
the
ancho
r
node
.
By
us
ing
t
he
tim
est
a
m
p
inform
at
ion
colle
ct
ed
in
th
e
first
ph
ase
,
le
a
st
square
an
d
weig
hted
le
ast
sq
ua
re
e
stim
ato
rs
we
re
us
e
d
t
o
est
im
at
e
the
cl
ock
sk
e
w
a
nd
offset
in
the
seco
nd
ph
a
se.
T
he
pr
op
a
gatio
n
dela
y
was
cal
culat
ed
in
the
thi
rd
ph
ase
by
com
pensat
ing
the
sp
ee
d,
as
it
var
ie
d
with
dep
t
h
tem
per
at
ur
e
a
nd
sal
init
y.
The
so
und
s
peed
betw
een
sens
or
nodes
an
d
anc
hor
node
s
was
cal
c
ulate
d
in
ph
ase
f
our.
Ph
ase
fi
ve
wa
s
an
it
erati
ve
phase
wh
e
re
t
he
cal
culat
ed
s
ou
nd
sp
ee
d
was
f
ed
as
an
i
nput
to
phase
t
wo
an
d
the
u
pd
at
e
d
cl
oc
k
s
kew
and
s
ound
ve
locit
y
wer
e
use
d
t
o
cal
c
ulate
the
pro
pag
at
io
n de
la
y.
Jingjie
Gao
[
28]
propose
d
a
hybri
d
local
iz
at
ion
al
gorithm
wh
e
re
the
entir
e
network
was
is
diff
ere
nt
sta
ges
based
on
the
hop
c
ounts
from
the
anc
hor
node
s.
Di
ff
e
ren
t
st
ages
a
dopte
d
diff
e
re
nt
local
iz
at
ion
m
et
ho
ds.
A
nc
hor
nodes
we
re
dep
l
oyed
at
th
e
sea
surface
a
nd
t
heir
locat
i
on
we
re
kn
own,
wh
e
re
as
ordina
ry
nodes
are de
plo
ye
d
at
dif
fer
e
nt stages
.
Patric
k
Ca
r
ro
l
l
[2
9]
pro
pose
d
a
local
iz
at
ion
al
gorithm
fo
r
m
ob
il
e
node
via
distrib
uted
ante
nn
a
syst
e
m
.
The
m
od
em
us
ed
he
r
e
had
a
capaci
ty
to
est
i
m
at
e
the
dopple
r
sc
al
ing
facto
r
of
the
received
s
ign
al
.
The
acc
uracy
in
th
e
po
sit
io
n
est
i
m
ation
was
increa
sed
b
y
com
bin
ing
the
tim
e
of
a
rr
i
va
l
an
d
dopple
r
sp
ee
d
inf
or
m
at
ion
int
o
a
sin
gle
m
essage.
At
s
om
e
tim
e
internal
t
he
act
ive
node
se
nt
a
m
essage
t
o
al
l
li
ste
ning
nodes
to p
e
rfo
rm
the locali
zat
ion
process.
Based
on th
e
r
ecei
ved
wav
e
f
or
m
, each
node
e
stim
ated
the
do
pp
le
r spee
d.
Muk
es
h
Be
ni
wal
[30]
pro
pose
d
an
al
gori
thm
wh
ere
the
locat
ion
s
of
f
ew
node
s
were
known
i
n
adv
a
nce.
The
m
ob
il
e
beaco
ns
wer
e
us
e
d
t
o
div
e
i
n
ve
rtic
al
directi
on
int
o
the
sea.
T
hese
m
ob
il
e
beaco
ns
ha
ve
GP
S
recei
ver
at
the
s
urface
an
d
as
they
dr
i
ve
deep
int
o
the
sea
onl
y
the
Z
co
ord
inate
val
ue
c
ha
ng
e
s.
These
be
aco
ns
broad
cast
e
d
a
m
essage
at
reg
ula
r
inter
vals
and
the
se
nso
r
nodes
li
ste
ne
d
to
the
br
oadcast
m
essage
an
d
cal
culat
e
their
distance
f
rom
li
s
te
nin
g
to
the
three
bea
cons.
T
he
Tab
le
2
su
m
m
ariz
e
s
a
nd
com
par
es the
di
ff
ere
nt locali
z
at
ion
alg
ori
thm
s
4.
CHALL
ENG
ES FA
CED
B
Y UNDER
W
ATER
A
COU
STIC
COM
M
UN
I
C
ATIO
N
a)
Lo
w
Data
Ra
t
es:
The
s
pee
d
at
wh
ic
h
s
ound
tra
vels
th
rou
gh
water
is
hi
gh
ly
dep
e
nden
t
on
te
m
per
at
ure
,
pr
ess
ure
a
nd
s
al
init
y
le
vel.
U
nd
e
r
water
ac
ousti
c
cha
nnel
ha
ve
li
m
it
ed
ba
ndwidt
h,
a
s
th
e
ra
ng
e
of
distance
increases
the
ba
ndwidt
h decre
ases w
hich
af
f
ect
s the thro
ug
hput
of the
net
work.
b)
Mult
ipath
fa
din
g:
Mult
ipath
i
s
the
pro
pag
at
i
on
ph
e
nom
enon
that
res
ults
in
sig
nals
reac
hi
ng
the
r
ecei
vi
ng
anten
na
by
tw
o
or
m
or
e
path
s.
T
he
ef
fects
of
m
ulti
path
in
cl
ud
e
c
onstr
uctive
an
d
destr
uc
ti
ve
interf
ere
nc
e
,
and phase
sh
i
fting
of the
sig
na
l. Th
e
m
ulti
pa
th d
e
pe
nds
on the lin
k
c
onfig
urat
ion.
c)
Dop
pler: Th
e
m
ot
ion
of the
s
ea surface an
d t
he
low
s
peed
of
s
ound p
e
net
rati
on
int
rod
uc
es a larg
e Dopple
r
sp
rea
d,
a
nd
res
ults
in
a
fast
-
f
adin
g
fr
e
quenc
y
-
sel
ect
ive
be
ha
viour
(
or
te
m
poral
a
nd
s
patia
l
var
ia
bili
ty
)
of
the un
derwate
r
aco
us
ti
c cha
nnel
.
d)
No
ise
:
N
oise
i
n
ac
ousti
c
cha
nn
el
can
be
cl
assifi
ed
a
s
am
bient
noise
a
nd
s
pecific
nois
e.
Am
b
ie
nt
no
i
se
is
the
noise
w
hich
c
om
es
from
ic
e
br
eakin
g
in
P
ol
ar
Re
gions,
tur
bu
le
nce,
breaki
ng
wa
ve
s,
rain
et
c,
w
her
e
as
sp
eci
fic
no
i
se
in
m
an
-
m
ade
no
ise
w
hich
is
caused
by
pum
ps
,
gear
s
,
powe
r
pla
nts,
shi
p
m
ov
e
m
ent etc
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Su
r
vey
on un
de
rwater
op
ti
cal
wi
rel
ess com
municatio
n:
pe
rsp
ect
iv
es
and cha
ll
en
ges
(
Tejaswi
ni R
Murg
od
)
143
Table
2.
Su
m
m
ary o
f
the
Di
fferent L
ocali
zat
ion
Algo
rithm
s
5.
CHALL
ENG
ES FA
CED
B
Y UNDER
W
ATER
OPTI
CA
L
COM
M
UN
I
C
ATIO
N
Op
ti
cal
sig
nals
betwee
n
40
0
to
70
0n
m
can
be
us
e
d
f
or
unde
r
water
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
f
or
faster
pro
pag
at
io
n,
but
op
ti
cal
tran
sm
it
te
r
and
receiver
m
us
t
be
placed
at
sh
or
te
r
distances.
Op
ti
cal
trans
ducers
if
placed
at
la
rg
e
r
distances
tha
n
beca
us
e
of
high
tur
bule
nc
e
per
f
orm
ance
m
ay
be
deg
ra
ded.
Table
3
s
how
n
sp
eci
fies
the
absor
ption,
scat
te
ring
a
nd
at
te
nu
at
io
n
le
vel
for
di
fferent
ty
pes
of
water
.
As
sho
w
n
in Ta
ble 4.
R
e
fe
r
e
nc
e
P
ubli
shing
Da
te
T
y
pe
S
tatic/ Mobi
le
R
e
fe
re
n
c
e
No of
Node
s
Dimension
De
pth
S
ound S
pe
e
d
L
oc
a
li
z
a
ti
on
e
rr
or
C
ha
ll
e
ng
e
s
Addr
e
ssed
L
im
it
a
ti
ons
26
2
0
1
7
Ran
g
e
Bas
e
d
St
a
t
i
c
:
A
n
ch
o
r
N
o
d
e
Mo
b
i
l
e
:
Sen
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
50
5
0
0
*
5
0
0
*
5
0
0
m
50
A
s
s
u
m
ed
St
a
t
i
c
A
v
era
g
e
erro
r
= 1.
3
km
A
n
ch
o
r
n
o
d
es
are
fau
l
t
t
o
l
era
n
t
E
n
erg
y
u
t
i
l
i
z
at
i
o
n
i
s
re
d
u
ce
Sen
o
r
n
o
d
e
s
are
n
o
t
fau
l
t
t
o
l
era
n
t
Mai
n
t
ai
n
i
n
g
i
n
f
o
rm
at
i
o
n
ab
o
u
t
n
ei
g
h
b
o
u
r
n
o
d
e
s
c
an
b
e
d
i
ff
i
c
u
l
t
a
s
n
o
d
es
are m
o
b
i
l
e
27
2
0
1
7
Ran
g
e
Bas
e
d
St
a
t
i
c
:
A
n
ch
o
r
n
o
d
e
Mo
b
i
l
e :
O
rd
i
n
ary
n
o
d
e w
i
t
h
u
n
i
f
o
rm
d
i
s
t
ri
b
u
t
e
d
s
p
e
ed
[
-
5
,
5
]
k
n
o
t
s
4
1
0
0
0
*
1
0
0
0
*
3
0
0
3
0
0
m
A
v
g
s
o
u
n
d
s
p
e
ed
:
1
5
0
0
m
/
s
Rep
re
s
e
n
t
ed
as
a
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
o
f :
1
/
2
L
o
cal
i
za
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
i
za
t
i
o
n
are d
o
n
e t
o
g
et
h
er
Set
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
t
h
re
s
h
o
l
d
v
al
u
e
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
d
o
n
e
p
ro
p
e
rl
y
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
s
t
o
p
t
h
e
i
t
era
t
i
v
e
p
ro
ce
s
s
.
E
n
erg
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
i
s
m
o
re.
28
2
0
1
7
Pred
i
c
t
i
o
n
Bas
e
d
St
a
t
i
c
:
A
n
ch
o
r
N
o
d
e
Mo
b
i
l
e :
O
rd
i
n
ary
n
o
d
e
s
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
*
2
0
0
0
m
2
0
0
m
n/a
A
s
co
m
m
u
n
i
cat
i
o
n
r
an
g
e
i
n
c
rea
s
es
l
o
c
al
i
za
t
i
o
n
erro
r
i
n
c
rea
s
es
L
o
cal
i
za
t
i
o
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
n
ee
d
p
ri
o
r
k
n
o
w
l
ed
g
e
o
f
s
o
u
n
d
s
p
eed
Co
m
m
u
n
i
cat
i
o
n
co
s
t
i
s
re
d
u
ce
d
Mo
re
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
refere
n
ce
n
o
d
es
ar
e
u
s
e
d
Rel
o
ca
l
i
z
at
i
o
n
p
ro
ce
d
u
r
e
a
t
d
i
ff
ere
n
t
s
t
a
g
e
s
i
s
t
i
m
e
co
n
s
u
m
i
n
g
.
29
2
0
1
6
Ran
g
e
Bas
e
d
Mo
b
i
l
e
:
A
n
ch
o
r
n
o
d
e
s
4
Po
o
l
t
es
t
i
s
d
o
n
e
w
i
t
h
gr
i
d
d
i
m
en
s
i
o
n
:
(7
2
,
2
5
,1
0
)
3
0
0
m
A
s
s
u
m
ed
St
a
t
i
c
n/a
A
ccu
racy
i
n
l
o
c
at
i
o
n
i
s
i
n
c
rea
s
e
d
A
n
as
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
i
s
m
ad
e
as
al
l
a
n
t
en
n
a
n
o
d
e
s
k
n
o
w
s
t
h
e
i
r
p
erfe
ct
l
o
c
at
i
o
n
a
n
d
are
al
l
g
l
o
b
a
l
l
y
t
i
m
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
i
ze
d
,
w
h
i
ch
i
s
d
i
f
fi
c
u
l
t
t
o
a
ch
i
e
v
e.
Fau
l
t
h
an
d
l
i
n
g
i
s
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o
t
ad
d
re
s
s
e
d
.
30
2
0
1
6
Ran
g
e
Free
St
a
t
i
c
:
Sen
s
o
r
N
o
d
e
s
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b
i
l
e
:
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o
n
s
2
5
0
1
5
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m
2
5
0
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1
5
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o
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za
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za
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at
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ecre
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o
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o
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er
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n
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f
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h
e
t
ra
n
s
m
i
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o
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r
an
g
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i
s
co
n
s
i
d
ere
d
a
t
h
i
g
h
er
l
ev
el
31
2
0
1
3
Ran
g
e
Bas
e
d
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o
d
e
s
are
m
o
b
i
l
e
1
0
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1
0
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m
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1
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i
o
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s
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A
v
era
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rro
r:
2
.6
3
m
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o
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i
za
t
i
o
n
i
s
d
o
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e
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
u
s
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o
f
an
ch
o
r
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o
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e
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Sen
s
o
r
s
ar
e
al
l
o
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ed
t
o
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v
e
o
n
l
y
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
ac
t
i
v
e
r
es
t
r
i
ct
ed
area,
b
u
t
w
h
e
re
a
s
i
n
o
cea
n
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
w
a
v
e
s
a
n
d
cu
rre
n
t
.
T
o
l
o
ca
t
e
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
s
t
h
e
l
o
ca
t
i
o
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a
t
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s
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o
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d
e
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e k
n
o
w
n
i
n
a
d
v
a
n
ce.
32
2
0
1
3
Ran
g
e
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a
t
i
c
:
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s
o
r
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e
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5
0
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2
0
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o
cal
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za
t
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o
n
erro
r
i
n
c
rea
s
es
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h
er
n
o
d
e
m
o
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
Can
b
e
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
t
o
l
ar
g
e
s
ca
l
e
m
o
b
i
l
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
E
n
erg
y
eff
i
ci
en
cy
i
s
i
n
c
rea
s
e
d
.
A
co
u
s
t
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
es
are
u
s
e
d
due
t
o
w
h
i
c
h
t
h
e
co
s
t
m
a
y
b
e
i
n
c
rea
s
e
d
.
33
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rs
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rea
s
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w
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t
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h
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n
c
rea
s
e i
n
t
em
p
erat
u
re
Co
n
s
i
d
ers
h
ar
s
h
u
n
d
erw
a
t
er
en
v
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r
o
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en
t
w
h
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l
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cal
c
u
l
at
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h
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l
o
c
al
i
za
t
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o
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err
o
r
Req
u
i
r
es
p
rec
i
s
e
t
i
m
e
s
y
n
ch
r
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za
t
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o
n
b
et
w
e
en
t
h
e n
o
d
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng
&
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry
201
9
:
138
–
146
144
Table
3.
Rel
at
ion
s
hi
p betwee
n
Ra
ng
e
and B
andwidt
h
in
Und
e
r
water
Acousti
c N
et
w
ork
Ran
g
e [
k
m
]
Ban
d
wid
th
[
k
Hz]
<0
.1
>1
0
0
0
-
1
.1
20
-
50
1
-
10
10
10
-
100
2
-
5
1000
<1
Table
4.
A
bs
or
ption Scat
te
rin
g
a
nd A
tt
en
uat
ion
Level
for Diffe
re
nt Type
s of
Water
W
ate
r
T
y
p
e
Ab
so
rptio
n
Scattering
Atten
u
atio
n
Pu
re
sea
water
0
.04
0
5
0
.00
2
5
0
.04
3
Clean
water
0
.11
4
0
.03
7
0
.15
1
Co
astal water
0
.17
9
0
.21
9
0
.29
8
Turb
id
harb
o
r
0
.26
6
1
.82
4
2
.19
Th
ough
by
usi
ng
op
ti
cal
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
the
prop
a
gat
ion
delay
m
a
y
be
reduced
,
the
op
ti
cal
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
sho
ws
le
ss
perform
ance
fo
r
deep
sea
or
sh
al
low
water
.
The
at
te
nuat
ion
is
al
so
qu
it
e
high
wh
e
n
t
he
tu
r
bid
inc
reases
[34
-
35]
.
6.
OPEN
RESE
ARCH
CHAL
LE
NGES
a)
Se
cu
rity
:
Un
de
rw
at
er
se
nsor
nodes
hav
e
li
m
it
ed
ener
gy,
com
pu
ta
ti
on
a
nd
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
capa
bili
ti
es
so
the
se
nor
node
s
nee
d
m
or
e
protect
ion
tha
n
the
no
des
i
n
te
rr
est
rial
a
re
a.
De
nial
of
S
erv
ic
e
at
ta
ck
is
a
crit
ic
al
issue
in
underwate
r
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
wh
ic
h
m
ay
d
istu
r
b
the
net
wor
k
colla
borati
on
.
New
te
c
hn
i
ques
m
us
t be p
r
opos
ed
in
or
der
t
he se
cur
e
the
net
work f
ro
m
Do
S att
ack.
b)
Re
li
able
Data
t
ran
s
fer
:
U
nder
water
the
data
trans
fer
can
be
ei
ther
end
-
to
-
end
or
ho
p
-
by
-
hop.
TCP
can
be
us
e
d
f
or
e
nd
-
to
-
e
nd
ap
proac
h,
bu
t
va
ri
ous
pro
blem
s
m
ay
incu
r
in
la
ye
r
ed
ap
proac
h.
I
n
un
derwate
r
t
he
pro
pag
at
io
n
ti
m
e is
m
uch
larg
er t
han
t
he
tra
ns
m
issi
on
tim
e
w
hic
h
inc
reas
es li
nk
er
r
or
ra
te
s.
Op
ti
cal
w
a
ves
and
ra
dio
waves
do
not
pr
opagate
well
unde
r
water
s
o
m
os
t
un
derwat
er
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
use
s
ac
ousti
c
wav
e
s
for
data
transf
e
r.
Th
e
pro
pag
at
io
n
spe
ed
of
aco
us
ti
c
wav
es
is
1500
m
/s
wh
ic
h
is
m
uch
slow
er
tha
n
op
ti
cal
and
radi
o
wa
ves
a
bout
2
.
25*1
0
8
. Sound
wa
ves
a
re e
asi
ly
aff
ect
ed b
y ang
le
of
i
nciden
ce
, r
e
flect
io
n,
tem
per
at
ur
e
sali
nity
w
hich
ca
us
es m
u
lt
ipath
fad
i
ng.
c)
Traffic
co
ng
es
ti
on
co
ntr
ol:
A
coust
ic
transdu
cers
can
tra
nsm
it
a
t
hig
h
rat
e
bu
t
can
not
re
cei
ve
at
the
sam
e
rate beca
us
e th
ey
are
half dup
le
x,
they can
no
t sim
ultaneou
sl
y t
ran
sm
i
t and
receive. C
olli
sion
fr
ee m
ulti
ple
acce
ss
is
a
chall
eng
in
g
i
ss
ue
in
unde
r
water
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
.
Eff
ic
ie
nt
colli
sion
re
so
l
ution
protoc
ols
can
be
pro
po
se
d
i
n order
to ha
nd
le
t
he
c
onflic
ts wi
thin the
n
et
w
ork.
d)
Hybr
i
d
unde
r
water
wireless
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
:
Hi
gh
s
pee
d
unde
rw
at
er
wireless
tra
ns
m
is
sion
is
the
ur
ge
nt
requirem
ent
in
to
day’s
resea
rch
w
hich
ca
n
be
achie
ved
by
opti
cal
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
,
bu
t
it
is
use
d
for
sh
ort
er
distanc
es.
For
la
r
ge
distances
ac
ousti
c
com
m
un
icati
on
is
us
e
d
bu
t
because
of
low
ba
ndwi
dth
pro
pag
at
io
n
s
pe
ed
is
dec
rease
d.
S
o
a
hybri
d
op
ti
cal
-
ac
ousti
c
com
m
un
ic
a
tio
n
ca
n
be
pr
opos
e
d
in
order
t
o
achieve
hi
gh s
peed tra
ns
m
iss
ion
f
or
la
rg
e
r d
ist
ances.
7.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
An
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
and
reli
able
unde
rw
at
er
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
is
the
basic
requirem
ent
in
tod
ay
’
s
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
.
Var
iou
s
a
rch
it
ect
ur
es
hav
e
been
pro
posed
to
i
nc
rease
the
reli
abili
ty
and
through
pu
t
of
t
he
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
c
ha
nnel
.
In
t
his
pa
pe
r
a
br
oad
i
ntr
oductio
n
of
underwate
r
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
is
pro
vid
e
d
disc
us
sin
g
va
rio
us
arch
it
ect
ur
es
.
Re
li
ability
a
nd
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
are
the
i
m
po
rta
nt
need
s
of
a
ny
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
syst
em
.
Different
m
et
ho
do
log
ie
s
t
hat
can
be
us
e
d
to
im
pro
ve
reli
abili
ty
and
ef
fici
en
cy
are
al
so
discuss
e
d.
In
this
pa
pe
r,
an
at
tem
pt
is
m
ade
to
m
ake
rigorous
s
urv
ey
of
existi
ng
routin
g
m
echa
nism
s.
Each
routin
g
protoc
ol
is
carefu
ll
y
analy
zed
on
va
rio
us
pa
ram
et
ers
li
ke
pack
et
delivery
rati
o,
energy
co
ns
um
ption,
transm
issi
on
r
at
e,
pac
ket
dro
ps
,
net
work
li
f
et
i
m
e
and
th
rough
pu
t.
Alm
os
t
al
l
routing
pr
oto
c
ols
us
e
ac
ou
sti
c
wav
e
s
f
or
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
.
T
he
m
ajo
r
dr
a
w
back
of
aco
us
ti
c
wav
e
s
is
tran
sm
issi
on
delay
s
and
hi
gh
e
rro
r
rate.
As
an
al
te
r
nate
op
ti
cal
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
can
be
us
e
d
wh
ic
h
achieves
high
transm
issi
on
rat
e
bu
t
it
su
f
fers
fro
m
at
te
nu
at
io
n,
du
e
to
wh
ic
h
it
c
annot
be
us
e
d
for
la
r
ger
tra
nsm
issi
on
s.
T
his
m
otivate
s
research
es
to
ex
pl
or
e
a
hybri
d o
ptica
l
-
acoust
ic
ap
pro
ach. I
n
rece
nt
ye
ars
ve
ry less
work in
car
ried
on hyb
rid
a
ppr
oach.
Secu
rity
play
s
an
im
po
rtant
r
ole
in
any
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
.
Un
de
rw
at
er
sens
or
netw
ork
m
us
t
be
secur
e
d
from
t
he
at
ta
cks
of
the
intr
uder
.
R
el
ia
ble
data
tra
ns
fe
r,
c
onge
sti
on
co
ntr
ol
an
d
set
ti
ng
up
a
hy
br
id
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Su
r
vey
on un
de
rwater
op
ti
cal
wi
rel
ess com
municatio
n:
pe
rsp
ect
iv
es
and cha
ll
en
ges
(
Tejaswi
ni R
Murg
od
)
145
(optic
al
and
a
coust
ic
)
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
syst
em
are
so
m
e
of
the
op
e
n
rese
arch
c
halle
ng
e
s
ind
e
ntifie
d
in
this
pap
e
r.
A
c
omparati
ve
stu
dy
of
dif
fer
e
nt
local
iz
at
ion
al
gorithm
s
is
a
lso
m
ade
in
thi
s
pap
e
r.
Chall
eng
e
s
addresse
d
by
di
ff
ere
nt
al
g
or
it
hm
s
are
discusse
d
in
detai
l.
Also
t
he
chall
eng
e
s
face
d
by
unde
rw
at
er
ac
ou
sti
c
and opti
cal
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
a
re
discuss
e
d.
REFERE
NCE
S
[
1
]
Ahm
ed
Mahd
y
a
nd
Jite
nd
er
S.
Deogun,
“
W
ire
l
ess Opti
cal
Com
m
unic
a
ti
ons:
A Su
rve
y
”
2399
-
2404
.
[
2
]
“E
-
ITRC
proto
col
with
Long
&
Adjustable
ran
ge
on
Underwat
er
Acoustic
Sensor
Ne
t
work”,
IE
EE
2
1st
Inte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Advance
d
In
formati
on
Net
work
ing
a
nd
Applications
,
604,
665
-
672
,
2
007.
[
3
]
Haz
iel
Latupapu
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